Drona

Drona
In the epic Mahbhrata, Drona (Sanskrit: , droa) or Dronacharya (Sanskrit: , drocrya) was the royal guru to Kauravas and Pandavas. He was a master of advanced military arts, including the Devstras. Arjuna was his favorite student. Droa's love for Arjuna was second only to his love for his son Avatthma. He was considered to be a partial incarnation of Bhaspati.[1]

Birth and early life

Droa implies that he was not gestated in a womb, but outside the human body in a droa (vessel or a basket).[citation needed]
Drocrya as commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army.

The story of Droa's birth is related dramatically in Mahbhrata, Book I: di Parva, Sambhava Parva, Section CXXXI.[2] Bharadvja went with his companions to the Gag River to perform his ablutions. There he beheld a beautiful apsara named Ghritachi(Ghtc) who had come to bathe. The sage was overcome by desire, causing him to produce a reproductive fluid. Bharadvja Muni captured the fluid in a vessel called a Droa, and Drocrya himself sprang from the fluid thus preserved. Droa would later boast that he had sprung from Bharadvja without ever having been in a womb. Drocrya spent his youth in poverty, but studied religion and military arts such as archery, in which he gained expertise, together with the then prince of Pacla, Drupada. Drupada and Drocrya became close friends. Drocrya married Kp, the sister of Kpa, the royal teacher of the princes of Hastinapura. Like Droa himself, Kp and her brother had not been gestated in a womb, but outside the human body (see Kp page). Kpi and Droa had a son, Avatthma.[3]

Guru Paraurma
Learning that Paraurma was giving away his possessions to brhmaas, Droa approached him. Unfortunately, Parasurama only had his weapons left. He offered to give Drona the weapons as well as the knowledge of how to use them. Thus, Drona obtained all of his weapons, including the very powerful Brahmastra. With Parasurama's knowledge, Drona became an acharya. [4]

Droa and Drupada

For the sake of his wife and son, Droa desired freedom from poverty. Remembering the promise given by Drupada, he decided to approach him to ask for help. However, King Drupada refused to even recognize their friendship. Drupada gave Droa a long and haughty explanation of why he was rejecting him. Friendship, said Drupada, is possible only between persons of equal stature in life. As a child, he said, it was possible for him to be friends with Droa, because at that time they were equals. But now Drupada had become a King, while Drocrya remained a luckless indigent. Under these circumstances, friendship was impossible. However, he said he would satisfy Drocrya if he begged for alms befitting a Brahmin, rather than claiming his right as a friend. Droa went away silently, but in his heart he vowed revenge.[5]

Drona

As a teacher
Drocrya's legend as a great teacher and warrior is marred by notoriety from his strong moral and social views, which inspire great debates about morality and dharma in the Mahbhrata epic.

The ball and the ring

Drocrya went to Hastinapura, in a hope to open a school of military arts for young princes, with the help of King Dhtarra.[6] One day, he saw a number of young boys, the Kauravas and Pandavas, gathered around a well. He asked them what the matter was, and Yudihira, the eldest, replied that their ball had fallen into the well and they did not know how to retrieve it. Drocrya laughed, and mildly rebuked the princes for being helpless over such a plain problem. Droa first threw in a ring of his, collected some blades of grass, and uttered mystical Vedic chants. He then threw the blades into the well one after another, like spears. The first blade stuck to the ball, and the second stuck to the first, and so on, forming a chain. Droa gently pulled the ball out with this rope of grass. In a feat that was even more amazing to the boys, Droa then chanted Vedic mantras again and fired a grass blade into the well. It struck within the center of his floating ring and rose out of the well in a matter of moments, retrieving Droa's ring. Excited, the boys took Drocrya to the city and reported this incident to Bhma, their grandfather. Bhma instantly realized that this was Droa, and - his prowess having been exemplified - asked him to become the Guru of the Kuru princes, training them in advanced military arts. Droa then established his Gurukula near the city, where princes from numerous kingdoms around the country came to study under him. This village came to be known as Guru-Gram ("guru" - teacher, "gram" - village), and has now developed into the city of Gurgaon.

Arjuna, the favorite pupil

Of all the Kaurava and Pava brothers training under Droa, Arjuna emerged as the most dedicated, hard-working and most naturally talented of them all, exceeding even Droa's own son Avatthma. Arjuna assiduously served his teacher, who was greatly impressed by this devoted pupil.[] Arjuna surpassed Droa's expectations in numerous challenges. When Drocrya tested the princes' alertness and ability by creating an illusion of a crocodile attacking him and dragging him away, most of the princes were left dumbfounded. Arjuna, however, swiftly fired arrows to slay the illusioned animal, and Drocrya congratulated Arjuna for passing this test. As a reward, Droa gave Arjuna mantras to invoke the super-powerful divine weapon of Brahma known as Brahmstra, but told Arjuna not to use this invincible weapon against any ordinary warrior. The weapon had a sharp edge surrounded below by three heads of Lord Brahma.

The test of Dronacharya

In a great challenge, Droa set up a wooden bird upon a tree, and from across the adjacent river, asked the princes to shoot it down by striking its eye. When prince Yudihira tried first, Droa asked him what he saw. Yudihira replied that he saw Droa, his brothers, the river, the forest, the tree and the bird. Droa replied that Yudihira would fail and asks another prince to step forward. The others, even Ashwatthama, gave the same reply, and Drocrya was disappointed with all. But when Arjuna stepped forth, he told Drocrya that he saw only the eye of the bird and nothing else. Droa asked him to shoot, and Arjuna did strike the bird down in the eye.

Drona Drona asked the cook never to serve food to Arjuna in the dark and also tells the cook that he should not tell Arjuna about this order from Drona. One day Arjuna was eating food and the light was put off by the wind. Arjuna noted that even in complete darkness, by practice, hands would reach one's mouth. This struck Arjuna, and he started to practice archery in darkness. He began training by night to use his weapons in absolute darkness, and steadily achieved a great level of skill. Droa was greatly impressed by Arjuna's concentration, determination and drive, and promised him that he would become the greatest archer on earth. Droa gave Arjuna special knowledge of the Devstras that no other prince possessed. After some time, Arjuna earned Ashwatthama's jealously. When Ashwatthama demanded that Drona give him proof of Arjuna's excellence, Drona complied. Droa gave each prince a pot to fill with water before he imparted lessons. He gave his son Avatthma a wide-necked pot unlike the others' narrow-necked ones, and gave him special knowledge, when others took time to return. But Arjuna used his knowledge of a mystical water weapon, Varunastra to fill his pot swiftly and started returning as early as Ashwatthama. Ashwatthama apologized to his father for doubting him. Drona responded that while he loved Ashwatthama as his son, as a guru, he loved Arjuna because of Arjuna's excellence.[][]

Treatment of Ekalavya and Kara

[7] [8] [9] [10]

Ekalavya A strong criticism of Drocrya springs from his behavior towards Ekalavya and his strong bias in favor of Arjuna.[11] Ekalavya was the son of a Nida chief (tribal), who came to Drocrya for instruction. Drocrya refused to train him along with the katriya princes because Ekalavya was not a prince. Many sources report that in addition, Eklavya's father was a general of the Kingdom of Magadha, which was ruled by Jarasandha. At that time, Jarasandha, having never been conquered by Pandu, had been building an empire in East-India; relations between Hastinapur and Magadha were rough. Drona feared that Eklavya would have become an unconquerable warrior for a rival army and felt an obligation to defend the land that gave him asylum, even at the cost of teacher-student ethics. Hence, Drona rejected the request of Eklavya to be his teacher. Ekalavya began study and practice by himself, having fashioned a clay image of Drocrya. Solely by his determination, Ekalavya became a warrior of exceptional prowess, excelling the young Arjuna. One day, a dog's barking disturbed a focused Ekalavya. Without looking, Ekalavya fired arrows that sealed up the dog's mouth. The Kuru princes saw this dog running, and wondered who could have done such a feat. They saw Ekalavya, who announced himself as a pupil of Droa. Arjuna was worried, and casually reminded Drona of the promise Drona had made to him. Droa saw his worry, and visited Ekalavya with the princes. Ekalavya promptly greeted Drona as his guru. Heavily, Drocrya asked Ekalavya for a Dakia. When Ekalavya promised anything, Drocrya asked for Ekalavya's right thumb. Though his expression faltering, after confirming the request, Ekalavya unhesitatingly cut off and handed to Drocrya, despite knowing that this would irreparably hamper his archery skills. Cleverly, Drona both defends his promise to Arjuna as well as his obligation to protect Hastinapur by disarming a potential threat. In many versions of the story, Yudhishthira, Ashwatthama, and/or Arjuna all question the morality of Drona's action. Drona often defends himself by saying that Ekalavya "stole" the knowledge by watching Drona's training sessions without permission. To discourage that kind of behaviour, and reinforce the belief that knowledge was power and property, Drona had to punish Eklavya by removing his ability to use that knowledge. Another defense that is sometimes used, is the way Ekalavya treated the dog that barked. Drona says that Ekalavya didn't use correct judgement in silencing the dog. While he had the option of chasing away the dog using other innumerable means, he

Drona chose to pump multiple arrows into its mouth, putting the dog through unnecessary pain. So he felt that while Ekalavya had the skill and talent, he didn't have proper discretion of use. Hence, he felt that such a great skill should not be left in the hands of such a person. Many folklore stories exist that say that Drocrya was cursed to cry in the Kurukshetra war in front of his enemies, as a simple human being and not a warrior, because of the Ekalavya incident. He was cursed by the goddess of the knowledge Dev rad. He was also cursed to die without his weapons in battle field. Karna Drocrya similarly rejected Karna, as he did not belong to the katriya caste. The school established by Drocrya belonged only to the princes of Hastinapur and her allies. Drocrya was not free to accept anyone he wanted. Humiliated, Karna vowed to learn nonetheless, and obtained the knowledge of weapons and military arts from Drona's own teacher Paraurma. Famously, Parasurama would train anyone, except for ksatriyas, in the use of weapons. Thus, Droa inadvertently laid the foundation for Karna's great rivalry with Arjuna. The fact that Drona's teacher accepted students fairly caste-blind is used to illustrated that Drona himself was not prejudiced, but just loyal to Hastinapur's mandate. Moreover, the incident with Drupada is also used to show that Drona understood and disliked caste-discrimination.

Revenge upon Drupada

On completing their training, Drocrya asked the Kauravas to bring him Drupada bound in chains. Duryodhana, Dusana, Sudarana, Vikara and the remaining Kauravas attacked Pacla with the Hastinapur army. They failed to defeat the Pacla army, whereupon Drocrya sent Arjuna and his brothers for the task. The five Pavas attacked Pacla without an army. Arjuna captured Drupada, as ordered. Drocrya took half of Drupada's kingdom, thus becoming his equal. He forgave Drupada for his misdeeds, but Drupada desired revenge. He performed a Yaja to have a son who would slay Drocrya and a daughter who would marry Arjuna. His wish was eventually fulfilled and thus were born Dhdyumna, the slayer of Drocrya, and Draupad, the consort of the Pandavas.

Drona

Drocrya in the war

Drocrya had been the preceptor of most kings involved in the Kuruketra, on both sides. Drocrya strongly condemned the sending into exile of Pavas by the wicked prince Duryodhana and his brothers and for their abusive treatment of the Pavas, beside usurping their kingdom. But being a servant of Hastinpura, Drocrya was duty-bound to fight for the Kauravas, and thus against his favorite Pavas. Dronacharya was one of the most powerful and destructive warriors in the Kurukshetra War. He was an invincible warrior, whom no person on earth could defeat. He single-handedly slayed hundreds of thousands of Pandava soldiers, with his powerful armory of weapons and incredible skill. After the fall of Bhma, he became the Chief Commander of the Kuru Army for 5 days of the war. He was also the mastermind behind a devious method to surround and kill Arjuna's son, Abhimanyu, because he could not find any other means to defeat Abhimanyu in battle.[12]He was also extremely hurt by Abhimanyu, and stayed in battle, only because he had to.
Drocrya became the Chief Commander of the Kuru Army for 5 days of the war.

Abhimanyu's killing
See Also: Abhimanyu, Arjuna On the 13th day of battle, the Kauravas challenged the Pavas to break a spiral shaped battle formation known as the Chakravyuha (see Wars of Hindu Mythology). Drocrya as commander formed this strategy, knowing that only Arjuna and r Ka would know how to penetrate it. He asked the King of the Saaptaka army to distract Arjuna and r ka into another part of the battlefield, allowing the main Kuru army to surge through the Pava ranks. Arjuna's young son Abhimanyu had the knowledge to penetrate the formation but didn't know the way out. At the request of Yudhishtra, Abhimanyu agreed to lead the way for the Pava army and was able to penetrate the formation. However, he was trapped when Jayadratha, the king of Sindhu, held the Pava warriors who were following him, at bay. Abhimanyu did not know how to get out of the Chakra Vyuham, but embarked upon an all-out attack on the Kuru army, killing tens of thousands of warriors single-handedly. He even held Karna and Drocrya himself at bay. Amazed at his prowess and courage, he was considered by the Kurus to be his father's equal in greatness.
The Pavas' nephew Abhimanyu battles the Kauravas and their allies

With his army facing decimation, Droa asked Karna, Duna and others to simultaneously attack Abhimanyu, to strike down his horses and his charioteer and to disable his chariot from different angles. Left without support,

Drona Abhimanyu began fighting from the ground, whereupon all the Kuru warriors simultaneously attacked him. Exhausted after his long, prodigious feats, Abhimanyu was weakened, and grabbing one of the wheels of his chariot, blocked all the attacks, but eventually was killed by the simultaneous attack by seven kaurava warriors. All this was an extreme violation of the rules of war, whereby a lone warrior may not be attacked by more than one, and not at all if he is disabled or without chariot. This devious murder of his son enraged Arjuna, who swore to kill Jayadratha, whom he saw as responsible for his son's death. If he failed to do so the next day, he would step into fire and commit suicide. Drocrya lined up the entire Kuru army, with an entire akauhi (approximately 218700 soldiers) in front of Arjuna, to thwart his mission. But Arjuna exhibited his great prowess, and before the end of the day slayed more than two hundred thousand warriors single-handedly. With the help of Krishna, he slew Jayadratha right before sunset. On the whole, Arjuna devastated a large portion of the Kuru army dramatically in just one day of fighting.

Yudhihira's capture and Drocrya's death

In the war, Yudhihira was targeted by Drocrya to get captured. For this plan to be successful, Duryodhana invited King Bhagadatta, who was a son of the asura Naraksura, in order to fight against the Pavas. Bhagadatta was the King of Prajokiyatsa (in present-day Assam or Burma). As Krishna had killed his father Narakasur, Bhagadatta agreed to join the Kauravas opposing r Ka. But in spite of Bhagadatta's support, Droa failed to capture Yudhihira alive. The Kuru commander and preceptor did, however, kill hundreds and thousands of Pava warriors, thus advancing Duryodhana's cause. On the 15th day of the Mahbhrata war, Droa got instigated by King Dhritarastra's remarks of being a traitor. He used the Brahmadanda against the Pavas. Brahmadanda was a spiritual divine weapon that contained the powers of seven greatest sages of Santana Dharma (Sapta is). But Drocrya did not impart this knowledge either to Arjuna or to Avatthma. Thus, he proved to be unconquerable on the 15th day of war.

Death of Drocrya

Observing this, Krishna devised a plan to bring down the invincible Droa. r Ka knew that it was not possible to defeat Drocrya when he had bow and arrow in his hands. r Ka also knew that Drocrya loved his son Avatthma very dearly. So, r Ka suggested to Yudhihira and other Pava brothers that, if he were convinced that his son was killed on the battlefield, then Drocrya would get dejected to such an extent that he would lay down all his arms on the ground and it would be easier to kill him. In order to find a way out, r Ka suggested Bhma to kill an elephant by name Avatthma and claim to Drocrya that he has killed Droa's son Avatthma. Following this plan, Bhma located and killed an elephant named Avatthma, i.e. the same name as Droa's son. He then loudly proclaimed that he had slain Avatthma, so as to make Drocrya think that his son was dead. Drocrya however, did not believe Bhma's words and approached Yudhisthira. Droa knew of Yudhihira's firm adherence to Dharma and that he would never ever utter a lie. When Drocrya approached Yudhihira and questioned him as to whether his son was truly slain in the battle by Bhma, Yudhihira responded with the cryptic Sanskrit phrase "Avatthma hatha iti, narova kujarov...." (Sanskrit: " , ..." meaning

Drona 'Avatthma is dead. But, I am not certain whether it was a human or an elephant'). Just previously, revered sages of old, come to Drona and chastise him for his cruel acts and unrighteous fight.[13] r Ka also knew that it was not possible for Yudhihira to lie outright. On his instructions, the other warriors blew trumpets and conches, raising a tumultuous noise in such a way that Drocrya only heard that "Avatthma is dead", but could not hear the latter part of Yudhihira's reply. Out of grief, and believing his son to be dead, Drocrya descended from his chariot, laid down his arms and sat in meditation. Closing his eyes, his soul went to Heaven in search of Avatthma's soul. In the meantime, Drupada's son Dhdyumna took this opportunity and beheaded the unarmed Drocrya who was not aware of the whole proceedings on Earth. This was considered an act of cowardice on Dhdyumna's part. All fifteen sons of dhristadyumna were killed by drona. In this way, Droa was killed in the Mahbhrata War. His death greatly aggrieved and enraged Arjuna, who had immense affection towards his teacher, and had hoped to capture him alive rather than killing him.

Modern assessment
Drona partiality towards Arjuna is examined in many academic texts. Any great teacher would feel enthralled if his protege so excels as Arjuna did, thus, so was Droa. Drona thus acted unfairly, when he demanded as guru dakshina, the right thumb of Ekalavya. This treatment of Eklavya, as well as his rebuking of Karna, is criticized as being biased against lower castes. In some folklore, Sarasvati cursed Drocrya with an unarmed, humiliating death for Drona's actions against Ekalavya and Karna. Sarasvati said that knowledge belonged to all, and that it was an acharya's duty to spread that knowledge everywhere. Despite whatever reasons he gave, Drona cheated Ekalavya and Karna to achieve something for himself-to protect his promise to Arjuna that he would make Arjuna the world's greatest archer, as well as his oath to Hastinapur. The Supreme Court of India also condemned [14] the act of Drocrya as unethical, upholding everyone's right to knowledge. Droa was somewhat parallel to Bhma both in martial prowess, and in his unwavering commitment to fighting for the kingdom of Hastinapur irrespective of who the ruler was and whether or not the cause was just. Like Bhishma, Drona is criticized for his pride and conceit, siding with evil despite knowing of and acknowledging the righteousness of the Pandava cause. However, he was compelled to side with the Kauravas because he was indebted to their royal household, which had provided him and his family with shelter, wealth and an occupation. Krishna criticized this reasoning as mere pride-Drona wanted to put his obligation to Hastinapur over dharma so that no one questioned his honor. Criticism is leveled at Drocrya for remaining a mute spectator and not having protested the humiliation of Draupad by Dusana and Duryodhana following the fateful game of dice. Similarly, Drocrya was criticized for many of his actions during the war: First, as a brahmin, and secondly, as the princes' teacher, he should have removed himself from the battlefield. Drocrya tried to use divine weapons against the Pandava's common foot-soldiers. As he does so, a voice from the heavens told him not to use divine weapons so carelessly. As a teacher, he had even more of an obligation to not do so. However, Drona argued that his first obligation was to defeating his enemy and defending his soldiers, by whatever means he possessed. It may also be concluded that he was responsible for the devious and brutal murder of Abhimanyu, as it was he who had suggested simultaneously attacking and disabling the tired, outnumbered, and trapped warrior Droncharya's overarching actions during the war are portrayed differently. Undoubtedly, when he became commander-in-chief, the rules of war were averted. Divine weapons were used against ordinary soldiers, war continued throughout the night, warriors no longer engaged each other one-on-one (like against Abhimanyu), etc. Specifically, he was willing to try and end the war by capturing Yudhishthira, while Karna was not, as he considered it lacking honor. In some versions of the Mahabharatha, this evidence is used to justify the caste system, as the point

Drona is subtly made that the reason why Drona was willing to break the rules of war and engage in less honorable acts was because he was a brahmin, not a kshatriya. He is compared directly to Karna, who, not even knowing that he was a kshatriya, still intuitively understood the kshatriya code/way-of-life. In other versions, Drona's differences in strategy are shown as a difference in philosophy-Drona believed, that as the commander-in-chief of the Kaurava army, his goal was to ensure the protection of his soldiers through any means necessary. By choosing to uphold the rules of war and the concept of honorable acts over his soldiers' lives, he would be doing them a disservice. Ultimately, all of these actions do lead to Drona's death in the war. In that way, Drona paid the ultimate price for his crimes. He remains a revered figure in Hindu history, and a pillar of the Indian tradition of respecting one's teacher as an equal not only of parents, but even of God. The Government of India annually awards the Dronacharya Award for excellence in sports tutelage to the best sports teachers and coaches in India.[15] It is believed that the city of Gurgaon (literally - "Village of the Guru") was founded as "Guru Gram" by Drocrya on land given to him by Dhtarra, the king of Hastinapur in recognition of his teachings of martial arts to the princes, and the 'Drocrya Tank', still exists within the Gurgaon city, along with a village called Gurgaon.[16]

References
Sources
Wikisource: The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva/Sambhava Parva The Story of Droa - the Teacher of Kauravas and Pandavas [17] Supereme Court of India on Droacharya: http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-06/india/ 28378711_1_tribals-sc-bench-dronacharya

Citations
[1] Epic Mythology With Additions and Corrections by Edward Washburn Hopkins (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=-H0eiuvcG5IC& pg=PA62& lpg=PA62& dq=Bhaspati+ drona+ incarnation& source=bl& ots=jPHg8FO2J-& sig=syzcbbrVgBYUjA3evtT1LHz8d80& hl=en& ei=PF4gTLzBIoPjnAeuyrRU& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CBMQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage& q=drona& f=false) [2] Mahbhrata, Book I: Adi Parva, Sambhava Parva, Section CXXXI. (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ hin/ m01/ m01132. htm) [3] Epic Mythology With Additions and Corrections By Edward Washburn Hopkins (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=-H0eiuvcG5IC& pg=PA62& lpg=PA62& dq=Bhaspati+ drona+ incarnation& source=bl& ots=jPHg8FO2J-& sig=syzcbbrVgBYUjA3evtT1LHz8d80& hl=en& ei=PF4gTLzBIoPjnAeuyrRU& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CBMQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage& q=drona& f=false) [4] The Mahabharata of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa by Kisara Mohan Ganguly [5] Mahbhrata, Book I: di Parva, Sambhava Parva, Section CXXXII. (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ hin/ m01/ m01132. htm) [6] Mahbhrata, Book I: Adi Parva, Sambhava Parva, Section CXXXIII (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ hin/ m01/ m01134. htm) [7] http:/ / www. geni. com/ people/ EKALAVYA HARINYADHANU/6000000019060906785 [8] Guru Purnima : A day to worship for Guru | Brahmanarthay (http:/ / ebrahmins. co. in/ blog/ index. php/ guru-purnima-a-day-to-worship-for-guru/ ) [9] About: Ekalavya (http:/ / dbpedia. org/ page/ Ekalavya) [10] Ekalavya the GuruDrohi | Chiraan's Astrology (http:/ / chiraan. com/ 2009/ 05/ 07/ ekalavya-the-gurudrohi/ ) [11] Mahbhrata, Book I: di Parva, Sambhava Parva, Section XXXIV (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ hin/ m01/ m01135. htm) [12] The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Abhimanyu-badha Parva: Section XLVI (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ hin/ m07/ m07045. htm) [13] The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section CXXXIV (http:/ / www. sacred-texts. com/ hin/ m01/ m01135. htm) [14] http:/ / articles. timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ 2011-01-06/ india/ 28378711_1_tribals-sc-bench-dronacharya [15] Droacharya Award (http:/ / www. webindia123. com/ sports/ awards/ windron. htm) [16] Gurgaon History (http:/ / gurgaon. nic. in/ history. htm) [17] http:/ / www. india-intro. com/ religion/ mahabharat/ 210-mahabharat-the-story-of-drona-teacher-of-kauravas-and-pandavas. html

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File:Mahabharata04ramauoft 0028.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mahabharata04ramauoft_0028.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Donaldduck100, Finavon, Redtigerxyz File:Test of Dronacharya.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Test_of_Dronacharya.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Badbuu1000, Sridharbsbu File:Duryodhana showing his army to Drona.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Duryodhana_showing_his_army_to_Drona.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Donaldduck100, Marcus Cyron, Redtigerxyz, Sinbad the sailor File:The Pandavas' nephew Abhimanyu battles the Kauravas and their allies.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Pandavas'_nephew_Abhimanyu_battles_the_Kauravas_and_their_allies.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Redtigerxyz, Sridhar Babu Peram File:Mahabharata04ramauoft 0679.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mahabharata04ramauoft_0679.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Donaldduck100, Redtigerxyz

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