CSF (Cerebrospinal Fluid)

CSF ( Cerebrospinal Fluid)
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear. Colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries. It also carriers small amounts of oxygen, glucose, and other need chemicals from the blood to neuron and neuroglia. CSF continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in subarachnoid space (the space between are arachnoid mater and pia mater). The total volume of CSF is to 80 to 150 mL (3 to 5 oz) in an adult. CSF contains small amounts of glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, cations (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ , Mg2+) and anions (Cl- and HCO3-). It also contains some white blood cells. Figure 14.3 shows the four CSF-filled cavities within the brain. Which are called ventricles (VEN-tri-kuls = little cavities). There is one lateral ventricle in each hemisphere of the cerebrum. (Think of them as ventricles 1 and 2). Anteriorly, the leteral ventricles are seperated by a thin membrane, the septum pellucidum (SEP-tum pe-LOO-si-dum: pellucid = transparant). The third ventricale is a narrow stitlike cavity along the midline superior to hypotalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus. The fourth ventricle lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum.
Figure 14.3
Function of CSF The CSF has three basic functions : 1. Mechanical functions. CSF serves as a shock-absorbing medium that protects the delicate tissues of the brain and spinal cord from jolts that would otherwise cause them to hit the bony walls of the cranial cavity and vertebral canal. The fluid also bouys the brain so that floats in the cranial cavity. 2. Homeostatic functions. The PH of the CSF affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow, which is important in maintaning homeostatic controls for polypeptide hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons that act the remote sites in the brain. 3. Circulation. CSF ia a medium for minor exchange of nutriens and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissue.
Formation of CSF in the Ventricles The majority of CSF production is from the choroid plexuses (KO-royd = membranelike), networks of blood capillaries in the wall of the ventricles (figure 14.4a). Ependymal cells joined by tight junctions cover the capillaries of the choroid plexuses. Selected substances (mostly water) from the blood plasma, which are filtrated from the capillaries, are secreted by the ependymal calls to produce the cerebrospinal fluid. The secretory capacity is bidirectional and accounts for continuous production of CSF and transport of metabolites from the nervous tissue back to the blood. Because of the tight junctions between ependymal cell. Mater entering CSF from choroid capillaries cannot leak between the cells instead. They must pass through the ependymal cells. The bloodcerebrospinal fluid barrier permits certain substances enter the CSF but excludes others. Protecting the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood-borne substances. In cont to the blood-brain barrier, which is formed mainly by tight junctions of brain capillary endothelial cells. The blood-cerebrospinal from barrier is formed by tight junctions of ependymal cells.
Circulation of CSF The CSF formed in the choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle through two narrow, oval opening in the interventricular foramina (in-ter-venTRIK-u-lar) (sing is foramen: figure 14.4b). more CSF is added by the choroid plexuses in the roof of the third ventricle. The fluid than flow through the aqueduct of the midbrain (cerebral aqueduct) (AK-we-dukt), which passes through the midbrain. Into the fourth ventricle. The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle contributions more fluid. CSF enters the subarachnoid space through the openng in the roof of the fourth ventricle: a single medial aperture (AP-er-chur) and paired lateral apertures, one on each side. CSF than circulates in
the centrak canal of the spinal cord and in the subarachnoid space around the surface of the brain and spinal cord. CSF gradually reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi, fingerlike extensions of the arachnoid the project into the dural venouse sinuses, especially the superior sagittal sinus (see granulation). Normally, CSF is reabsorbed as rapidly as it is formed by a choroid plexuses, at a rate of about 20 mL/hr (480 mL/day). Because the rate of formations and the reabsorption are the same, the pressure of CSF normally is constant. For the same reason, the volume of CSF remains constant. Figure 14.4d summerizes the productions flow of CSF.
Figure 14.4b
Sumbernya dari
Tortora GJ, Garbosky SR. Principle Anatomy and Physiology. 9th ed. New York: John Willey and Sons Inc; 2000.

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