GSM Overview

Overview of GSM Architecture
GSM/ DCS1800 System

Some Histories & Some Background GSM/DCS1800 System Architecture High-Level View of Some Scenarios GSM Time Slot Structure GSM Logical Channels GSM Frame Structure Low-Level View of Some Scenarios GSM System Diagram& Protocol Stack Different Between GSM and DCS 1800
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Milestones of the GSM
1982
1984
1985
1987
1988/89~1991/92
1990
CEPT decides to establish a Groupe Speciale Discussion & adoption of a list of GSM becomes a technical committee within Mobile (GSM) to develop a set of common recommendations to be generated by the group > ETSI & splits up into GSM group 1-4, later standards for a future pan-European cellular 100 recommendations in series of 12 volumes called Special Mobile Group (SMG) 1-4 mobile network Establishment of 3 work parties to define & Initial Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) The GSM specifications for the 900 describe the services offered in a GSM (radio signed by telecommunication network operator MHz are also applied at 1800 MHz interface, signaling protocol, interfaces,...) organizations band (DCS1800), a PCN applications initiated in the UK
1991
1992
1993
1995
1997
July:: Planned GSM commercial launch of GSM service in Europe (MoU plan) delayed to 1992 because of non-availability of type-approved terminals
The GSM-MoU has 62 members (signatories) in Over 64 million subscribers 39 countries worldwide; in addtion 32 potential member (observers/applicants) in 19 other GSM countries Global System for Mobile GSM networks operational or under Official commercial launch of GSM service in development in 60 countries worldwide, Communication Europe with over 5.4 million subscribers
GSM/DCS1800 System (1)
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GSM Services
Service Category Tele-services Service
O Telephony (Speech) O Emergency calls (speech) O Short Message services: point-to-point O Alphanumeric information: user
Comments
O Full rate (13Kbps)
& point-to-multi-point (cell broadcast) O Tele-fax Bearer Services

O Asynchronous data O Synchronous data O Asynchronous PAD (packet switched,
to user & network to all users

O Group 3 O 300-9600 bps O 300-9600 bps O 300-9600 bps
packet assembler/disassembler) access O Alternate speech & data

O 300-9600 bps
Supplementary Services
O Call forwarding O Call barring
Phase 1 Services
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GSM Services
Service Category Tele-services Bearer Services Supplementary Services Service
O Telephony (Speech) O Short Message services: O Synchronous
Comments
O Half rate (6.5 Kbps)
O General Improvements dedicated packet data O 2400-9600 bps
access
O Calling/connected
line identity presentation O Calling/connected line identity restriction O Call waiting O Call hold O Multiparty communication closed user group Online charge information O Advice of charge
Phase 2 Services
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GSM/ DCS1800 System
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GSM System Architecture

BTS BTS
MS
HLR BSC
VLR
AUC PSTN
BTS BTS BTS BTS

Base Station Subsystem
MSC
ISDN Data Network
BSC OMC
Operation & Maintenance Subsystem
Network Switching Subsystem
Public Network
MS GSM/DCS1800 System (4) Page-7
GSM System Architecture

Functional Entities of GSM
AUC HLR
PSTN D
OMC VLR
C F B
GMSC
E A
EIR
MSC BSC
BSC
Abis (through ISDN protocol)
BTS
AUC Authentication Center BTS Base Transceiver Station BSC Base Station Controller EIR Equipment Identity Register GMSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center
Um
MS
BTS
HLR Home Location Register MSC Mobile Switching Center OMC Operation and Maintenance Center VLR Visited Location Register
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Mobile Station
Mobile Station Types
Vehicle-mounted stations portable stations handheld stations
Mobile Station Power Classes

Vehicular & portable units can be either class I or class II Handheld units can be class III, IV, & V
Class Class II II II III III IV IV V V Max. Max.RF RFPower Power(W) (W) 20 20 88 55 22 0.8 0.8
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Identities of Mobile Station

Mobile station has three identities
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)
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International Mobile Subscriber Identity
IMSI is assigned to an MS at subscription time It uniquely identifies a given MS It contains 15 digits
Mobile Country Code (MCC)
3 digits (home country)
Mobile Network Code (MNC)

2 digits (home GSM PLMN)
Mobile Subscriber Identification(MSIN) National Mobile Subscriber Identity(NMSI)
Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIC)
262
02
454 275 1010

NMC = private operator D3 private
MCC = Germany
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International Mobile Equipment Identity (*#06#)
IMEI uniquely identifies the MS equipment It is assigned by the equipment manufacturer It contains 15 digits
Type Approval Code (ATC)
6 digits
Final Assembly Code (FAC)

2 digits
Serial Number (SNR)

6 digits
Spare (SP)
1 digit Page-12

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity
TMSI is assigned to MS by the Visitor Location Register (VLR) TMSI uniquely identifies an MS within the area controlled by a given VLR A maximum of 32 bits can be used for TMSI
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Subscriber Identity Module Card (SIM card)
IMSI Authentication Key Subscriber information Access control class Cipher key Additional GSM services Location Area Identity Forbidden PLMN
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Base Station Subsystem

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) contains 2 Parts
Base Station Controller (BSC) Base Transceiver System (BTS)
It contains the Transcoder Rate Adopter Unit (TRAU)
GSM-specific speed encoding & decoding is carried out, as well as the rate adaptation function for data
Power class are also classified in a similar way to MS with 8 classes in 3 dB steps from 2.5 W to 320 W
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Network and Switching Subsystem

Network and Switching Subsystem contains
Switching functions of the GSM
MSC & GMSC
Database required for the subscriber Mobility management
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Operational & Maintenance Subsystem

Operational and Maintenance Subsystem
Responsibility
The OMS is responsible for handling system security based on validation of identities of various telecommunication entities.
Performed by
Authentication Center (AUC): The AUC is accessed by HLR to determine whether an MS will be granted services Equipment Identity Register (EIR): The EIR provides MS information used by the MSC. The EIR maintain a list of legitimate, fraudulent or faulty MSs.
In charge of remote operation and maintenance of PLMN. Operational and Maintenance Center (OMC)
The functional entity through which the service provider monitors and controls the system.
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GSM QoS Requirements

GSM Service Quality Requirements
QoS QoS Required RequiredTime Time
Time from switching to service ready Time from switching to service ready Connect time to called network Connect time to called network Release time to called network Release time to called network Time to alert mobile of inbound call Time to alert mobile of inbound call Maximum gap due to handoff Maximum gap due to handoff Maximum one-way speech delay Maximum one-way speech delay Intelligibility of speech Intelligibility of speech
44 sec in the home system and 10 sec in the visiting system sec in the home system and 10 sec in the visiting system 44 sec sec 22 sec sec 44 sec in first and 15 sec in final attempt sec in firstattempt attempt and 15 sec in final attempt 150 ms ifif intercell and 100 ms ifif itracell 150 ms intercell and 100 ms itracell 90ms 90ms 90% 90%
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GSM/ DCS1800 System
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High-Level View of Some Scenarios

GSM Registration Scenarios
MS BTS BSC MSC VLR HLR
Channel Request Channel activation command Channel activation acknowledge Channel Assignment Location Update Request Authentication Request Authentication Response Comparison of the Authentication parameters Assignment of the new area & TMSI Acknowledgement of new area & TMSI Entry of the new area & identity into VLR & HLR Channel Release
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GSM Call Flow Scenarios

Call Setup with a Mobile to Land Call
Part I
Um MS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Assign Radio Channel Radio Assignment Complete Assign Truck & Radio Channel SETUP_REQ
A BSS MSC
B VLR
Access Subscriber Data
Call Proceeding
SUB_DATA_RESP
Truck & Radio Assignment complete
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Call Setup with a Mobile to Land Call
Part II
MS 1 2 3 4 5 6
Connect Alerting Connect (Answer)
MSC
NET_SETUP NET_ALERT
PSTN
Connect Acknowledgement
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Call Release With Mobile to Land Call
Mobile Initiated
Um MS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CHH_REL CLR_COMP CALL_DISC NET_REL CALL_REL REL_COMP CLR_COMM
A BSS MSC PSTN
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Land to Mobile Call
Part I Assumption
MS is registered with the system & has been assigned a TMSI MS is in its home system
C PSTN 1 2 3 4 5
INC_CALL GET_ROUT ROUT_INF INCO_CALL PERM_PAGE
MSC
HLR
VLR
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Land to Mobile Call (Paging)
Part II
Um MS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PAGE_MESS CH_REQ DSCH_ASS PAGE_RESP PAGE_RESP PAGE_RESP
A BSS
PERM_PAGE
B MSC VLR
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Handoff
MS scans transmission from surrounding BSs in the spare timeslots
It then reports the measured results back to the fixed network via BS, where the handoff decision is made
Classifications
Internal Handoff
Inter-BSS Handoff
External
Intra-MSC Handoff Inter-MSC Handoff
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Handoff
Intra-MSC Handoff
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GSM/ DCS1800 System

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GSM Time Slot Structure

Frequency Bands and Bandwidth
Down-link (BS to MS) 935 MHz ~ 960 MHz (25 MHz Bandwidth) Up-link (MS to BS) 890 MHz ~ 915 MHz (25 MHz Bandwidth) Carriers or Channels Each up-link or down-link has 124 Carriers with a bandwidth of 200 KHz, excluding 2100 KHz edges of the band The use of carrier 1 and 124 are optional for operators. 1
100 kHz 200 kHz
GSM 900
3
N = 1, 2 ,
124
F u = 890 . 2 + 0 . 2 ( N 1 ) MHz F d = 935 . 2 + 0 . 2 ( N 1 ) MHz
,124
100 kHz
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Down-link (BS to MS) 1805 MHz ~ 1880 MHz (75 MHz Bandwidth) DCS-1800 Up-link (MS to BS) 1710 MHz ~ 1785 MHz (75 MHz Bandwidth)
Carriers or Channels Each up-link or down-link has 374 Carriers with a bandwidth of 200 KHz, excluding F u = 1710 + 0 . 2 ( N 1 ) MHz F d = 1805 + 0 . 2 ( N 1 ) MHz 512 N 885
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FDMA/TDMA Structure
The total bandwidth is divided into 124200 kHz bands (FDMA) Each 200 kHz band can support maximum 8 users (TDMA) The GSM can support up to 992 (1248) simultaneous users with the fullrate speech coder.
TS0 Freq. #1 Freq. #2 Channel #1 Channel #1 TS1 Channel #2 Channel #2 TS2 Channel #3 Channel #3 TS3 Channel #4 Channel #4 TS4 Channel #5 Channel #5 TS5 Channel #6 Channel #6 TS6 Channel #7 Channel #7 TS7 Channel #8 Channel #8
Freq. #124
Channel #1
Channel #2
Channel #3
Channel #4
Channel #5
Channel #6
Channel #7
Channel #8
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Time-Division Duplex (TDD) No need for a dedicated duplex stage (duplexer); the only requirements are to have a fast switching synthesizer, RF filter paths & fast antenna switches available Increased battery life or reduced battery weight
BS Transmits
MS Transmits
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Pulsed Transmission The tendency for a pulsed radio to disturb neighboring frequency channels is called AM splash.
4 dB -1 dB -6 dB -30 dB
-70 dB 10 s 8 s 10 s 542.8 s (147 bits) 10 s 8 s 10 s
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Time Slot Structure or Burst types in GSM
Normal Bursts Random Access Burst Frequency Correction Bursts Synchronization Bursts
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Tail Bits (TB) Used as a guard time.& this time covers the periods of uncertainty during the ramping up & down of the power bursts form the MS in accordance with the power-versus-time template Stealing Flag Used as an indication to the decoder of whether the incoming burst is carrying signaling data or user data
TB (3 bits) Coded Data (57 bits) Stealing Flag (1 bits) Training Sequence (26 bits) Stealing Flag (1 bits) Coded Data (57 bits) TB (3 bits) Guard Time (8.25 bits)
Normal Burst
148 bits = 546.12 s Training Sequence Used to compensate for the effects of multi-path fading. There are 8 different sequences defined in GSM.
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TB (8 bits)
Synchronization Sequence (41 bits)
Coded Data (36 bits)
TB (3 bits)
Guard Time (68.25 bits)
88 bits = 324.72 s
Random Access Burst
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TB (8 bits)
Fixed bit Sequence (142 bits)
TB (3 bits)
148 bits = 546.12 s
FrequencyCorrection Burst
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TB (3 bits)
Synchronization Sequence (264bits)
TB (3 bits)
148 bits = 546.12 s
Synchronization Burst
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GSM/ DCS1800 System

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GSM Logical Channels

Classifications
Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCH/Full (TCH/F) TCH/Half (TCH/H)
Logic Channel Control Channel (CCH)

Broadcast Channel (BCH)
Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Associated Control Channel (ACCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Freq. Correction Channel (FCCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Channel (PCH) Access Grant Channel (AGCH) Random Access Channel (RACH)
Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)

Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH)
SDCCH/4 SDCCH/8
FACCH/F SACCH/TH SACCH/C4
FACCH/H SACCH/C8
SACCH/TF
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Traffic Channel
Are used to transmit user information (speech or data) 2 categories
TCH/Full (TCH/F)
Allows the transmission of 13 Kbps of speech
TCH/Half (TCH/H)
Allows the speech coded at a half rate
Logic Channel Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCH/Full (TCH/F) TCH/Half (TCH/H)
Control Channel (CCH)
Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
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Are used to transmit control and signaling information
Broadcast Channel (BCH) Common Control Channel (CCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Logic Channel Control Channel (CCH) Traffic Channel (TCH) Cell Broadcast Channel (CBCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
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Are point-to-multipoint, downlink-only channels Classification
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH) Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Broadcast Channel (BCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Freq. Correction Channel (FCCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
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Common Control Channel (CCH)
Are point-to-multipoint, downlink-only channels that are used for paging & access except for RACH. Classifications
Paging Channel (PCH) Access Grant Channel (AGCH) Random Access Channel (RACH)
Broadcast Channel (BCH) Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Paging Channel (PCH)
Access Grant Channel (AGCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
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Are bidirectional, point-to-point channels Classifications
Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCH) Associated Control Channel (ACCH)
Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) Logic Channel Control Channel (CCH)
Broadcast Channel (BCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) Associated Control Channel (ACCH)
Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH)
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GSM/ DCS1800 System

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GSM Frame Structure

I : TCH/FS + FACCH/FS + SACCH/FS II : TCH/HS(0,1) + FACCH/HS(0,1) + SACCH/HS(0,1) III: TCH/HS(0) + FACCH/HS(0) + SACCH/HS(0) + TCH/HS(1) + FACCH/HS(1) + SACCH/HS(1) IV: FCCH + SCH + CCCH + BCCH V : FCCH + SCH + CCCH + BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4 VI : CCCH + BCCH VII: SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
Channel Combinations (I)
Each channel combination requires one single physical channel
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GSM Frame Structure

Traffic Channel Frame Structure (26-multi-frame)
Channel Combinations (II) I : TCH/FS + FACCH/FS + SACCH/FS T=TCH, S=SACCH, I=Idle

T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T 10 T S 11 12 T 13 T 14 T T 15 16 T T 17 18 T T 19 20 T T 21 22 T T 23 24 I 25
26 Frames = 120 ms
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GSM Frame Structure

Traffic Channel Frame Structure (26-multi-frame)
Channel Combinations (III) II : TCH/HS(0,1) + FACCH/HS(0,1) + SACCH/HS(0,1) III: TCH/HS(0) + FACCH/HS(0) + SACCH/HS(0) + TCH/HS(1) + FACCH/HS(1) + SACCH/HS(1)
T0 t 1 T2 t 3 T4 t T6 5 t T8 7 t 9 T 10 t S 11 12 T 13 t 14 T t 15 16 T t 17 18 T t 19 20 T t 21 22 T t 23 24 s 25
26 Frames = 120 ms T=TCH1 , S=SACCH1 , t=TCH2, s=SACCH2 Page-49
GSM Frame Structure

Signaling Channel Frame Structure (51-multi-frame)
Channel Combinations (IV) IV : FCCH + SCH + CCCH + BCCH
F0 S1 T2
BCCH 2~5
CCCH F 6 ~ 9 10
S CCCH 11 12~19
F S 20 21
CCCH 22~29
F S 30 31
CCCH 32~39
F S 40 41
CCCH 42~49
I 50
Down-Link :: F=FCCH, S=SCH, B=BCCH, C=CCCH (PCH,AGCH), I=Idle

R0 R1 R 10 R 11 R R 20 21 R R 30 31 R R 40 41 R 50
Up-Link :: R=RACH 51 Frames = 235.38 ms GSM/DCS1800 System (41) Page-50
GSM Frame Structure

Channel Combinations (V) V : FCCH + SCJ + CCCH + BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4
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GSM Frame Structure

Channel Combinations (VI)
VI : CCCH + BCCH Used as a BS has to manages a huge number of transceiver which means the number of CCCHs provided by combination IV is not enough to handle the network Assign additional control channels in combination IV. While combination IV always occupies time slot 0, combination VI is assigned to time slot 2, 4, or 6. The combination VI multi-frame structure is similar to combination IV.
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GSM Frame Structure

Channel Combinations (VII)
VII : SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8
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GSM Frame Structure

Frame Hierarchical Structure
Hyper-frame,super-frame,multi-frame,frame,time slot A time slot carries 156.25 bits
156.25 bits GSM Time-Slot (Normal Burst) Tail Data Stealing Bit Training Stealing Bit Data Tail Guard
57 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 2
1 2
26 3
1 4 5
57 6 23 47 47 7 24 48
8.25
GSM Frame (4.615 ms) 1 Multi-frame=26 frame (120 ms) 1 Multi-frame=51 frame (3060/13 ms) GSM Super-frame (2651=1326 frame =6.12 sec) GSM hyper-frame 0 (3.48 hours)
0 0 0
25 49 48 50 49 2046 2047
2045
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GSM Frame Structure

T1, T2 & T3 Counters
T1 counter counts the super-frames
Whenever a super-frame is completed, T1 is incremented by 1 & 0 T1 2047
T2 counter counts the speech frames, which only occur in 26 multi-frame structure & 0 T2 25 .T3 counter counts the signaling frames, which are 51-multi-frame structure & 0 T3 50
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GSM Frame Structure

B TDMA Frame 0 1 2 3 21 22 23 24 25 0 1 2 3 46 47 48 49 50 T S
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
T T T
46 21
47 22
T
48 49 23 24
T
50 25
Example of How a MS Behaves
26 multi-frame 51 multi-frame B S B S B S B S B S
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GSM Frame Structure

When a MS is turned on, it has to orient itself within the network 1. It synchronizes itself in frequency 2. It synchronizes itself in time 3. It reads the system & cell data from base channel or more specifically from BCCH To find the frequency where the FCCH, SCH & BCCH are being transmitted The MS uses the SCH for this purpose. Since it has found the FCCH, so it already knows that SCH will be follow in the next TDMA frame
Synchronization With the Network
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GSM/ DCS1800 System

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GSM Location Updating Scenarios

Logical Channel RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH MS BS
Channel Request Channel Assignment Request for location updating. This is already transmitted on the assigned channel Authentication Request from the network Authentication Response from the MS Request to transmit in the ciphered mode Acknowledgement of the ciphered mode Confirmation of the location updating including the optional assignment TMSI Acknowledgement of the new location & the temporary identity Channel Release from the network
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GSM Call Establishment Scenarios

Mobile Terminated Call Logical Channel PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH SDCCH FACCH FACCH FACCH FACCH TCH MS BS
Paging of the MS Channel Request Channel Assignment Answer to the paging from the network Authentication Request from the network Authentication Response from the MS Request to transmit in the ciphered mode Acknowledgement of the ciphered mode Set up message for the incoming call Confirmation Assignment of a traffic channel Acknowledgement of the traffic channel Alerting (now the caller gets the ringing sound) Connect message when the MS is off-hook Acceptance of the connect message Exchange of user data (speech)
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Logic Control Channel Structure
Classify by call setup
BCH CAC
(Common Access Channel) (Broadcast Channel) (Before Call Set-up)
BCCH FCCH SCH PCH RACH AGCH
CCCH
(Common Control Channel) (During Call Set-up)
CCH
SDCCH USC
(User Specific Channel) (After call set-up)
SACCH FACCH Page-61
GSM/ DCS1800 System

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GSM System Diagram

GSM System Block Diagram
Information Processing RF Baseband Processing
Speech
Digitizing & source coding Channel coding Interleaving Encryption Burst formatting Source deconding & D/A Channel decoding De-interleaving Decryption Burst deformatting Demodulation
Speech
MS
Modulation
MSC Page-63
GSM System Diagram

Source (Speech) Coding
Mobile Station (Analog Signal)
Low-pass filter, then A/D converter, then RPE-LTP speech encoder
MSC (Base Station) (Digital Signal)

8-bit A-law to 13-bit Uniform converter, then RPE-LTP speech encoder
Mobile Station
Analog Signal 138000=104 kbps 13 kbps
Low-Pass Filter
A/D Converter
RPE-LTP Encoder
To Channel Encoder 13 kbps
MSC
Digital Signal
8bit A-law to 13bit Uniform Converter
13 8000=104 kbps
RPE-LTP Encoder
To Channel Encoder
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GSM System Diagram

Source (Speech) Coding
Regular Pulse Excited Long-Term Prediction (RPE-LTP) Encoder
Input has bit rate of 104 kbps Has net bit rate of 13 kbps Output from RPE-LTP 260 bits every 20 ms
bits bitsper per55ms ms Linear LinearPrediction PredictionCoding Coding(LPC) (LPC)filter filter Long LongTerm TermPrediction Prediction(LTP) (LTP)filter filter Excitation ExcitationSignal Signal Total Total Class ClassI I Class ClassII II 99 47 47 Bits Bitsper per20 20ms ms 36 36 36 36 188 188 260 260 182 182 (class (classIa=50, Ia=50,class classIb=132) Ib=132) 78 78 Page-65
GSM System Diagram

RPE-LTP Speech Encoder
260 bits
50 bits 53 bits Class I: 182 bits
20 ms
Cyclic Redundancy Encoder

4 tail bits all equal to zero 185 bits 189 bits
132 bits
1/2 Convolutional Encoder Speech & Channel Coding

Class II: 78 bits 378 bits
20 ms
456
bits
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GSM System Diagram

Structure of Interleaver
interleaving speech frames onto TDMA frame
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GSM System Diagram

TCH/F9.6
9.6 Kbps refers to the users transmission rate, the actual rate is brought up to 12 Kbps through channel coding in the terminal equipment; that is, 12 Kbps is the rate delivered to the MS.
User Information
240 bits
Add 4 0 bits 20 ms
1/2 Convolutional Encoder

488 coded bits
Data & Channel Coding (I)
Puncturing of 32 coded bits

20 ms
456
bits
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GSM System Diagram

The blocks are spread over 22 bursts. Even though the interleaving covers 22 bursts, it is referred to as a 19-bursts interleaving plan. 456 bits = 16 parts of 24 bits each (16 24= 384) + 2 parts of 18 bits each (2 18=36) + 2 parts of 12 bits each (2 12=24) + 2 parts of 6 bits each (2 6=12) A burst (time slots) contains information from either 5 or 6 consecutive data blocks; that is, 4 parts of 24 bits each and 1 part of 18 bits (96 + 18 = 114) or 4 parts of 24 bits each and 1 part of 12 bits each and 1 part of6 bits each (96+12+6=114) 1st & 22nd burst contains 6 bits each (12 bits); 2nd & 21st burst contain 12 bits each (24 bits); 3rd & 20th carry 18 bits each (36 bits) & we have 6 bursts. We need another 16-burst. We then put 24 bits in each of the 4th~19the bursts (384 bits).
Data & Channel Coding (II)
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GSM System Diagram

Channel Coding of Signaling Channels
Signaling information contains a maximum of 184 bits. It does NOT make a difference whether the type of signaling information to be transmitted is mapped onto a BCCH, PCH, SDCCH or SACCH. The format always stays the same. Special format are reserved for the SCH & RACH FCCH requires no coding at all
Signaling Information
184 bits
Signaling & Channel Coding (I)
Block Encoder (Fire Code)

Fire coded adds 40 parity bits to the 184 bit = 224 fire-coded bits, then adds 4 0 bits
1/2 Convoluational Encoder

456 bits
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GSM System Diagram

Bit BitNumber Numberof ofthe theCoded CodedBits Bits

00 11 22
Signaling & Channel Coding (II)
Position within Position withinthe theframe framestructure structure

Even bits Even bitsof ofburst burstN N Even bit of burst N+1 Even bit of burst N+1 Even bit Even bitof ofburst burstN+2 N+2 Even bit Even bitof ofburst burstN+3 N+3 Odd bits Odd bitsof ofburst burstN+4 N+4 Odd bits Odd bitsof ofburst burstN+5 N+5 Odd bits of burst Odd bits of burstN+6 N+6 Odd bits Odd bitsof ofburst burstN+7 N+7
8448 8448 9449 9449 10450 10450
33 11451 11451 44 12452 12452 55 13453 13453 66 14454 14454 77 15455 15455
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GSM System Diagram

GMSK is a constant-envelop variety of modulation & it lacks of AM in the carrier with a consequent limiting of the occupied bandwidth. The constant amplitude of the GMSK signal makes it suitable for use with high-efficiency amplifiers.
Modulation (I)
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GSM Protocol Stack

MS
CM
BTS
BSC
MSC
CM
Signaling Architecture
Layer 3
MM RR RR LAPDm Layer 1 LAPDm BTSM LAPD RR BTSM LAPD BSSMAP DTAP SCCP
MM BSSMAP/ DTAP SCCP
General View of GSM protocol
Layer 1
Layer 1
Layer 1
MTP
MTP
Um
Abis
A Page-73
GSM Protocol Stack

Responsibilities of LAPD/LAPDm
Organization of Layer 3 information into frames Peer-to-peer transmission of signaling data in defined frame formats Recognition of frame formats Establishment, maintenance & termination of one or more data links on signaling channels (Un)Acknowledgement of transmission & reception of numbered information frames (Iframes) Unacknowledge transmission & reception of unnumbered information frames (UI-frames)
GSM protocol (I) Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) GSM/DCS1800 System (63) Page-74
GSM Protocol Stack

Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)
Format A
Address Field (variable length)

Address Field (variable length)
Control Field (8 bits)
Length Indication (variable length)
Fill Field (variable length)
Format B
Control Field (8 bits)
Length Indication Information Field Fill Field (variable length) (variable length) (variable length)
GSM protocol (II) Frames Format

4 types of formats: A, B, Abis, Bbis The bis designation is sometimes written as a prime mark (Abis = A)
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GSM Protocol Stack

Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)
Format Abis
Format Bbis
Information Field (variable length)
GSM protocol (III) Frames Format

4 types of formats: A, B, Abis, Bbis The bis designation is sometimes written as a prime mark (Abis = A)
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GSM Protocol Stack

Network Layer
Also referred to as the signaling layer Use a protocol that contains all the functions & details necessary to establish, maintain & then terminate mobile connections for all the services offered within a GSM.. The network layer also provides control functions to support additional services such as supplementary services & short message services
3 sub-layers
Radio Resource Management (RR) Mobility Management (MM) Connection Management (CM)
GSM protocol (IV)
Layer 3 (Network Layer) GSM/DCS1800 System (66) Page-77
GSM Protocol Stack

Radio Resource Management sub-layer (RR sub-layer) is responsible for
The management of the frequency spectrum The GSMs reactions to the changing radio environment Everything related to maintaining a clear channel between the system and the MS Handoff from one cell to another
Procedures for the RR sub-layer used to cover these tasks

Channel assignment Channel release Channel change & handoff procedure Change of channel frequencies, hopping sequences (hopping algorithms) and frequency tables Measurement reports from the MS Power control and timing advance Cipher mode setting
GSM protocol (V)
GSM Protocol Stack

Mobility Management sub-layer (MM sub-layer) is responsible for
cope with all the effects of handling a mobile user that are not directly related to the radio function such as Support of user mobility, registration, and management of mobility data Checking the user and equipment identity Checking if the user is allowed to use the services and what kind of extra services are allowed Support of user confidentiality (registering the user under a TMSI) Provision of user security Provision of an MM connection to the CM sublayer
Procedures for the MM sub-layer used to cover these tasks

Location Update procedure Periodic updating authentication procedure IMSI attach & detach procedure. TMSI reallocation procedure Identification procedure
GSM protocol (VI)
Layer 3 (Network Layer)
Page-79
GSM Protocol Stack

Connection Management sub-layer (CM sub-layer) is responsible for
It manages all the functions necessary for circuit-switched call control & there are other entities within the CM sub-layer to cope with providing supplementary services & SMS
Procedures for the CM sub-layer used to cover these tasks

Call establishment procedures for mobile-originated calls Call establishment procedure for mobile-terminated call Changes of transmission mode during an ongoing call (incall modification) Call reestablishment after interruption of an MM connection Dual-tone Multi-frequency (DTMF) control procedure for DTMF transmission.
GSM protocol (VII)
GSM Protocol Stack

Layer 3 (Network Layer) Message Structure Double Check the frame format ???
TI flag (1 bit) TI (3 bits) Protocol Discriminator (4 bits) 0 (1 bit) Message Type (7 bits) Information Elements Mandatory (variable bytes) Information Elements Optional (variable bytes)
TI:: Transaction Identifier GSM protocol (VIII)
Page-81
GSM Protocol Stack

Layer 3 (Network Layer) Message Structure
Protocol Discriminator (4 bits) Information Elements Mandatory (variable bytes) Information Elements Optional (variable bytes)
TI flag (1 bit)
TI (3 bits)
0 (1 bit)
Message Type (7 bits)
It is used to distinguish between (possible) multiple parallel CM connections and between the various transactions taking place over these simultaneous CM connections GSM protocol (IX)
Page-82
GSM Protocol Stack

TI flag (1 bit)
TI (3 bits)
Protocol Discriminator (4 bits)
0 (1 bit)
Information Elements Mandatory (variable bytes)
Information Elements Optional (variable bytes)
PP ro to cc oo ll ro to R aa dd io ee ss oo uu rc eeM m tt R ioR R rc Mgg m M bb ility m tt Moo ilityM Mgg m C aa llllC oo nn tro ll C C tro SS hh oo rt ss ss aa gg eeSS erv ic ee rtM Mee erv ic SS uu pp pp le m ee nn ta ry ee rv ic ee le m ta rySS rv ic Te ss t tPP ro cc ee dd uu re Te ro re A lllloo th ee r rvv aa lu eeaa re ee rv ed A th lu reres res rv ed
PP ro to cc oo l lD is cc rim in aa to rr ro to D is rim in to 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 11 00 00 11 11 11 00 00 11 11 00 11 11 1111 1111
GSM protocol (X)
Page-83
GSM Protocol Stack

TI flag (1 bit)
TI (3 bits)
0 (1 bit)
It indicates the function of the Layer 3 message Uses only low 6 bits for addressing 64 different message in a protocol, another bit is used a send sequence variable & may be used for MM and CM messages
GSM protocol (XI)
Page-84
GSM Protocol Stack

TI flag (1 bit)
TI (3 bits)
0 (1 bit)
There are 4 possible combination of Information Element Mandatory fixed length Mandatory variable length Optional fixed length Optional variable length
GSM protocol (XII)
Page-85
GSM Protocol Stack

Layer 3 (Network Layer) Example of a Call Establishment Sequence
M S Transm its C hannel R equest C onnectio n M ana ge m ent Service R eq uest A uthentication R eq uest A uthentication R esponse C ip he ring M ode C o m ma nd C ip he ring M ode C o m plete Setup C all proceed ing Assignm ent com ma nd Assignm ent C om plete A lerting N etw ork Transm its Im m ed iate Assignm ent
GSM protocol (XIII)
C onnect
C onnect A cknow led ge
Page-86
Digital Cellular System (DCS)-1800

General Description
As a European ETSI standard for PCN Based on GSM technology but configured around a hand-portable
Based on GSM technology to overcomes the development problems Lower power mobile station & smaller cell size
cell radius 1 km in a dense urban environment cell radius 5 km in the rural environment
Page-87

Technical Description
The allocated bandwidth
1710~1880 MHz providing 75 MHz duplex bands with a 20 MHz spacing The BTS links to the BSC may use 38 GHz radio to avoid laying costly underground cable links
Mobile and Base Station Power Class

Class Class II II II Max. Max.RF RFPower Power(W) (W) 11 0.25 0.25
CC la ss ss la II II II II II II IV IV M xx . .RR FF PP oo w ee r r( W Ma a w ( W) ) 22 00 ~~ ( 44 00 )) ( 11 00 ~~ ( 22 00 )) ( 55 ~~ ( 11 00 )) ( 22 .5 ~~ ( 55 )) .5 (
Mobile Station
Base Station GSM/DCS1800 System (77) Page-88

DCS1800 vs. GSM
DCS-1800 provides a maximum of 375 radio channels compared to 124 for GSM-900 DCS-1800 is designed to support hand-portable terminal with a transmit power not exceeding 1 W
Page-89
GSM/ DCS 1800 in Taiwan

( (. .^( ^(C C A ^ A^ ^ ^ ^ ^ $ ^ $^ $ $ ^ ^ ^ ^ $ ^ $ ^ D D^ ^ ^ ^ ! !D D
AMPS AMPS GSM GSM900 900
T T
090, 090,091 091 0932, 0932,0933 0933 0937 0937 0935 0935 0936 0936 09380 09380~~09383 09383 09384 09384~~09386 09386 09387 09387~~90389 90389 09310 09310~~09313 09313 09314 09314~~09316 09316 09317 09317~~09319 09319
Page-90
DCS DCS1800 1800 DCS DCS1800 1800 DCS DCS1800 1800 DCS 1800 DCS 1800 DCS DCS1800 1800 DCS DCS1800 1800 GSM GSM900 900 GSM GSM900 900 GSM GSM900 900

GSM Overview

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Overview of GSM Architecture

GSM/ DCS1800 System

Milestones of the GSM

GSM/DCS1800 System (1)

& point-to-multi-point (cell broadcast) O Tele-fax Bearer Services

to user & network to all users

packet assembler/disassembler) access O Alternate speech & data

O Call forwarding O Call barring

GSM/DCS1800 System (2)

O General Improvements dedicated packet data O 2400-9600 bps

GSM/DCS1800 System (3)

GSM/ DCS1800 System

GSM System Architecture

BTS BTS BTS BTS

ISDN Data Network

Network Switching Subsystem

MS GSM/DCS1800 System (4) Page-7

GSM System Architecture

GSM/DCS1800 System (5)

Mobile Station Power Classes

GSM/DCS1800 System (6)

Identities of Mobile Station

GSM/DCS1800 System (7)

Identities of Mobile Station

Mobile Network Code (MNC)

Mobile Subscriber Identification(MSIN) National Mobile Subscriber Identity(NMSI)

Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIC)

454 275 1010

GSM/DCS1800 System (8)

Identities of Mobile Station

Final Assembly Code (FAC)

Serial Number (SNR)

GSM/DCS1800 System (9)

Identities of Mobile Station

GSM/DCS1800 System (10)

Identities of Mobile Station

GSM/DCS1800 System (11)

Base Station Subsystem

GSM/DCS1800 System (12)

Network and Switching Subsystem

Database required for the subscriber Mobility management

GSM/DCS1800 System (13)

Operational & Maintenance Subsystem

GSM/DCS1800 System (14)

GSM QoS Requirements

GSM/DCS1800 System (15)

GSM/ DCS1800 System

High-Level View of Some Scenarios

GSM/DCS1800 System (16)

GSM Call Flow Scenarios

Access Subscriber Data

Truck & Radio Assignment complete

GSM/DCS1800 System (17)

GSM Call Flow Scenarios

GSM/DCS1800 System (18)

GSM Call Flow Scenarios

A BSS MSC PSTN

GSM/DCS1800 System (19)

GSM Call Flow Scenarios