TIMBER JOINT DESIGN-2

Contents
Introduction Fastener Specification and Application Nails Screws Joint Design Lateral Loads Withdrawal Fastener Spacings Connection Design Direct Force Connections Axial Type Moment Connections Computer Design of Moment Joints Specifications Other References

Nail Fixed plywood shearwalls and nail fabricated plywood box-beams

COVER PHOTO: Commercial hardwood decking fixed to sub-structure with hot dipped galvanised decking spikes Nailed plywood gussets provide moment joints for portal frames

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Introduction
In domestic, industrial and commercial construction, nails are the most commonly used and economical of all fasteners. If it is possible to make any choice in fastener type on economic grounds, nails should be selected. Staples are also used extensively and may be installed for a similar cost to nails. Their use is usually restricted to specific details of lightweight construction including flooring, diaphragms and sheathing in addition to furniture, joinery and the fixing of sheeting and upholstery to framing. Plain screws are used in special situations but have a higher installation cost than nails. Typically, they are used for attaching hinges and other fixtures where it may be necessary to remove these objects at some later stage. The development of Type 17 self-drilling power-driven screws has led to more extensive use of screws in fixing roof sheeting, roof battens, wall boards and, more recently, heavy timber decking. Type 17 screws provide a higher strength and a more reliable form of fastening under withdrawal loads. All fasteners described herein are characterised by having maximum loads limited by the bending strength of the fastener rather than bearing or cleavage failure of the wood. The load capacity is independent of the direction of load relative to the grain. Accordingly, it might be expected that timber shrinkage under adverse conditions will merely result in the fastener bending rather than in the timber splitting. While nails, staples and screws are more accommodating than bolts and other high capacity fasteners, large shrinkage strains in poorly detailed joints can still cause splitting problems if care is not exercised by designers and builders. Nails, staples and screws offer the following advantages: low installation cost per unit shear strength rapid installation high fire resistance low joint deformation. Nails, staples and screws may be used in a range of timber connections including those which transfer large force components. Costs are minimal and the connections can be neat if carefully detailed. Where space is limited and loads high, designers should consider the use of bolts and other high capacity fasteners.

Light framed construction uses nail fixings for most joints

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Fastener Specification and Application
Nails
Applications and Head Types In AS 2334, the principle nail classification is on the basis of application type. Refer Table 1. Application type is associated principally with the head type but is also affected by shank type and surface treatment such as galvanising. For pneumatic driving, a further range of nail head types is available. The T-nail is used to fix flooring but this has reduced resistance to pull-through. Other pneumatically driven types include D-head, flat head, pin head, and pinless head. Point Types In addition to nail types based on head shape, AS 2334, includes different point types. The standard point type is the diamond with the point angle formed at 35 but alternative types are illustrated in Appendix D of AS 2334, which include pencil (which penetrate concrete more readily and are used on masonry nails), chisel and dump points. Refer Figure 1. Blunt (shear) point nails are also readily available. These alternatives are important in timber construction. Diamond pointed nails fracture brittle sheeting and experience shows they also have a greater tendency to split hardwoods and cypress. If designers, construction supervisors or builders find they are experiencing difficult in nailing hardwood with conventional nails a switch to dump, chisel or blunt pointed nails will often solve the problem without there being any need to resort to techniques such as pre-drilling. It is claimed that these nails have reduced holding (pull-out) power but this is not a serious disadvantage. Shank and Head Types Nails can also be characterised by shank and head type. The standard, called plain shank in AS 1720.1, is smooth and should be used for temporary work and general construction. Nails with annular ring and screw (or spiral) shanks are also available which provide superior holding power to plain shank nails. There is a tendency to use ring shank nails in softwood and screw shank nails in hardwood. Screw nails provide greater withdrawal resistance than plain shank nails and are particularly effective against shock loads and reduce wood splitting. Some appropriate applications are flooring, panelling, gusset plates, cladding, underlay, finishing, roofing and plasterboard. A related nail type is the twist nail which is easier to drive than the smooth shank nail. The twist used is a less intense form of spiral. Ring type nails have high holding power generated by the keying action of displaced fibres acting against the nail grooves. In withdrawal, resistance drops sharply after initial slip due to the rings tearing the wood fibres. Accordingly, ring shank nails are not recommended where shock loads are involved but are suitable in high wind areas especially where softwood framing is used. Data on withdrawal capacities must be obtained from nail manufacturers. Other applications include underlay for flooring, plasterboard and pallets. Plain, screw and ring nails are available for both hand and pneumatic driving. Refer Table 1 for schedule of nails types as defined in AS 2334, STEEL NAILS METRIC SERIES. Materials The most common material used in nail manufacture is cold drawn, low carbon steel. Refer AS 2334. Such nails are sufficiently ductile to bend through 90 degrees at a radius equal to their diameter without fracture or cracking. Although not covered by the standard, this ductility requirement is only met by plain and screw shank nails. Ring shank nails, because they are formed by a work hardening process, are more brittle and often snap if bent in this way. This lack of ductility is not a problem in most timber construction.

FIGURE 1 NAIL POINT TYPES

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It is also possible to purchase nails made of aluminium, copper, brass, silicon-bronze, stainless Monel nails have been used for the fixing of western red cedar panelling. Because of their smoother surface it is usually necessary for the special type nails to have annular ring shanks to improve withdrawal resistance.

steel and monel. Aluminium nails are used for fixing aluminium sheeting and fittings and the
others in boat building and where especially corrosive environments exist e.g., swimming pools. TABLE 1 NAIL TYPES (AS 2334) Type Application

IIlustration

Bullet head nail

Timber framing and general finishing

Flat head nail

Metal connectors, containers and softwood framing

Hardboard nail

Hardboard fixing

Wallboard nail

Wallboard fixing

Cement sheet nail

Cement sheeting

Flex sheet nail

Galvanised sheeting, other flexible sheeting Low density materials eg. plastics General fixing of thin sheets not recommended for structural connectors such as framing anchors

Soft sheet nail

Clout

Plasterboard nail

Plasterboard fixing

Decking spike

Timber deck fixing

Duplex nail

Concrete formwork can be withdrawn

Roofing nail

Fix galvanised roof or wall sheeting (non-cyclone areas only)

Fencing staple

Fix fencing wire

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In exterior applications, the metal in some nails reacts with extractives in the wood and forms stains; e.g., uncoated steel nails can cause black stains and copper nails leave green stains. The solution to this problem is to use galvanised or other nail types excluding copper. Finishes and Coatings Various special coatings and treatments also increase nail holding power, provide corrosion resistance and improve appearance. The treatments include: plating hot dipped galvanising polymer and other coatings Nickel and cadmium are the most commonly used plating treatments. These improve appearance and provide slightly improved corrosion resistance. TABLE 2 Diameter 2.0 2.5 3.15 3.75 4.5 5.0 5.6 30 40 45 65 75 100 125 BULLET HEAD NAILS SIZE/LENGTH Lengths 40 45 50 75 100 125 150 45 50 65 90 50 65 75 100 -

Pneumatically driven nails are also available in a wide range of length-diameter combinations with a common range of diameters being 2.0 3.3 mm and lengths in the range of 50 90 mm.

Screws
Applications and Head Types Plain wood screws are described in AS 1476, and self-drilling types in AS 3566. As with nails, plain screws are commonly classified by head type and, herein, this same description is extended to self-drilling types. Refer Table 3. In addition to head type, screws are also classified by the method of driving. Hot dipped galvanised nails or screws should be used in weather exposed situations Hot dipped galvanising involves the application of a zinc coating by hot dipping in a zinc bath. It leaves a rough surface with enhanced withdrawal and corrosion resistance characteristics. Manufacturers also coat pneumatically driven nails with plastics which are claimed to improve withdrawal resistance. The coatings are activated by the friction heat generated during driving and manufacturers indicate they increase short term withdrawal resistance by around 150 percent. A process called phoscoating is also in use. This involves the surface etching of an iron phosphate coating, which tends to roughen the surface and enhance the withdrawal resistance arising from friction. Preferred Diameter-Length Combinations In selecting nails, designers should be aware that diameters and lengths are available only in certain combinations. Refer Table 2 for bullet head nails and AS 2334, for details of other hand-driven nails. FIGURE 2 SLOTTED AND CROSS RECESSED SCREW HEADS Plain screw types are driven with a conventional screw driver in the case of a slotted head and with a Phillips driver in the case of cross-recessed heads. Refer Figure 2.

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Self-drilling (Type 17) screws are available in a wide variety of head shapes and driving types appropriate to the particular application. In general, the external and hexagonal recessed drives are used where a high degree of directional control and high torque is necessary during the installation process. The cross-recessed head is used where less directional control and torque is needed. Point Types Plain wood screws have sharp conical (described as Gimlet) points. The self-drilling types have a special drilling point which can penetrate thin metal sheet or wood without there being any need to predrill holes.

Power driven screws provide secure fixing. Countersunk heads may be appropriate for some applications

TABLE 3

SCREW TYPES Type Application Illustration

TRADITIONAL (AS 1746) Countersunk head slot and cross-recessed drive General finishing where the head must be flush

Raised counter-sunk head General finishing where the head is slot and cross-recessed featuring drive

Round head slot drive

Use is not recommended

SELF-DRILLING (AS 3566) TYPE 17 Hexagon washer head external hexagon drive Roof sheet fixing. Used with neoprene washer under head

Countersunk head crossrecessed drive

General fixing in wood to wood connections General fixing of proprietary metal fastener to wood connections, where roof sheeting rests on fastener General fixing in wood to wood connections where uplift may be severe

Wafer head recessed drive

cross-

Bugle head crossrecessed and hexagonal recessed heads

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Shank Types Shank size is specified by a gauge number as indicated in Table 4. TABLE 4 SCREWS SHANK/GAUGE Gauge 4 6 8 10 12 14 18 Finishes Electroplated finishes applied to screws include zinc, zinc-chromate, cadmium, nickel and chromium. These improve corrosion resistance and appearance. For higher corrosion resistance in marine, salt or chemical environments hot dipped galvanised, plated or stainless steel screws should be used. Hot dipped galvanised Type 17 screws are also available. Preferred Diameter-Length Combinations Screw diameters (defined by the size or gauge number) are manufactured only in a limited range of lengths. Refer Table 5 for traditional wood screws. Diameters may vary between manufacturers. The value is the minimum permitted under AS 1476. A corresponding range of preferred diameter-length combinations is provided in AS 3566, for self-drilling screws. With hexagonal roof fasteners, a shank is available with threaded portions near the tip and head but with an unthreaded portion in the middle. The upper threaded section prevents metal roofing sliding down the screw shank and breaking the washer seal under localised loading such as is caused by tradesman walking on the ridges of roof sheeting. Materials Plain screws are manufactured in low-carbon steel, brass and stainless steel. Type 17 screws are available in low carbon steel and stainless steel.

Shank Size (mm) 2.74 3.45 4.17 4.88 5.59 6.30 7.72

The root diameter (the diameter at the base of the thread) is specified in the respective standards but the capacities provided in AS 1720, are in terms of the screw gauge. In plain wood screws a taper is used in the threaded portion. The taper angle is chosen at the discretion of the screw manufacturer. The common Type 17 screws have parallel shanks. An alternative shank is available with two threads, one with a high and one with a low profile which is claimed to have increased holding power.

TABLE 5
Shank Dia. (mm) 1.98 2.29 2.64 2.97 3.33 3.68 4.04 4.39 4.72 5.38 6.05 6.76

WOOD SCREWS (AS 1476)

Size (No.) Length (mm) 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 -

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16

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Joint Design
Nails and screws may be used to form joints which resist both direct forces (shear and axial) and moments. They are employed extensively in domestic construction for connecting framing members. They are also used for fabricating plywood box-beams, stress skin panels, the connection of sheathing, panelling and flooring and to fabricate the joints of nailed plywood and steel plate gusseted portal frames. Lateral Loads The capacity of individual fasteners is determined by procedures outlined in AS 1649. In determining the shear capacity the load at 0.4 mm displacement and at the ultimate load are divided by appropriate safety factors and the lower of the two values is chosen in deriving the basic design capacity. Usually, the relative slip of the two shear faces increases rapidly just above the 0.4 mm relative slip load which means that large increases in slip, such as might be caused by moisture movement, reduce the tendency to cause splitting. The standard test is in double shear where it is assumed that the load in single shear is half the double shear value. The capacity of nails and screws is the same for fasteners of the same diameter. For a satisfactory design it is necessary that N Nj. The design capacity Nj of a fastener is computed using the following procedure: 1. The species of timber being fastened must be known. 2. The seasoning state of the timber at the time of driving the fasteners must also be known and the service moisture content estimated. 3. Reference is then made to Table 2.1 of AS 1720.1, which places the fastener into a Joint Group. The Joint Group will be one of J1 J6 for unseasoned timbers and seasoned timbers which will have a service moisture content over 15 percent and JD1 JD6 for seasoned timbers which remain at or below 15 percent moisture content in service. 4. The characteristic capacity Qk is obtained from fastener capacity tables in AS 1720.1, which is then modified by the relevant and k factors to obtain the design capacity Nj.

AS 1720.1 expresses fastener capacity in the form: Nj k1k13k14k16k17 Qk = = k1k13k14k16k17 Qk Where Nj design capacity on an individual fastener = Qk = characteristic capacity k1 = duration factor k13 = end/side grain factor k14 = double/single shear factor k16 = side plate factor k17 = multiple fastener factor The load, N*, acting on an individual fastener is given by: N* qdx qdy qmx qmy Where Fx Fy n M xm ,ym lp ri rm 2 = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

for nails (1) for screws (2)

[qdx + qmx )2 + (qdy + qmy )2 ]

Fx /n Fy /n My m /lp Mxm /lp direct force in the x direction direct force in the y direction number of fasteners in the joint moment acting on the joint x, y coordinate distances to nail furthest from joint centroid polar moment of area of nail group ri 3/2 rm 1/2 polar distance to the ith fastener xm 2 + ym 2

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

TIMBER JOINT DESIGN-2

In addition to depending on Joint Group, the characteristic capacities for nails and screws depend on their diameter. The basic capacities for steel nails and screws are given in Tables 4.1 4.7 of AS 1720. No data is provided for other material types. Manufacturers test data should be consulted if these are being used. The shear capacity of screws in end-grain is rated as 60% to the capacity of side grain driven screws and the modification factor K 13 accounts for end grain effects. It should be noted that: nails have 25% withdrawal capacity when hand driven only into end-grain. A minimum of 2 nails shall be used. screws driven into end-grain have their withdrawal capacities reduced to 60 percent of the side grain capacities. withdrawal capacities for nails and screws are given respectively by Tables 4.2 and 4.6 of AS 1720.1 For Type 17 screws, manufacturers catalogues should be consulted for withdrawal capacities. AS 1684.2 and AS 1684.3 also gives withdrawal capacities for nails and screws for short duration wind loads. Fastener Spacings The fastener spacings specified in AS 1720.1, for nails driven, respectively, directly into wood and into pre-drilled holes are scheduled in Table 6 for connections in rectangular patterns. The intent of AS 1720.1, is for these spacings to apply to rectangular patterns of nails as illustrated in Figure 3 and that they apply irrespective of timber type. It is generally accepted this is reasonable with hardwood to hardwood connections but that softwood to softwood connections (density 560 kg/m3 or less) can employ closer spacings. The closer spacings in Table 6 are from the New Zealand Code NZS 3603. Nails driven through pre-drilled holes in metal connectors provide efficient connections Withdrawal Loads Withdrawal loads depend on the length of driving, the type of fastener and whether or not the fastener is driven into end or side grain. It is recommended that, wherever possible, a joint should be constructed with nails acting in shear rather than in tension. In a variety of situations this is not possible eg. with the fixing of roof and wall sheeting and battens. In such situations and especially where strong wind uplift occurs the recommendations of sheeting suppliers should be carefully followed. In cyclonic areas, Type 17 screws tend to be used for roof sheeting and batten fixing. Staggered patterns (refer Figure 3) are sometimes used in forming nailed plywood moment connections in portal frames. In such joints the practice has been to adopt the staggered pattern at the 20d along grain, and 10d across grain spacing but to use double the number of rows. Experience shows that this works well, a fact supported by research by TRADA in the UK.

FIGURE 3 NAILING PATTERNS TABLE 6 FASTENER SPACINGS AS 1720.1 (All Species) Along Grain Across Grain Directly driven 20d 10d Pre-drilled 10d 3d

NZS 3603 Softwood (density < 560 kg/m3) Along Grain Across Grain 12d 5d 10d 5d

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TIMBER JOINT DESIGN-2

Connection Design
Direct Force Connections
Shear Type The design of connections subject to direct forces is straightforward. The allowable force per fastener Q is obtained by equation 1 or 2 for nails/staples and screws respectively and use of the relevant tables in AS 1720.1, for the characteristic values Q k . The number of fasteners is calculated by dividing the total load for the most critical load combination by the fastener capacity. Example 1 Assume a splice joint is to carry the tension forces PDL = 4 kN, PLL = 3 kN in 90 x 35 mm seasoned softwood Joint Group JD4. The load duration factor k1, for 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL is 0.77. The equivalent DL value is (1.25 x 4 + 1.53 x 3)/0.77 = 12.34. The DL + LL combination will control the design. Use 3.3 diameter nails; Qk = 885 N (interpolated from AS 1720.1 Table 4.1(b)) and 25 mm side plates. Once the number of fasteners has been computed, the joint detailing can be finalised. In connections where members cross one another at 90 or some angle approaching 90, the loads involved are usually not large. In such cases the nails can be staggered or, if the loads are large, then the options are to: use a single or single line of higher capacity fasteners such as bolts, split-rings or shear-plates, and/or seasoned timber use special proprietary fasteners such as joist hangers.

N j

= 0.85 () x 0.77 ( k1) x 2 (k14 ) x 0.85 (k 1 7) x 885 (Qk ) = 985 N

= 9.5 x 103/985 = 9.6 (Use 10 nails) = 2 x 25 + 35 = 85 mm (Use 90 mm nails)

Minimum Nail Length

For a splice joint it is a simple matter to avoid any possibility of cross-grain shrinkage induced splitting by use of double side plates on each side, refer Figure 5, but this is normally unnecessary, for seasoned or a low shrinkage timber. The recommended joint is illustrated in Figure 4. The joint of Figure 5 could be considered for metal splice plates where shrinkage may be of concern e.g., with unseasoned ash type hardwoods.

FIGURE 4 SPLICE USING SINGLE TIMBER SIDE PLATES

FIGURE 5 SPLICE USING DOUBLE STEEL SIDE PLATES

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Example 2 Assume a joist is to be suspended at midspan and that the forces acting are PDL = 1 kN, PLL = 2 kN. Refer Figure 6. The DL + LL combination is critical. Using the same nails as chosen in Example 1. Nj = 0.85 () x 0.77 (k 1 ) x 2 (k14 ) x 0.94 (k 1 7) x 885 (Qk ) = 1089 N n = 4250/1089 = 3.9 (Say 4 nails)

The joint layout recommended on the assumption that little shrinkage will take place is illustrated in Figure 6. Where cross-grain shrinkage in the horizontal 90 x 35 mm member is likely to be of concern, the alternative is to use larger capacity fasteners such as a single bolt or a proprietary joist hanger. Refer Figure 7. For some loads and timber sizes, it may be possible to support the load on staggered fasteners; such as illustrated in Figure 8.

FIGURE 6 CROSS-JOINT FOR SEASONED OR LOW SHRINKAGE TIMBER

Nail lamination of two timber members can provide an effective means of making a large solid section

FIGURE 7 CROSS-JOINT FOR HIGH SHRINKAGE TIMBER

FIGURE 8 CROSS-JOINT FOR HIGH SHRINKAGE TIMBER

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TIMBER JOINT DESIGN-2

Axial Type Nail and screws act in withdrawal mode when used to fix roof sheeting or roof battens. Example 3 Consider roof battens at 900 mm centres spanning 600 mm between hardwood rafters of Queensland non-Ash Eucalyptus (J2 Joint Group) and supporting metal sheet roofing. Assume that 63 m/s is the design gust regional wind velocity and that Cpt = 1.8. qz = 0.6 x 10-3 x 632 x 1.8 = 4.33 kPa

Ignoring sheeting and batten dead weight, each batten support point is loaded by a force = 4.33 x 0.9 x 0.6 = 2.34 kN. Using manufacturers literature or Table 4.8 of AS 1720.1, a Number 14 size Type 17 screw is adopted. The minimum depth of penetration is computed from Table 4.6 (A) which develops 100 N per mm of penetration. The withdrawal capacity of a Number 14 size Type 17 screw Nj = 0.85 () x 1.0 (k 13 ) x lp x 1.0 (n) x 100 = 85 lp N 2340 = 27.5 mm 85 Say 30 mm.

Required penetration:

Moment Connections In practice, moment connections are usually only used to form the joints of portal frames. While such joints are subject to both direct forces and moment, the latter dominates and the joint may be designed, for preliminary sizing purposes, for the moment only. According to AS 1720.1, the force in the nail most distant from the nail group centroid is computed using the formula: M rm Mrm q = Mrm = 1.5 = Ip rm ri ri1.5 The depth, d, is established by design of the frame and this, in turn, fixes one dimension of the joint. The other dimension, l, is most rapidly estimated on the basis of formulae derived by assuming the nail is smeared as shown in Figure 9 and has a shear capacity given by 2Q/s1s2 for staggered patterns and, because of the lower nail density, Q/s1s2 for rectangular patterns. The design criteria are therefore: for staggered patterns
M rm 2Q = 1.5 S1S 2 r dA

(8)

for rectangular patterns M r Q = 1.5 m S 1S 2 r dA

(9)

The integral can only be evaluated by quadrature which, for staggered patterns and using the Gaussian formula, leads to: 2Q/S1 S2 = 4.81M(l 2+d2 )0.25/ld[(l 2+d2)0.75-gh(g2 l2+h2 d2 )0.75] (10) It is common to select g and h which control the size of the vacant central position using g = h = 0.7 which reduces the expression for staggered patterns to:

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TIMBER JOINT DESIGN-2

2Q/S1 S2 = 6.75 M/ld

l2 + d2 )

(11)

This equation is non-linear in l and is solved by substituting trial values of l into the right hand side until it equals the left hand side. Refer Example 4. A further consideration in joints of this type is the level of joint shear. In a portal joint, a very rapid build up of bending stress occurs over the length of the gusset. The joint shear is given by: fsj = 1.5 M/bd = 1.5M/lbd (12)

FIGURE 9 IDEALISED MODEL OF NAILED MOMENT CONNENCTION USED FOR PRELIMINARY SIZING

Example 4 Assume that a 532 x 80 mm, Douglas fir, glued laminated beam carries the following factored dead and live load moments: MDL = 26.1 kNm MDL + LL = 68.6 kNm The dead load plus live load moment is equivalent to a dead load moment of 68.6/0.77 = 89.1 kNm and hence the MDL + LL value controls. If 3.15 diameter nails are used then Q = 810 N (Table 4.1 B). Assume the nails are placed in a staggered pattern at spacings 60 mm and 30 mm along and across the grain respectively: j = 0.8() x 0.77 (k 1 ) x 1.1 (k 16 ) x 1.2 (k 17 ) x 810 = 659 N and 2Q/s1s2 d = 2 x 659/60x30 = 0.73 MPa = 532 mm

The right hand side of the appropriate formulae is computed for l = 1000, 900, 800 mm where M = 0.5 x 68.6 kNm since there are two nail groups sharing the joint moment. l 1000 900 (685) 650 2Q/S1S2 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 6.75 M/ld (l2=d 2)0.5 0.384 0.463 (0.733) 0.797

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with the solution being l = 685 mm by interpolation. Since neither part nor an odd number of nail rows can be used, N = int (685/60) = 11.41, we use 12 columns. After allowances for end distances, the gusset length required is 810 mm. Choose a dimension l = 930 mm. After laying out the joint, it is possible to refine the design using the actual nail positions.

Computer Design of Moment Joints The simplest method for designing moment joints is to use a computer program. Assume that the program used in this instance indicates that dead plus live load is the critical condition and produces the output below. Gusset Detail Length 11 of gusset Nail Details Nail diameter Basic nail capacity = 3.15 mm = 810N JD4 Joint Group = 236 per side = 60 mm = 30 mm = 810 mm

Number of gusset nails Along grain spacing Across grain spacing

FIGURE 10 GUSSET DETAIL FOR EXAMPLE 4

Output from the computer program is given in Figure 10. Joint Shear The beam is a 532 mm x 80 mm Douglas fir of Strength Group SD5. fsj = 1.5M/dbI1 = 1.5 x 68.6 x 106/532 x 80 x 810 = 3.0 MPa

Specifications
For detailed specification clauses, reference should be made to Datafile SP1, TIMBER SPECIFICATIONS. The following is a check list of some items which should be included in the specifications of fasteners/joints or alternatively, indicated on plans: Fastener type Fastener size/length etc. Number of fasteners, spacings etc. Material/protection e.g. galvanised, stainless steel Joint group of timber Workmanship Pre-drilling where appropriate

From Table 2.3A of AS 1720: Fsj Fsj = 6.1 MPa = 6.1 x 0.8 () x 0.97 (K 1) = 4.7 MPa

Hence joint shear presents no difficulty.

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Other References
1. AS 2334, STEEL NAILS METRIC SERIES Standards Australia. 2. AS 1720.1, SAA TIMBER STRUCTURES CODE Standards Australia. 3. AS 3566, SCREWS SELF DRILLING FOR THE BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRIES Standards Australia. 4. AS 1476, METRIC WOOD SCREWS Standards Australia. 5. MECHANICAL FASTENERS FOR STRUCTURAL TIMBER WORK TRADA (UK) Wood Information, Section 2/3, Sheet 9. 6. AS 1684.2 and As 1684.3 Residential Timber Framed Construction. Machine nailing of multiple nail joints is structurally efficient and allows on-site tolerances.

Nail fixing of cladding depends on cladding and framing type

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