9.

0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

Special SPECIALPURPOSEGLASS 9.0

purpose glass
9.1 Mirrors (Silver Glass)
In 1317 Venetian glass makers discovered the art of silvering by applying a combination of mercury and tin to the glass surface. Six centuries later in 1840 the process of silvering, as we know it today, was patented. Process The production of mirror commences with float glass being thoroughly washed with deionised water and cerium oxide. A thin layer of tin is then sprayed onto the surface of the glass to promote the adhesion of the silver. The almost pure silver (99.9%) coating is next applied, followed by a coating of copper which protects the silver from tarnishing. Finally two layers of special backing paint; the first (basecoat) protects against chemical attack and corrosion and the second (topcoat) resists mechanical abrasion. (See Figure 9.1a) Handling and Processing Although the back of the mirror is protected, contaminates can still cause damage. Therefore it is recommended that only water soluble oils be used when cutting and processing silvered glass. For cutting purposes, only the mirror (non-coated) surface should be scored. 9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS Automatic processing equipment such as peripheral edge working machines or drilling machines must be cooled by water with a PH level of between 6 - 8. After wet processing, mirrors should be washed, dried and stored in
Basecoat

Figure 9.1a: Silvering Process

Topcoat

Copper

Silver

Glass

a manner that prevents water accumulating on the surface or along the bottom edge. Applications Aside from the obvious bathroom and bedroom applications, mirrors can also create the illusion of space and be an additional source of light:

Table 9.1a: Available Mirror Types

Clear 3mm 4mm and 4mm Vinyl Backed 6mm 6mm Vinyl Backed Bronze Grey Venetian Strip

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NB: Other colours available on request.

G JAMES IS GLASS

Mirror doors in bedroom application

For increasing room width - use floor to ceiling mirrors at right angles (90) and where possible adjacent to windows To increase room height - fix mirrors to the ceiling To increase room length - fix mirrors to the end wall of a room To add light to a room - install mirrors adjacent or opposite to windows or doorways

NB: In all the above situations, consideration should be given to the type of mirror, fixings and number of fixings.
Bathroom mirror

Mirror Doors Wardrobe mirror doors are a means of providing a full height dress mirror and perception of increased space. For this application, mirror with an adhesive vinyl backing is used so that in the event of breakage, the fragments of glass will remain attached to the vinyl backing, minimising the risk of injury. G.James can supply, or supply and install fully fabricated aluminium mirror wardrobe doors in a range of fashionable colours to suit specific decorative needs. Laminate Mirror Comprising of standard mirror or venetian strip, and clear or tinted interlayer, the superior safety qualities of laminated mirror makes this product ideal for use in schools, childcare centres, lifts and gymnasiums. The interlayer ensures that should human impact occur, the glass fragments will remain intact reducing the risk of serious injury. Mist Free Mirrors The formation of condensation on bathroom mirrors can be avoided by installing an energy

efficient heating element that warms the mirror preventing the unwanted build-up of mist on the surface. This element is available in a range of sizes, conveniently connects to any standard power point and reaches operating temperature within minutes.

9.2 One-Way Mirror

Extensively used for security and discrete observation purposes, one-way mirror offers a reflective surface one side, and clear, seethrough vision on the other. Such an effect is only possible with a specific balance of lighting between the observation and subject sides. The ratio of light from the observation side should be as specified in Figure 9.2a, with no light shining directly onto the glass. Solarplus SS08 Grey Laminate G.James can supply Solarplus SS08 grey laminate where one-way vision is required. The product combines stainless steel and titanium nitride coated glass, grey interlayer and clear glass, and can be supplied as a single laminate or incorporated into a TwinGlaze unit or ArmaClear product.

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9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

Figure 9.2a: Lighting Conditions required for One-Way Mirror

Table 9.3a: Convex Mirrors Indoor (Only)

Mirror Diameter 300mm 450mm 600mm Best Distance To 6m To 8m To 12m Over 12m

Observation Side

Subject Side

760mm

Distances are an indication only - most mirrors provide satisfactory service well beyond this range.
Lighting minimised to 30% Lighting maximised to 70%

Table 9.3b: Convex Mirrors Outdoor (Only) & Combined Indoor/Outdoor

Mirror Diameter Best Distance To 12m To 15m To 20m To 25m Over 25m

When lighting is installed to maximise one-way observation, the lighting source must not shine directly on the glass as this will only increase the brightness on the observation side and reduce the effect intended.

300mm 450mm 600mm 800mm 1000mm

Venetian Strip Mirror Venetian strip mirror is produced by applying alternate strips of 99.9% pure silver to clear glass. It is an excellent low cost alternative to Solarplus SS08 Grey Laminate making venetian strip suitable for medium security applications such as supermarkets, administration offices, chemist shops and doctors surgeries. Although vision through the clear strips is still possible from either side, the mirrored reflection ensures any vision is limited and extremely difficult. For the best results, venetian strip mirror should be installed with the strips running vertically.

Distances are an indication only - most mirrors provide satisfactory service well beyond this range.

from the mirror to the area or point to be observed. Add the two, and use Table 9.3a (Indoor Only) or Table 9.3b (Outdoor Only & Combined Indoor/Outdoor) as an approximate guide. If in doubt choose a larger size. Ceiling Domes Where general surveillance of a broader area is needed, or central observation is preferred ceiling domes are recommended. Full domes may be suspended on chains or fastened directly to the ceiling and provide a 360 view, with half domes supplying a 180 view and corner domes a 90 view.

9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

9.3 Convex Mirrors

Convex mirrors are useful in both indoor and outdoor situations to control vandalism and theft, or where blind corridors, corners or intersections are an issue. The types of convex mirrors available are:

9.4 Lead Glass

Float glass offers no barrier to the harmful effects of X-rays and gamma rays. In addition, continual exposure to such rays will eventually destroy the atomic structure of the glass causing dark discolouration. By including heavy metal oxides into the raw mix, it was discovered that glass could prevent the penetration of damaging radiation. Today most shielding glass contain over 60% heavy metal oxide, of which a minimum 55% is lead oxide. With such a high metal content, 5mm lead glass provides the same protection as 1mm lead sheet (See Table 9.4a).

Indoor (Only) Outdoor (Only) Combined Indoor/Outdoor

62

The size of the mirror depends mainly upon the distances involved and the degree of clarity required in the reflected image. To select the appropriate mirror, estimate the distance from the viewer to the mirror and

G JAMES IS GLASS

store. However annoying reflections from ordinary glass can obscure the shopfront and the products on offer, particularly when viewed at a distance. To combat this problem, multi-coated glass products such as Amiran and Luxar were developed. These products have a low reflectance of 1 - 2 % (compared to a single piece of clear glass with 8% and a clear TwinGlaze unit with 15%) and is an ideal product for applications where near perfectly clear vision is desired. Non-reflective glass is available in thicknesses ranging from 2mm - 12mm (single glazed), or can be incorporated into laminated glass or Twin-Glaze units. The coating can be applied to tinted glass for increased solar control performance resulting in an effective, all-round shopfront glazing material.

Observation window for angiography room. LX lead glass is manufactured by Nippon Electric Glass Co. Ltd. Japan

Table 9.4a: Lead Glass Comparison Table

Glass Thickness 5mm 0.3 7mm 0.3 8mm 0.3 9mm 0.3 11mm 0.3 14mm 0.3 Minimum Lead Equivalent 1.0mm 1.5mm 1.8mm 2.0mm 2.5mm 3.0mm X-ray peak voltage (KV) 150 150 150 150 150 200

9.7 Heat Resistant Glass

With poor tensile strength and a relatively high rate of expansion, float glass will crack very easily when subjected to temperatures of between 50 - 60C. This occurs because the glass surface heats up disproportionately, causing tensile stresses to build up around the edges, eventually causing breakage. Toughened Glass Toughened glass has compressive stresses built-in to the surface and can therefore tolerate a thermal gradient of 290C on one side and ambient air temperature on the other.

Produced as a cast glass, both the surfaces are ground and polished to achieve the necessary optical quality, i.e. supplying light transmittance similar to clear float. The maximum size available is 1100mm x 2400mm which allows an excellent field of vision for X-ray, C.T. scanning and angiography observation rooms. Lead glass can be processed as with normal glass and can be curved and/or toughened where required.

9.5 Diffused Reflection Glass (Picture Glass)

With a light reflectance of 8%, clear float often obscures framed images or portraits with surrounding reflections. For this purpose, 2mm diffused picture glass is specifically produced with fine textured surfaces to eliminate disturbing reflections, ensuring true representation and improved clarity of the picture or photograph. Standard sheet size is 920mm x 1220mm. 9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS
Amiran application in shopfront. Note the difference to the right of the picture which has been glazed with ordinary glass.

9.6 Non-Reflecting Glass

Shopfront windows are designed to display a stores products and/or image with the purpose of encouraging customers into the

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9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

However once the temperature exceeds this parameter, or the non-heated surface is rapidly reduced in temperature, toughened glass will disintegrate in the normal manner (See Section 4.3). Standard toughened glass is generally used in oven doors, cook tops etc. Glass Ceramics Glass ceramics such as FireLite, Borosilicate, Borofloat and Robax are manufactured from a unique mix of raw materials, unlike that of ordinary soda/lime/silicate glass. This special composition results in glass products with dramatically reduced coefficients of linear expansion and therefore, a greater ability to tolerate thermal stresses (heat). Traditional applications for ceramic glass include space heaters, fire guards, furnaces and wood stoves, or where temperatures can reach 700 - 800C.
FireLite

line and consequently offers superior optical qualities and light transmittance. In addition the chemical resistance of Borofloat, even at temperatures above 100C, is better than most metals. This glass can be cut and worked as would float glass and be supplied toughened (not a Grade A safety glass) if required. Available in thicknesses from 3.3mm to 15mm with a standard sheet size of 850mm x 1150mm (larger sheet sizes are available on request).
Robax is a glass ceramic with a brownish colour capable of tolerating temperatures and thermal shock up to 700C. Robax can be cut and processed in the same way as ordinary annealed float. The standard sheet size is 840mm x 1580mm.

9.8 Fire Rated Glass

The heat radiating from a fire through glass can often inhibit escape and ignite materials on the unexposed side. Fire rated glass in its many forms provide a non-combustible, protective barrier in the event of fire. They form an important and integral component of a complete fire rated window or door system. Fire rated systems are graded and measured based on three distinct criteria: relates to the systems ability to maintain structural stability and adequate load bearing capability as specified in AS 1530.4;
Structural Adequacy Integrity

is a transparent, crystallised glass developed by Nippon Electric Glass Co. Ltd. (Japan). With an extremely unusual thermal expansion coefficient of almost zero, FireLite will not crack even when heated to 800C and then doused with ice cold water. Available in sheet sizes up to 2438mm x 1220mm.

is manufactured with the inclusion of Boron using the sheet drawn process. Borosilicate has a lower rate of expansion and higher softening point when compared to ordinary float glass. It can also be toughened for improved heat resistance.
Borosilicate Borofloat has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion and therefore is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 500C. As the name implies, Borofloat is produced on a float

measures the systems ability to prevent the spread of flames and combustible gases as specified by AS 1530.4;

9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

Insulation refers to the systems ability to restrict the rise in temperature of the glass surface not exposed to the fire, below the limits nominated in AS 1530.4.

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All fire rated glazing systems must be tested and certified to meet the stringent criteria required for building and glazing as defined by the Building Code of Australia (BCA). In order to satisfy the BCA requirements, a fully fabricated, framed window assembly must achieve certain Fire Resistant Levels (FRLs). These FRLs correspond to the period of time (in minutes) the assembly can perform in relation to the specified test criteria defined in AS 1530.4. For example (and with reference to the above definitions), a nominated FRL of -/60/60 requires: no structural adequacy/60 minutes integrity/60 minutes insulation.
The thermal expansion coefficient of FireLite is almost zero so it will not crack when heated to 800C and then hit with cold water. FireLite is manufactured by Nippon Electric Glass Co. Ltd. Japan

G JAMES IS GLASS

Table 9.8a: Fire Rated Products

System Reinforced Georgian Wired Glass Blocks NEG Glass Blocks Non-Reinforced FireLite Pyroswiss Borofloat/Borosilicate Swissflam Securiflam Promaclear Insulating Intumescent Pyrostop Swissflam Pyrobel Promaglas Gel Contraflam Laminated Laminated Laminated Laminated IG Unit up to 120/120/120 60/60/30 up to 120/120/120 up to 90/90/90 up to 120/120/120 Description Wired Glass 190 x 190 x 100mm 190 x 190 x 95mm Glass Ceramic Calcium Silicate Glass Ceramic Laminated Laminated Coated Glass BCA - FRL 60/60/NA 60/60/NA 90/90/NA 180/180/NA 90/90/NA 120/120/NA up to 120/120/NA 60/60/NA 60/60/NA

NB: It must be stressed that all the above FRL classifications are based on tested framing and glazing systems.

There are three types of fire rated systems.

Reinforced systems contain either wired glass or glass block products where the glass will remain intact if broken thereby preventing the spread of flames. Non-Reinforced systems incorporate the range of ceramic glass products and are installed as fire rated walls and openings. Their low expansion and high softening points allow such products as FireLite to achieve long integrity ratings of up to 180 minutes. FireLite is capable of withstanding a rapid rise in temperature, while maintaining visibility - an important attribute in fires.

Toughened laminated safety glass can only achieve a maximum 30 minute integrity rating. However multi-laminates containing a water based, alkali silicate interlayer achieves 60 minutes integrity.
Insulated systems

are classified as those systems that satisfy both of the following: an integrity criteria for up to 120 minutes and, an insulation requirement for 30 to 90 minutes
Pyrostop glass samples before and after exposure to heat

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9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

A fire resistance test conducted in accordance with AS 1530.4 1990 (Test Report No.FR1376 National Building Technology Centre (NSW)) on a panel of 5mm FireLite (2440mm x 880mm) was awarded a 180 minute fire rating classification.

Pyrostop shields against temperatures of over 1000C

9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

There are two types of glazed systems that are classified as a fire rated insulated system. The first is a multi-layered intumescent (expanding) laminate which can also be incorporated into an insulated glass unit for improved performance. The product is designed so the water within the special purpose interlayer evaporates and absorbs the energy from the fire. Simultaneously the interlayer expands, converting into a foam glass and producing a tough, opaque shield against radiant and conducted heat. This system is so effective that while the exposed glass may be melting, the unexposed internal surface can be touched quite safely. Being a laminated product, any glass broken by the heat will remain intact within the frame maintaining a protective barrier. The second system is based on a toughened, insulated glass unit where the airspace is filled with layers of a special soft gel containing high concentrations of water. The thicker the gel, the higher the fire insulating qualities. On exposure to fire, the gel forms a crust which holds the glass together, while the evaporating water within the gel absorbs the heat energy. This process continues until the gel has burnt and expired - this will occur after the nominated fire rating time of the system. It should be noted that both these insulated systems are prone to ultra-violet degradation and when used as external glazing it is recommended they should be combined with standard PVB interlayers.

9.10 Glass Blocks

Nubio-wolke *

Cross ribbed (Also available in Broad cross ribbed)

Nobless *

Welle

Helios *

Regent

Broad parallel ribbed (Also available in Parallel ribbed)

Clear view

9.9 Welding Glass

9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS For the purpose of absorbing and reflecting harmful radiation emitted during welding and similar operations, G.James can supply Shade-12 welding glass. This product incorporates a special filter that reduces ultra-violet transmittance to around 0.0012% and infra-red transmittance to 0.007% ensuring excellent protection against welding flash. It should be noted that when using Shade-12, the reflective surface must face the light source.
Maya Metallik

Meteor *

Inka *

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* Patterns are also available in Goldtone.

G JAMES IS GLASS

For those wanting a unique decorative feature, glass blocks are an excellent alternative to ordinary glass. Glass blocks comprise of two separate sections which are sealed together at high temperatures to literally fuse the sections together. The many benefits of glass blocks include:

High light transmittance Excellent thermal performance Noise control Security Large range of patterns, colours and sizes Fire rating possible*

* Fire rated blocks must be 95mm or 100mm thick and installed in mortar into a tested steel perimeter frame.

Perfect for use in windows, entries and foyers, partition walls and other areas where light is required. G.James can supply, or supply and install glass blocks in curved, stepped or straight panels using either silicone or mortar systems.
Glass blocks used in bathroom application

Table 9.10a: Glass Blocks Patterns and Sizes

Names of designs Nubio-wolke Cross ribbed Broad cross ribbed Parallel ribbed Broad parallel ribbed Clear view Nobless Welle Meteor Inka Helios Regent Maya Metallik Aktis Light diffusing Security block
LEGEND No 1919 2424 2411 3030 1111 1919/10 Dimension 190x190x80mm 240x240x80mm 240x115x80mm 300x300x100mm 115x115x80mm 190x190x100mm Weight per unit 2.4kg 4.0kg 2.0kg 7.3kg 1.0kg 2.8kg No. of blocks per m2 25 16 32 9 64 25

Available in sizes 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 1919 2424 2424 2424 2424 2424 2424 2424 2424 2424 2411 3030 2411 3030 2411 3030 1111 1919/10 1919/10 1919/10 1919/10 1919/10 1919/10

2424 2424

1919 1919 1919

2424

2424 1919/10

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9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

2424

9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

9.11 Aquatic Glazing

Water pressure in aquatic applications (such as view windows into swimming pools or aquariums) has a sustained pressure which is directly proportional to the depth of the water. At water level and above, this pressure is zero, but due to the exertion of triangular loads on the glass, even at a depth of 600mm (as would be the case in an average household fish tank) this would equate to 6 kPa of pressure. (See Figure 9.11a) Glass Selection AS 1288 requires reduced stress levels for sustained loads. Thick monolithic annealed or laminate (annealed or heat treated) is generally recommended for aquatic applications. The consequence of breakage must always be considered in any design.

G.James Technical Department can provide the necessary recommendations for your specific requirements.

9.12 Electronic Security

Electronic eavesdropping to obtain proprietary information, unwarranted interrogation of computers and interference or accidental loss of information by electronic noise (e.g. radar), can pose serious and costly problems in todays IT reliant age. Protecting premises where such installations are housed can be achieved by employing Faradays cage principle thereby ensuring all the external surfaces (i.e. the floor, the ceiling, and all walls) are electrically conductive and then earthed. Consequently any radio frequencies omitted from equipment meets

Figure 9.11a: Triangular Loads of Water on Glass

Water Level

Load

Water Level

Load

Water has an approximate density of one tonne per cubic metre. This mass exerts significant pressures which increase

9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

linearly with the water depth.

Graph 9.12a: Performance of Electronic Security Glazing (Shielding Effectiveness)

120

Mesh properties
90

Radio Frequency Signal Attenuation (dB)

150opi
60

100opi
30

0 10

100

1000

10000

Radio Frequency (MHz) opi=openings per inch in interlayer mesh

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the walls and simply travels to the ground. Similarly, any random external electronic interference is also diverted to ground. As glazing systems are an integral part of most external walls they also need to be electrically conductive (See Figures 9.12a & 9.12b). G.James can supply a range of specialised laminate or Twin-Glaze products that effectively shield radio frequencies within the range of 100 - 10,000 MHz. (See Graphs 9.12b & 9.12c). For applications where protection is required in the lower bracket of 10 - 100 MHz, a metallised fabric mesh is incorporated within a laminated glass product (See Graph 9.12a). Data shielding systems are recommended for use in television and radio stations, security and computer installations and protecting operating personnel from harmful electromagnetic fields.

Data sensitive installation

Graph 9.12b: Data Shielding Twin-Glaze Unit

90

Recommended for external glazing applications. The various product codes

80

70

T60

Attenuation (dB)

(T45, T50 & T60) indicate the approximate attenuation of that product at 1000 MHz. For example, T50 indicates a data shielding Twin-Glaze unit with an approximate attenuation of 50 dB at 1000 MHz.

60

T50 T45

50

40

30

100

300

1000

3000

10000

Frequency (MHz)
Cell Phones VHF Radio TV Transmission Radar and Satellite Bands

90

Recommended for internal walls and partitions. The various product codes

80

70

Attenuation (dB)

(L45 & L60) indicate the

L60

approximate attenuation of that product at 1000 MHz. For example, L45 indicates a laminated data shielding glass with an approximate attenuation of 45 dB at 1000 MHz.

60

50

40

L45

30

100

300

1000

3000

10000

Frequency (MHz)

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9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

Graph 9.12c: Laminated Data Shielding Glass

9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS

Figure 9.12a: Typical Drained Glazing System

Outside
Silicone Setting Block

Inside
Twin-Glaze Unit Conducting Gasket

9.13 Glass Floors and Stair Treads

Glass is normally not considered a traditional flooring material, however with the obvious visual effects it can create, glass in such applications is gaining in popularity. An interesting application of glass used in flooring is shown in the viewing panels set into the floor of the main observation deck of Aucklands landmark Sky Tower (NZ). The four main viewing ports were glazed with

Aluminium Frame

Connection to Wall Screening

Figure 9.12b: Typical Internal Screening

Outside
Silicone Setting Block

Inside
Laminated Glass Conducting Gasket 20mm min

Metal Frame

Wall Screen

(also suitable for secondary sash applications)

Main viewing ports, Aucklands Sky Tower

laminated Starphire (low iron glass) providing safety, strength and excellent clarity. In these types of applications, the glazing system should be supported on all sides with a substantial frame to ensure minimal deflection. It is recommended the glass panels 9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS be bedded and cushioned with a specified resilient material ensuring there is no direct glass to metal (or other hard object) contact. All materials considered, the rebate depth should be designed so the glass finishes flush with the floor. Consideration should also be given to installing a sacrificial piece of low cost glass to the top surface. This would protect the more expensive glass underneath and can be easily and economically replaced when required. Glass stair treads, incorporating thick annealed or laminated glass, can also produce a stunning visual effect as well as
Main viewing ports, Aucklands Sky Tower

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G JAMES IS GLASS

Star Casino Sydney

complementing any surrounding glass features. In this instance, a sandblasted top glass should be considered to avoid highlighting scratches and scuff marks while also acting as a diffuser where under-floor lighting is used. When used in floors, stair treads or similar applications where lighting is involved, the glass should be adequately ventilated to subsequent thermal stress. 9.0 SPECIAL PURPOSE GLASS reduce the possibility of heat build-up and

Star Casino Sydney

Technical Advisory Service

Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S
(452637)

National Toll Free Number 71

10.0 DECORATIVE GLASS

Decorative DECORATIVEGLASS 10.0

glass

Patterned glass manufacture

10.1 Introduction
Rolled plate glass was first produced by James Hartley (U.K.) in 1847, and later by the Chance Brothers (U.K.) who manufactured cathedral and figured rolled between twin rollers in 1870. Wired glass was patented in 1855 however it failed to perform in service. In 1898 Pilkingtons began producing wired glass on a commercial basis however the quality was still poor up until the 1930s when welded, square mesh wire was introduced. 10.0 DECORATIVE GLASS G.James range of decorative glasses encompass figured rolled patterned and decorative ceramic painted glass.

surface only while the other side remains smooth. The glass then travels through the annealing lehr where it is cooled before being cut to the required size. For the production of wired glass, square steel wire mesh is sandwiched between two separate ribbons of glass which is then pressed through a further pair of patterned rollers to imprint the selected design. Types With 16 different designs, three of which are wired (See Figure 10.2a), G.James offers patterned glass in a variety of colours, textures and degrees of opacity with the majority capable of being toughened while a small number can be laminated (See Table 10.2a).

10.2 Figured Rolled Patterned Glass

Process Patterned glass is manufactured by squeezing semi-molten glass between two rollers, one of which has a surface pattern and creates a continuous, permanent impression onto the glass ribbon. The pattern is printed onto one

Georgian Polished Wired is a clear, totally transparent wired glass. Produced as a cast glass, and subsequently ground and polished on both sides using the old plate glass method, this product is optically true and the preferred glass for use in fire doors where small vision panels are installed. Note that polished wired glass is a Grade B safety glazing material.

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Table 10.2a: Figured Rolled Patterned Glass

Tandarra

Seadrift

Broadline

Narrow Reeded

Strata

Sparkle

Kosciusko

Roughcast

Satinlite

Spotswood

Glue Chip

New Cathedral

Flemish NB: Polished Wired not illustrated

Scintilla

Obscura

Squarelite

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10.0 DECORATIVE GLASS

10.0 DECORATIVE GLASS

Applications Patterned glass has many applications including use in partitioning, showerscreens, doors and sidelights, furniture, shelving, leadlighting, balustrading and other areas where a decorative effect or visual obscurity is desired. Although figured rolled glass is obvious by its presence, in certain specific situations consultation with the relevant section of AS 1288 should be consulted to determine whether a laminated, toughened or safety wired product is required.

expose wired glass to severe direct sunlight. Similarly, blasts of very hot water placed directly onto wired glass may result in thermal cracking and should be avoided. Tinted patterned glass may be susceptible to thermal breakage when glazed externally. Further information can be obtained from the G.James Technical Advisory Service on 1800 452 637.

10.3 Patternlite (Ceramic Painted Patterned Glass)

The application of fused, coloured ceramic paint to glass provides architects and designers with a new dimension in the use of patterned glass by offering a cost effective and unobtrusive means of minimising exposure and/or controlling the amount of light transmission. The coloured ceramic paint used in the process of manufacture consists of glassflux (70 - 95%) and ceramic pigment (5 - 30%).

While the use of wired glass is common in fire rated products, it should be noted that wired glass alone does not have a fire rating. To achieve any fire rating it must be part of a complete glass window/door assembly (See Section 9.8). Characteristics Wired glass absorbs solar radiation and may be subject to thermal stress. It is preferable not to

Table 10.2a: Figure Rolled Patterned Glass Selection Chart

Type
Text Print W3 W4 W5

Colour/Thickness
W6 B5 B6 G5 G6

Safety Form
Lam Tou Wir Non-dir Dir

Tandarra Seadrift Broadline Narrow Reeded Strata Glacier/Sparkle Kosciusko Roughcast Satinlite

10.0 DECORATIVE GLASS

Spotswood Glue Chip New Cathedral Flemish Scintilla Obscura Squarelite Polished Wire

Legend: Text Textured; Print Printed; W3 White 3mm; W4 White 4mm; W5 White 5mm; W6 White 6mm; B5 Bronze 5mm; B6 Bronze 6mm; G5 Grey 5mm; G6 Grey 6mm; Lam Laminated; Tou Toughened; Wir Wired; Non-dir Non-directional; Dir Directional.

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Process This type of patterned, decorative glass is created by silk-screening the selected colour and pattern onto one surface of the glass. Once the pattern has been applied, the glass is then either toughened or heat strengthened, with the heat generated within the furnace sufficient to melt the ceramic paint permanently fusing the pattern onto the glass substrate. Patternlite can be applied to surface 2, 3 or 4 depending on the glass configuration and desired effect. In essence Patternlite is used for light diffusing purposes, with the reduction in light transmittance equal to the glass area covered by the applied pattern (See Table 10.3a). Table 10.3a: Light Transmission
Cover (%) Transmission (%) 40 63 50 56 60 49

Figure 10.3a: Standard Designs

3mm dots, 40% cover

3mm reverse dots, 60% cover

3mm strip, 50% cover

Figures based on 6mm clear float with printed coverage to Surface #2.

Types G.James offers Patternlite in four standard designs (See Figure 10.3a) in eight standard colours (See Figure 4.7a) however custom designed patterns and colours for specific project requirements are available. Patternlite can be applied to clear or tinted glass substrates, laminated glass, or incorporated into a Twin-Glaze unit. Further, combining Patternlite with a reflective coated glass will significantly reduce glare and decrease solar transmission. Properties and Applications The manufacture process of Patternlite bonds the pattern to the glass providing a permanent non-porous surface with excellent scratch resistance (removal of the pattern is not possible without damage to the glass substrate). G.James Patternlite is impervious to weathering and fade resistant. When specifying the pattern colour, be aware that lighter colours will act as a daylight diffuser. Further, light colours will naturally reflect solar energy while darker colours will absorb such energy. Overhead canopies and skylights are the primary uses of Patternlite while the application of custom or corporate door motifs on toughened glass entry doors are also possible.

Gum leaf design

Patternlite Gum leaf design

Technical Advisory Service

Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S
(452637)

National Toll Free Number 75

10.0 DECORATIVE GLASS

11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES

Glazing GLAZINGTECHNIQUES 11.0

techniques
The framing system should be adequately designed to support and retain the glass under the design load conditions and also provide an effective weather-tight seal while the glass remains free floating and non-load bearing. As this section is a guide only, reference to Australian Standard AS 1288, Glass in Buildings - Selection and Installation is recommended.

11.2 Dry Glazing

Dry glazing is the common description for systems utilising extruded rubber gaskets manufactured from either PVC, EPDM, neoprene and Santoprene to one or both sides of the glass to provide a tight weather seal. Installation of the gasket commences in one corner of the frame with the gasket pressed into the glazing pocket in 100mm to 200mm sections until completed. It is important the gaskets are cut slightly oversize and continually worked towards the starting point to minimise the chance of shrinkage. To assist Figure 11.2a: Example of Dry Glazing

Glass

11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES

11.1 Introduction
Architects and designers are continually looking for better and more complex ways to use glass in buildings. Large picture windows, glass awnings, balustrades and expansive use of glass in shopfronts, foyers and ground floor entries are today common sights. While many factors are considered in selecting the glass, the glazing techniques used in the installation process are equally as important. In essence this involves choosing the correct materials and their proper installation and use to ensure long term performance of any glazing.
Setting Block Extruded Rubber Gasket

Aluminium Channel

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with installation, lubricate and soften the gasket by placing it in a container of hot, mildly soapy water. Internal applications such as partitions, doors and viewing windows generally have no air or weather sealing requirements. Framing in this instance can comprise aluminium channels or timber beads. External glazing systems are designed to be pressure equalised and self-draining, with extruded gaskets used to achieve air and weather sealing. PVC gaskets are suitable for use in the glazing of shopfronts, residential and commercial buildings under 10 metres high. For buildings over 10 meters high, the use of Santoprene or neoprene gaskets should be considered. It is essential the correct thickness of gasket is used to ensure compression on the internal gasket is achieved to prevent air and water ingress.

Butyl Tapes Butyl tapes are an elastomeric material extruded into a ribbon and available in various widths and thicknesses. This tape is extremely durable and has excellent adhesion to both glass and metal surfaces when continuous pressure is applied. A shim can be incorporated into the tape to reduce the butyl compound being pumped out of the glazing channel as a result of the combined actions of heat and wind. Over the last decade the use of butyl tapes has declined in favour of other glazing materials. Elastomeric Sealants Silicones, polyurethanes, acrylics and butyl sealants are the main types of elastromeric sealants used throughout the glazing industry.
Sealant Selection

When selecting an appropriate sealant for a specific glazing installation, it is important to consider the properties of the various sealant types in order to avoid any long term problems. Gunable silicone and polyurethane are the most commonly used elastromeric sealants and cure by way of chemical reaction assisted by temperature and humidity or by solvent release.
Silicone

11.3 Wet Glazing

Wet glazing materials can be classified into one of three main types:

Putty based compound Butyl tapes Elastomeric Sealants

Putty Based Compounds The use of putty based compounds as a glazing material has declined with the introduction of more versatile materials and techniques, and is now only used in the glass replacement market on older homes and buildings. Oil-based putty is not compatible with glazing materials such as silicone or neoprene and CANNOT be used in the glazing of laminated glass or Twin-Glaze units.

Silicone is the most widely used sealant with many benefits including, longevity, flexibility and good adhesion to glazing substrates. In addition silicone is less affected by ultra-violet radiation providing excellent long-term weatherability, making it an ideal material for use in external applications such as structural, each silicone type has some drawbacks which may be detrimental to the application. 11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES weatherseal and butt-joint glazing. However

Table 11.3a: Silicone Applications

Type Structural Structural Application Glass to aluminium Monolithic glass to glass Structural Laminated glass to glass Weatherseal Laminated glass to glass
NB: The use of black silicone is recommended in all applications.

Details Neutral cure ONLY Acetic structural or Neutral cure Neutral cure ONLY

Colour Black Black and translucent Black

Site Applied 1 part 1 part

Factory Applied 1 part or 2 part 1 part

1 part

1 part

Neutral cure ONLY

Black and translucent

1 part

1 part

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11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES

A range of glazing material and tools

There are two main categories of silicone: acetic cure and neutral cure. Recognised by their pungent odour, acetic cure silicones contain chemical compounds that produce acetic acid as a by-product of the curing (hardening) process. Alternatively certain types of neutral cure silicones release alcohol as a byproduct of the curing process. Table 11.3a details the specific type/s of silicone suitable for various glass applications. Silicone is available in either high or low modulus (i.e. movement capability and tear resistance) and/or in a choice of one-part or two-part products. Adhesion, Compatibility and Stain Testing Due to the wide variety of painted and other surface types currently available for construction purposes, simple adhesion, compatibility and stain testing should be carried out prior to the commencement of any sealant application. If required, samples of all intended materials can be supplied to the relevant sealant manufacturer for testing. Surface and Joint Preparation 11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES
Glass and polycarbonate surfaces

that release solvents or ammonia during curing. Specific glazing products and methods must be used when glazing polycarbonate products.

Masonry surfaces

should have loose dust, dirt

and debris removed by a brush.

Aluminium surfaces

should be cleaned with

white spirit using clean cloths or lint free paper and employ the two stage cleaning process described above.
NB: It is important to use white spirits as the cleaning solvent to properly remove waxes and other contaminates from painted aluminium surfaces. Alcohol based cleaners like methylated spirits may not be sufficient to obtain optimum adhesion on all surfaces.

Priming

may be required if adhesion tests show

cleaning only, provides inadequate adhesion. Should this occur the manufacturers recommendations must be followed.
NB: Suitable protective clothing, eyewear and gloves should be worn when using solvents or primers.

Sealant Application and Tooling After preparing the surface (and the primer, if required, has dried), it is critical the sealant is immediately applied. Delays will allow dust etc. to collect on the various surfaces and contaminate the frames. Apply the sealant by pushing a bead of sealant forward into the joint cavity. Do not pull the applicator gun as the sealant will tend to lay over the joint rather than be pushed into the cavity as is required to achieve a proper seal. Pushing the sealant also helps wet all the contact surfaces. Care must be taken to ensure joints are filled without voids, air pockets or bubbles. Under no circumstances should uncured sealant be tooled off with solvents. Tooling fluids are not recommended as they can cause possible joint contamination and inhibit sealant cure.

should be

subjected to a two stage cleaning process as recommended in sealant suppliers literature. This procedure is as follows:

Thoroughly clean the surface with either methylated spirits or isopropyl alcohol (only) on clean cloths or lint free paper

Before the solvent completely evaporates, wipe the surface dry with a second, clean lint-free cloth to remove all contaminants

NB: It is important that cleaning solvents containing chemicals such as ammonia, xylene (i.e. white spirits) are not used with polycarbonate materials as it will cause crazing of the material. This also applies to glazing products

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G JAMES IS GLASS

11.4 Glass Setting Blocks

Glass setting blocks can take the form of neoprene, EPDM, silicone or PVC materials which generally have a 80 Durometer Shore hardness. Setting blocks are used in the glazing of monolithic, laminated and Twin-Glaze units to:

Prior to installation, correct cleaning (and possibly priming) of the aluminium frames and glass is paramount to ensure good adhesion.
4-sided Structural Glazing involves adhering the glass or cladding to aluminium on all four sides achieving a totally flush, frameless, external appearance.

Provide a cushion for the glass Maintain the proper location of the glass Ensure correct edge clearance and frame retention

involves adhering the glass or cladding to aluminium on opposite sides, either vertically or horizontally, with the other two edges held captive with an aluminium bead or cover strip.
2-sided Structural Glazing

For correct size and position of setting blocks consult AS 1288.

For sloped overhead glazing, either 4-sided or 2-sided structural glazing can be used to ensure a weather tight system is achieved.

11.5 General Glazing Applications

Structural Glazing (1 or 2 part silicone) Structural glazing, either 4-sided or 2-sided, utilises structural silicone to adhere and seal glass or cladding materials to the aluminium substrates. In all structurally glazed applications, a calculation is required to determine the thickness and width of the silicone (structural) bite in order to satisfy load requirements on the framing and glass. The nominated bite size is attained by correctly positioning and selecting an appropriate double-sided, structural tape which is available in varying thicknesses and widths. During installation glaziers must ensure the structural silicone being pumped into the joint totally wets both substrates being glued, filling the aluminium to glass void. Temporary retainers may be required to secure the glass in place while the silicone is curing. One-part silicones may require 21 days to reach full strength after which time temporary retainers can be removed. Figure 11.5a: Example of Structural Glazing
Silicone (structural and weatherseal)

Legends Hotel, Surfers Paradise

Butt-Joint Glazing
2-edge Support

2-edge butt-joint glazing involves the glass being retained horizontally in an aluminium channel glazed with a gasket while the

Double-sided glazing tape Flat aluminium section

Laminated glass

vertical joints are sealed with silicone. This type of glazing is used in office partitions and internal shopfronts (subject to the requirements of AS 1288).
NB: In certain instances glass fins may be required for structural support.

Steel structure

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11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES

11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES

Cathedral Place, Brisbane

4-edge Support

4-edge butt-joint glazing incorporates a glass fin at the silicone joint which provides structural support for the glass panels. The size of the glass fin and how it is retained at the head and sill are important considerations to ensure adequate structural support is achieved.
90 Butt Corner

11.6 Considerations for Glazing

Annealed and Heat Treated Glass Annealed and heat treated glass with any surface or edge damage must not be glazed as this weakens the glass causing possible thermal or spontaneous breakage. Laminated Glass Glazing systems incorporating laminated glass should include weep (drain) holes as it is essential that the edges remain dry as prolonged exposure to moisture will cause delamination around the edges. This may even occur when laminated glass is glazed in unframed applications such as balustrade in-fill panels. All types of silicones may cause slight delamination, with acetic cure silicone being the most detrimental. If silicone is to be used a neutral cure type is recommended. It should be noted that delamination does not effect the structural integrity of the glass or joint. Twin-Glaze Units All systems glazed with Twin-Glaze units must incorporate weep (drain) holes as any long term exposure to moisture WILL result in unit

With 90 butt corner joints, the glass is considered to be structurally supported by the adjacent panel, i.e. the glass panels support one another in a similar method to that of a glass fin providing sufficient structural bite is 11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES available. This may also apply to internal angles up to 135. It is necessary to check that the glass thickness is sufficient to provide the required silicone bite. Weatherseal Glazing - Non-structural Weatherseals have many different forms and include glass to glass butt-joints, glass to aluminium seals or aluminium to aluminium seals for cladding joints. It is important that silicone weatherseals have the correct joint design to accommodate building movement, expansion and contraction due to heating and cooling.

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G JAMES IS GLASS

failure. Weep holes must be equivalent to three (3) 10mm holes per sill. All Twin-Glaze units have silicone secondary seals and therefore do not require additional protection against UV radiation. Curved Glass For the glazing of curved glass an extra setting block is required in the centre of the curve. Due to the glass and aluminium bending tolerances, it is recommended a silicone capseal is employed to alleviate any pressure points in the glass curve that may be caused by dry glazing with PVC gaskets. Bullet Resistant and Physical Attack Glass With glass polycarbonate composite panels it is important that cleaning solvents containing chemicals such as ammonia and xylene (e.g. white spirits) are not used as they induce stress into the polycarbonate edges resulting in crazing. This can also occur with some glazing products which release solvents during curing. To avoid any problems the glass should be cleaned with a mild solution of soap or detergent and luke warm water.

Double-sided Tape Such tape must be capable of permanently bonding to the wall and at least 2- 3mm thick. Vertical strips are recommended to reduce the possibility of moisture and other contaminants being trapped behind the mirror. Supporting the bottom edge should also be considered for safety purposes. Silicone/Adhesive Fixing The use of silicone or structural adhesive is useful on uneven surfaces or where concealed fixings are required. Silicone or adhesive should be applied in vertical strips and never in blobs. Double-sided tape is used to hold the mirror in place while the silicone or adhesive cures. For vinyl backed mirrors, the vinyl should be removed in areas where the silicone or adhesive is to be applied to ensure sufficient bonding between the mirror and the wall. For compatible silicones and adhesives consult with G.James Technical Advisory Service. Batten Fixing The suggested way of achieving a plumb installation, particularly for large areas, is to

11.7 Mirror Installation

Mirrors should be mounted plumb and flat to avoid distortion and installed in a manner which permits air circulation between the wall and mirror back minimising condensation. This is especially important in bathrooms, ensuites or rooms with high humidity. Mirrors should never be fixed directly to unpainted concrete, brick, plaster or timber, as from these unsealed surfaces. Fixings - Screws, Domes or Rosettes The most widely used method of fixing frameless mirrors is by using screws and domes or rosettes fixed through holes in the four corners of the mirror. For mirrors over 3m2, holes should be at 900mm centres and a minimum 50mm from the edge. Screws must not be over-tightened as breakage will occur. there is always the potential of chemical attack

use vertical batten fixing. The vertical battens (50mm x 25mm) should be primed, before fixing to ensure no chemical reactions between the resins and mirror back. Either double-sided tape, silicone, adhesives or rosettes can then be used to install mirrors to the battens.

Technical Advisory Service

Phone: 1 8 0 0 G J A M E S
(452637)

National Toll Free Number

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11.0 GLAZING TECHNIQUES

12.0 STANDARDS AND TESTING

Standards STANDARDSANDTESTING 12.0

and testing
12.1 Standards
Australian Standards (AS):
AS 1170.2

Other Industry Standards and Publications:

ASHRAE

Minimum design loads on structures - Wind loads.

AS 1288

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers.

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials.

ASTM 1036

Glass in buildings - Selection and installation.

AS 1530

Specification for flat glass.

ASTM 1048

Methods for fire tests on building materials, components and structures.

AS 1926

Specification for heat treated glass.

BCA

Swimming pool safety.

AS/NZS 2080

Building Code of Australia.

BS 5713

Safety glass for land vehicles.

AS 2107

British Standard - Hermetically sealed IG units.

BS 5821

Acoustics - Recommended design sound levels and reverberation times for building interiors.
AS/NZS 2208

British Standard - Rating sound insulation.

BRB 566

Safety glass materials in buildings. 12.0 STANDARDS AND TESTING

AS/NZS 2343

British Rail Board - Railway transport/safety glazing.

CAN/CGSB - 12.8 - M90

Bullet-resistant panels and elements.

AS 2820

Canadian insulating glass units national standard.

FRA I & FRA II

Gate units for private swimming pools.

AS 3555

Federal Railroads Administration (USA) - Rail transport/safety glazing.

Building elements - Testing and rating for intruder resistance.

AS 3959

Construction of buildings in bushfire-prone areas.

AS/NZS ISO 9000 Series

Quality Management System Standards.

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G JAMES IS GLASS

12.2 Product Standards

AS/NZS 2208 (Safety glazing materials in buildings)

12.4 Test Facilities

The following are test facilities used by G.James:
ASIO

G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd Laminating Lic. No. 809. G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd Toughening Lic. No. 809. G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (NSW) Toughening Lic. No. 592. G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (Vic) Toughening Lic. No. 951. G.James Industries (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd.Laminating Lic. No. 1441. G.James Industries (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. Toughening Lic. No. 1441.

Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (T4 Protective Security): Forcible Attack Testing.
Ballistic Edge

Bullet resistant glass testing.

BHP - Sydney

Cyclone test facility.

BRANZ

AS/NZS 2080 (Safety glass for land vehicles)

G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd Laminating Lic. No. 821. G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd Toughening Lic. No. 821. G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (NSW) Toughening Lic. No. 471. G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (Vic) Toughening Lic. No. 949. G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd (Vic) Laminating Lic. No. P302.

Building Research Australia and New Zealand: IG unit testing.

CSIRO

Commonwealth Science Industry Research Organisation: Acoustic testing.

G.James Engineering Services Pty Ltd

Physical attack testing BRB 566 and FRA testing Optical and thermal measurements Accelerated life testing of products

AS/NZS 2343 (Bullet resistant panels and elements)

G.James Safety Glass (Qld) Pty Ltd - Security Products Lic. No. 1499.

G.James Testing Laboratory

NATA Registered Laboratory No.3630 (within the field of mechanical testing).

James Cook University - Townsville

12.3 Quality Management Systems Certification to ISO 9000 Series

G.James Safety Glass Pty Ltd - Certificate No. QEC 7280. G.James Glass & Aluminium Pty Ltd - Certificate No. QEC 2153. G.James Extrusion Co Pty Ltd - Certificate No. QEC 079.

Cyclone resistant glazing.

National Acoustic Laboratories

Acoustic testing.
Queensland University of Technology - Brisbane

Photometric Laboratory: UV transmittance/ laminated glass and luminous transmittance through laminated glass. Faculty of Building Environment and Engineering: Forcible attack testing.

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12.0 STANDARDS AND TESTING

13.0 STOCKLINES

Stocklines STOCKLINESSTOCKLINES 13.0

13.1 Clear Float
1.2mm, 2mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 15mm, 19mm & 25mm Solarplus
TS21: TS30: SS08: SS22:

3mm & 6mm 3mm & 6mm 3mm & 6mm 3mm & 6mm 3mm & 6mm 3mm & 6mm

13.2 Tinted Float

Grey:

SL10*: SL20*:

4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm, 10mm & 12mm 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 10mm & 12mm

NB: Other coatings available upon request.

Bronze: Green:

* Only available in laminated.

4mm, 5mm, 6mm, & 10mm

Low E
Energy Advantage:

13.3 Super Tints/Performance Glass

Evergreen:

3mm, 4mm & 6mm

Sungate 500: K Glass:

4mm & 6mm

4mm & 6mm

3mm, 4mm, 5mm & 6mm 4mm, 6mm & 10mm

Arctic Blue: Azurlite:

13.4 Figured Rolled Patterned

Non-reflective:

4mm, 6mm & 10mm 5mm & 6mm

2mm

Panasap (Dark) Blue: Optigray 23: Supergrey:

White
Broadline: Cathedral: Flemish:

6mm

4mm 3mm, 4mm & 5mm

4mm & 6mm

Low Iron Glass

Starphire: Diamant:

4mm 5mm 3mm 4mm

6mm,10mm & 12mm

Glue Chip: Kosciusko:

6mm,10mm & 12mm

On-line Reflective
Solarcool Grey:

Narrow Reeded: Roughcast: Satinlite: Seadrift:

4mm & 6mm 4mm & 6mm 4mm & 6mm

3mm & 5mm

Solarcool Bronze:

3mm 5mm 3mm

13.0 STOCKLINES

Solarcool Azurlite: Eclipse Grey:

6mm 6mm

Glacier/Sparkle: Spotswood: Strata:

Eclipse Blue Green: Eclipse Evergreen:

3mm, 4mm & 5mm

6mm 6mm 6mm 6mm

3mm & 5mm 5mm

Eclipse Arctic Blue:

Tandarra:

Stopsol Classic Dark Blue:

Tinted
Grey (Cathedral):

Stopsol SuperSilver Dark Blue:

5mm 5mm & 6mm

84

Reflectafloat:

6mm

Grey (Spotswood):

G JAMES IS GLASS

Bronze (Cathedral): Bronze (Seadrift):

5mm

Bronze: Green:

5.38mm & 6.38mm

5mm 5mm & 6mm

5.38mm, 5.76 W.H.P ., 6.38mm & 6.76

Bronze (Spotswood): Bronze (Tandarra):

W.H.P .
Dark (Brown) Neutral:

5mm

6.76mm

NB: Some discontinued patterned glass also available ex-stock

Figured Patterned Laminated

Translucent:

6.38mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm &

13.5 Wired Glass

Clear
Georgian Polished:

12.38mm
Clear Showertex (Cathedral):

6.76mm 6.76mm 6.76mm

6mm

Grey Showertex (Cathedral):

White
Obscura: Scintilla:

Bronze Showertex (Cathedral):

6mm 6mm 6mm

NB: Other patterns available on request

Squarelite:

13.7 Mirrors
Clear 6mm 3mm, 4mm & 6mm Tinted

Tinted
Bronze (Scintilla):

Qualage
Tudor Clear:

4mm & 5mm 4mm & 5mm 4mm & 5mm

Grey:

4mm & 6mm 4mm & 6mm

Colonial Clear:

Bronze:

Colonial Cathedral:

Venetian Strip
Clear:

6mm

13.6 Laminated
Clear 5.38mm, 6.38mm, 6.52mm, 6.76mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm, 10.76mm, 11.52mm & 12.38mm Grey 5.38mm, 6.38mm, 6.52mm, 6.76mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm, 11.52mm & 12.38mm Bronze 5.38mm, 6.38mm, 6.76mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm & 11.52mm Green 5.38mm, 6.38mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm, 11.52mm & 12.38mm Evergreen 6.38mm, 6.76mm, 8.38mm, 10.38mm, 11.52mm & 12.38mm Opticolor

Vinyl Back Mirror

Grade A & B: Grade B:

4mm

6mm

One Way Mirror

Solarplus SS08 Grey Laminated:

6.38mm

13.8 Glass Blocks

A large range of clear, patterned glass blocks

13.9 Special Purpose Glass

Heat Resistant Glass
FireLite: Robax:

5mm 13.0 STOCKLINES

5mm 5.5mm

Borofloat:

Radiation Shielding Glass

Lead Glass:

Various colours and glass thicknesses available Automotive

Clear: Grey:

Various thicknesses

Prior to selection/ordering any of the above stocklines verify available sheet size with your G.James representative.
NB: Some items maybe temporarily out of stock or only available on request.

5.38mm, 5.76 W.H.P ., 6.38mm & 6.76 W.H.P 5.38mm & 6.38mm

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14.0 UNITS/CONVERSION FACTORS

Units/Conversion NITS/CONVERSIONFACTORS 14.0

Units Length: Mass: Time: Temperature: Energy: Force: Power: Pressure: Length
Metric to Metric

factors

1 sq. yard metres (m) kilograms (kg) seconds (s) Kelvin (K) joule (J) newton (N) watt (W) pascal (Pa) 1 sq. kilometre 1 hectare Mass
Metric to Metric

= 0.836 sq. metre = 25.293 sq. metres = 0.405 hectare = 2.59 sq. kilometres = 10.764 sq. feet = 1.196 sq. yards = 0.386 sq. mile = 2.471 acres

1 perch 1 acre 1 sq. mile

Metric to Imperial

1 sq. metre

1 millimetre 1 centimetre 1 metre 1 kilometre

Imperial to Metric

= 1000 micrometres = 10 millimetres = 1000 millimetres = 100 centimetres = 1000 metres = 25.4 millimetres = 0.305 metre = 30.48 centimetres = 0.914 metre = 1.609 kilometres = 1.829 metres = 0.394 inch = 39.37 inches = 3.28 feet = 1.094 yards = 0.621 mile

1 gram 1 kilogram 1 tonne

Imperial to Metric

= 1000 milligrams = 1000 grams = 1000 kilograms = 1 cubic metre (fluid) = 28.35 grams = 0.454 kilogram = 6.35 kilograms = 1.016 tonnes = 0.035 ounce = 2.205 pounds = 0.984 ton

1 ounce 1 pound 1 stone 1 ton

Metric to Imperial

1 inch 1 foot 1 yard 1 mile 1 fathom 14.0 UNITS/CONVERSION FACTORS

Metric to Imperial

1 gram 1 kilogram 1 tonne

1 centimetre 1 metre

Volume & Capacity

Metric to Metric

1 kilometre Area
Metric to Metric

1 cubic centimetre 1 cubic metre

= 1000 cubic millimetres = 1 000 000 cubic centimetres = 1000 litres = 1000 kilograms (fluid) = 1000 millilitres = 16.387 cubic centimetres = 0.028 cubic metre = 4.546 litres = 3.785 litres

1 sq. metre 1 hectare 1 sq. kilometre

Imperial to Metric

= 10 000 sq. centimetres = 10 000 sq. metres = 100 000 sq. metres = 100 hectares = 645.16 sq. millimetres = 0.093 sq. metre 1 litre
Imperial to Metric

1 cubic inch 1 cubic foot 1 UK gallon 1 US gallon

1 sq. inch

86

1 sq. foot

G JAMES IS GLASS

Metric to Imperial

Imperial to Metric

1 cubic centimetre 1 cubic metre 1 litre

= 0.061 cubic inch = 35.315 cubic feet = 0.22 UK gallon = 0.264 US gallon

1 pound force/ sq. inch 1 pound force/ sq. foot

Metric to Imperial

= 6.895 kilopascals = 47.88 pascals

Power & Force

Metric to Metric

1 kilopascal Speed = 1000 milliwatts = 1 joule/second = 1000 watts = 1000 kilowatts = 0.746 kilowatt
Metric to Metric

= 0.145 pound force/sq. inch

1 watt 1 kilowatt 1 megawatt

Imperial to Metric

1 metre/second = 3.6 kilometres/hour 1 kilometre/hour = 0.277 metre/second 1 knot

Imperial to Metric

1 horsepower

= 1.852 kilometres/hour = 0.514 metre/second

1 British Thermal Unit (Btu)/hour = 0.293 watt 1 pound force

Metric to Imperial

1 foot/second 1 mile/hour
Metric to Imperial

= 0.305 metre/second = 1.609 kilometres/hour = 0.447 metre/second

= 4.448 newtons = 3.412 Btu/hour = 0.738 feet pound force/second

1 watt

1 metre/second = 3.281 feet/second 1 kilometre/hour = 0.621 mile/hour Speed of Sound 1193.25 kph 741.45 mph Area of Circle

1 kilowatt 1 newton Energy

Metric to Metric

= 1.341 horsepower = 0.225 pound force

1 joule 1 kilojoule 1 megajoule 1 kilowatt hour

Imperial to Metric

= 1000 millijoules = 1 newton metre = 1000 joules = 1000 kilojoules = 3.6 megajoules

Area

= r2 (3.14159 x radius2)

Circumference of Circle Circumference = 2r (2 x 3.14159 x radius) = d (3.14159 x diameter)

1 Btu
Metric to Imperial

= 1.055 kilojoules Kelvin = 0.738 foot pound force = 0.948 Btu Fahrenheit

= Celsius + 273.15 = (9/5 x Celsius) + 32

1 joule 1 kilojoule

Thermal Values R-value U-value Btu/ft2.h.F W/m2.K Pressure

Metric to Metric

= 1 U-value = 1 R-value = W/m2.K 5.68 = Btu/ft2.h.F x 5.68

1 pascal 1 kilopascal

= 1 newton/sq. metre = 1000 pascals

87

14.0 UNITS/CONVERSION FACTORS

1 foot pound force

Temperature Conversions = 1.356 joules Celsius = (Fahrenheit - 32) x 5/9 = Kelvin - 273.15