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    Case Digest Bill of Rights

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    sunsetsailor85
    The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the City of Manila in this case involving an ordinance regulating hotels and motels. The Court recognized the valid exercise of police power by the local government to promote public health, safety, and welfare. While due process places limitations on government power, the ordinance was reasonably related to minimizing prostitution and increasing revenue. The imposition of special conditions on business permits was also a valid exercise of police power granted to local governments.

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    Case Digest Bill of Rights

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    sunsetsailor85
    255 views33 pages
    The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the City of Manila in this case involving an ordinance regulating hotels and motels. The Court recognized the valid exercise of police power by the local government to promote public health, safety, and welfare. While due process places limitations on government power, the ordinance was reasonably related to minimizing prostitution and increasing revenue. The imposition of special conditions on business permits was also a valid exercise of police power granted to local governments.

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    The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the City of Manila in this case involving an ordinance regulating hotels and motels. The Court recognized the valid exercise of police power by the local government to promote public health, safety, and welfare. While due process places limitations on government power, the ordinance was reasonably related to minimizing prostitution and increasing revenue. The imposition of special conditions on business permits was also a valid exercise of police power granted to local governments.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    255 views33 pages

    Case Digest Bill of Rights

    Uploaded by

    sunsetsailor85
    The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the City of Manila in this case involving an ordinance regulating hotels and motels. The Court recognized the valid exercise of police power by the local government to promote public health, safety, and welfare. While due process places limitations on government power, the ordinance was reasonably related to minimizing prostitution and increasing revenue. The imposition of special conditions on business permits was also a valid exercise of police power granted to local governments.

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    of 33

    CONSTITUTIONAL LAW II CASES WHO EXERCISES THESE GOVT POWER cases:

    ERMITA-MALATE HOTEL & MOTEL OPERATORS ASSOC., INC VS MAYOR OF MANILA G.R. No. L-24693 Police Power Due Process Clause On 13 June 1963, !e "anila "unici#al $oar% enac e% Or% 4&6' an% !e sa(e was a##ro)e% *+ !en ac in, (a+or -s or,a. Or% 4&6' sou,! o re,ula e !o els an% (o els. . classi/ie% !e( in o 1s class 0 a1e% a 623+r4 an% 2n% class 0 a1e% a 4.523+r4. . also co(#elle% !o els3(o els o ,e !e %e(o,ra#!ics o/ an+one w!o c!ec2s in o !eir roo(s. . co(#elle% !o els3(o els o !a)e wi%e o#en s#aces so as no o conceal !e i%en i + o/ !eir #a rons. 6r(i a-"ala e i(#u,ne% !e )ali%i + o/ !e law a)errin, !a suc! is o##ressi)e, ar*i rar+ an% a,ains %ue #rocess. 7!e lower cour as well as !e a##ella e cour rule% in /a)or o/ 6r(i a-"ala e. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no Or% 4&6' is a,ains #rocess clause. !e %ue

    On !e le,isla i)e or,ans o/ !e ,o)ern(en , w!e !er na ional o/ local, #ri(aril+ res !e e1ercise o/ !e #olice #ower, w!ic!, i canno *e oo o/ en e(#!asi<e%, is !e #ower o #rescri*e re,ula ions o #ro(o e !e !eal !, (orals, #eace, ,oo% or%er, sa/e + an% ,eneral wel/are o/ !e #eo#le. Police #ower is *ase% u#on !e conce# o/ necessi + o/ !e 9 a e an% i s corres#on%in, ri,! o #ro ec i sel/ an% i s #eo#le.43 Police #ower !as *een use% as =us i/ica ion /or nu(erous an% )arie% ac ions *+ !e 9 a e. 7!ese ran,e /ro( !e re,ula ion o/ %ance !alls,44 (o)ie !ea ers,45 ,as s a ions46 an% coc2#i s.4& 7!e aweso(e sco#e o/ #olice #ower is *es %e(ons ra e% *+ !e /ac !a in i s !un%re% or so +ears o/ #resence in our na ion>s le,al s+s e(, i s use !as rarel+ *een %enie%. "a+ Cour s .n;uire ?#on !e 61ercise o/ Police Power@ .n )iew o/ !e re;uire(en s o/ %ue #rocess, e;ual #ro ec ion an% o !er a##lica*le cons i u ional ,uaran ies, !owe)er, !e e1ercise o/ suc! #olice #ower inso/ar as i (a+ a//ec !e li/e, li*er + or #ro#er + o/ an+ #erson is su*=ec o =u%icial in;uir+. 8!ere suc! e1ercise o/ #olice #ower (a+ *e consi%ere% as ei !er ca#ricious, w!i(sical, un=us or unreasona*le, a %enial o/ %ue #rocess or a )iola ion o/ an+ o !er a##lica*le cons i u ional ,uaran + (a+ call /or correc ion *+ !e cour s. Two t !"# o$ D%" P&o'"## Procedural Due ProcessA Proce%ural %ue #rocess re/ers o !e #roce%ures !a !e ,o)ern(en (us /ollow *e/ore i %e#ri)es a #erson o/ li/e, li*er +, or #ro#er +.49 Proce%ural %ue #rocess concerns i sel/ wi ! ,o)ern(en ac ion a%!erin, o !e es a*lis!e% #rocess w!en i (a2es an in rusion in o !e #ri)a e s#!ere. 61a(#les ran,e /ro( !e /or( o/ no ice ,i)en o !e le)el o/ /or(ali + o/ a !earin,. Substantive Due ProcessA 9u*s an i)e %ue #rocess co(#le es !e #ro ec ion en)isione% *+ !e %ue #rocess clause. . in;uires w!e !er !e ,o)ern(en !as su//icien =us i/ica ion /or %e#ri)in, a #erson o/ li/e, li*er +, or #ro#er +. CHURCHILL (#. RAFFERTY, G.R. NO. L-1'5&2, Dece(*er 21, 1915 0 32 P!il 5B'4 FACTS: 7!e case arises /ro( !e /ac !a %e/en%an , Collec or o/ .n ernal Re)enue, woul% li2e o %es ro+ or re(o)e an+ si,n, si,n*oar%, or *ill*oar%, !e #ro#er + o/ !e #lain i//s, /or !e sole reason !a suc! si,n, si,n*oar%, or *ill*oar% is, or (a+ *e o//ensi)e o !e si,! . 7!e #lain i//s alle,e

    HELD: 7!e 9C rule% in /a)or o/ -s or,a. 7!ere is a #resu(# ion !a !e laws enac e% *+ Con,ress 0in !is case "un $oar%4 is )ali%. 83o a s!owin, or a s ron, /oun%a ion o/ in)ali%i +, !e #resu(# ion s a+s. -s in !is case, !ere was onl+ a s i#ula ion o/ /ac s an% suc! canno #re)ail o)er !e #resu(# ion. :ur !er, !e or%inance is a )ali% e1ercise o/ Police Power. 7!ere is no ;ues ion *u !a !e c!allen,e% or%inance was #recisel+ enac e% o (ini(i<e cer ain #rac ices !ur /ul o #u*lic (orals. 7!is is o (ini(i<e #ros i u ion. 7!e increase in a1es no onl+ %iscoura,es !o els3(o els in %oin, an+ *usiness o !er !an le,al *u also increases !e re)enue o/ !e l,u concerne%. -n% a1a ion is a )ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower as well. 7!e %ue #rocess con en ion is li2ewise un ena*le, %ue #rocess !as no e1ac %e/ini ion *u !as reason as a s an%ar%. .n !is case, !e #recise reason w!+ !e or%inance was enac e% was o cur* %own #ros i u ion in !e ci + w!ic! is reason enou,! an% canno *e %e/ea e% *+ (ere sin,lin, ou o/ !e #ro)isions o/ !e sai% or%inance alle,e% o *e )a,ue. POLICE POWER

    o !erwise. 8as !ere )ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower in !is case@ HELD: Ces. 7!ere can *e no %ou* !a !e e1ercise o/ !e #olice #ower o/ !e P!ili##ine Go)ern(en *elon,s o !e Le,isla ure an% !a !is #ower is li(i e% onl+ *+ !e -c s o/ Con,ress an% !ose /un%a(en als #rinci#les w!ic! lie a !e /oun%a ion o/ all re#u*lican /or(s o/ ,o)ern(en . -n -c o/ !e Le,isla ure w!ic! is o*)iousl+ an% un%ou* e%l+ /orei,n o an+ o/ !e #ur#oses o/ !e #olice #ower an% in er/eres wi ! !e or%inar+ en=o+(en o/ #ro#er + woul%, wi !ou %ou* , *e !el% o *e in)ali%. $u w!ere !e -c is reasona*l+ wi !in a #ro#er consi%era ion o/ an% care /or !e #u*lic !eal !, sa/e +, or co(/or , i s!oul% no *e %is ur*e% *+ !e cour s. D7!e #ower )es e% in !e le,isla ure *+ !e cons i u ion o (a2e, or%ain, an% es a*lis! all (anner o/ w!oleso(e an% reasona*le laws, s a u es, an% or%inances, ei !er wi ! #enal ies or wi !ou , no re#u,nan o !e cons i u ion, as !e+ s!all =u%,e o *e /or !e ,oo% an% wel/are o/ !e co((onweal !, an% o/ !e su*=ec s o/ !e sa(e.D D7!e #olice #ower o/ !e 9 a e, so /ar, !as no recei)e% a /ull an% co(#le e %e/ini ion. . (a+ *e sai%, !owe)er, o *e !e ri,! o/ !e 9 a e, or s a e /unc ionar+, o #rescri*e re,ula ions /or !e ,oo% or%er, #eace, !eal !, #ro ec ion, co(/or , con)enience an% (orals o/ !e co((uni +, w!ic! %o no ... )iola e an+ o/ !e #ro)isions o/ !e or,anic law.D D. E !e #olice #owerF !as /or i s o*=ec !e i(#ro)e(en o/ social an% econo(ic con%i ione% a//ec in, !e co((uni + a lar,e an% collec i)el+ wi ! a )iew o *rin, a*ou D!e ,rea es ,oo% o/ !e ,rea es nu(*er.DCour s !a)e consis en l+ an% wisel+ %ecline% o se an+ /i1e% li(i a ions u#on su*=ec s callin, /or !e e1ercise o/ !is #ower. . is elas ic an% is e1ercise% /ro( i(e o i(e as )ar+in, social con%i ions %e(an% correc ion.D D. (a+ *e sai% in a ,eneral wa+ !a !e #olice #ower e1 en%s o all !e ,rea #u*lic nee%s. . (a+ *e #u /or ! in ai% o/ w!a is sanc ione% *+ usa,e, or !el% *+ !e #re)ailin, (orali + or s ron, an% #re#on%eran o#inion o *e ,rea l+ an% i((e%ia el+ necessar+ o !e #u*lic wel/are.D D. is (uc! easier o #ercei)e an% reali<e !e e1is ence an% sources o/ !is #olice #ower !an o (ar2 i s *oun%aries, or o #rescri*e li(i s o i s e1ercise.D ACE)EDO OPTICAL Co. (. CA G.R. No. 1''152, "arc! 31, 2''' Police Power as e1ercise% *+ LG?s, res ric ions an% ;uali/ica ions Power o/ ci + (a+or o ,ran 3cancel3re)o2e *usiness #er(i s

    Gran in, o/ *usiness #er(i s )s. ,ran in, o/ #er(i #rac ice #ro/ession

    FACTS: Pe i ioner a##lie% wi ! !e O//ice o/ !e Ci + "a+or o/ .li,an /or a *usiness #er(i . Per(i was !ere/or issue%, su*=ec o cer ain con%i ions li2e #ro!i*i ion o/ #u in, u# an o# ical clinic, e1a(inin, an%3or #rescri*in, rea%in, an% si(ilar o# ical ,lasses, e c. 8!en i was /oun% !a #e i ioner )iola e% !ese con%i ions, i s *usiness #er(i was cancelle%. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e i(#osi ion o/ s#ecial con%i ions *+ !e #u*lic res#on%en s were ac s ul ra )ires RULING: Police Power e1ercise% *+ LG?s Police #ower as an in!eren a ri*u e o/ so)erei,n + is !e #ower o #rescri*e re,ula ions o #ro(o e !e !eal !, (orals, #eace, e%uca ion, ,oo% or%er or sa/e + an% ,eneral wel/are o/ !e #eo#le. 7!e 9 a e, !rou,! !e le,isla ure, !as %ele,a e% !e e1ercise o/ #olice #ower o local ,o)ern(en uni s, as a,encies o/ !e 9 a e, in or%er o e//ec i)el+ acco(#lis! an% carr+ ou !e %eclare% o*=ec s o/ !eir crea ion. 7!is %ele,a ion o/ #olice #ower is e(*o%ie% in !e ,eneral wel/are clause o/ !e Local Go)ern(en Co%e 111 7!e sco#e o/ #olice #ower !as *een !el% o *e so co(#re!ensi)e as o enco(#ass al(os all (a ers a//ec in, !e !eal !, sa/e +, #eace, or%er, (orals, co(/or an% con)enience o/ !e co((uni +. Police #ower is essen iall+ re,ula or+ in na ure an% !e #ower o issue licenses or ,ran *usiness #er(i s, i/ e1ercise% /or a re,ula or+ an% no re)enue-raisin, #ur#ose, is wi !in !e a(*i o/ !is #ower. Power o/ ci + (a+or o ,ran *usiness #er(i s 7!e au !ori + o/ ci + (a+ors o issue or ,ran licenses an% *usiness #er(i s is *e+on% ca)il. . is #ro)i%e% /or *+ law. Gowe)er, !e #ower o ,ran or issue licenses or *usiness #er(i s (us alwa+s *e e1ercise% in accor%ance wi ! law, wi ! u (os o*ser)ance o/ !e ri,! s o/ all concerne% o %ue #rocess an% e;ual #ro ec ion o/ !e law. $u can ci + (a+or cancel *usiness #er(i s or i(#ose s#ecial con%i ions@ -s a# l+ %iscusse% *+ !e 9olici or General in !is Co((en , !e #ower o issue licenses an%

    #er(i s necessaril+ inclu%es !e corollar+ #ower o re)o2e, wi !%raw or cancel !e sa(e. -n% !e #ower o re)o2e or cancel, li2ewise inclu%es !e #ower o res ric !rou,! !e i(#osi ion o/ cer ain con%i ions. Di% !e con%i ions or res ric ions i(#ose% a(oun con/isca ion o/ !e *usiness@ o a

    %a+. -/ er %ue !earin,, !e rial cour %enie% !e issuance o/ #reli(inar+ in=unc ion. On a##eal, !e C- ren%ere% a Decision on !e (eri s o/ !e case /in%in, !a !e ""D- !as no au !ori + o or%er !e o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree , a #ri)a e su*%i)ision roa% an% cause !e %e(oli ion o/ i s #eri(e er walls. . !el% !a !e au !ori + is lo%,e% in !e Ci + Council o/ "a2a i *+ or%inance. ISSUE: 8ON !e ""D- !as au !ori + o o#en Ne# une Roa% o !e #u*lic HELD: No Ra ioA ""D- clai(s !a i !as !e au !ori + o o#en Ne# une 9 ree o #u*lic ra//ic *ecause i is an a,en o/ !e s a e en%owe% wi ! #olice #ower in !e %eli)er+ o/ *asic ser)ices in "e ro "anila. One o/ !ese *asic ser)ices is ra//ic (ana,e(en w!ic! in)ol)es !e re,ula ion o/ !e use o/ !orou,!/ares o insure !e sa/e +, con)enience an% wel/are o/ !e ,eneral #u*lic. . is alle,e% !a !e #olice #ower o/ ""D- was a//ir(e% *+ !is Cour in !e consoli%a e% cases o/ 9an,alan, ). .-C. :ro( !e #re(ise !a i !as #olice #ower, i is now ur,e% !a !ere is no nee% /or !e Ci + o/ "a2a i o enac an or%inance o#enin, Ne# une s ree o !e #u*lic. Police #ower is an in!eren a ri*u e o/ so)erei,n +. . !as *een %e/ine% as !e #ower )es e% *+ !e Cons i u ion in !e le,isla ure o (a2e, or%ain, an% es a*lis! all (anner o/ w!oleso(e an% reasona*le laws, s a u es an% or%inances, ei !er wi ! #enal ies or wi !ou , no re#u,nan o !e Cons i u ion, as !e+ s!all =u%,e o *e /or !e ,oo% an% wel/are o/ !e co((onweal !, an% /or !e su*=ec s o/ !e sa(e. 7!e #ower is #lenar+ an% i s sco#e is )as an% #er)asi)e, reac!in, an% =us i/+in, (easures /or #u*lic !eal !, #u*lic sa/e +, #u*lic (orals, an% !e ,eneral wel/are. . *ears s ressin, !a #olice #ower is lo%,e% #ri(aril+ in !e Na ional Le,isla ure. . canno *e e1ercise% *+ an+ ,rou# or *o%+ o/ in%i)i%uals no #ossessin, le,isla i)e #ower. 7!e Na ional Le,isla ure, !owe)er, (a+ %ele,a e !is #ower o !e Presi%en an% a%(inis ra i)e *oar%s as well as !e law(a2in, *o%ies o/ (unici#al cor#ora ions or local ,o)ern(en uni s. Once %ele,a e%, !e a,en s can e1ercise onl+ suc! le,isla i)e #owers as are con/erre% on !e( *+ !e na ional law(a2in, *o%+. M"t&o!o*+t,- o& M"t&o M,-+*, +# , .o/ 'o0!o#"/ o$ #"("&,* *o',* 1o("&-0"-t %-+t# - i.e., wel)e 0124 ci ies an% /i)e 054 (unici#ali ies, na(el+, !e ci ies o/ Caloocan, "anila, "an%alu+on,, "a2a i, Pasa+, Pasi,, Jue<on, "un inlu#a, Las Pinas, "ari2ina, Parana;ue an% Halen<uela, an% !e (unici#ali ies o/ "ala*on, , Na)o as, , Pa eros, 9an Juan an% 7a,ui,. W+t2

    Dis inc ion (us *e (a%e *e ween !e ,ran o/ a license or #er(i o %o *usiness an% !e issuance o/ a license o en,a,e in !e #rac ice o/ a #ar icular #ro/ession. 7!e /irs is usuall+ ,ran e% *+ !e local au !ori ies an% !e secon% is issue% *+ !e $oar% or Co((ission as2e% o re,ula e !e #ar icular #ro/ession. - *usiness #er(i au !ori<es !e #erson, na ural or o !erwise, o en,a,e in *usiness or so(e /or( o/ co((ercial ac i)i +. - #ro/essional license, on !e o !er !an%, is !e ,ran o/ au !ori + o a na ural #erson o en,a,e in !e #rac ice or e1ercise o/ !is or !er #ro/ession. .n !e case a *ar, w!a is sou,! *+ #e i ioner /ro( res#on%en Ci + "a+or is a #er(i o en,a,e in !e *usiness o/ runnin, an o# ical s!o#. . %oes no #ur#or o see2 a license o en,a,e in !e #rac ice o/ o# o(e r+ as a cor#ora e *o%+ or en i +, al !ou,! i %oes !a)e in i s e(#lo+, #ersons w!o are %ul+ license% o #rac ice o# o(e r+ *+ !e $oar% o/ 61a(iners in O# o(e r+. MMDA VS )EL AIR VILLAGE ASSOCIATION Da eA "arc! 2&, 2''' Pe i ionerA "e ro#oli an "anila De)elo#(en -u !ori + Res#on%en A $el -ir Hilla,e -ssocia ion .nc FACTS: ""D- is a ,o)ern(en a,enc+ as2e% wi ! !e %eli)er+ o/ *asic ser)ices in "e ro "anila. $el--ir Hilla,e -ssocia ion, .nc. is a non-s oc2, non-#ro/i cor#ora ion w!ose (e(*ers are !o(eowners in $el--ir Hilla,e, a #ri)a e su*%i)ision in "a2a i Ci +. $-H- is !e re,is ere% owner o/ Ne# une 9 ree , a roa% insi%e $el--ir Hilla,e. On Dece(*er 3', 1995, res#on%en recei)e% /ro( #e i ioner, !rou,! i s C!air(an, a no ice %a e% Dece(*er 22, 1995 re;ues in, res#on%en o o#en Ne# une 9 ree o #u*lic )e!icular ra//ic s ar in, Januar+ 2, 1996. $-Hwas a##rise% !a !e #eri(e er wall se#ara in, !e su*%i)ision /ro( !e a%=acen Iala+aan -)enue woul% *e %e(olis!e%. On Januar+ 2, 1996, $-H- ins i u e% a,ains #e i ioner *e/ore !e R7C a ci)il case /or in=unc ion. Res#on%en #ra+e% /or !e issuance o/ a 7RO an% #reli(inar+ in=unc ion en=oinin, !e o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree an% #ro!i*i in, !e %e(oli ion o/ !e #eri(e er wall. 7!e rial cour issue% a e(#orar+ res rainin, or%er !e /ollowin,

    t2" !,##,1" o$ RA 3456 +- 7448, M"t&o!o*+t,- M,-+*, w,# /"'*,&"/ ,# , 9#!"'+,* /"("*o!0"-t ,-/ ,/0+-+#t&,t+(" &"1+o-9 ,-/ t2" A/0+-+#t&,t+o- o$ 90"t&o-w+/"9 .,#+' #"&(+'"# ,$$"'t+-1 t2" &"1+o- !*,'"/ %-/"& 9, /"("*o!0"-t ,%t2o&+t 9 &"$"&&"/ to ,# t2" MMDA. 7!e +0!*"0"-t,t+o- o/ !e ""D->s #lans, #ro,ra(s an% #ro=ec s is un%er a2en *+ !e local ,o)ern(en uni s, na ional ,o)ern(en a,encies, accre%i e% #eo#le>s or,ani<a ions, non-,o)ern(en al or,ani<a ions, an% !e #ri)a e sec or as well as *+ !e ""D- i sel/. :or !is #ur#ose, !e ""D- !as !e #ower o en er in o con rac s, (e(oran%a o/ a,ree(en an% o !er coo#era i)e arran,e(en s wi ! !ese *o%ies /or !e %eli)er+ o/ !e re;uire% ser)ices wi !in "e ro "anila. Clearl+, !e sco#e o/ !e ""D->s /unc ion is li(i e% o !e %eli)er+ o/ !e se)en 0&4 *asic ser)ices. One o/ !ese is rans#or an% ra//ic (ana,e(en w!ic! inclu%es !e /or(ula ion an% (oni orin, o/ #olicies, s an%ar%s an% #ro=ec s o ra ionali<e !e e1is in, rans#or o#era ions, in/ras ruc ure re;uire(en s, !e use o/ !orou,!/ares an% #ro(o ion o/ !e sa/e (o)e(en o/ #ersons an% ,oo%s. . also co)ers !e (ass rans#or s+s e( an% !e ins i u ion o/ a s+s e( o/ roa% re,ula ion, !e a%(inis ra ion o/ all ra//ic en/orce(en o#era ions, ra//ic en,ineerin, ser)ices an% ra//ic e%uca ion #ro,ra(s, inclu%in, !e ins i u ion o/ a sin,le ic2e in, s+s e( in "e ro "anila /or ra//ic )iola ions. ?n%er !is ser)ice, !e ""D- is e1#ressl+ au !ori<e% D o se !e #olicies concernin, ra//icD an% Dcoor%ina e an% re,ula e !e i(#le(en a ion o/ all ra//ic (ana,e(en #ro,ra(s.D .n a%%i ion, !e ""D- (a+ Dins all an% a%(inis er a sin,le ic2e in, s+s e(,D /i1, i(#ose an% collec /ines an% #enal ies /or all ra//ic )iola ions. . will *e no e% !a !e #owers o/ !e ""D- are li(i e% o !e /ollowin, ac sA /or(ula ion, coor%ina ion, re,ula ion, i(#le(en a ion, #re#ara ion, (ana,e(en , (oni orin,, se in, o/ #olicies, ins alla ion o/ a s+s e( an% a%(inis ra ion. T2"&" +# -o # **,.*" +- R. A. No. 3456 t2,t 1&,-t# t2" MMDA !o*+'" !ow"&, *"t ,*o-" *"1+#*,t+(" !ow"&. 6)en !e "e ro "anila Council !as no *een %ele,a e% an+ le,isla i)e #ower. ?nli2e !e le,isla i)e *o%ies o/ !e local ,o)ern(en uni s, !ere is no #ro)ision in R. -. No. &924 !a e(#owers !e ""D- or i s Council o Denac or%inances, a##ro)e resolu ions an% a##ro#ria e /un%s /or !e ,eneral wel/areD o/ !e in!a*i an s o/ "e ro "anila. 7!e ""D- is, as er(e% in !e c!ar er i sel/, a D%e)elo#(en au !ori +.D . is an a,enc+ crea e% /or !e #ur#ose o/ la+in, %own #olicies an% coor%ina in, wi ! !e )arious na ional ,o)ern(en a,encies, #eo#le>s or,ani<a ions, non-,o)ern(en al or,ani<a ions an% !e #ri)a e sec or /or !e e//icien an% e1#e%i ious %eli)er+ o/ *asic ser)ices in !e )as

    (e ro#oli an area. A** +t# $%-'t+o-# ,&" ,/0+-+#t&,t+(" +-,t%&" an% !ese are ac uall+ su((e% u# in !e c!ar er i sel/ Pe i ioner canno see2 re/u,e in !e cases o/ 9an,alan, ). .n er(e%ia e -##ella e Cour w!ere we u#!el% a <onin, or%inance issue% *+ !e "e ro "anila Co((ission 0""C4, !e #re%ecessor o/ !e ""D-, as an e1ercise o/ #olice #ower. 7!e /irs S,-1,*,-1 %ecision was on !e (eri s o/ !e #e i ion, w!ile !e secon% %ecision %enie% reconsi%era ion o/ !e /irs case an% in a%%i ion %iscusse% !e case o/ Y,.%t (. Co%&t o$ A!!",*#. Co-t&,& to !"t+t+o-"&# '*,+0, t2" two Sangalang ',#"# /o -ot ,!!* to t2" ',#" ,t .,&. F+&#t* , *o ! in)ol)e% <onin, or%inances #asse% *+ !e (unici#al council o/ "a2a i an% !e ""C. .n !e ins an case, !e *asis /or !e #ro#ose% o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree is con aine% in !e no ice o/ Dece(*er 22, 1995 sen *+ #e i ioner o res#on%en $-H-, !rou,! i s #resi%en . 7!e no ice %oes no ci e an+ or%inance or law, ei !er *+ !e 9an,,unian, Panlun,so% o/ "a2a i Ci + or *+ !e ""D-, as !e le,al *asis /or !e #ro#ose% o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree . Pe i ioner ""D- si(#l+ relie% on i s au !ori + un%er i s c!ar er D o ra ionali<e !e use o/ roa%s an%3or !orou,!/ares /or !e sa/e an% con)enien (o)e(en o/ #ersons.D Ra ionali<in, !e use o/ roa%s an% !orou,!/ares is one o/ !e ac s !a /all wi !in !e sco#e o/ rans#or an% ra//ic (ana,e(en . $+ no s re c! o/ !e i(a,ina ion, !owe)er, can !is *e in er#re e% as an e1#ress or i(#lie% ,ran o/ or%inance-(a2in, #ower, (uc! less #olice #ower. "is=uris S"'o-/* , t2" MMDA +# -ot t2" #,0" "-t+t ,# t2" MMC +- Sangalang. A*t2o%12 t2" MMC +# t2" $o&"&%--"& o$ t2" !&"#"-t MMDA, ,- ":,0+-,t+o- o$ P&"#+/"-t+,* D"'&"" ;P. D.< No. =56, t2" '2,&t"& o$ t2" MMC, #2ow# t2,t t2" *,tt"& !o##"##"/ 1&",t"& !ow"&# w2+'2 w"&" -ot ."#tow"/ o- t2" !&"#"-t MMDA. J=le1 I- 744>, P&"#+/"-t A?%+-o +##%"/ E:"'%t+(" O&/"& ;E. O.< No. @45 ,-/ 'o-#t+t%t"/ t2" M"t&o!o*+t,M,-+*, A%t2o&+t ;MMA<. T2" !ow"&# ,-/ $%-'t+o-# o$ t2" MMC w"&" /"(o*("/ to t2" MMA. It o%12t to ." #t&"##"/, 2ow"("&, t2,t -ot ,** !ow"&# ,-/ $%-'t+o-# o$ t2" MMC w"&" !,##"/ to t2" MMA. T2" MMA# !ow"& w,# *+0+t"/ to t2" 9/"*+("& o$ .,#+' %&.,#"&(+'"# &"?%+&+-1 'oo&/+-,t+o- +- M"t&o!o*+t,M,-+*,.9 T2" MMA# 1o("&-+-1 .o/ , t2" M"t&o!o*+t,- M,-+*, Co%-'+*, ,*t2o%12 'o0!o#"/ o$ t2" 0, o&# o$ t2" 'o0!o-"-t '+t+"# ,-/ 0%-+'+!,*+t+"#, w,# 0"&"* 1+("- t2" !ow"& o$: ;7< $o&0%*,t+o- o$ !o*+'+"# o- t2" /"*+("& o$ .,#+' #"&(+'"# &"?%+&+-1 'oo&/+-,t+o- ,-/ 'o-#o*+/,t+o-A ,-/ ;5< !&o0%*1,t+oo$ &"#o*%t+o-# ,-/ ot2"& +##%,-'"#, ,!!&o(,* o$ , 'o/" o$ .,#+' #"&(+'"# ,-/ t2" ":"&'+#" o$ +t# &%*"-0,B+-1 !ow"&.

    U-/"& t2" 74=3 Co-#t+t%t+o-, !e local ,o)ern(en uni s *eca(e #ri(aril+ res#onsi*le /or !e ,o)ernance o/ !eir res#ec i)e #oli ical su*%i)isions. 7!e MMA# C%&+#/+'t+o- w,# *+0+t"/ o a%%ressin, co((on #ro*le(s in)ol)in, *asic ser)ices !a ranscen%e% local *oun%aries. It /+/ -ot 2,(" *"1+#*,t+(" !ow"&. . s #ower was (erel+ o #ro)i%e !e local ,o)ern(en uni s ec!nical assis ance in !e #re#ara ion o/ local %e)elo#(en #lans. -n+ se(*lance o/ le,isla i)e #ower i !a% was con/ine% o a Dre)iew Eo/F le,isla ion #ro#ose% *+ !e local le,isla i)e asse(*lies o ensure consis enc+ a(on, local ,o)ern(en s an% wi ! !e co(#re!ensi)e %e)elo#(en #lan o/ "e ro "anila,D an% o Da%)ise !e local ,o)ern(en s accor%in,l+.D W2"- R.A. No. 3456 tooB "$$"'t, M"t&o!o*+t,M,-+*, ."',0" , 9#!"'+,* /"("*o!0"-t ,-/ ,/0+-+#t&,t+(" &"1+o-9 ,-/ t2" MMDA , 9#!"'+,* /"("*o!0"-t ,%t2o&+t 9 w2o#" $%-'t+o-# w"&" 9w+t2o%t !&"C%/+'" to t2" ,%to-o0 o$ t2" ,$$"'t"/ *o',* 1o("&-0"-t %-+t#.9 T2" '2,&,'t"& o$ t2" MMDA w,# '*",&* /"$+-"/ +- t2" *"1+#*,t+(" /".,t"# "-,'t+-1 +t# '2,&t"&. It +# t2%# ." o-/ /o%.t t2,t t2" MMDA +# -ot , *o',* 1o("&-0"-t %-+t o& , !%.*+' 'o&!o&,t+o- "-/ow"/ w+t2 *"1+#*,t+(" !ow"&. . is no e)en a Ds#ecial (e ro#oli an #oli ical su*%i)isionD as con e(#la e% in 9ec ion 11, -r icle K o/ !e Cons i u ion. 7!e crea ion o/ a Ds#ecial (e ro#oli an #oli ical su*%i)isionD re;uires !e a##ro)al *+ a (a=ori + o/ !e )o es cas in a #le*isci e in !e #oli ical uni s %irec l+ a//ec e%. R. -. No. &924 was no su*(i e% o !e in!a*i an s o/ "e ro "anila in a #le*isci e. 7!e C!air(an o/ !e ""D- is no an o//icial elec e% *+ !e #eo#le, *u a##oin e% *+ !e Presi%en wi ! !e ran2 an% #ri)ile,es o/ a ca*ine (e(*er. .n /ac , #ar o/ !is /unc ion is o #er/or( suc! o !er %u ies as (a+ *e assi,ne% o !i( *+ !e Presi%en , w!ereas in local ,o)ern(en uni s, !e Presi%en (erel+ e1ercises su#er)isor+ au !ori +. 7!is e(#!asi<es !e ,/0+-+#t&,t+(" '2,&,'t"& o/ !e ""D-. C*",&* t2"-, t2" MMC %-/"& P. D. No. =56 +# -ot t2" #,0" "-t+t ,# t2" MMDA %-/"& R. A. No. 3456. U-*+B" t2" MMC, t2" MMDA 2,# -o !ow"& to "-,'t o&/+-,-'"# $o& t2" w"*$,&" o$ t2" 'o00%-+t . . is !e local ,o)ern(en uni s, ac in, !rou,! !eir res#ec i)e le,isla i)e councils, !a #ossess le,isla i)e #ower an% #olice #ower. .n !e case a *ar, !e 9an,,unian, Panlun,so% o/ "a2a i Ci + %i% no #ass an+ or%inance or resolu ion or%erin, !e o#enin, o/ Ne# une 9 ree , !ence, i s #ro#ose% o#enin, *+ #e i ioner ""D- is ille,al an% !e res#on%en Cour o/ -##eals %i% no err in so rulin,. 8e %esis /ro( rulin, on !e o !er issues as !e+ are unnecessar+. 6s(so

    8e s ress !a !is %ecision %oes no (a2e li,! o/ !e ""D->s no*le e//or s o sol)e !e c!ao ic ra//ic con%i ion in "e ro "anila. 6)er+%a+, ra//ic =a(s an% ra//ic *o lenec2s #la,ue !e (e ro#olis. 6)en our once s#rawlin, *oule)ar%s an% a)enues are now cra((e% wi ! cars w!ile ci + s ree s are clo,,e% wi ! (o oris s an% #e%es rians. 7ra//ic !as *eco(e a social (alaise a//ec in, our #eo#le>s #ro%uc i)i + an% !e e//icien %eli)er+ o/ ,oo%s an% ser)ices in !e coun r+. 7!e ""D- was crea e% o #u so(e or%er in !e (e ro#oli an rans#or a ion s+s e( *u un/or una el+ !e #owers ,ran e% *+ i s c!ar er are li(i e%. . s ,oo% in en ions canno =us i/+ !e o#enin, /or #u*lic use o/ a #ri)a e s ree in a #ri)a e su*%i)ision wi !ou an+ le,al warran . 7!e #ro(o ion o/ !e ,eneral wel/are is no an i !e ical o !e #reser)a ion o/ !e rule o/ law. ART. @ S"'. 7 SCOPE OF PROTECTED LIFE, LI)ERTY AND PROPERTY cases: DUNCAN ASSOC. OF DETAILMAN-PTGWO VS. GLAXO WELLCOME PHILS., INC. 43B 9CR- 343 FACTS: 7ecson was !ire% *+ Gla1o as a (e%ical re#resen a i)e on Oc . 24, 1995. Con rac o/ e(#lo+(en si,ne% *+ 7ecson s i#ula es, a(on, o !ers, !a !e a,rees o s u%+ an% a*i%e *+ !e e1is in, co(#an+ rulesL o %isclose o (ana,e(en an+ e1is in, /u ure rela ions!i# *+ consan,uini + or a//ini + wi ! co-e(#lo+ees or e(#lo+ees wi ! co(#e in, %ru, co(#anies an% s!oul% (ana,e(en /in% !a suc! rela ions!i# #oses a #rossi*le con/lic o/ in eres , o resi,n /ro( !e co(#an+. Co(#an+Ms Co%e o/ 6(#lo+ee Con%uc #ro)i%es !e sa(e wi ! s i#ula ion !a (ana,e(en (a+ rans/er !e e(#lo+ee o ano !er %e#ar (en in a noncoun erc!ec2in, #osi ion or #re#ara ion /or e(#lo+(en ou si%e o/ !e co(#an+ a/ er 6 (on !s. 7ecson was ini iall+ assi,ne% o (ar2e Gla1oMs #ro%uc s in !e Ca(arines 9ur-Ca(arines Nor e area an% en ere% in o a ro(an ic rela ions!i# wi ! $e s+, an e(#lo+ee o/ -s ra, Gla1oMs co(#e i ion. $e/ore ,e in, (arrie%, 7ecsonMs Dis ric "ana,er re(in%e% !i( se)eral i(es o/ !e con/lic o/ in eres *u (arria,e oo2 #lace in 9e# . 199B. .n Jan. 1999, 7ecsonMs su#eriors in/or(e% !i( o/ con/lic o/ in res . 7ecson as2e% /or i(e o co(#l+ wi ! !e con%i ion 0 !a ei !er !e or $e s+ resi,n /ro( !eir res#ec i)e #osi ions4. ?na*le o co(#l+ wi ! con%i ion, Gla1o rans/erre% 7ecson o !e $u uan-9uri,ao Ci +-

    -,usan %el 9ur sales area. -/ er !is re;ues a,ains rans/er was %enie%, 7ecson *rou,! !e (a er o Gla1oMs Grie)ance Co((i ee an% w!ile #en%in,, !e con inue% o ac as (e%ical re#resen a i)e in !e Ca(arines 9urCa(arines Nor e sales area. On No). 15, 2''', !e Na ional Concilia ion an% "e%ia ion $oar% rule% !a Gla1oMs #olic+ was )ali%... ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e #olic+ o/ a #!ar(aceu ical co(#an+ #ro!i*i in, i s e(#lo+ees /ro( (arr+in, e(#lo+ees o/ an+ co(#e i or co(#an+ is )ali% RULING: On 6;ual Pro ec ion Gla1o !as a ri,! o ,uar% i s ra%e secre s, (anu/ac urin, /or(ulas, (ar2e in, s ra e,ies, an% o !er con/i%en ial #ro,ra(s an% in/or(a ion /ro( co(#e i ors. 7!e #ro!i*i ion a,ains #esonal or (ari al rela ions!i#s wi ! e(#lo+ees o/ co(#e i or co(#anies u#on Gla1oMs e(#lo+ees is reasona*le un%er !e circu(s ances *ecause rela ions!i#s o/ !a na ure (i,! co(#ro(ise !e in eres s o/ !e co(#an+. 7!a Gla1o #ossesses !e ri,! o #ro ec i s econo(ic in eres canno *e %enie%. . is !e se le% #rinci#le !a !e co((an%s o/ !e e;ual #ro ec ion clause are a%%resse% onl+ o !e s a e or !ose ac in, un%er color o/ i s au !ori +. Corollaril+, i !as *een !el% in a lon, arra+ o/ ?9 9u#re(e Cour %ecisions !a !e e;ual #ro ec ion clause erec s o s!iel% a,ains (erel+ #ri)a el+ con%uc , !owe)er, %iscri(ina or+ or wron,/ul. 7!e co(#an+ ac uall+ en/orce% !e #olic+ a/ er re#ea e% re;ues s o !e e(#lo+ee o co(#l+ wi ! !e #olic+. .n%ee% !e a##lica ion o/ !e #olic+ was (a%e in an i(#ar ial an% e)en-!an%e% (anner, wi ! %ue re,ar% /or !e lo o/ !e e(#lo+ee. On Cons ruc i)e Dis(issal Cons ruc i)e %is(issal is %e/ine% as a ;ui in,, an in)olun ar+ resi,na ion resor e% o w!en con inue% e(#lo+(en *eco(es i(#ossi*le, unreasona*le or unli2el+L w!en !ere is %e(o ion in ran2, or %i(inu ion in #a+L or w!en a clear %iscri(ina ion, insensi*ili +, or %is%ain *+ an e(#lo+er *eco(es un*eara*le o !e e(#lo+ee. None o/ !ese con%i ions are #resen in !e ins an case. HELD: 7!e c!allen,e% #olic+ !as *een i(#le(en e% *+ Gla1o i(#ar iall+ an% %isin eres e%l+ /or a lon, #erio% o/ i(e. .n

    !e case a *ar, !e recor% s!ows !a Gla1o ,a)e 7ecson se)eral c!ances o eli(ina e !e con/lic o/ in eres *rou,! a*ou *+ !is rela ions!i# wi ! $e s+, *u !e ne)er a)aile% o/ an+ o/ !e(. D8G6R6:OR6, !e #e i ion is D6N.6D /or lac2 o/ (eri .D

    TWO DINDS OF DUE PROCESS cases:


    )ANCO ESPANOL FILIPINO (. PALANCA G.R. No. L-1139', "arc! 26, 191B J?R.9D.C7.ON, GO8 -CJ?.R6DA Juris%ic ion o)er !e #ro#er + w!ic! is !e su*=ec o/ !e li i,a ion (a+ resul ei !er /ro( a sei<ure o/ !e #ro#er + un%er le,al #rocess, w!ere*+ i is *rou,! in o !e ac ual cus o%+ o/ !e law, or i (a+ resul /ro( !e ins i u ion o/ le,al #rocee%in,s w!erein, un%er s#ecial #ro)isions o/ law, !e #ower o/ !e cour o)er !e #ro#er + is reco,ni<e% an% (a%e e//ec i)e. 7!e ac ion o /oreclose a (or ,a,e is sai% o *e a #rocee%in, ;uasi in re(, *+ w!ic! is e1#resse% !e i%ea !a w!ile i is no s ric l+ s#ea2in, an ac ion in re( +e i #ar a2es o/ !a na ure an% is su*s an iall+ suc!. D?6 PROC699 .N :OR6CLO9?R6 PROC66D.NG9A Pro#er + is alwa+s assu(e% o *e in !e #ossession o/ i s owner, in #erson or *+ a,en L an% !e (a+ *e sa/el+ !el%, un%er cer ain con%i ions, o *e a//ec e% wi ! 2nowle%,e !a #rocee%in,s !a)e *een ins i u e% /or i s con%e(na ion an% sale. FACTS: 6n,racio Palanca 7an;uin+en, + Li(;uin,co (or ,a,e% )arious #arcels o/ real #ro#er + in "anila o 6l $anco 6s#anol-:ili#ino. -/ erwar%s, 6n,racio re urne% o C!ina an% !ere !e %ie% on Januar+ 29, 1B1' wi !ou re urnin, a,ain o !e P!ili##ines. 7!e (or ,a,or !en ins i u e% /oreclosure #rocee%in, *u since %e/en%an is a nonresi%en , i was necessar+ o ,i)e no ice *+ #u*lica ion. 7!e Cler2 o/ Cour was also %irec e% o sen% co#+ o/ !e su((ons o !e %e/en%an >s las 2nown a%%ress, w!ic! is in -(o+, C!ina. . is no s!own w!e !er !e Cler2 co(#lie% wi ! !is re;uire(en . Ne)er !eless, a/ er #u*lica ion in a news#a#er o/ !e Ci + o/ "anila, !e cause #rocee%e% an% =u%,(en *+ %e/aul was ren%ere%. 7!e %ecision was li2ewise #u*lis!e% an% a/ erwar%s sale *+ #u*lic auc ion was !el% wi ! !e *an2 as !e !i,!es *i%%er. On -u,us &, 19'B, !is sale was con/ir(e% *+ !e cour . Gowe)er, a*ou se)en +ears a/ er !e con/ir(a ion o/ !is sale, a (o ion was (a%e *+ Hicen e Palanca, as a%(inis ra or o/ !e es a e o/ !e ori,inal %e/en%an ,

    w!erein !e a##lican re;ues e% !e cour o se asi%e !e or%er o/ %e/aul an% !e =u%,(en , an% o )aca e all !e #rocee%in,s su*se;uen !ere o. 7!e *asis o/ !is a##lica ion was !a !e or%er o/ %e/aul an% !e =u%,(en ren%ere% !ereon were )oi% *ecause !e cour !a% ne)er ac;uire% =uris%ic ion o)er !e %e/en%an or o)er !e su*=ec o/ !e ac ion. ISSUEA 8!e !er or no !e lower cour ac;uire% =uris%ic ion o)er !e %e/en%an an% !e su*=ec (a er o/ !e ac ion 8!e !er or no %ue #rocess o/ law was o*ser)e% RULING: On Juris%ic ion 7!e wor% N=uris%ic ionO is use% in se)eral %i//eren , !ou,! rela e%, senses since i (a+ !a)e re/erence 014 o !e au !ori + o/ !e cour o en er ain a #ar icular 2in% o/ ac ion or o a%(inis er a #ar icular 2in% o/ relie/, or i (a+ re/er o !e #ower o/ !e cour o)er !e #ar ies, or 024 o)er !e #ro#er + w!ic! is !e su*=ec o !e li i,a ion. 7!e so)erei,n au !ori + w!ic! or,ani<es a cour %e er(ines !e na ure an% e1 en o/ i s #owers in ,eneral an% !us /i1es i s co(#e enc+ or =uris%ic ion wi ! re/erence o !e ac ions w!ic! i (a+ en er ain an% !e relie/ i (a+ ,ran . Gow Juris%ic ion is -c;uire% Juris%ic ion o)er !e #erson is ac;uire% *+ !e )olun ar+ a##earance o/ a #ar + in cour an% !is su*(ission o i s au !ori +, or i is ac;uire% *+ !e coerci)e #ower o/ le,al #rocess e1er e% o)er !e #erson. Juris%ic ion o)er !e #ro#er + w!ic! is !e su*=ec o/ !e li i,a ion (a+ resul ei !er /ro( a sei<ure o/ !e #ro#er + un%er le,al #rocess, w!ere*+ i is *rou,! in o !e ac ual cus o%+ o/ !e law, or i (a+ resul /ro( !e ins i u ion o/ le,al #rocee%in,s w!erein, un%er s#ecial #ro)isions o/ law, !e #ower o/ !e cour o)er !e #ro#er + is reco,ni<e% an% (a%e e//ec i)e. .n !e la er case !e #ro#er +, !ou,! a all i(es wi !in !e #o en ial #ower o/ !e cour , (a+ ne)er *e a2en in o ac ual cus o%+ a all. -n illus ra ion o/ !e =uris%ic ion ac;uire% *+ ac ual sei<ure is /oun% in a ac!(en #rocee%in,s, w!ere !e #ro#er + is sei<e% a !e *e,innin, o/ !e ac ion, or so(e su*se;uen s a,e o/ i s #ro,ress, an% !el% o a*i%e !e /inal e)en o/ !e li i,a ion. -n illus ra ion o/ w!a we er( #o en ial =uris%ic ion o)er !e res, is /oun% in !e #rocee%in, o re,is er !e i le o/ lan% un%er our s+s e( /or !e re,is ra ion o/ lan%. Gere !e cour , wi !ou a2in, ac ual #!+sical con rol o)er !e

    #ro#er + assu(es, a !e ins ance o/ so(e #erson clai(in, o *e owner, o e1ercise a =uris%ic ion in re( o)er !e #ro#er + an% o a%=u%ica e !e i le in /a)or o/ !e #e i ioner a,ains all !e worl%. .n !e er(inolo,+ o/ -(erican law !e ac ion o /oreclose a (or ,a,e is sai% o *e a #rocee%in, ;uasi in re(, *+ w!ic! is e1#resse% !e i%ea !a w!ile i is no s ric l+ s#ea2in, an ac ion in re( +e i #ar a2es o/ !a na ure an% is su*s an iall+ suc!. 7!e e1#ression Dac ion in re(D is, in i s narrow a##lica ion, use% onl+ wi ! re/erence o cer ain #rocee%in,s in cour s o/ a%(iral + w!erein !e #ro#er + alone is rea e% as res#onsi*le /or !e clai( or o*li,a ion u#on w!ic! !e #rocee%in,s are *ase%. 7!e ac ion ;uasi re( %i//ers /ro( !e rue ac ion in re( in !e circu(s ance !a in !e /or(er an in%i)i%ual is na(e% as %e/en%an , an% !e #ur#ose o/ !e #rocee%in, is o su*=ec !is in eres !erein o !e o*li,a ion or lien *ur%enin, !e #ro#er +. -ll #rocee%in,s !a)in, /or !eir sole o*=ec !e sale or o !er %is#osi ion o/ !e #ro#er + o/ !e %e/en%an , w!e !er *+ a ac!(en , /oreclosure, or o !er /or( o/ re(e%+, are in a ,eneral wa+ !us %esi,na e%. 7!e =u%,(en en ere% in !ese #rocee%in,s is conclusi)e onl+ *e ween !e #ar ies. 111 . is rue !a in #rocee%in,s o/ !is c!arac er, i/ !e %e/en%an /or w!o( #u*lica ion is (a%e a##ears, !e ac ion *eco(es as o !i( a #ersonal ac ion an% is con%uc e% as suc!. 7!is, !owe)er, %oes no a//ec !e #ro#osi ion !a w!ere !e %e/en%an /ails o a##ear !e ac ion is ;uasi in re(L an% i s!oul% !ere/ore *e consi%ere% wi ! re/erence o !e #rinci#les ,o)ernin, ac ions in re(. On Due Process 111 -s a##lie% o a =u%icial #rocee%in,, !owe)er, i (a+ *e lai% %own wi ! cer ain + !a !e re;uire(en o/ %ue #rocess is sa is/ie% i/ !e /ollowin, con%i ions are #resen , na(el+L 014 7!ere (us *e a cour or ri*unal clo !e% wi ! =u%icial #ower o !ear an% %e er(ine !e (a er *e/ore i L 024 =uris%ic ion (us *e law/ull+ ac;uire% o)er !e #erson o/ !e %e/en%an or o)er !e #ro#er + w!ic! is !e su*=ec o/ !e #rocee%in,L 034 !e %e/en%an (us *e ,i)en an o##or uni + o *e !ear%L an% 044 =u%,(en (us *e ren%ere% u#on law/ul !earin,. Passin, a once o !e re;uisi e !a !e %e/en%an s!all !a)e an o##or uni + o *e !ear%, we o*ser)e !a in a /oreclosure case so(e no i/ica ion o/ !e #rocee%in,s o !e nonresi%en owner, #rescri*in, !e i(e wi !in w!ic! a##earance (us *e (a%e, is e)er+w!ere reco,ni<e% as essen ial. 7o answer !is necessi + !e s a u es ,enerall+

    #ro)i%e /or #u*lica ion, an% usuall+ in a%%i ion !ere o, /or !e (ailin, o/ no ice o !e %e/en%an , i/ !is resi%ence is 2nown. 7!ou,! co((onl+ calle% cons ruc i)e, or su*s i u e% ser)ice o/ #rocess in an+ rue sense. . is (erel+ a (eans #ro)i%e% *+ law w!ere*+ !e owner (a+ *e a%(onis!e% !a !is #ro#er + is !e su*=ec o/ =u%icial #rocee%in,s an% !a i is incu(*en u#on !i( o a2e suc! s e#s as !e sees /i o #ro ec i . . will *e o*ser)e% !a !is (o%e o/ no i/ica ion %oes no in)ol)e an+ a*solu e assurance !a !e a*sen owner s!all !ere*+ recei)e ac ual no ice. 7!e #erio%ical con ainin, !e #u*lica ion (a+ ne)er in /ac co(e o !is !an%s, an% !e c!ances !a !e s!oul% %isco)er !e no ice (a+ o/ en *e )er+ sli,! . 6)en w!ere no ice is sen *+ (ail !e #ro*a*ili + o/ !is recei)in, i , !ou,! (uc! increase%, is %e#en%en u#on !e correc ness o/ !e a%%ress o w!ic! i is /orwar%e% as well as u#on !e re,ulari + an% securi + o/ !e (ail ser)ice. . will *e no e%, /ur !er(ore, !a !e #ro)ision o/ our law rela i)e o !e (ailin, o/ no ice %oes no a*solu el+ re;uire !e (ailin, o/ no ice uncon%i ionall+ an% in e)er+ e)en , *u onl+ in !e case w!ere !e %e/en%an Ms resi%ence is 2nown. .n !e li,! o/ all !ese /ac s, i is e)i%en !a ac ual no ice o !e %e/en%an in cases o/ !is 2in% is no , un%er !e law, o *e consi%ere% a*solu el+ necessar+. 7!e i%ea u#on w!ic! !e law #rocee%s in reco,ni<in, !e e//icac+ o/ a (eans o/ no i/ica ion w!ic! (a+ /all s!or o/ ac ual no ice is a##aren l+ !isA Pro#er + is alwa+s assu(e% o *e in !e #ossession o/ i s owner, in #erson or *+ a,en L an% !e (a+ *e sa/el+ !el%, un%er cer ain con%i ions, o *e a//ec e% wi ! 2nowle%,e !a #rocee%in,s !a)e *een ins i u e% /or i s con%e(na ion an% sale. Di% !e /ailure o/ !e cler2 o sen% no ice o %e/en%an >s las 2nown a%%ress cons i u e %enial o/ %ue #rocess@ 7!e o*ser)a ions w!ic! !a)e =us *een (a%e lea% o !e conclusion !a !e /ailure o/ !e cler2 o (ail !e no ice, i/ in /ac !e %i% so /ail in !is %u +, is no suc! an irre,ulari +, as a(oun s o a %enial o/ %ue #rocess o/ lawL an% !ence in our o#inion !a irre,ulari +, i/ #ro)e%, woul% no a)oi% !e =u%,(en in !is case. No ice was ,i)en *+ #u*lica ion in a news#a#er an% !is is !e onl+ /or( o/ no ice w!ic! !e law uncon%i ionall+ re;uires. 7!is in our o#inion is all !a was a*solu el+ necessar+ o sus ain !e #rocee%in,s. . will *e o*ser)e% !a in consi%erin, !e e//ec o/ !is irre,ulari +, i (a2es a %i//erence w!e !er i *e )iewe% as a ;ues ion in)ol)in, =uris%ic ion or as a ;ues ion in)ol)in, %ue #rocess o/ law. .n !e (a er o/ =uris%ic ion !ere can *e no %is inc ion *e ween !e (uc! an% !e li le. 7!e

    cour ei !er !as =uris%ic ion or i !as no L an% i/ !e re;uire(en as o !e (ailin, o/ no ice s!oul% *e consi%ere% as a s e# an ece%en o !e ac;uirin, o/ =uris%ic ion, !ere coul% *e no esca#e /ro( !e conclusion !a !e /ailure o a2e !a s e# was /a al o !e )ali%i + o/ !e =u%,(en . .n !e a##lica ion o/ !e i%ea o/ %ue #rocess o/ law, on !e o !er !an%, i is clearl+ unnecessar+ o *e so ri,orous. 7!e =uris%ic ion *ein, once es a*lis!e%, all !a %ue #rocess o/ law !erea/ er re;uires is an o##or uni + /or !e %e/en%an o *e !ear%L an% as #u*lica ion was %ul+ (a%e in !e news#a#er, i woul% see( !i,!l+ unreasona*le o !ol% !a /ailure o (ail !e no ice was /a al. 8e !in2 !a in a##l+in, !e re;uire(en o/ %ue #rocess o/ law, i is #er(issi*le o re/lec u#on !e #ur#oses o/ !e #ro)ision w!ic! is su##ose% o !a)e *een )iola e% an% !e #rinci#le un%erl+in, !e e1ercise o/ =u%icial #ower in !ese #rocee%in,s. Ju%,e in !e li,! o/ !ese conce# ions, we !in2 !a !e #ro)ision o/ -c o/ Con,ress %eclarin, !a no #erson s!all *e %e#ri)e% o/ !is #ro#er + wi !ou %ue #rocess o/ law !as no *een in/rin,e%. SEC OF EUSTICE VS EUDGE RALPH LANTION Due Process "ar2 Ji(ene< was c!ar,e% o/ (ul i#le cri(es ran,in, /ro( a1 e)asion o wire a##in, o cons#irac+ o %e/rau% !e ?9-. Ji(ene< was !en wan e% in !e ?9. 7!e ?9 ,o)ern(en , #ursuan o !e RP-?9 e1 ra%i ion rea + re;ues e% o !a)e Ji(ene< *e e1 ra%i e% !ere. Ji(ene< re;ues e% /or a co#+ o/ !e co(#lain a,ains !i( as well as !e e1 ra%i ion re;ues *+ !e ?9-. 7!e DOJ sec re/use% o #ro)i%e !i( co#+ !ereo/ a%)isin, !a i is s ill #re(a ure o ,i)e !i( so an% !a i is no a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion !ence !e is no en i le% o recei)e suc! co#ies. Ji(ene< sue% !e DOJ 9ec an% !e lower cour rule% in /a)or o/ Ji(ene<. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no Ji(ene< is %e#ri)e% o/ %ue #rocess. HELD: 7!e 9C a//ir(e% !e rulin, o/ !e lower cour . 7!e case a,ains Ji(ene< re/er o an i(#en%in, !rea o/ %e#ri)a ion o/ one>s #ro#er + or #ro#er + ri,! . No less is !is rue, *u e)en (ore so in !e case *e/ore us, in)ol)in, as i %oes !e #ossi*le %e#ri)a ion o/ li*er +, w!ic!, *ase% on !e !ierarc!+ o/ cons i u ionall+ #ro ec e% ri,! s, is #lace% secon% onl+ o li/e i sel/ an% en=o+s #rece%ence o)er #ro#er +, /or w!ile /or/ei e% #ro#er + can *e re urne% or re#lace%, !e i(e s#en in incarcera ion is irre rie)a*le an% *e+on% reco(#ense. SECRETARY OF EUSTICE (. LANTION 322 9CR- 16' 02'''4

    Na ureA Pe i ion /or re)iew o/ a %ecision o/ !e "anila R7C FACTS: On June 1B, 1999 !e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice recei)e% /ro( !e De#ar (en o/ :orei,n -//airs a re;ues /or !e e1 ra%i ion o/ #ri)a e res#on%en "ar2 Ji(ene< o !e ?.9. 7!e Gran% Jur+ .n%ic (en , !e warran /or !is arres , an% o !er su##or in, %ocu(en s /or sai% e1 ra%i ion were a ac!e% alon, wi ! !e re;ues . C!ar,es inclu%eA 1. Cons#irac+ o co((i o//ense or o %e/rau% !e ?9 2. - e(# o e)a%e or %e/ea a1 3. :rau% *+ wire, ra%io, or ele)ision 4. :alse s a e(en or en ries 5. 6lec ion con ri*u ion in na(e o/ ano !er 7!e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice 0DOJ4, !rou,! a %esi,na e% #anel #rocee%e% wi ! !e ec!nical e)alua ion an% assess(en o/ !e e1 ra%i ion rea + w!ic! !e+ /oun% !a)in, (a ers nee%e% o *e a%%resse%. Res#on%en , !en re;ues e% /or co#ies o/ all !e %ocu(en s inclu%e% in !e e1 ra%i ion re;ues an% /or !i( o *e ,i)en a(#le i(e o assess i . 7!e 9ecre ar+ o/ Jus ice %enie% re;ues on !e //. ,roun%sA 1. Ge /oun% i #re(a ure o secure !i( co#ies #rior o !e co(#le ion o/ !e e)alua ion. - !a #oin in i(e, !e DOJ is in !e #rocess o/ e)alua in, w!e !er !e #roce%ures an% re;uire(en s un%er !e rele)an law 0PD 1'69P P!ili##ine 61 ra%i ion Law4 an% rea + 0RP-?9 61 ra%i ion 7rea +4 !a)e *een co(#lie% wi ! *+ !e Re;ues in, Go)ern(en . 6)alua ion *+ !e DOJ o/ !e %ocu(en s is no a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion li2e in cri(inal cases (a2in, !e cons i u ionall+ ,uaran ee% ri,! s o/ !e accuse% in cri(inal #rosecu ion ina##lica*le. 2. 7!e ?.9. re;ues e% /or !e #re)en ion o/ unau !ori<e% %isclosure o/ !e in/or(a ion in !e %ocu(en s. 3. :inall+, coun r+ is *oun% o Hienna con)en ion on law o/ rea ies suc! !a e)er+ rea + in /orce is *in%in, u#on !e #ar ies. 7!e res#on%en /ile% /or #e i ion o/ (an%a(us, cer iorari, an% #ro!i*i ion. 7!e R7C o/ NCR rule% in /a)or o/ !e res#on%en . 9ecre ar+ o/ Jus ice was (a%e o issue a co#+ o/ !e re;ues e% #a#ers, as well as con%uc in, /ur !er #rocee%in,s. ISSUES: 1. 8ON #ri)a e is res#on%en en i le% o !e wo *asic %ue #rocess ri,! s o/ no ice an% !earin, Ces. Q20a4 o/ PD 1'B6 %e/ines e1 ra%i ion as N !e re(o)al o/ an accuse% /ro( !e P!ili##ines wi ! !e o*=ec o/ #lacin, !i( a !e %is#osal o/ /orei,n au !ori ies o ena*le

    !e re;ues in, s a e or ,o)ern(en o !ol% !i( in connec ion wi ! an+ cri(inal in)es i,a ion %irec e% a,ains !i( in connec ion wi ! an+ cri(inal in)es i,a ion %irec e% a,ains !i( or !e e1ecu ion o/ a #enal + i(#ose% on !i( un%er !e #enal or cri(inal law o/ !e re;ues in, s a e or ,o)ern(en .O -l !ou,! !e in;uisi orial #ower e1ercise% *+ !e DOJ as an a%(inis ra i)e a,enc+ %ue o !e /ailure o/ !e D:- o co(#l+ lac2s an+ =u%icial %iscre ion, i #ri(aril+ se s !e w!eels /or !e e1 ra%i ion #rocess w!ic! (a+ ul i(a el+ resul in !e %e#ri)a ion o/ !e li*er + o/ !e #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e. 7!is %e#ri)a ion can *e e//ec e% a wo s a,esA 7!e #ro)isional arres o/ !e #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e #en%in, !e su*(ission o/ !e re;ues R !e e(#orar+ arres o/ !e #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e %urin, !e #en%enc+ o/ !e e1 ra%i ion #e i ion in cour . Clearl+, !ere>s an i(#en%in, !rea o a #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i ee>s li*er + as earl+ as %urin, !e e)alua ion s a,e. $ecause o/ suc! conse;uences, !e e)alua ion #rocess is a2in o an a%(inis ra i)e a,enc+ con%uc in, an in)es i,a i)e #rocee%in,, !e conse;uences o/ w!ic! are essen iall+ cri(inal since suc! ec!nical assess(en se s o// or co((ences !e #roce%ure /or R ul i(a el+ !e %e#ri)a ion o/ li*er + o/ a #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e. .n essence, !ere/ore, !e e)alua ion #rocess #ar a2es o/ !e na ure o/ a cri(inal in)es i,a ion. 7!ere are cer ain cons i u ional ri,! s !a are or%inaril+ a)aila*le onl+ in cri(inal #rosecu ion. $u !e Cour !as rule% in o !er cases !a w!ere !e in)es i,a ion o/ an a%(inis ra i)e #rocee%in, (a+ resul in /or/ei ure o/ li/e, li*er +, or #ro#er +, !e a%(inis ra i)e #rocee%in,s are %ee(e% cri(inal or #enal, R suc! /or/ei ure #ar a2es !e na ure o/ a #enal +. .n !e case a *ar, si(ilar o a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion, !e e)alua ion s a,e o/ !e e1 ra%i ion #rocee%in,s w!ic! (a+ resul in !e /ilin, o/ an in/or(a ion a,ains !e res#on%en , can #ossi*l+ lea% o !is arres , R o !e %e#ri)a ion o/ !is li*er +. 7!us, !e e1 ra%i ee (us *e accor%e% %ue #rocess ri,! s o/ no ice R !earin, accor%in, o -3 Q14014 R 024, as well as -3 Q&P !e ri,! o/ !e #eo#le o in/or(a ion on (a ers o/ #u*lic concern R !e corollar+ ri,! o access o o//icial recor%s R %ocu(en s 7!e cour !el% !a !e e)alua ion #rocess #ar a2es o/ !e na ure o/ a cri(inal in)es i,a ion, !a)in, conse;uences w!ic! will resul in %e#ri)a ion o/ li*er + o/ !e #ros#ec i)e e1 ra%i e. - /a)ora*le ac ion in an e1 ra%i ion re;ues e1#oses a #erson o e)en ual e1 ra%i ion o a /orei,n coun r+, !us e1!i*i in, !e #enal as#ec o/ !e #rocess. 7!e e)alua ion #rocess i sel/ is li2e a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion since *o ! #roce%ures (a+ !a)e !e sa(e resul !e arres an% i(#rison(en o/ !e res#on%en . 7!e *asic ri,! s o/ no ice R !earin, are a##lica*le in cri(inal, ci)il R a%(inis ra i)e #rocee%in,s. Non-

    o*ser)ance o/ !ese ri,! s will in)ali%a e !e #rocee%in,s. .n%i)i%uals are en i le% o *e no i/ie% o/ an+ #en%in, case a//ec in, !eir in eres s, R u#on no ice, (a+ clai( !e ri,! o a##ear !erein R #resen !eir si%e. Ri,! s o no ice an% !earin,A Dis#ensa*le in 3 casesA a. 8!en !ere is an ur,en nee% /or i((e%ia e ac ion 0#re)en i)e sus#ension in a%(inis ra i)e c!ar,es, #a%loc2in, /il !+ res auran s, cancella ion o/ #ass#or 4. *. 8!ere !ere is en a i)eness o/ a%(inis ra i)e ac ion, R !e res#on%en isn> #re)en e% /ro( en=o+in, !e ri,! o no ice R !earin, a a la er i(e 0su((ar+ %is rain R le)+ o/ !e #ro#er + o/ a %elin;uen a1#a+er, re#lace(en o/ an a##oin ee4 c. 7win ri,! s !a)e *een o//ere%, *u !e ri,! o e1ercise !e( !a% no *een clai(e%. 2. 8ON !is en i le(en cons i u es a *reac! o/ !e le,al co((i (en s an% o*li,a ion o/ !e P!ili##ine Go)ern(en un%er !e RP-?9 7rea +@ No. 7!e ?.9. an% !e P!ili##ines s!are (u ual concern a*ou !e su##ression an% #unis!(en o/ cri(e in !eir res#ec i)e =uris%ic ions. $o ! s a es accor% co((on %ue #rocess #ro ec ion o !eir res#ec i)e ci i<ens. 7!e a%(inis ra i)e in)es i,a ion %oesn> /all un%er !e !ree e1ce# ions o !e %ue #rocess o/ no ice an% !earin, in !e 9ec. 3 Rules 112 o/ !e Rules o/ Cour . 3. 8ON !ere>s an+ con/lic *e ween #ri)a e res#on%en >s *asic %ue #rocess ri,! s R #ro)isions o/ RP-?9 61 ra%i ion rea +

    !is reason, !e is en i le% o !a)e access o !e e)i%ence a,ains !i( an% !e ri,! o con ro)er !e(. Puno, %issen in,A Case a *ar %oes no in)ol)e ,uil or innocence o/ an accuse% *u !e in er#re a ion o/ an e1 ra%i ion rea + w!ere a s a2e is our ,o)ern(en >s in erna ional o*li,a ion o surren%er o a /orei,n s a e a ci i<en o/ i s own so !e can *e rie% /or an alle,e% o//ense co((i e% wi !in !a =uris%ic ion.

    administrative due process: cases:


    SERRANO VS NLRC F ISETANN FACTS: 9errano was a re,ular e(#lo+ee o/ .se ann De#ar (en 9 ore as !e !ea% o/ 9ecuri + C!ec2er. .n 1991, as a cos cu in, (easure, .se ann #!ase% ou i s en ire securi + sec ion an% en,a,e% !e ser)ices o/ an in%e#en%en securi + a,enc+. Pe i ioner /ile% a co(#lain /or ille,al %is(issal a(on, o !ers. La*or ar*i er rule% in !is /a)or as .se ann /aile% o es a*lis! !a i !a% re renc!e% i s securi + sec ion o #re)en or (ini(i<e losses o i s *usinessL !a #ri)a e res#on%en /aile% o accor% %ue #rocess o #e i ionerL !a #ri)a e res#on%en /aile% o use reasona*le s an%ar%s in selec in, e(#lo+ees w!ose e(#lo+(en woul% *e er(ina e%. NLRC re)erse% !e %ecision an% or%ere% #e i ioner o *e ,i)en se#ara ion #a+. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e !irin, o/ an in%e#en%en securi + a,enc+ *+ !e #ri)a e res#on%en o re#lace i s curren securi + sec ion a )ali% ,roun% /or !e %is(issal o/ !e e(#lo+ees classe% un%er !e la er. RULING: -n e(#lo+er>s ,oo% /ai ! in i(#le(en in, a re%un%anc+ #ro,ra( is no necessaril+ #u in %ou* *+ !e a)ail(en o/ !e ser)ices o/ an in%e#en%en con rac or o re#lace !e ser)ices o/ !e er(ina e% e(#lo+ees o #ro(o e econo(+ an% e//icienc+. -*sen #roo/ !a (ana,e(en ac e% in a (alicious or ar*i rar+ (anner, !e Cour will no in er/ere wi ! !e e1ercise o/ =u%,(en *+ an e(#lo+er. ./ er(ina ion o/ e(#lo+(en is no /or an+ o/ !e cause #ro)i%e% *+ law, i is ille,al an% !e e(#lo+ee s!oul% *e reins a e% an% #ai% *ac2wa,es. 7o con en% !a e)en i/ !e er(ina ion is /or a =us cause, !e e(#lo+ee concerne% s!oul% *e reins a e% an% #ai% *ac2wa,es woul% *e o a(en% -r 2&9 *+ a%%in, ano !er ,roun% /or consi%erin, %is(issal ille,al. ./ i is s!own !a !e e(#lo+ee was %is(isse% /or an+ o/ !e causes (en ione% in -r 2B2, !e in accor%ance wi !

    RULING:
    No. Doc rine o/ incor#ora ion un%er in erna ional law, as a##lie% in (os coun ries, %ecrees !a rules o/ in erna ional law are ,i)en e;ual s an%in, wi !, *u are no su#erior o na ional le,isla i)e ac s. 7rea + can re#eal s a u e an% s a u e can re#eal rea +. No con/lic . Heil o/ secrec+ is li/ e% %urin, rial. Re;ues s!oul% i(#ose )eil a an+ s a,e. Ju%,(en A Pe i ion %is(isse% /or lac2 o/ (eri . Ia#unan, se#ara e concurrin, o#inionA 8!ile !e e)alua ion #rocess con%uc e% *+ !e DOJ is no e1ac l+ a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion o/ cri(inal cases, i is a2in o a #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion *ecause i in)ol)es !e *asic cons i u ional ri,! s o/ !e #erson sou,! o *e e1 ra%i e%. - #erson or%ere% e1 ra%i e% is arres e%, /orci*l+ a2en /ro( !is !ouse, se#ara e% /ro( !is /a(il+ an% %eli)ere% o a /orei,n s a e. Gis ri,! s o/ a*o%e, o #ri)ac+, li*er + an% #ursui o/ !a##iness are a2en awa+ /ro( !i(Pa /a e as !ars! an% cruel as a con)ic ion o/ a cri(inal o//ense. :or

    !a ar icle, !e s!oul% no *e reins a e% *u (us *e #ai% *ac2wa,es /ro( !e i(e !is e(#lo+(en was er(ina e% un il i is %e er(ine% !a !e er(ina ion o/ e(#lo+(en is /or a =us cause *ecause !e /ailure o !ear !i( *e/ore !e is %is(isse% ren%ers !e er(ina ion wi !ou le,al e//ec . ANG TI)AY VS COURT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS D%" P&o'"## G A/0+- )o/+"# G CIR 7eo%oro7ori*io owns an% o#era es -n, 7i*a+ a lea !er co(#an+ w!ic! su##lies !e P!ili##ine -r(+. Due o alle,e% s!or a,e o/ lea !er, 7ori*io cause% !e la+ o// o/ (e(*ers o/ Na ional La*or ?nion .nc. NL? a)erre% !a 7ori*io>s ac is no )ali% as i is no wi !in !e C$-. 7!a !ere are wo la*or unions in -n, 7i*a+L NL? an% Na ional 8or2er>s $ro !er!oo%. 7!a N8$ is %o(ina e% *+ 7ori*io !ence !e /a)ors i o)er NL?. 7!a NL? wis!es /or a new rial as !e+ were a*le o co(e u# wi ! new e)i%ence3%ocu(en s !a !e+ were no a*le o o* ain *e/ore as !e+ were inaccessi*le an% !e+ were no a*le o #resen i *e/ore in !e C.R. ISSUEA 8!e !er or no !ere !as *een a %ue #rocess o/ law. HELD: 7!e 9C rule% !a !ere s!oul% *e a new rial in /a)or o/ NL?. 7!e 9C rule% !a all a%(inis ra i)e *o%ies canno i,nore or %isre,ar% !e /un%a(en al an% essen ial re;uire(en s o/ %ue #rocess. 7!e+ areL 014 7!e ri,! o a !earin, w!ic! inclu%es !e ri,! o/ !e #ar + in eres e% or a//ec e% o #resen !is own case an% su*(i e)i%ence in su##or !ereo/. 024 No onl+ (us !e #ar + *e ,i)en an o##or uni + o #resen !is case an% o a%%uce e)i%ence en%in, o es a*lis! !e ri,! s w!ic! !e asser s *u !e ri*unal (us consi%er !e e)i%ence #resen e%. 034 8!ile !e %u + o %eli*era e %oes no i(#ose !e o*li,a ion o %eci%e ri,! , i %oes i(#l+ a necessi + w!ic! canno *e %isre,ar%e%, na(el+, !a o/ !a)in, so(e !in, o su##or i s %ecision. - %ecision wi ! a*solu el+ no !in, o su##or i is a nulli +, a #lace w!en %irec l+ a ac!e%. 044 No onl+ (us !ere *e so(e e)i%ence o su##or a /in%in, or conclusion *u !e e)i%ence (us *e Nsu*s an ial.O 9u*s an ial e)i%ence is (ore !an a (ere scin illa . (eans suc! rele)an e)i%ence as a reasona*le (in% (i,! acce# as a%e;ua e o su##or a conclusion.

    054 7!e %ecision (us *e ren%ere% on !e e)i%ence #resen e% a !e !earin,, or a leas con aine% in !e recor% an% %isclose% o !e #ar ies a//ec e%. 064 7!e Cour o/ .n%us rial Rela ions or an+ o/ i s =u%,es, !ere/ore, (us ac on i s or !is own in%e#en%en consi%era ion o/ !e law an% /ac s o/ !e con ro)ers+, an% no si(#l+ acce# !e )iews o/ a su*or%ina e in arri)in, a a %ecision. 0&4 7!e Cour o/ .n%us rial Rela ions s!oul%, in all con ro)ersial ;ues ions, ren%er i s %ecision in suc! a (anner !a !e #ar ies o !e #rocee%in, can 2now !e )ario issues in)ol)e%, an% !e reasons /or !e %ecisions ren%ere%. 7!e #er/or(ance o/ !is %u + is inse#ara*le /ro( !e au !ori + con/erre% u#on i . MACIAS V. COMELEC FACTS: Pe i ioners are /our (e(*ers o/ !e Gouse o/ Re#resen a i)es /ro( Ne,ros Orien al, "isa(is Orien al an% $ulacan, an% !e #ro)incial Go)ernor o/ Ne,ros Orien al. 7!e+ are re;ues in, !a !e res#on%en o//icials *e #re)en e% o i(#le(en R- 3'4', an ac !a a##or ions re#resen a i)e %is ric s in !e coun r+. 7!e+ alle,e% !a !eir res#ec i)e #ro)inces were %iscri(ina e% *ecause !e+ were ,i)en less re#resen a ion. :ur !er(ore, !e+ alle,e !a R- 3'4' is uncons i u ional an% )oi% *ecauseA 1. . was #asse% wi !ou #rin e% /inal co#ies w!ic! (us *e /urnis!e% o !e (e(*ers o/ !e GOR a leas 3 calen%ar %a+s #rior o #assa,e 2. . was a##ro)e% (ore !an 3 +ears a/ er !e re urn o/ !e las census o/ !e #o#ula ion 3. . a##or ione% %is ric s wi !ou re,ar% o !e nu(*er o/ in!a*i an s o/ !e se)eral #ro)inces. Res#on%en s Co(elec an% Hicen e Gella 0Na ional 7reasurer4 con en% !a !e+ 1. were (erel+ co(#l+in, wi ! !eir %u ies un%er !e s a u e w!ic! !e+ #resu(e an% alle,e o *e cons i u ional 2. #e i ioners !a)e no #ersonali + o *rin, suc! ac ion ISSUES: 1. 8!e !er or no !e #e i ioners !a)e !e #ersonali + o *rin, suc! ac ion. 2. 8!e !er or no !e ac con/or(e% o !e #rin e% /or( an% 3 %a+ re;uire(en . 3. 8!e !er or no !e ac o/ a##or ion(en is wi !in !e 3 +ear re;uire(en . 4. 8!e !er or no !e a##or ion(en o/ (e(*ers o/ !e GOR is )ali%.

    HELDA 7!e #e i ioners as )o ers an% as con,ress(en an% ,o)ernor o/ !e a,,rie)e% #ro)inces !a)e !e #ersonali + o sue. 7!e #assa,e o/ !e ac %i% no con/or( o !e #rin e%-/or( an% !e 3 %a+ re;uire(en , an% !a !ere is no cer i/ica e o/ ur,enc+ /ro( !e Presi%en was recei)e% *+ !e GO. 7!e re;uire(en !a !e a##or ion(en (us *e %one wi !in 3 +ear /ollowin, !e las census is co(#lie% wi !. 7!e a##or ion(en o/ (e(*ers o/ !e GOR is no )ali% *ecause i is no *ase% on !e nu(*er o/ in!a*i an s a #ro)ince !as. 9o(e #ro)inces were ,i)en (ore re#resen a ion %es#i e !e in/erior in nu(*er o/ in!a*i an s. 7!e Cour !el% !a R- 3'4' in/rin,e% !e #ro)isions o/ !e Cons i u ion an% is !ere/ore )oi%.

    PRESCRIBING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES. Pri)a e res#on%en , "ala e 7ouris De)elo#(en Cor#ora ion 0"7DC4, con en%s !a !e Ci + Council !as no #ower o #ro!i*i !e o#era ion o/ (o els an% !a !e Or%inance %oes no cons i u e a #ro#er e1ercise o/ #olice #ower as !e co(#ulsor+ closure o/ !e (o el *usiness !as no reasona*le rela ion o !e le,i i(a e (unici#al in eres s sou,! o *e #ro ec e%. 7!e #e i ioners, on !e o !er !an%, ar,ues !a !e Ci + Council !a% !e #ower o D#ro!i*i cer ain /or(s o/ en er ain(en in or%er o #ro ec !e social an% (oral wel/are o/ !e co((uni +D E9ec ion 45B 0a4 4 0)ii4 o/ !e Local Go)ern(en Co%eF an% !a !e Or%inance was enac e% *+ !e Ci + Council o/ "anila o #ro ec !e social an% (oral wel/are o/ !e co((uni + in con=unc ion wi ! i s #olice #owers E-r icle ..., 9ec ion 1B0224 o/ Re#u*lic -c No. 4'9F. Ju%,e La,uio issue% an e1-#ar e e(#orar+ res rainin, or%er a,ains !e en/orce(en o/ !e Or%inance. Ge also ,ran e% !e wri o/ #reli(inar+ in=unc ion #ra+e% /or *+ "7DC. Gence, !e a##eal *+ !e #e i ioners. I##%": 8!e !er or no cons i u ional !e Or%inance No. &&B3 is

    SU)STANTIVE DUE PROCESS cases:


    UNITED STATES VS. LUIS TORI)IO Police Power 9o(e i(e in !e 19''s, 7ori*io a##lie% /or a license o !a)e !is cara*ao *e slau,! ere%. Gis re;ues was %enie% *ecause !is cara*ao is /oun% no o *e un/i /or wor2. Ge ne)er !eless slau,! ere% !is cara*ao wi !ou !e necessar+ license. Ge was e)en uall+ sue% an% was sen ence% *+ !e rial cour . Gis counsel in one wa+ or !e o !er ar,ue% !a !e law (an%a in, !a one s!oul% ac;uire a #er(i o slau,! er !is cara*ao is no a )ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e sai% law is )ali%. HELD: 7!e 9C rule% a,ains 7ori*io. 7!e 9C e1#laine% !a i Nis no a a2in, o/ !e #ro#er + /or #u*lic use, wi !in !e (eanin, o/ !e cons i u ion, *u is a =us an% le,i i(a e e1ercise o/ !e #ower o/ !e le,isla ure o re,ula e an% res rain suc! #ar icular use o/ !e #ro#er + as woul% *e inconsis en wi ! or in=urious o !e ri,! s o/ !e #u*lics. -ll #ro#er + is ac;uire% an% !el% un%er !e aci con%i ion !a i s!all no *e so use% as o in=ure !e e;ual ri,! s o/ o !ers or ,rea l+ i(#air !e #u*lic ri,! s an% in eres s o/ !e co((uni +.O CITY OF MANILA MAYOR ALFREDO LIM (. EUDGE LAGUIO & MTDC F,'t#: 7!e #e i ioners see2 o re)erse !e rulin, o/ !e rulin, o/ !e R7C re,ar%in, !e uncons i u ionali + o/ Or%inance No. &&B3 w!ic! is en i le% - AN ORDINANCE PROHIBITING THE ESTABLISHMENT OR OPERATION OF BUSINESSES PROVIDING CERTAIN FORMS OF AMUSEMENT, ENTERTAINMENT, SERVICES AND FACILITIES IN THE ERMITA-MALATE AREA,

    H"*/: NO 7!ere is a clear in)asion o/ #ersonal or #ro#er + ri,! s, #ersonal in !e case o/ !ose in%i)i%uals %esirous o/ ownin,, o#era in, an% #a roni<in, !ose (o els an% #ro#er + in er(s o/ !e in)es (en s (a%e an% !e salaries o *e #ai% o !ose !erein e(#lo+e%. ./ !e Ci + o/ "anila so %esires o #u an en% o #ros i u ion, /ornica ion an% o !er social ills, i can ins ea% i(#ose reasona*le re,ula ions suc! as %ail+ ins#ec ions o/ !e es a*lis!(en s /or an+ )iola ion o/ !e con%i ions o/ !eir licenses or #er(i sL i (a+ e1ercise i s au !ori + o sus#en% or re)o2e !eir licenses /or !ese )iola ionsL an% i (a+ e)en i(#ose increase% license /ees. .n o !er wor%s, !ere are o !er (eans o reasona*l+ acco(#lis! !e %esire% en%. Police #ower le,isla ion o/ suc! c!arac er %eser)es !e /ull en%orse(en o/ we rei era e our su##or /or i . $u ins#i e o/ i s !e =u%iciar+ )ir uous ai(s, !e enac (en o/ !e Or%inance !as no s a u or+ or cons i u ional au !ori + o s an% on. Local le,isla i)e *o%ies, in !is case, !e Ci + Council, canno #ro!i*i !e o#era ion o/ !e enu(era e% es a*lis!(en s or or%er !eir rans/er or con)ersion wi !ou in/rin,in, !e cons i u ional ,uaran ees no e)en un%er !e ,uiseo/ %ue #rocess an% e;ual #ro ec ion o/ laws o/ #olice #ower.

    7!e #e i ion is D6N.6D an% !e %ecision o/ !e Re,ional 7rial Cour %eclarin, !e or%inance )oi% is -::.R"6D. YNOT VS. IAC G.R. No. &445&, "arc! 2', 19B& ".N."?" R6J?.R6"6N79 O: PROC6D?R-L D?6 PROC699A 014 no iceL 024 !earin,L e1ce# ions 9?$97-N7.H6 D?6 PROC699A 014 #u*lic in eres re;uires ,o)ern(en in er/erenceL 024 reasona*le (eans necessar+ /or !e acco(#lis!(en o/ !e #ur#ose FACTS: Pe i ioner>s 6 cara*aos were con/isca e% *+ !e #olice /or !a)in, *een rans#or e% /ro( "as*a e o .loilo in )iola ion o/ 6O 626--. Ge *rou,! an ac ion /or re#le)in, c!allen,in, !e cons i u ionali + o/ sai% 6O. 7!e rial cour sus aine% !e con/isca ion o/ !e ani(als an% %ecline% o rule on !e )ali%i + o/ !e law on !e ,roun% !a i lac2e% au !ori + o %o so. . s %ecision was a//ir(e% *+ !e .-C. Gence !is #e i ion /or re)iew. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e con/isca ion o/ !e cara*aos a(oun e% o ar*i rar+ con/isca ion o/ #ro#er + wi !ou %ue #rocess o/ law RULING: "ini(u( Re;uire(en s o/ Due ProcessA No ice an% Gearin, 7!e (ini(u( re;uire(en s o/ %ue #rocess are no ice an% !earin, w!ic!, ,enerall+ s#ea2in,, (a+ no *e %is#ense% wi ! *ecause !e+ are in en%e% as a sa/e,uar% a,ains o//icial ar*i rariness. . is a ,ra i/+in, co((en ar+ on our =u%icial s+s e( !a !e =uris#ru%ence o/ !is coun r+ is ric! wi ! a##lica ions o/ !is ,uaran + as #roo/ o/ our /eal + o !e rule o/ law an% !e ancien ru%i(en s o/ /air #la+. 8e !a)e consis en l+ %eclare% !a e)er+ #erson, /ace% *+ !e aweso(e #ower o/ !e 9 a e, is en i le% o D !e law o/ !e lan%,D w!ic! Daniel 8e*s er %escri*e% al(os wo !un%re% +ears a,o in !e /a(ous Dar (ou ! Colle,e Case, as D !e law w!ic! !ears *e/ore i con%e(ns, w!ic! #rocee%s u#on in;uir+ an% ren%ers =u%,(en onl+ a/ er rial.D . !as o *e so i/ !e ri,! s o/ e)er+ #erson are o *e secure% *e+on% !e reac! o/ o//icials w!o, ou o/ (is a2en <eal or #lain arro,ance, woul% %e,ra%e !e %ue #rocess clause in o a worn an% e(# + ca c!wor%. 61ce# ions o No ice an% Gearin,

    7!is is no o sa+ !a no ice an% !earin, are i(#era i)e in e)er+ case /or, o *e sure, !ere are a nu(*er o/ a%(i e% e1ce# ions. 7!e conclusi)e #resu(# ion, /or e1a(#le, *ars !e a%(ission o/ con rar+ e)i%ence as lon, as suc! #resu(# ion is *ase% on !u(an e1#erience or !ere is a ra ional connec ion *e ween !e /ac #ro)e% an% !e /ac ul i(a el+ #resu(e% !ere/ro(. 7!ere are ins ances w!en !e nee% /or e1#e%i ions ac ion will =us i/+ o(ission o/ !ese re;uisi es, as in !e su((ar+ a*a e(en o/ a nuisance #er se, li2e a (a% %o, on !e loose, w!ic! (a+ *e 2ille% on si,! *ecause o/ !e i((e%ia e %an,er i #oses o !e sa/e + an% li)es o/ !e #eo#le. Porno,ra#!ic (a erials, con a(ina e% (ea an% narco ic %ru,s are in!eren l+ #ernicious an% (a+ *e su((aril+ %es ro+e%. 7!e #ass#or o/ a #erson sou,! /or a cri(inal o//ense (a+ *e cancelle% wi !ou !earin,, o co(#el !is re urn o !e coun r+ !e !as /le%. :il !+ res auran s (a+ *e su((aril+ #a%loc2e% in !e in eres o/ !e #u*lic !eal ! an% *aw%+ !ouses o #ro ec !e #u*lic (orals. .n suc! ins ances, #re)ious =u%icial !earin, (a+ *e o(i e% wi !ou )iola ion o/ %ue #rocess in )iew o/ !e na ure o/ !e #ro#er + in)ol)e% or !e ur,enc+ o/ !e nee% o #ro ec !e ,eneral wel/are /ro( a clear an% #resen %an,er. Due Process is a Res rain on Police Power 7!e #ro ec ion o/ !e ,eneral wel/are is !e #ar icular /unc ion o/ !e #olice #ower w!ic! *o ! res rain s an% is res raine% *+ %ue #rocess. 7!e #olice #ower is si(#l+ %e/ine% as !e #ower in!eren in !e 9 a e o re,ula e li*er + an% #ro#er + /or !e #ro(o ion o/ !e ,eneral wel/are. $+ reason o/ i s /unc ion, i e1 en%s o all !e ,rea #u*lic nee%s an% is %escri*e% as !e (os #er)asi)e, !e leas li(i a*le an% !e (os %e(an%in, o/ !e !ree in!eren #owers o/ !e 9 a e, /ar ou #acin, a1a ion an% e(inen %o(ain. 7!e in%i)i%ual, as a (e(*er o/ socie +, is !e((e% in *+ !e #olice #ower, w!ic! a//ec s !i( e)en *e/ore !e is *orn an% /ollows !i( s ill a/ er !e is %ea% /ro( !e wo(* o *e+on% !e o(* in #rac icall+ e)er+ !in, !e %oes or owns. . s reac! is )ir uall+ li(i less. . is a u*i;ui ous an% o/ en unwelco(e in rusion. 6)en so, as lon, as !e ac i)i + or !e #ro#er + !as so(e rele)ance o !e #u*lic wel/are, i s re,ula ion un%er !e #olice #ower is no onl+ #ro#er *u necessar+. -n% !e =us i/ica ion is /oun% in !e )enera*le La in (a1i(s, 9alus #o#uli es su#re(a le1 an% 9ic u ere uo u alienu( non lae%as, w!ic! call /or !e su*or%ina ion o/ in%i)i%ual in eres s o !e *ene/i o/ !e ,rea er nu(*er. :irs Re;uisi e o/ 9u*s an i)e Due ProcessA .n eres s o/ !e Pu*lic Generall+ Re;uire .n er/erence

    111 we !ol% wi ! !e 7ori*io Case !a !e cara*ao, as !e #oor (anMs rac or, so o s#ea2, !as a %irec rele)ance o !e #u*lic wel/are an% so is a law/ul su*=ec o/ 61ecu i)e Or%er No. 626. 7!e (e !o% c!osen in !e *asic (easure is also reasona*l+ necessar+ /or !e #ur#ose sou,! o *e ac!ie)e% an% no un%ul+ o##ressi)e u#on in%i)i%uals, a,ain /ollowin, !e a*o)e-ci e% %oc rine. 7!ere is no %ou* !a *+ *annin, !e slau,! er o/ !ese ani(als e1ce# w!ere !e+ are a leas se)en +ears ol% i/ (ale an% ele)en +ears ol% i/ /e(ale u#on issuance o/ !e necessar+ #er(i , !e e1ecu i)e or%er will *e conser)in, !ose s ill /i /or /ar( wor2 or *ree%in, an% #re)en in, !eir i(#ro)i%en %e#le ion. 9econ% Re;uisi e o/ 9u*s an i)e Due ProcessA Reasona*le "eans Necessar+ /or !e -cco(#lis!(en o/ Pur#ose, no ?n%ul+ O##ressi)e ?#on .n%i)i%uals $u w!ile conce%in, !a !e a(en%a or+ (easure !as !e sa(e law/ul su*=ec as !e ori,inal e1ecu i)e or%er, we canno sa+ wi ! e;ual cer ain + !a i co(#lies wi ! !e secon% re;uire(en , )i<., !a !ere *e a law/ul (e !o%. 8e no e !a o s ren, !en !e ori,inal (easure, 61ecu i)e Or%er No. 626-- i(#oses an a*solu e *an no on !e slau,! er o/ !e cara*aos *u on !eir (o)e(en , #ro)i%in, !a Dno cara*ao re,ar%less o/ a,e, se1, #!+sical con%i ion or #ur#ose 0sic4 an% no cara*ee/ s!all *e rans#or e% /ro( one #ro)ince o ano !er.D 7!e o*=ec o/ !e #ro!i*i ion esca#es us. 7!e reasona*le connec ion *e ween !e (eans e(#lo+e% an% !e #ur#ose sou,! o *e ac!ie)e% *+ !e ;ues ione% (easure is (issin, 8e %o no see !ow !e #ro!i*i ion o/ !e in er-#ro)incial rans#or o/ cara*aos can #re)en !eir in%iscri(ina e slau,! er, consi%erin, !a !e+ can *e 2ille% an+w!ere, wi ! no less %i//icul + in one #ro)ince !an in ano !er. O*)iousl+, re ainin, !e cara*aos in one #ro)ince will no #re)en !eir slau,! er !ere, an+ (ore !an (o)in, !e( o ano !er #ro)ince will (a2e i easier o 2ill !e( !ere. -s /or !e cara*ee/, !e #ro!i*i ion is (a%e o a##l+ o i as o !erwise, so sa+s e1ecu i)e or%er, i coul% *e easil+ circu()en e% *+ si(#l+ 2illin, !e ani(al. Per!a#s so. Gowe)er, i/ !e (o)e(en o/ !e li)e ani(als /or !e #ur#ose o/ #re)en in, !eir slau,! er canno *e #ro!i*i e%, i s!oul% /ollow !a !ere is no reason ei !er o #ro!i*i !eir rans/er as, no o *e /li##an %ea% (ea . 6)en i/ a reasona*le rela ion *e ween !e (eans an% !e en% were o *e assu(e%, we woul% s ill !a)e o rec2on wi ! !e sanc ion !a !e (easure a##lies /or )iola ion o/ !e #ro!i*i ion. 7!e #enal + is ou ri,! con/isca ion o/ !e cara*ao or cara*ee/ *ein, rans#or e%, o *e (e e% ou *+ !e e1ecu i)e au !ori ies, usuall+ !e #olice onl+. .n !e 7ori*io Case, !e s a u e was sus aine% *ecause !e #enal +

    #rescri*e% was /ine an% i(#rison(en , o *e i(#ose% *+ !e cour a/ er rial an% con)ic ion o/ !e accuse%. ?n%er !e c!allen,e% (easure, si,ni/ican l+, no suc! rial is #rescri*e%, an% !e #ro#er + *ein, rans#or e% is i((e%ia el+ i(#oun%e% *+ !e #olice an% %eclare%, *+ !e (easure i sel/, as /or/ei e% o !e ,o)ern(en . 6O 626-- is uncons i u ional .n !e ins an case, !e cara*aos were ar*i raril+ con/isca e% *+ !e #olice s a ion co((an%er, were re urne% o !e #e i ioner onl+ a/ er !e !a% /ile% a co(#lain /or reco)er+ an% ,i)en a su#erse%eas *on% o/ P12,'''.'', w!ic! was or%ere% con/isca e% u#on !is /ailure o #ro%uce !e cara*aos w!en or%ere% *+ !e rial cour . 7!e e1ecu i)e or%er %e/ine% !e #ro!i*i ion, con)ic e% !e #e i ioner an% i((e%ia el+ i(#ose% #unis!(en , w!ic! was carrie% ou /or !ri,! . 7!e (easure s ruc2 a once an% #ounce% u#on !e #e i ioner wi !ou ,i)in, !i( a c!ance o *e !ear%, !us %en+in, !i( !e cen uries-ol% ,uaran + o/ ele(en ar+ /air #la+. . !as alrea%+ *een re(ar2e% !a !ere are occasions w!en no ice an% !earin, (a+ *e )ali%l+ %is#ense% wi ! no wi !s an%in, !e usual re;uire(en /or !ese (ini(u( ,uaran ees o/ %ue #rocess. . is also conce%e% !a su((ar+ ac ion (a+ *e )ali%l+ a2en in a%(inis ra i)e #rocee%in,s as #roce%ural %ue #rocess is no necessaril+ =u%icial onl+. .n !e e1ce# ional cases acce# e%, !owe)er, !ere is a =us i/ica ion /or !e o(ission o/ !e ri,! o a #re)ious !earin,, o wi , !e i((e%iac+ o/ !e #ro*le( sou,! o *e correc e% an% !e ur,enc+ o/ !e nee% o correc i . .n !e case *e/ore us, !ere was no suc! #ressure o/ i(e or ac ion callin, /or !e #e i ionerMs #ere(# or+ rea (en . 7!e #ro#er ies in)ol)e% were no e)en ini(ical #er se as o re;uire !eir ins an %es ruc ion. 7!ere cer ainl+ was no reason w!+ !e o//ense #ro!i*i e% *+ !e e1ecu i)e or%er s!oul% no !a)e *een #ro)e% /irs in a cour o/ =us ice, wi ! !e accuse% *ein, accor%e% all !e ri,! s sa/e,uar%e% o !i( un%er !e Cons i u ion. Consi%erin, !a , as we !el% in Pesi,an ). -n,eles, 61ecu i)e Or%er No. 626-- is #enal in na ure, !e )iola ion !ereo/ s!oul% !a)e *een #ronounce% no *+ !e #olice onl+ *u *+ a cour o/ =us ice, w!ic! alone woul% !a)e !a% !e au !ori + o i(#ose !e #rescri*e% #enal +, an% onl+ a/ er rial an% con)ic ion o/ !e accuse%. 8e also (ar2, on o# o/ all !is, !e ;ues iona*le (anner o/ !e %is#osi ion o/ !e con/isca e% #ro#er + as #rescri*e% in !e ;ues ione% e1ecu i)e or%er. . is !ere au !ori<e% !a !e sei<e% #ro#er + s!all D*e %is ri*u e% o c!ari a*le ins i u ions an% o !er si(ilar ins i u ions as !e C!air(an

    o/ !e Na ional "ea .ns#ec ion Co((ission (a+ see /i , in !e case o/ cara*ee/, an% o %eser)in, /ar(ers !rou,! %is#ersal as !e Direc or o/ -ni(al .n%us r+ (a+ see /i , in !e case o/ cara*aos.D 06(#!asis su##lie%.4 7!e #!rase D(a+ see /i D is an e1 re(el+ ,enerous an% %an,erous con%i ion, i/ con%i ion i is. . is la%en wi ! #erilous o##or uni ies /or #ar iali + an% a*use, an% e)en corru# ion. One searc!es in )ain /or !e usual s an%ar% an% !e reasona*le ,ui%elines, or *e er s ill, !e li(i a ions !a !e sai% o//icers (us o*ser)e w!en !e+ (a2e !eir %is ri*u ion. 7!ere is none. 7!eir o# ions are a##aren l+ *oun%less. 8!o s!all *e !e /or una e *ene/iciaries o/ !eir ,enerosi + an% *+ w!a cri eria s!all !e+ *e c!osen@ Onl+ !e o//icers na(e% can su##l+ !e answer, !e+ an% !e+ alone (a+ c!oose !e ,ran ee as !e+ see /i , an% in !eir own e1clusi)e %iscre ion. De/ini el+, !ere is !ere a Dro)in, co((ission,D a wi%e an% swee#in, au !ori + !a is no Dcanali<e% wi !in *an2s !a 2ee# i /ro( o)er/lowin,,D in s!or , a clearl+ #ro/li,a e an% !ere/ore in)ali% %ele,a ion o/ le,isla i)e #owers. 7o su( u# !en, we /in% !a !e c!allen,e% (easure is an in)ali% e1ercise o/ !e #olice #ower *ecause !e (e !o% e(#lo+e% o conser)e !e cara*aos is no reasona*l+ necessar+ o !e #ur#ose o/ !e law an%, worse, is un%ul+ o##ressi)e. Due #rocess is )iola e% *ecause !e owner o/ !e #ro#er + con/isca e% is %enie% !e ri,! o *e !ear% in !is %e/ense an% is i((e%ia el+ con%e(ne% an% #unis!e%. 7!e con/er(en on !e a%(inis ra i)e au !ori ies o/ !e #ower o a%=u%,e !e ,uil o/ !e su##ose% o//en%er is a clear encroac!(en on =u%icial /unc ions an% (ili a es a,ains !e %oc rine o/ se#ara ion o/ #owers. 7!ere is, /inall+, also an in)ali% %ele,a ion o/ le,isla i)e #owers o !e o//icers (en ione% !erein w!o are ,ran e% unli(i e% %iscre ion in !e %is ri*u ion o/ !e #ro#er ies ar*i raril+ a2en. :or !ese reasons, we !ere*+ %eclare 61ecu i)e Or%er No. 626-- uncons i u ional. YNOT (. IAC Police Power No Hali%l+ 61ercise% 7!ere !a% *een an e1is in, law w!ic! #ro!i*i e% !e slau,! erin, o/ cara*aos 06O 6264. 7o s ren, !en !e law, "arcos issue% 6O 626-- w!ic! no onl+ *anne% !e (o)e(en o/ cara*aos /ro( in er#ro)inces *u as well as !e (o)e(en o/ cara*ee/. On 13 Jan 19B4, Cno was cau,! rans#or in, 6 cara*aos /ro( "as*a e o .loilo. Ge was !en c!ar,e% in )iola ion o/ 6O 626--. Cno a)erre% 6O 626-- as uncons i u ional /or i )iola e% !is ri,! o *e !ear% or !is ri,! o %ue #rocess. Ge sai% !a !e au !ori + #ro)i%e% *+ 6O 626-- o ou ri,! l+ con/isca e cara*aos e)en wi !ou *ein, !ear% is uncons i u ional. 7!e lower cour rule% a,ains Cno rulin, !a !e 6O is a )ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower in or%er o #ro(o e ,eneral

    wel/are so as o cur* %own !e in%iscri(ina e slau,! er o/ cara*aos. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e law is )ali%. HELD: 7!e 9C rule% !a !e 6O is no )ali% as i in%ee% )iola es %ue #rocess. 6O 626-- c rea e% a #resu(# ion *ase% on !e =u%,(en o/ !e e1ecu i)e. 7!e (o)e(en o/ cara*aos /ro( one area o !e o !er %oes no (ean a su*se;uen slau,! er o/ !e sa(e woul% ensue. Cno s!oul% *e ,i)en o %e/en% !i(sel/ an% e1#lain w!+ !e cara*aos are *ein, rans/erre% *e/ore !e+ can *e con/isca e%. 7!e 9C /oun% !a !e c!allen,e% (easure is an in)ali% e1ercise o/ !e #olice #ower *ecause !e (e !o% e(#lo+e% o conser)e !e cara*aos is no reasona*l+ necessar+ o !e #ur#ose o/ !e law an%, worse, is un%ul+ o##ressi)e. Due #rocess is )iola e% *ecause !e owner o/ !e #ro#er + con/isca e% is %enie% !e ri,! o *e !ear% in !is %e/ense an% is i((e%ia el+ con%e(ne% an% #unis!e%. 7!e con/er(en on !e a%(inis ra i)e au !ori ies o/ !e #ower o a%=u%,e !e ,uil o/ !e su##ose% o//en%er is a clear encroac!(en on =u%icial /unc ions an% (ili a es a,ains !e %oc rine o/ se#ara ion o/ #owers. 7!ere is, /inall+, also an in)ali% %ele,a ion o/ le,isla i)e #owers o !e o//icers (en ione% !erein w!o are ,ran e% unli(i e% %iscre ion in !e %is ri*u ion o/ !e #ro#er ies ar*i raril+ a2en. LUPANGO (. CA FACTS: PRC issue% a resolu ion %irec in, !a no e1a(inee /or !e CP- $oar% 61a( s!all a en% an+ re)iew class, *rie/in,, con/erence or !e li2e con%uc e% *+, or s!all recei)e an+ !an%-ou , re)iew (a erial, or an+ i# /ro( an+ sc!ool, colle,e or uni)ersi +, or an+ re)iew cen er or !e li2e or an+ re)iewer, lec urer, ins ruc or o//icial or e(#lo+ee o/ an+ o/ !e a/ore(en ione% or si(ilars ins i u ions %urin, !e 3 %a+s i((e%ia el+ #rocee%in, e)er+ e1a(ina ion %a+ inclu%in, e1a(ina ion %a+. HELD: 9uc! resolu ion is unreasona*le. 7!e unreasona*leness is (ore o*)ious in !a one w!o is cau,! co((i in, !e #ro!i*i e% ac s e)en wi !ou an+ ill (o i)es will *e *arre% /ro( a2in, /u ure e1a(ina ions con%uc e% *+ !e res#on%en PRC. :ur !er(ore, i is inconcei)a*le !ow !e Co((ission can (ana,e o !a)e a wa c!/ul e+e on eac! an% e)er+ e1a(inee %urin, !e !ree %a+s *e/ore !e e1a(ina ion #erio%. -%(inis ra i)e au !ori ies s!oul% no ac ar*i raril+ an% ca#riciousl+ in !e issuance o/ rules an% re,ula ions. To ." (,*+/, #%'2 &%*"# ,-/ &"1%*,t+o-# 0%#t ." &",#o-,.*" ,-/ $,+&* ,/,!t"/ to t2" "-/ +- (+"w . ./ s!own o *ear

    no reasona*le rela ion o !e #ur#oses /or w!ic! !e+ are au !ori<e% o *e issue%, !en !e+ (us *e !el% o *e in)ali%. PRC !as no au !ori + o %ic a e on !e re)iewees as o !ow !e+ s!oul% #re#are !e(sel)es /or !e licensure e1a(ina ions, as !is will in/rin,e n !e e1a(inees> ri,! o li*er+. 9uc! resolu ion also )iola es !e aca%e(ic /ree%o( o/ !e sc!ools concerne%. 7!e en/orce(en o/ Resolu ion No. 1'5 is no a ,uaran ee !a !e alle,e% lea2a,es in !e licensure e1a(ina ions will *e era%ica e% or a leas (ini(i<e%. 8!a is nee%e% o *e %one *+ !e res#on%en is o /in% ou !e source o/ suc! lea2a,es an% s o# i ri,! !ere. )ALACUIT (. CFI FACTS: - issue in !e #e i ion /or re)iew *e/ore ?s is !e )ali%i + an% cons i u ionali + o/ Or%inance No. 64' #asse% *+ !e "unici#al $oar% o/ !e Ci + o/ $u uan on -#ril 21, 1969, !e i le an% e1 o/ w!ic! are re#ro%uce% *elow ORD.N-NC6 P6N-L.S.NG -NC P6R9ON, GRO?P O: P6R9ON9, 6N7.7C OR CORPOR-7.ON 6NG-G6D .N 7G6 $?9.N699 O: 96LL.NG -D".99.ON 7.CI679 7O -NC "OH.6 OR O7G6R P?$L.C 6KG.$.7.ON9, G-"69, CON76979 OR O7G6R P6R:OR"-NC69 7O R6J?.R6 CG.LDR6N $67866N 96H6N 0&4 -ND 786LH6 0124 C6-R9 O: -G6 7O P-C :?LL P-C"6N7 :OR 7.CI679 .N76ND6D :OR -D?L79 $?7 9GO?LD CG-RG6 ONLC ON6-G-L: O: 7G6 9-.D 7.CI67 Pe i ioners are Carlos $alacui La(*er o 7an, an% 9er,io Cu Carcel (ana,ers o/ !e !ea ers an% !e+ a ac2 !e )ali%i + an% cons i u ionali + o/ Or%inance No. 64' on !e ,roun%s !a i is ul ra )ires an% an in)ali% e1ercise o/ #olice #ower. ISSUE: Does !is #ower o re,ula e inclu%e !e au !ori + o in er/ere in !e /i1in, o/ #rices o/ a%(ission o !ese #laces o/ e1!i*i ion an% a(use(en w!e !er un%er i s ,eneral ,ran o/ #ower or un%er !e ,eneral wel/are clause as in)o2e% *+ !e Ci +@ RULING: No, !e #ower o re,ula e an% /i1 !e a(oun o/ license /ees /or !ea ers an% o !er #laces o/ a(use(en !as *een e1#ressl+ ,ran e% o !e Ci + o/ $u uan un%er i s c!ar er. Gowe)er, !e or%inance is no =us i/ie% *+ an+ necessi + /or !e #u*lic in eres . 7!e #olice #ower le,isla ion (us *e /ir(l+ ,roun%e% on #u*lic in eres an% wel/are, an% a

    reasona*le rela ion (us e1is *e ween #ur#oses an% (eans. 7!e e)i%en #ur#ose o/ !e or%inance is o !el# ease !e *ur%en o/ cos on !e #ar o/ #aren s w!o !a)e o s!ell ou !e sa(e a(oun o/ (one+ /or !e a%(ission o/ !eir c!il%ren. - re%uc ion in !e #rice o/ a%(ission woul% (ean corres#on%in, sa)in,s /or !e #aren sL !owe)er, !e #e i ioners are !e ones (a%e o *ear !e cos o/ !ese sa)in,s. 7!e or%inance %oes no onl+ (a2e !e #e i ioners su//er !e loss o/ earnin,s *u i li2ewise #enali<es !e( /or /ailure o co(#l+ wi ! i . 7!e or%inance %oes no #ro)i%e a sa/e,uar% a,ains !is un%esira*le #rac ice an% as suc!, !e res#on%en Ci + o/ $u uan now su,,es s !a *ir ! cer i/ica es *e e1!i*i e% *+ (o)ie !ouse #a rons o #ro)e !e a,e o/ c!il%ren. 7!is is, !owe)er, no a all #rac ica*le. 8e can see !a !e or%inance is clearl+ unreasona*le i/ no un%ul+ o##ressi)e u#on !e *usiness o/ #e i ioners. :ur !er, !ere is no %iscerni*le rela ion *e ween !e or%inance an% !e #ro(o ion o/ #u*lic !eal !, sa/e +, (orals an% !e ,eneral wel/are. :ur !er(ore, !ere is no !in, #ernicious in %e(an%in, e;ual #rice /or *o ! c!il%ren an% a%ul s. 7!e #e i ioners are (erel+ con%uc in, !eir le,i i(a e *usinesses. 7!e o*=ec o/ e)er+ *usiness en re#reneur is o (a2e a #ro/i ou o/ !is )en ure. .n /ac , no #erson is un%er co(#ulsion o #urc!ase a ic2e . . is a o all+ )olun ar+ ac on !e #ar o/ !e #urc!aser i/ !e *u+s a ic2e o suc! #er/or(ances Or%inance No. 64' clearl+ in)a%es !e #ersonal an% #ro#er + ri,! s o/ #e i ioners 8G6R6:OR6, a new =u%,(en is !ere*+ ren%ere% %eclarin, Or%inance No. 64' uncons i u ional an%, !ere/ore, null an% )oi%.

    EHUAL PROTECTION CLAUSE cases:


    INTIL. SCHOOL ALLIANCE VS. HUISUM)ING J@@@ SCRA 7@A G.R. NO. 75==68A 7 EUN 5>>>K FACTS: Recei)in, salaries less !an !eir coun er#ar s !ire% a*roa%, !e local-!ires o/ #ri)a e res#on%en 9c!ool, (os l+ :ili#inos, cr+ %iscri(ina ion. 8e a,ree. 7!a !e local-!ires are #ai% (ore !an !eir collea,ues in o !er sc!ools is, o/ course, *esi%e !e #oin . 7!e #oin is !a e(#lo+ees s!oul% *e ,i)en e;ual #a+ /or wor2 o/ e;ual )alue. Pri)a e res#on%en .n erna ional 9c!ool, .nc. 0 !e 9c!ool, /or s!or 4, #ursuan o Presi%en ial Decree &32, is a %o(es ic e%uca ional ins i u ion es a*lis!e% #ri(aril+ /or

    %e#en%en s o/ /orei,n %i#lo(a ic #ersonnel an% o !er e(#orar+ resi%en s. 7o ena*le !e 9c!ool o con inue carr+in, ou i s e%uca ional #ro,ra( an% i(#ro)e i s s an%ar% o/ ins ruc ion, 9ec ion 20c4 o/ !e sa(e %ecree au !ori<es !e 9c!ool o e(#lo+ i s own eac!in, an% (ana,e(en #ersonnel selec e% *+ i ei !er locall+ or a*roa%, /ro( P!ili##ine or o !er na ionali ies, suc! #ersonnel *ein, e1e(# /ro( o !erwise a##lica*le laws an% re,ula ions a en%in, !eir e(#lo+(en , e1ce# laws !a !a)e *een or will *e enac e% /or !e #ro ec ion o/ e(#lo+ees. -ccor%in,l+, !e 9c!ool !ires *o ! /orei,n an% local eac!ers as (e(*ers o/ i s /acul +, classi/+in, !e sa(e in o woA 014 /orei,n-!ires an% 024 local-!ires. 7!e 9c!ool ,ran s /orei,n-!ires cer ain *ene/i s no accor%e% local-!ires. 7!ese inclu%e !ousin,, rans#or a ion, s!i##in, cos s, a1es, an% !o(e lea)e ra)el allowance. :orei,n-!ires are also #ai% a salar+ ra e wen +/i)e #ercen 025T4 (ore !an local-!ires. 7!e 9c!ool =us i/ies !e %i//erence on wo Dsi,ni/ican econo(ic %isa%)an a,esD /orei,n-!ires !a)e o en%ure, na(el+A 0a4 !e D%isloca ion /ac orD an% 0*4 li(i e% enure. ISSUE: 8!e !er or No !e ,ran s #ro)i%e% *+ !e sc!ool o /orei,n !ires an% no o local !ires %iscri(ina i)e o/ !eir cons i u ional ri,! o !e e;ual #ro ec ion clause. RULING: 7!e /ore,oin, #ro)isions i(#re,na*l+ ins i u ionali<e in !is =uris%ic ion !e lon, !onore% le,al ruis( o/ De;ual #a+ /or e;ual wor2.D Persons w!o wor2 wi ! su*s an iall+ e;ual ;uali/ica ions, s2ill, e//or an% res#onsi*ili +, un%er si(ilar con%i ions, s!oul% *e #ai% si(ilar salaries. 7!is rule a##lies o !e 9c!ool, i s Din erna ional c!arac erD no wi !s an%in,. 7!e 9c!ool con en%s !a #e i ioner !as no a%%uce% e)i%ence !a local-!ires #er/or( wor2 e;ual o !a o/ /orei,n-!ires. 7!e Cour /in%s !is ar,u(en a li le ca)alier. ./ an e(#lo+er accor%s e(#lo+ees !e sa(e #osi ion an% ran2, !e #resu(# ion is !a !ese e(#lo+ees #er/or( e;ual wor2. 7!is #resu(# ion is *orne *+ lo,ic an% !u(an e1#erience. ./ !e e(#lo+er #a+s one e(#lo+ee less !an !e res , i is no /or !a e(#lo+ee o e1#lain w!+ !e recei)es less or w!+ !e o !ers recei)e (ore. 7!a woul% *e a%%in, insul o in=ur+. 7!e e(#lo+er !as %iscri(ina e% a,ains !a e(#lo+eeL i is /or !e e(#lo+er o e1#lain w!+ !e e(#lo+ee is rea e% un/airl+.

    8!ile we reco,ni<e !e nee% o/ !e 9c!ool o a rac /orei,n-!ires, salaries s!oul% no *e use% as an en ice(en o !e #re=u%ice o/ local-!ires. 7!e local-!ires #er/or( !e sa(e ser)ices as /orei,n-!ires an% !e+ ou,! o *e #ai% !e sa(e salaries as !e la er. :or !e sa(e reason, !e D%isloca ion /ac orD an% !e /orei,n-!iresM li(i e% enure also canno ser)e as )ali% *ases /or !e %is inc ion in salar+ ra es. 7!e Cons i u ion en=oins !e 9 a e o D#ro ec !e ri,! s o/ wor2ers an% #ro(o e !eir wel/are,D D o a//or% la*or /ull #ro ec ion.D 7!e 9 a e, !ere/ore, !as !e ri,! an% %u + o re,ula e !e rela ions *e ween la*or an% ca#i al. 7!ese rela ions are no (erel+ con rac ual *u are so i(#resse% wi ! #u*lic in eres !a la*or con rac s, collec i)e *ar,ainin, a,ree(en s inclu%e%, (us +iel% o !e co((on ,oo%. 9!oul% suc! con rac s con ain s i#ula ions !a are con rar+ o #u*lic #olic+, cour s will no !esi a e o s ri2e %own !ese s i#ula ions. .n !is case, we /in% !e #oin -o/-!ire classi/ica ion e(#lo+e% *+ res#on%en 9c!ool o =us i/+ !e %is inc ion in !e salar+ ra es o/ /orei,n-!ires an% local !ires o *e an in)ali% classi/ica ion. 7!ere is no reasona*le %is inc ion *e ween !e ser)ices ren%ere% *+ /orei,n-!ires an% local!ires. 8!ere/ore, !e #e i ion is ,i)en %ue course. 7!e #e i ion is !ere*+ ,ran e% in #ar . 7!e or%ers o/ !e secre ar+ o/ la*or an% e(#lo+(en %a e% June 1', 1996 an% (arc! 19, 199&, are !ere*+ re)erse% an% se asi%e inso/ar as !e+ u#!ol% !e #rac ice o/ res#on%en sc!ool o/ accor%in, /orei,n!ires !i,!er salaries !an local-!ires.

    FARINAS VS EXECUTIVE SECRETARY GR No.14&3B& Dece(*er 1',2''3 FACTS: $e/ore !e cour is a #e i ion o %eclare as uncons i u ional 9ec.14 o/ R- 9''6 07!e /air elec ion ac 4 inso/ar as i e1#ressl+ re#eals 9ec.6& o/ $P BB1 07!e O(ni*us 6lec ion Co%e4 /ile% *+ :arinas e al, (inori + (e(*ers o/ !e (inori + *loc in !e GR. .(#lea%e% as res#on%en s are !e 61ecu i)e sec, 9#ea2er o/ !e Gouse e al. ISSUE: 1. 8ON !e e//ec i)i + clause w!ic! s a es N7!is -c s!all a2e e//ec u#on i s a##ro)alO 09ec.164 is a )iola ion o/ !e %ue #rocess clause o/ !e Cons i u ion

    RULING: 1. -n e//ec i)i + clause w!ic! #ro)i%es !a !e law Ns!all a2e i((e%ia el+ u#on i s a##ro)alO is %e/ec i)e, *u i %oes no ren%er !e en ire law in)ali%, !e law s!all a2e e//ec /i/ en %a+s a/ er i s #u*lica ion in !e OG or news#a#er o/ ,eneral circula ion. .n 7ana%a )s 7u)era, !e cour lai% %own !e ruleA N7!e clause, unless o !erwise #ro)i%e% re/ers o !e %a e o/ e//ec i)i + an% no o !e re;uire(en o/ #u*lica ion i sel/OU Pu*lica ion is in%is#ensa*le in e)er+ case.. PEOPLE VS. EALOSEOS G.R. NO. 7@5=38-3L, FE)RUARY @, 5>>> FACTS: 7!e accuse%-a##ellan , Ro(eo Jalos=os, is a /ull-/le%,e% (e(*er o/ Con,ress w!o is con/ine% a !e na ional #eni en iar+ w!ile !is con)ic ion /or s a u or+ ra#e an% ac s o/ lasci)iousness is #en%in, a##eal. 7!e accuse%a##ellan /ile% a (o ion as2in, !a !e *e allowe% o /ull+ %isc!ar,e !e %u ies o/ a Con,ress(an, inclu%in, a en%ance a le,isla i)e sessions an% co((i ee (ee in,s %es#i e !is !a)in, *een con)ic e% in !e /irs ins ance o/ a non-*aila*le o//ense on !e *asis o/ #o#ular so)erei,n + an% !e nee% /or !is cons i uen s o *e re#resen e%. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no accuse%-a##ellan s!oul% *e allowe% o %isc!ar,e (an%a e as (e(*er o/ Gouse o/ Re#resen a i)es RULING: 6lec ion is !e e1#ression o/ !e so)erei,n #ower o/ !e #eo#le. Gowe)er, ins#i e o/ i s i(#or ance, !e #ri)ile,es an% ri,! s arisin, /ro( !a)in, *een elec e% (a+ *e enlar,e% or res ric e% *+ law. 7!e i((uni + /ro( arres or %e en ion o/ 9ena ors an% (e(*ers o/ !e Gouse o/ Re#resen a i)es arises /ro( a #ro)ision o/ !e Cons i u ion. 7!e #ri)ile,e !as alwa+s *een ,ran e% in a res ric i)e sense. 7!e #ro)ision ,ran in, an e1e(# ion as a s#ecial #ri)ile,e canno *e e1 en%e% *e+on% !e or%inar+ (eanin, o/ i s er(s. . (a+ no *e e1 en%e% *+ in en%(en , i(#lica ion or e;ui a*le consi%era ions. 7!e accuse%-a##ellan !as no ,i)en an+ reason w!+ !e s!oul% *e e1e(# e% /ro( !e o#era ion o/ 9ec. 11, -r . H. o/ !e Cons i u ion. 7!e (e(*ers o/ Con,ress canno co(#el a*sen (e(*ers o a en% sessions i/ !e reason /or !e a*sence is a le,i i(a e one. 7!e con/ine(en o/ a Con,ress(an c!ar,e% wi ! a cri(e #unis!a*le *+ i(#rison(en o/ (ore !an si1 +ears is no (erel+ au !ori<e% *+ law, i !as cons i u ional /oun%a ions. 7o allow accuse%-a##ellan o a en% con,ressional sessions

    an% co((i ee (ee in,s /or 5 %a+s or (ore in a wee2 will )ir uall+ (a2e !i( a /ree (an wi ! all !e #ri)ile,es a##ur enan o !is #osi ion. 9uc! an a*erran si ua ion no onl+ ele)a es accuse%-a##ellan >s s a us o !a o/ a s#ecial class, i also woul% *e a (oc2er+ o/ !e #ur#oses o/ !e correc ion s+s e(. ORMOC SUGAR COMPANY INC. VS ORMOC CITY ET AL N6;ual Pro ec ionO FACTS: .n 1964, Or(oc Ci + #asse% a *ill w!ic! rea%A N7!ere s!all *e #ai% o !e Ci + 7reasurer on an+ an% all #ro%uc ions o/ cen ri/u,al su,ar (ille% a !e Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+ .ncor#ora e%, in Or(oc Ci + a (unici#al a1 e;ui)alen o one #er cen u( 01T4 #er e1#or sale o !e ?ni e% 9 a es o/ -(erica an% o !er /orei,n coun ries.O 7!ou,! re/erre% o as a N#ro%uc ion a1O, !e i(#osi ion ac uall+ a(oun s o a a1 on !e e1#or o/ cen ri/u,al su,ar #ro%uce% a Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+, .nc. :or #ro%uc ion o/ su,ar alone is no a1a*leL !e onl+ i(e !e a1 a##lies is w!en !e su,ar #ro%uce% is e1#or e%. Or(oc 9u,ar #ai% !e a1 0P&,'B&.5'4 in #ro es a)errin, !a !e sa(e is )iola i)e o/ 9ec 22B& o/ !e Re)ise% -%(inis ra i)e Co%e w!ic! #ro)i%esA N. s!all no *e in !e #ower o/ !e (unici#al council o i(#ose a a1 in an+ /or( w!a e)er, u#on ,oo%s an% (erc!an%ise carrie% in o !e (unici#ali +, or ou o/ !e sa(e, an% an+ a e(# o i(#ose an i(#or or e1#or a1 u#on suc! ,oo%s in !e ,uise o/ an unreasona*le c!ar,e /or w!ar/a,e, use o/ *ri%,es or o !erwise, s!all *e )oi%.O -n% !a !e or%inance is )iola i)e o e;ual #ro ec ion as i sin,le% ou Or(oc 9u,ar -s *ein, lia*le /or suc! a1 i(#os /or no o !er su,ar (ill is /oun% in !e ci +. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no #ro ec ion. !ere !as *een a )iola ion o/ e;ual

    HELD: 7!e 9C !el% in /a)or o/ Or(oc 9u,ar. 7!e 9C no e% !a e)en i/ 9ec 22B& o/ !e R-C !a% alrea%+ *een re#eale% *+ a la er s a u e 09ec 2 R- 22644 w!ic! e//ec i)el+ au !ori<e% LG?s o a1 ,oo%s an% (erc!an%ise carrie% in an% ou o/ !eir ur/, !e ac o/ Or(oc Ci + is s ill )iola i)e o/ e;ual #ro ec ion. 7!e or%inance is %iscri(ina or+ /or i a1es onl+ cen ri/u,al su,ar #ro%uce% an% e1#or e% *+ !e Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+, .nc. an% none o !er. - !e i(e o/ !e a1in, or%inance>s enac (en , Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+, .nc., i is rue, was !e onl+ su,ar cen ral in !e ci + o/ Or(oc. 9 ill, !e classi/ica ion, o *e reasona*le,

    s!oul% *e in er(s a##lica*le o /u ure con%i ions as well. 7!e a1in, or%inance s!oul% no *e sin,ular an% e1clusi)e as o e1clu%e an+ su*se;uen l+ es a*lis!e% su,ar cen ral, o/ !e sa(e class as #lain i//, /ro( !e co)era,e o/ !e a1. -s i is now, e)en i/ la er a si(ilar co(#an+ is se u#, i canno *e su*=ec o !e a1 *ecause !e or%inance e1#ressl+ #oin s onl+ o Or(oc 9u,ar Co(#an+, .nc. as !e en i + o *e le)ie% u#on. TRILLANES IV VS. PIMENTEL G.R. No. 1&9B1&, June 2&, 2''B 6lec ion o Con,ress is no a reasona*le classi/ica ion in cri(inal law en/orce(en as !e /unc ions an% %u ies o/ !e o//ice are no su*s an ial %is inc ions w!ic! li/ one /ro( !e class o/ #risoners in erru# e% in !eir /ree%o( an% res ric e% in li*er + o/ (o)e(en . Jus i/ica ion /or con/ine(en wi ! i s un%erl+in, ra ionale o/ #u*lic sel/-%e/ense a##lies e;uall+ o %e en ion #risoners li2e #e i ioner or con)ic e% #risoners-a##ellan s li2e Jalos=os. FACTS: Pe i ioner 7rillanes .H is on rial /or cou# %>e a in rela ion o !e NOa2woo% .nci%en .O .n !e 2''& elec ions, !e won a sea in !e 9ena e wi ! a si1-+ear er( co((encin, a noon on June 3', 2''&. Pe i ioner now as2s !e Cour !a !e *e allowe% o a en% all o//icial /unc ions o/ !e 9ena e, alle,in, (ainl+ !a !is case is %is inc /ro( !a o/ Jalos=os as !is case is s ill #en%in, resolu ion w!ereas !a in !e Jalos=os case, !ere was alrea%+ con)ic ion. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no )ali% classi/ica ion *e ween #e i ioner an% Jalos=os e1is s RULING: 7!e #e i ion is *ere/ o/ (eri . .n a e(# in, o s ri2e a %is inc ion *e ween !is case an% !a o/ Jalos=os, #e i ioner c!ie/l+ #oin s ou !a /or(er Re#. Ro(eo Jalos=os 0Jalos=os4 was alrea%+ con)ic e%, al*ei !is con)ic ion was #en%in, a##eal, w!en !e /ile% a (o ion si(ilar o #e i ionerMs O(ni*us "o ion, w!ereas !e 0#e i ioner4 is a (ere %e en ion #risoner. Ge asser s !a !e con inues o en=o+ ci)il an% #oli ical ri,! s since !e #resu(# ion o/ innocence is s ill in !is /a)or. :ur !er, #e i ioner illus ra es !a Jalos=os was c!ar,e% wi ! cri(es in)ol)in, (oral ur#i u%e, i.e., wo coun s o/ s a u or+ ra#e an% si1 coun s o/ ac s o/ lasci)iousness,

    w!ereas !e is in%ic e% /or cou# %Me a w!ic! is re,ar%e% as a D#oli ical o//ense.D :ur !er(ore, #e i ioner =us i/ies in !is /a)or !e #resence o/ no*le causes in e1#ressin, le,i i(a e ,rie)ances a,ains !e ra(#an an% ins i u ionali<e% #rac ice o/ ,ra/ an% corru# ion in !e -:P. - #lain rea%in, o/ Jalos=os su,,es s o !erwise, !owe)er. 7!e %is inc ions ci e% *+ #e i ioner were no ele(en al in !e #ronounce(en in Jalos=os !a elec ion o Con,ress is no a reasona*le classi/ica ion in cri(inal law en/orce(en as !e /unc ions an% %u ies o/ !e o//ice are no su*s an ial %is inc ions w!ic! li/ one /ro( !e class o/ #risoners in erru# e% in !eir /ree%o( an% res ric e% in li*er + o/ (o)e(en . . canno *e ,ainsai% !a a #erson c!ar,e% wi ! a cri(e is a2en in o cus o%+ /or #ur#oses o/ !e a%(inis ra ion o/ =us ice. No less !an !e Cons i u ion #ro)i%esA -ll #ersons, e1ce# !ose c!ar,e% wi ! o//enses #unis!a*le *+ reclusion #er#e ua w!en e)i%ence o/ ,uil is s ron,, s!all, *e/ore con)ic ion, *e *aila*le *+ su//icien sure ies, or *e release% on reco,ni<ance as (a+ *e #ro)i%e% *+ law. 7!e ri,! o *ail s!all no *e i(#aire% e)en w!en !e #ri)ile,e o/ !e wri o/ !a*eas cor#us is sus#en%e%. 61cessi)e *ail s!all no *e re;uire%. 0?n%erscorin, su##lie%4 7!e Rules also s a e !a no #erson c!ar,e% wi ! a ca#i al o//ense, or an o//ense #unis!a*le *+ reclusion #er#e ua or li/e i(#rison(en , s!all *e a%(i e% o *ail w!en e)i%ence o/ ,uil is s ron,, re,ar%less o/ !e s a,e o/ !e cri(inal ac ion. 7!a !e ci e% #ro)isions a##l+ e;uall+ o ra#e an% cou# %Me a cases, *o ! *ein, #unis!a*le *+ reclusion #er#e ua, is *e+on% ca)il. 8i !in !e class o/ o//enses co)ere% *+ !e s a e% ran,e o/ i(#osa*le #enal ies, !ere is clearl+ no %is inc ion as o !e #oli ical co(#le1ion o/ or (oral ur#i u%e in)ol)e% in !e cri(e c!ar,e%. .n !e #resen case, i is uncon ro)er e% !a #e i ionerMs a##lica ion /or *ail an% /or release on reco,ni<ance was %enie%. 7!e %e er(ina ion !a !e e)i%ence o/ ,uil is s ron,, w!e !er ascer aine% in a !earin, o/ an a##lica ion /or *ail or i(#or e% /ro( a rial cour Ms =u%,(en o/ con)ic ion, =us i/ies !e %e en ion o/ an accuse% as a )ali% cur ail(en o/ !is ri,! o #ro)isional li*er +. 7!is accen ua es !e #ro)iso !a !e %enial o/ !e ri,! o *ail in suc! cases is Dre,ar%less o/ !e s a,e o/ !e cri(inal

    ac ion.D 9uc! =us i/ica ion /or con/ine(en wi ! i s un%erl+in, ra ionale o/ #u*lic sel/-%e/ense a##lies e;uall+ o %e en ion #risoners li2e #e i ioner or con)ic e% #risoners-a##ellan s li2e Jalos=os. Pe i ioner ,oes on o alle,e !a unli2e Jalos=os w!o a e(# e% o e)a%e rial, !e is no a /li,! ris2 since !e )olun aril+ surren%ere% o !e #ro#er au !ori ies an% suc! can *e #ro)en *+ !e nu(erous i(es !e was allowe% o ra)el ou si%e !is #lace o/ %e en ion. 9u*se;uen e)en s re)eal !e con rar+, !owe)er. 7!e assaile% Or%ers au,ure% well w!en on No)e(*er 29, 2''& #e i ioner wen #as securi + %e ail /or so(e reason an% #rocee%e% /ro( !e cour roo( o a #os! !o el o issue cer ain s a e(en s. 7!e accoun , %u**e% !is i(e as !e D"anila Pen .nci%en ,D #ro)es !a #e i ionerMs ar,u(en *i es !e %us . 7!e ris2 !a !e woul% esca#e cease% o *e nei !er re(o e nor nil as, in /ac , !e cause /or /ore*o%in, *eca(e real. "oreo)er, circu(s ances in%ica in, #ro*a*ili + o/ /li,! /in% rele)ance as a /ac or in ascer ainin, !e reasona*le a(oun o/ *ail an% in cancellin, a %iscre ionar+ ,ran o/ *ail. .n cases in)ol)in, non-*aila*le o//enses, w!a is con rollin, is !e %e er(ina ion o/ w!e !er !e e)i%ence o/ ,uil is s ron,. Once i is es a*lis!e% !a i is so, *ail s!all *e %enie% as i is nei !er a (a er o/ ri,! nor o/ %iscre ion. ART. @ S"'. 5 RIGHTS OF UNREASONA)LE SEARCHES AND SEIMURE cases: VALMONTE VS. DE VILLA FACTS: On 2' Januar+ 19B&, !e Na ional Ca#i al Re,ion Dis ric Co((an% 0NCRDC4 was ac i)a e% #ursuan o Le er o/ .ns ruc ion '23B& o/ !e P!ili##ine General Gea%;uar ers, -:P, wi ! !e (ission o/ con%uc in, securi + o#era ions wi !in i s area o/ res#onsi*ili + an% #eri#!eral areas, /or !e #ur#ose o/ es a*lis!in, an e//ec i)e erri orial %e/ense, (ain ainin, #eace an% or%er, an% #ro)i%in, an a (os#!ere con%uci)e o !e social, econo(ic an% #oli ical %e)elo#(en o/ !e Na ional Ca#i al Re,ion. -s #ar o/ i s %u + o (ain ain #eace an% or%er, !e NCRDC ins alle% c!ec2#oin s in )arious #ar s o/ Halen<uela, "e ro "anila. Pe i ioners a)er !a , *ecause o/ !e ins alla ion o/ sai% c!ec2#oin s, !e resi%en s o/ Halen<uela are worrie% o/ *ein, !arasse% an% o/ !eir sa/e + *ein, #lace% a !e ar*i rar+, ca#ricious an% w!i(sical %is#osi ion o/ !e (ili ar+ (annin, !e c!ec2#oin s, consi%erin, !a !eir

    cars an% )e!icles are *ein, su*=ec e% o re,ular searc!es an% c!ec2-u#s, es#eciall+ a ni,! or a %awn, wi !ou !e *ene/i o/ a searc! warran an%3or cour or%er. 7!eir alle,e% /ear /or !eir sa/e + increase% w!en, a %awn o/ 9 Jul+ 19BB, $en=a(in Par#on, a su##l+ o//icer o/ !e "unici#ali + o/ Halen<uela, $ulacan, was ,unne% %own alle,e%l+ in col% *loo% *+ !e (e(*ers o/ !e NCRDC (annin, !e c!ec2#oin alon, "c-r !ur Gi,!wa+ a "alin a, Halen<uela, /or i,norin, an%3or re/usin, o su*(i !i(sel/ o !e c!ec2#oin an% /or con inuin, o s#ee% o// ins#ire o/ warnin, s!o s /ire% in !e air. ISSUE: 8ON !e ins alla ion o/ c!ec2#oin s )iola es !e ri,! o/ !e #eo#le a,ains unreasona*le searc!es an% sei<ures RULING: Pe i ionerMs concern /or !eir sa/e + an% a##re!ension a *ein, !arasse% *+ !e (ili ar+ (annin, !e c!ec2#oin s are no su//icien ,roun%s o %eclare !e c!ec2#oin s #er se, ille,al. No #roo/ !as *een #resen e% *e/ore !e Cour o s!ow !a , in !e course o/ !eir rou ine c!ec2s, !e (ili ar+, in%ee%, co((i e% s#eci/ic )iola ions o/ #e i ionersMM ri,! s a,ains unlaw/ul searc! an% sei<ure o/ o !er ri,! s. 7!e cons i u ional ri,! a,ains unreasona*le searc!es an% sei<ures is a #ersonal ri,! in)oca*le onl+ *+ !ose w!ose ri,! s !a)e *een in/rin,e%, or !rea ene% o *e in/rin,e%. No all searc!es an% sei<ures are #ro!i*i e%. 7!ose w!ic! are reasona*le are no /or*i%%en. 7!e se in, u# o/ !e ;ues ione% c!ec2#oin s (a+ *e consi%ere% as a securi + (easure o ena*le !e NCRDC o #ursue i s (ission o/ es a*lis!in, e//ec i)e erri orial %e/ense an% (ain ainin, #eace an% or%er /or !e *ene/i o/ !e #u*lic. C!ec2#oin s (a+ no also *e re,ar%e% as (easures o !war #lo s o %es a*ili<e !e ,o) , in !e in eres o/ #u*lic securi +. $e ween !e in!eren ri,! o/ !e s a e o #ro ec i s e1is ence an% #ro(o e #u*lic wel/are an% an in%i)i%ual>s ri,! a,ains a warran less searc! w3c is, !owe)er, reasona*l+ con%uc e%, !e /or(er s!oul% #re)ail. 7rue, !e (annin, o/ c!ec2#oin s *+ !e (ili ar+ is susce# i*le o/ a*use *+ !e (ili ar+ in !e sa(e (anner !a all ,o)ern(en al #ower is susce# i*le o/ a*use. $u , a !e cos o/ occasional incon)enience, %isco(/or an% e)en irri a ion o !e ci i<en, !e c!ec2#oin s %urin, !ese a*nor(al i(es, w!en con%uc e% w3in reasona*le li(i s, are #ar o/ !e #rice we #a+ /or an or%erl+ socie + an% a #eace/ul co((uni +. PRO)A)LE CAUSE: ;/"$+-+t+o-< cases:

    HU)ERT E. P. WE)), VS. HONORA)LE RAUL E. DE LEON G.R. No. 121234, -u,us 23, 1995 FACTS: On June 19, 1994, !e Na ional $ureau o/ .n)es i,a ion 0N$.4 /ile% wi ! !e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice a le erco(#lain c!ar,in, #e i ioners Gu*er 8e**, "ic!ael Ga c!alian, -n onio J. Le=ano an% si1 064 o !er #ersons wi ! !e cri(e o/ Ra#e an% Go(ici%e o/ Car(ela N. Hi<con%e, !er (o !er 6s relli a Nicolas-Hi<con%e, an% !er sis er -nne "arie Jenni/er in !eir !o(e a Nu(*er B' 8. Hin<ons, 9 ., $: Go(es Parana;ue, "e ro "anila on June 3', 1991. :or !wi !, !e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice /or(e% a #anel o/ #rosecu ors !ea%e% *+ -ssis an C!ie/ 9 a e Prosecu or Jo)encio R. Suno o con%uc !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion. ARGUMENTS: Pe i ioners /aul !e DOJ Panel /or i s /in%in, o/ #ro*a*le cause. 7!e+ assail !e cre%i*ili + o/ Jessica -l/aro as in!eren l+ wea2 an% uncorro*ora e% %ue o !e inconsis encies *e ween !er -#ril 2B, 1995 an% "a+ 22, 1995 sworn s a e(en s. 7!e+ cri ici<e !e #roce%ure /ollowe% *+ !e DOJ Panel w!en i %i% no e1a(ine wi nesses o clari/+ !e alle,e% inconsis encies. Pe i ioners c!ar,e !a res#on%en Ju%,e Raul %e Leon an%, la er, res#on%en Ju%,e -(eli a 7olen ino issue% warran s o/ arres a,ains !e( wi !ou con%uc in, !e re;uire% #reli(inar+ e1a(ina ion. Pe i ioners co(#lain a*ou !e %enial o/ !eir cons i u ional ri,! o %ue #rocess an% )iola ion o/ !eir ri,! o an i(#ar ial in)es i,a ion. 7!e+ also assail !e #re=u%icial #u*lici + !a a en%e% !eir #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion. ISSUES: 1. 8!e !er or no !e DOJ Panel li2ewise ,ra)el+ a*use% i s %iscre ion in !ol%in, !a !ere is #ro*a*le cause o c!ar,e !e( wi ! !e cri(e o/ ra#e an% !o(ici%e 2. 8!e !er or no res#on%en Ju%,es %e Leon an% 7olen ino ,ra)el+ a*use% !eir %iscre ion w!en !e+ /aile% o con%uc a #reli(inar+ e1a(ina ion *e/ore issuin, warran s o/ arres a,ains !e( 3. 8!e !er or no !e DOJ Panel %enie% !e( !eir cons i u ional ri,! o %ue #rocess %urin, !eir #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion 4. 8!e !er or no !e DOJ Panel unlaw/ull+ in ru%e% in o =u%icial #rero,a i)e w!en i /aile% o c!ar,e Jessica -l/aro in !e in/or(a ion as an accuse%. RULING:

    1. NO. 2. NO. 3. NO. 7!ere is no (eri in !is con en ion *ecause #e i ioners were ,i)en all !e o##or uni ies o *e !ear%. 4. NO. REASONS: 1. 7!e Cour rule% !a !e DOJ Panel %i% no ,ra)el+ a*use i s %iscre ion w!en i /oun% #ro*a*le cause a,ains !e #e i ioners. - #ro*a*le cause nee%s onl+ o res on e)i%ence s!owin, !a (ore li2el+ !an no , a cri(e !as *een co((i e% an% was co((i e% *+ !e sus#ec s. Pro*a*le cause nee% no *e *ase% on clear an% con)incin, e)i%ence o/ ,uil , nei !er on e)i%ence es a*lis!in, ,uil *e+on% reasona*le %ou* an% %e/ini el+, no on e)i%ence es a*lis!in, a*solu e cer ain + o/ ,uil . 2. 7!e Cour rule% !a res#on%en =u%,es %i% no ,ra)el+ a*use !eir %iscre ion. .n arres cases, !ere (us *e a #ro*a*le cause !a a cri(e !as *een co((i e% an% !a !e #erson o *e arres e% co((i e% i . 9ec ion 6 o/ Rule 112 si(#l+ #ro)i%es !a Nu#on /ilin, o/ an in/or(a ion, !e Re,ional 7rial Cour (a+ issue a warran /or !e accuse%. Clearl+ !e, our laws re#u%ia e !e su*(ission o/ #e i ioners !a res#on%en =u%,es s!oul% !a)e con%uc e% Nsearc!in, e1a(ina ion o/ wi nessesO *e/ore issuin, warran s o/ arres a,ains !e(. 3. 7!e DOJ Panel #recisel+ e% !e #ar ies o a%%uce (ore e)i%ence in !eir *e!al/ an% /or !e #anel o s u%+ !e e)i%ence su*(i e% (ore /ull+. 4. Pe i ioner>s ar,u(en lac2s a##eal /or i lies on !e /aul + assu(# ion !a !e %ecision w!o( o #rosecu e is a =u%icial /unc ion, !e sole #rero,a i)e o/ !e cour s an% *e+on% e1ecu i)e an% le,isla i)e in er/erence. .n ru !, !e #rosecu ion o/ cri(es a##er ains o !e e1ecu i)e %e#ar (en o/ ,o)ern(en w!ose #rinci#al #ower an% res#onsi*ili + is o see !a our laws are /ai !/ull+ e1ecu e%. - necessar+ co(#onen o/ !is #ower is !e ri,! o #rosecu e !eir )iola ors 09ee R.-. No. 69B1 an% sec ion 9 o/ Rule 119 /or le,al *asis4. 8i ! re,ar% o !e inconsis encies o/ !e sworn s a e(en s o/ Jessica -l/aro, !e Cour *elie)es !a !ese !a)e *een su//icien l+ e1#laine% an% !ere is no s!owin, !a !e inconsis encies were %eli*era el+ (a%e o %is or !e ru !. 8i ! re,ar% o !e #e i ioners> co(#lain a*ou !e #re=u%icial #u*lici + !a a en%e% !eir #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion, !e Cour /in%s no !in, in !e recor%s !a will #ro)e !a !e one an% con en o/ !e #u*lici + !a a en%e% !e in)es i,a ion o/ #e i ioners /a all+ in/ec e% !e /airness an% i(#ar iali + o/ !e DOJ Panel. Pe i ioners canno =us rel+ on !e su*li(inal e//ec s o/ #u*lici + on !e sense o/ /airness o/ !e DOJ Panel, /or !ese are *asicall+ un*e2nown an% *e+on% 2nowin,.

    LIM, SR. VS EUDGE FELIX GR NO9. 95954-& 0:6$R?-RC 19, 19914 FACTS: -On "arc! 1&, 19B9, a a*ou &A3' oMcloc2 in !e (ornin,, a !e )icini + o/ !e air#or roa% o/ !e "as*a e Do(es ic -ir#or , loca e% a !e (unici#ali + o/ "as*a e #ro)ince o/ "as*a e, Con,ress(an "oises 6s#inosa, 9r. an% !is securi + escor s, na(el+ Pro)incial Guar%s -n onio Cor es, Gas#ar -(aro, an% -r e(io :uen es were a ac2e% an% 2ille% *+ a lone assassin. Dan e 9i*lan e ano !er securi + escor o/ Con,ress(an 6s#inosa, 9r. sur)i)e% !e assassina ion #lo , al !ou,!, !e !i(sel/ su//ere% a ,uns!o woun%. --n in)es i,a ion o/ !e inci%en !en /ollowe%. -7!erea/ er, an% /or !e #ur#ose o/ #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion, !e %esi,na e% in)es i,a or, Garr+ O. 7an ia%o, 79,, o/ !e PC Cri(inal .n)es i,a ion 9er)ice a Ca(# $a,on, .*alon Le,a<#i Ci + /ile% an a(en%e% co(#lain wi ! !e "unici#al 7rial Cour o/ "as*a e accusin,, a(on, o !ers, Hicen e Li(, 9r., "a+or 9usana Li( o/ "as*a e, Joll+ 7. :ernan%e<, :lorencio 7. :ernan%e<, Jr., Nonilon -. $a,ali!o,, "a+or Nes or C. Li( an% "a+or -n onio I!o o/ !e cri(e o/ (ul i#le (ur%er an% /rus ra e% (ur%er in connec ion wi ! !e air#or inci%en . 7!e case was %oc2e e% as Cri(inal Case No. 9211. --/ er con%uc in, !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion, !e cour issue% an or%er %a e% Jul+ 31, 19B9 s a in, !erein !a A N. . . a/ er wei,!in, !e a//i%a)i s an% answers ,i)en *+ !e wi nesses /or !e #rosecu ion %urin, !e #reli(inar+ e1a(ina ion in searc!in, ;ues ions an% answers, conclu%es !a a #ro*a*le cause !as *een es a*lis!e% /or !e issuance o/ a warran o/ arres o/ na(e% accuse% in !e a(en%e% co(#lain , na(el+, Ji((+ Ca*arles, Ronnie :ernan%e<, Nonilon $a,ali!o,, Joll+ :ernan%e<, :lorencio :ernan%e<, Jr., Hicen e Li(, 9r., 9usana Li(, Nes or Li(, -n onio I!o, Jai(e Liwana,, Sal%+ Du(ala, an% Rene 7ualla alias 7i%o+.O - Pe i ioners Hicen e Li(, 9r. an% 9usana Li( /ile% wi ! !e res#on%en cour se)eral (o ions an% (ani/es a ions w!ic! in su*s ance #ra+e% !a an or%er *e issue% re;uirin, !e rans(i al o/ !e ini ial recor%s o/ !e #reli(inar+ in;uir+ or in)es i,a ion con%uc e% *+ !e "unici#al Ju%,e $arsa,a o/ "as*a e /or !e *es

    enli,! en(en re,ar%in, !e e1is ence o/ a #ro*a*le cause or #ri(a /acie e)i%ence as well as !e %e er(ina ion o/ !e e1is ence o/ ,uil , #ursuan o !e (an%a or+ (an%a e o/ !e cons i u ion !a no warran s!all *e issue% unless !e issuin, (a,is ra e s!all !a)e !i(sel/ *een #ersonall+ con)ince% o/ suc! #ro*a*le cause. - .n ano !er (ani/es a ion, !e Li(s rei era e% !a !e cour con%uc a !earin, o %e er(ine i/ !ere reall+ e1is s a #ri(a /acie case a,ains !e( in !e li,! o/ %ocu(en s w!ic! are recan a ions o/ so(e wi nesses in !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion. - . s!oul% also *e no e% !a !e Li(s also #resen e% o !e res#on%en Ju%,e %ocu(en s o/ recan a ion o/ wi nesses w!ose es i(onies were use% o es a*lis! a #ri(a /acie case a,ains !e(. -On Jul+ 5, 199', !e res#on%en cour issue% an or%er %en+in, /or lac2 o/ (eri !e (o ions an% (ani/es a ions an% issue% warran s o/ arres a,ains !e accuse% inclu%in, !e #e i ioners !erein. 7!e =u%,e wro e, N.n !e ins an cases, !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion was con%uc e% *+ !e "unici#al 7rial Cour o/ "as*a e, "as*a e w!ic! /oun% !e e1is ence o/ #ro*a*le cause !a !e o//ense o/ (ul i#le (ur%er was co((i e% an% !a all !e accuse% are #ro*a*l+ ,uil + !ereo/, w!ic! was a//ir(e% u#on re)iew *+ !e Pro)incial Prosecu or w!o #ro#erl+ /ile% wi ! !e Re,ional 7rial Cour /our se#ara e in/or(a ions /or (ur%er. Consi%erin, !a *o ! !e wo co(#e en o//icers o w!o( suc! %u + was en rus e% *+ law !a)e %eclare% !e e1is ence o/ #ro*a*le cause, eac! in/or(a ion is co(#le e in /or( an% su*s ance, an% !ere is no )isi*le %e/ec on i s /ace, !is Cour /in%s i =us an% #ro#er o rel+ on !e #rosecu orMs cer i/ica ion in eac! in/or(a ionUO -Pe i ioners ;ues ion !e =u%,(en o/ Ju%,e :eli1 0s a e(en i((e%ia el+ #rece%in, !is #ara,ra#!, i alici<e%4. ISSUE: 8ON a =u%,e (a+ issue a warran o/ arres wi !ou *ail *+ si(#l+ rel+in, on !e #rosecu ionMs cer i/ica ion an% reco((en%a ion !a a #ro*a*le cause e1is s. RULING: 7!e ;ues ione% Or%er o/ res#on%en Ju%,e Ne(esio 9. :eli1 o/ $ranc! 56, Re,ional 7rial Cour o/ "a2a i %a e% Jul+ 5, 199' is %eclare% N?LL an% HO.D an% 967 -9.D6. -s !el% in 9oli)en ). "a2asiar, !e Ju%,e %oes no !a)e o #ersonall+ e1a(ine !e co(#lainan an% !is wi nesses. 7!e Prosecu or can #er/or( !e sa(e /unc ions as a

    co((issioner /or !e a2in, o/ !e e)i%ence. Gowe)er, !ere s!oul% *e necessar+ %ocu(en s an% a re#or su##or in, !e :iscalMs *are cer i/ica ion. -ll o/ !ese s!oul% *e *e/ore !e Ju%,e. 8e canno %e er(ine *e/ore!an% !ow cursor+ or e1!aus i)e !e Ju%,eMs e1a(ina ion s!oul% *e. ?suall+, !is %e#en%s on !e circu(s ances o/ eac! case. 7!e Ju%,e !as o e1ercise soun% %iscre ionL a/ er all, !e #ersonal %e er(ina ion is )es e% in !e Ju%,e *+ !e Cons i u ion. Gowe)er, o *e sure, !e Ju%,e (us ,o *e+on% !e Prosecu orMs cer i/ica ion an% in)es i,a ion re#or w!ene)er necessar+. -s (en ione% in !e /ac s 0s a e% a*o)e4, !e Li(s #resen e% %ocu(en s o/ recan a ions o/ !e wi nesses. -l !ou,!, !e ,eneral rule is !a recan a ions are no ,i)en (uc! wei,! in !e %e er(ina ion o/ a case an% in !e ,ran in, o/ a new rial !e res#on%en Ju%,e *e/ore issuin, !is own warran s o/ arres s!oul%, a !e )er+ leas , !a)e ,one o)er !e recor%s o/ !e #reli(inar+ e1a(ina ion con%uc e% earlier in !e li,! o/ !e e)i%ence now #resen e% *+ !e concerne% wi nesses in )iew o/ !e D#oli ical un%er onesD #re)ailin, in !e cases. .n (a2in, !e re;uire% #ersonal %e er(ina ion, a Ju%,e is no #reclu%e% /ro( rel+in, on !e e)i%ence earlier ,a !ere% *+ res#onsi*le o//icers. 7!e e1 en o/ !e reliance %e#en%s on !e circu(s ances o/ eac! case an% is su*=ec o !e Ju%,eMs soun% %iscre ion. Gowe)er, !e Ju%,e a*uses !a %iscre ion w!en !a)in, no e)i%ence *e/ore !i(, !e issues a warran o/ arres . .n%u*i a*l+, !e res#on%en Ju%,e 0:eli14 co((i e% a ,ra)e error w!en !e relie% solel+ on !e Prosecu orMs cer i/ica ion an% issue% !e ;ues ione% Or%er %a e% Jul+ 5, 199' wi !ou !a)in, *e/ore !i( an+ o !er *asis /or !is #ersonal %e er(ina ion o/ !e e1is ence o/ a #ro*a*le cause. CONDUCT OF CHECD POINTS: cases: VALMONTE VS. DE VILLA FACTS: On 2' Januar+ 19B&, !e Na ional Ca#i al Re,ion Dis ric Co((an% 0NCRDC4 was ac i)a e% #ursuan o Le er o/ .ns ruc ion '23B& o/ !e P!ili##ine General Gea%;uar ers, -:P, wi ! !e (ission o/ con%uc in, securi + o#era ions wi !in i s area o/ res#onsi*ili + an% #eri#!eral areas, /or !e #ur#ose o/ es a*lis!in, an e//ec i)e erri orial %e/ense, (ain ainin, #eace an% or%er, an% #ro)i%in, an a (os#!ere

    con%uci)e o !e social, econo(ic an% #oli ical %e)elo#(en o/ !e Na ional Ca#i al Re,ion. -s #ar o/ i s %u + o (ain ain #eace an% or%er, !e NCRDC ins alle% c!ec2#oin s in )arious #ar s o/ Halen<uela, "e ro "anila. Pe i ioners a)er !a , *ecause o/ !e ins alla ion o/ sai% c!ec2#oin s, !e resi%en s o/ Halen<uela are worrie% o/ *ein, !arasse% an% o/ !eir sa/e + *ein, #lace% a !e ar*i rar+, ca#ricious an% w!i(sical %is#osi ion o/ !e (ili ar+ (annin, !e c!ec2#oin s, consi%erin, !a !eir cars an% )e!icles are *ein, su*=ec e% o re,ular searc!es an% c!ec2-u#s, es#eciall+ a ni,! or a %awn, wi !ou !e *ene/i o/ a searc! warran an%3or cour or%er. 7!eir alle,e% /ear /or !eir sa/e + increase% w!en, a %awn o/ 9 Jul+ 19BB, $en=a(in Par#on, a su##l+ o//icer o/ !e "unici#ali + o/ Halen<uela, $ulacan, was ,unne% %own alle,e%l+ in col% *loo% *+ !e (e(*ers o/ !e NCRDC (annin, !e c!ec2#oin alon, "c-r !ur Gi,!wa+ a "alin a, Halen<uela, /or i,norin, an%3or re/usin, o su*(i !i(sel/ o !e c!ec2#oin an% /or con inuin, o s#ee% o// ins#ire o/ warnin, s!o s /ire% in !e air. ISSUE: 8ON !e ins alla ion o/ c!ec2#oin s )iola es !e ri,! o/ !e #eo#le a,ains unreasona*le searc!es an% sei<ures RULING: Pe i ionerMs concern /or !eir sa/e + an% a##re!ension a *ein, !arasse% *+ !e (ili ar+ (annin, !e c!ec2#oin s are no su//icien ,roun%s o %eclare !e c!ec2#oin s #er se, ille,al. No #roo/ !as *een #resen e% *e/ore !e Cour o s!ow !a , in !e course o/ !eir rou ine c!ec2s, !e (ili ar+, in%ee%, co((i e% s#eci/ic )iola ions o/ #e i ionersMM ri,! s a,ains unlaw/ul searc! an% sei<ure o/ o !er ri,! s. 7!e cons i u ional ri,! a,ains unreasona*le searc!es an% sei<ures is a #ersonal ri,! in)oca*le onl+ *+ !ose w!ose ri,! s !a)e *een in/rin,e%, or !rea ene% o *e in/rin,e%. No all searc!es an% sei<ures are #ro!i*i e%. 7!ose w!ic! are reasona*le are no /or*i%%en. 7!e se in, u# o/ !e ;ues ione% c!ec2#oin s (a+ *e consi%ere% as a securi + (easure o ena*le !e NCRDC o #ursue i s (ission o/ es a*lis!in, e//ec i)e erri orial %e/ense an% (ain ainin, #eace an% or%er /or !e *ene/i o/ !e #u*lic. C!ec2#oin s (a+ no also *e re,ar%e% as (easures o !war #lo s o %es a*ili<e !e ,o) , in !e in eres o/ #u*lic securi +. $e ween !e in!eren ri,! o/ !e s a e o #ro ec i s e1is ence an% #ro(o e #u*lic wel/are an% an in%i)i%ual>s ri,! a,ains a warran less searc! w3c is, !owe)er, reasona*l+ con%uc e%, !e /or(er s!oul% #re)ail. 7rue, !e (annin, o/ c!ec2#oin s *+ !e (ili ar+ is susce# i*le o/ a*use *+ !e (ili ar+ in !e sa(e (anner !a all ,o)ern(en al #ower is susce# i*le o/ a*use. $u , a !e cos o/ occasional incon)enience, %isco(/or an% e)en irri a ion o !e ci i<en, !e c!ec2#oin s %urin, !ese

    a*nor(al i(es, w!en con%uc e% w3in reasona*le li(i s, are #ar o/ !e #rice we #a+ /or an or%erl+ socie + an% a #eace/ul co((uni +. PEOPLE VS. DEL ROSARIO 234 9CR- 246L G.R. NO. 1'9633L 2' J?L 1994 F,'t#A -ccuse% was c!ar,e% an% con)ic e% *+ !e rial cour o/ ille,al #ossession o/ /irear(s an% ille,al #ossession an% sale o/ %ru,s, #ar icularl+ (e !a(#!e a(ine or s!a*u. -/ er !e issuance o/ !e searc! warran , w!ic! au !ori<e% !e searc! an% sei<ure o/ an un%e er(ine% ;uan i + o/ (e !a(#!e a(ine an% i s #ara#!ernalia>s, an en ra#(en was #lanne% !a le% o !e arres o/ %el Rosario an% o !e sei<ure o/ !e s!a*u, i s #ara#!ernalia>s an% o/ a .22 cali*er #is ol wi ! 3 li)e a((uni ion. I##%": 8!e !er or No #ro#er. !e sei<ure o/ !e /irear(s was

    On Dec. 13, 19BB, P3L . -*ello was i##e% o// *+ !is in/or(an !a a cer ain N-lin, RosaO will *e arri)in, /ro( $a,uio Ci + wi ! a lar,e )olu(e o/ (ari=uana an% asse(*le% a ea(. 7!e ne1 %a+, a !e Hic or+ Liner $us er(inal !e+ wai e% /or !e *us co(in, /ro( $a,uio, w!en !e in/or(er #oin e% ou w!o N-lin, RosaO was, !e ea( a##roac!e% !er an% in ro%uce% !e(sel)es as N-RCO" a,en s. 8!en -*ello as2e% Nalin, RosaO a*ou !e con en s o/ !er *a,, !e la er !an%e% i ou o !e #olice. 7!e+ /oun% %rie% (ari=uana lea)es #ac2e% in a #las ic *a, (ar2e% Ncas! 2a u a2O. .ns ea% o/ #resen in, i s e)i%ence, !e %e/ense /ile% a %e(urrer o e)i%ence alle,in, !e ille,ali + o/ !e searc! an% sei<ure o/ !e i e(s. .n !er es i(on+, !e accuse% clai(e% !a s!e !a% =us co(e /ro( C!oice !ea re w!ere s!e wa c!e% a (o)ie N$alwe,O. 8!ile a*ou o cross !e roa% an ol% wo(an as2e% !er /or !el# in carr+in, a s!oul%er *a,, w!en s!e was la er on arres e% *+ !e #olice. 9!e !as no 2nowle%,e o/ !e i%en i + o/ !e ol% wo(an an% !e wo(an was now!ere o *e /oun%. -lso, no searc! warran was #resen e%. 7!e rial cour con)ic e% !e accuse% in )iola ion o/ !e %an,erous %ru,s o/ 19&2 ISSUE: 8!e !er or No !e #olice correc l+ searc!e% an% sei<e% !e %ru,s /ro( !e accuse%. RULINGA 7!e /ollowin, cases are s#eci/icall+ #ro)i%e% or allowe% *+ lawA 1. 8arran less searc! inci%en al o a law/ul arres reco,ni<e% un%er 9ec ion 12, Rule 126 o/ !e Rules o/ Cour B an% *+ #re)ailin, =uris#ru%ence 2. 9ei<ure o/ e)i%ence in D#lain )iew,D !e ele(en s o/ w!ic! areA 0a4 a #rior )ali% in rusion *ase% on !e )ali% warran less arres in w!ic! !e #olice are le,all+ #resen in !e #ursui o/ !eir o//icial %u iesL 0*4 !e e)i%ence was ina%)er en l+ %isco)ere% *+ !e #olice w!o !a% !e ri,! o *e w!ere !e+ areL 0c4 !e e)i%ence (us *e i((e%ia el+ a##aren , an% 0%4 D#lain )iewD =us i/ie% (ere sei<ure o/ e)i%ence wi !ou /ur !er searc!L 3. 9earc! o/ a (o)in, )e!icle. Gi,!l+ re,ula e% *+ !e ,o)ern(en , !e )e!icleMs in!eren (o*ili + re%uces e1#ec a ion o/ #ri)ac+ es#eciall+ w!en i s ransi in #u*lic !orou,!/ares /urnis!es a !i,!l+ reasona*le sus#icion a(oun in, o #ro*a*le cause !a !e occu#an co((i e% a cri(inal ac i)i +L 4. Consen e% warran less searc!L 5. Cus o(s searc!L

    H"*/: No. 9ec 2 ar . ... o/ !e cons i u ion s#eci/icall+ #ro)i%es !a a searc! warran (us #ar icularl+ %escri*e !e !in,s o *e sei<e%. .n !erein case, !e onl+ o*=ec s o *e sei<e% !a !e warran %e er(ine% was !e (e !a(#!e a(ine an% !e #ara#!ernalia>s !erein. 7!e sei<ure o/ !e /irear(s was uncons i u ional. 8!ere/ore !e %ecision is re)erse% an% !e accuse% is ac;ui e%.

    MANALILI V. COURT OF APPEALS


    5=> SCRA 6>> FACTS: Narco ics o//icers were %oin, sur)eillance an% c!ance% u#on !e accuse% in a ce(e er+ w!o see(e% o *e !i,! on %ru,s. Ge rie% o resis !e #olice o//icers an% u#on in;uir+, /oun% !a !e accuse% was #ossessin, w!a see(e% o *e crus!e% (ari=uana lea)es. HELD: - s o#-an%-/ris2 was %e/ine% as !e )ernacular %esi,na ion o/ !e ri,! o/ a #olice o//icer o s o# a ci i<en on !e s ree , in erro,a e !i(, an% #a !i( /or wea#ons. . !as *een !el% as one o/ !e e1ce# ions o !e ,eneral rule a,ains searc!es wi !ou warran .

    PEOPLE VS. ARUTA


    5== SCRA L5L G.R. NO. 12'515L 13 -PR 199B FACTSA

    6. 9 o# an% :ris2L &. 61i,en an% 6(er,enc+ Circu(s ances. 7!e essen ial re;uisi e o/ #ro*a*le cause (us s ill *e sa is/ie% *e/ore a warran less searc! an% sei<ure can *e law/ull+ con%uc e%. 7!e accuse% canno *e sai% o *e co((i in, a cri(e, s!e was (erel+ crossin, !e s ree an% was no ac in, sus#iciousl+ /or !e Narco( a,en s o conclu%e !a s!e was co((i in, a cri(e. 7!ere was no le,al *asis o e//ec a warran less arres o/ !e accuse%>s *a,, !ere was no #ro*a*le cause an% !e accuse% was no law/ull+ arres e%. 7!e #olice !a% (ore !an 24 !ours o #rocure a searc! warran an% !e+ %i% no %o so. 7!e sei<e% (ari=uana was ille,al an% ina%(issi*le e)i%ence. RULE 77@, RULES OF COURT 9ec ion 5. -rres wi !ou warran L w!en law/ul. P #eace o//icer or a #ri)a e #erson (a+, wi !ou a warran , arres a #ersonA 0a4 8!en, in !is #resence, !e #erson o *e arres e% !as co((i e%, is ac uall+ co((i in,, or is a e(# in, o co((i an o//enseL 0*4 8!en an o//ense !as =us *een co((i e%, an% !e !as #ro*a*le cause o *elie)e *ase% on #ersonal 2nowle%,e o/ /ac s or circu(s ances !a !e #erson o *e arres e% !as co((i e% i L an% 0c4 8!en !e #erson o *e arres e% is a #risoner w!o !as esca#e% /ro( a #enal es a*lis!(en or #lace w!ere !e is ser)in, /inal =u%,(en or is e(#oraril+ con/ine% w!ile !is case is #en%in,, or !as esca#e% w!ile *ein, rans/erre% /ro( one con/ine(en o ano !er. .n cases /allin, un%er #ara,ra#! 0a4 an% 0*4 a*o)e, !e #erson arres e% wi !ou a warran s!all *e /or !wi ! %eli)ere% o !e neares #olice s a ion or =ail an% s!all *e #rocee%e% a,ains in accor%ance wi ! sec ion & o/ Rule 112. RULE 75L, RULES OF COURT 9ec ion 2. Cour w!ere a##lica ion /or searc! warran s!all *e /ile%. P -n a##lica ion /or searc! warran s!all *e /ile% wi ! !e /ollowin,A a4 -n+ cour wi !in w!ose erri orial =uris%ic ion a cri(e was co((i e%. *4 :or co(#ellin, reasons s a e% in !e a##lica ion, an+ cour wi !in !e =u%icial re,ion w!ere !e cri(e was

    co((i e% i/ !e #lace o/ !e co((ission o/ !e cri(e is 2nown, or an+ cour wi !in !e =u%icial re,ion w!ere !e warran s!all *e en/orce%. Gowe)er, i/ !e cri(inal ac ion !as alrea%+ *een /ile%, !e a##lica ion s!all onl+ *e (a%e in !e cour w!ere !e cri(inal ac ion is #en%in,. 9ec ion &. Ri,! o *rea2 %oor or win%ow o e//ec searc!. P 7!e o//icer, i/ re/use% a%(i ance o !e #lace o/ %irec e% searc! a/ er ,i)in, no ice o/ !is #ur#ose an% au !ori +, (a+ *rea2 o#en an+ ou er or inner %oor or win%ow o/ a !ouse or an+ #ar o/ a !ouse or an+ !in, !erein o e1ecu e !e warran or li*era e !i(sel/ or an+ #erson law/ull+ ai%in, !i( w!en unlaw/ull+ %e aine% !erein. 9ec ion 12. Deli)er+ o/ #ro#er + an% in)en or+ !ereo/ o cour L re urn an% #rocee%in,s !ereon. 0a4 7!e o//icer (us /or !wi ! %eli)er !e #ro#er + sei<e% o !e =u%,e w!o issue% !e warran , o,e !er wi ! a rue in)en or+ !ereo/ %ul+ )eri/ie% un%er oa !. 0*4 7en 01'4 %a+s a/ er issuance o/ !e searc! warran , !e issuin, =u%,e s!all ascer ain i/ !e re urn !as *een (a%e, an% i/ none, s!all su((on !e #erson o w!o( !e warran was issue% an% re;uire !i( o e1#lain w!+ no re urn was (a%e. ./ !e re urn !as *een (a%e, !e =u%,e s!all ascer ain w!e !er sec ion 11 o/ !is Rule !as *een co(#laine% wi ! an% s!all re;uire !a !e #ro#er + sei<e% *e %eli)ere% o !i(. 7!e =u%,e s!all see o i !a su*sec ion 0a4 !ereo/ !as *een co(#lie% wi !. 0c4 7!e re urn on !e searc! warran s!all *e /ile% an% 2e# *+ !e cus o%ian o/ !e lo, *oo2 on searc! warran s w!o s!all en er !erein !e %a e o/ !e re urn, !e resul , an% o !er ac ions o/ !e =u%,e. - )iola ion o/ !is sec ion s!all cons i u e con e(# o/ cour SILAHIS INTERNATIONAL HOTEL, INC. (#. SOLUTA FACTS: Loi%a 9o(acera 0Loi%a4, a laun%r+wo(an o/ !e !o el, s a+e% o)erni,! a !e /e(ale loc2er roo( a !e *ase(en o/ !e !o el. - %awn, s!e !ear% #oun%in, soun%s ou si%e, s!e saw /i)e (en in *aron, a,alo, w!o( s!e /aile% o reco,ni<e *u s!e was sure were no e(#lo+ees o/ !e !o el, /orci*l+ o#enin, !e %oor o/ !e union o//ice. .n !e (ornin,, as union o//icer 9olu a was r+in, in )ain o o#en !e %oor o/ !e union o//ice, Loi%a narra e% o !i( w!a s!e !a% wi nesse% a %awn.

    9olu a i((e%ia el+ lo%,e% a co(#lain *e/ore !e 9ecuri + O//icer. -n% !e /e c!e% a loc2s(i !. - !a ins an , (en in *aron, a,alo, ar(e% wi ! clu*s arri)e% an% s ar e% !i in, 9olu a an% !is co(#anions. Panlilio !ereu#on ins ruc e% Hillanue)a o /orce o#en !e %oor, an% !e la er %i%. Once insi%e, Panlilio an% !is co(#anions *e,an searc!in, !e o//ice, o)er !e o*=ec ion o/ $a*a+ w!o e)en as2e% !e( i/ !e+ !a% a searc! warran . - #las ic *a, was /oun% con ainin, (ari=uana /lowerin, o#s. -s a resul o/ !e %isco)er+ o/ !e #resence o/ (ari=uana in !e union o//ice an% a/ er !e #olice con%uc e% an in)es i,a ion o/ !e inci%en , a co(#lain a,ains !e 13 union o//icers was /ile% *e/ore !e :iscal>s O//ice o/ "anila. R7C ac;ui e% !e accuse%. On a##eal, !e Ca//ir(e% wi ! (o%i/ica ion !e %ecision o/ !e rial cour . ISSUE: 8!e !er res#on%en in%i)i%ual can reco)er %a(a,es /or )iola ion o/ cons i u ional ri,! s. RULING: -r icle 32, in rela ion o -r icle 2219064 an% 01'4 o/ !e Ci)il Co%e, allows so. -R7. 32. -n+ #u*lic o//icer or e(#lo+ee, or an+ #ri)a e in%i)i%ual, w!o %irec l+ or in%irec l+ o*s ruc s, %e/ea s, )iola es or in an+ (anner i(#e%es or i(#airs an+ o/ !e /ollowin, ri,! s an% li*er ies o/ ano !er #erson s!all *e lia*le o !e la er /or %a(a,esA .n !e #resen case, #e i ioners !a%, *+ !eir own clai(, alrea%+ recei)e% re#or s in la e 19B& o/ ille,al ac i)i ies an% "anie,o con%uc e% sur)eillance. Ce , in !e (ornin, o/ Januar+ 11, 19BB, #e i ioners an% !eir co(#anions *ar,e% in o an% searc!e% !e union o//ice wi !ou a searc! warran , %es#i e a(#le i(e /or !e( o o* ain one. 7!e course a2en *+ #e i ioners an% co(#an+ s in2s in ille,ali +. Pe i ioners> )iola ion o/ in%i)i%ual res#on%en s> cons i u ional ri,! a,ains unreasona*le searc! !us /urnis!es !e *asis /or !e awar% o/ %a(a,es un%er -r icle 32 o/ !e Ci)il Co%e. :or res#on%en s, *ein, !e law/ul occu#an s o/ !e o//ice !a% !e ri,! o raise !e ;ues ion o/ )ali%i + o/ !e searc! an% sei<ure. -r icle 32 s#ea2s o/ an o//icer or e(#lo+ee or #erson D%irec l+ or in%irec l+D res#onsi*le /or !e )iola ion o/ !e cons i u ional ri,! s an% li*er ies o/ ano !er. Gence, i is no !e ac or alone w!o (us answer /or %a(a,es un%er -r icle 32L !e #erson in%irec l+ res#onsi*le !as also o answer /or !e %a(a,es or in=ur+ cause% o !e a,,rie)e% #ar +. 9uc! *ein, !e case, #e i ioners, o,e !er wi ! "anie,o an% Hillanue)a, !e ones w!o orc!es ra e% !e ille,al searc!, are =oin l+ an% se)erall+ lia*le /or ac ual,

    (oral an% e1e(#lar+ %a(a,es o !erein in%i)i%ual res#on%en s in accor%ance wi ! !e earlier-;uo e% #er inen #ro)ision o/ -r icle 32, in rela ion o -r icle 2219064 an% 01'4 o/ !e Ci)il Co%e w!ic! #ro)i%esA A&t. 5574. "oral %a(a,es (a+ *e reco)ere% in !e /ollowin, an% analo,ous cases, a(on, o !ers, 064 .lle,al searc! an% 01'4 -c s an% ac ion re/erre% o in -r icles 21, 26, 2&, 2B, 29, 3', 32, 34 an% 35. D6C.9.ONA Denie%. PACIS VS. PAMARAN G.R. No. L-23996 "arc! 15, 19&4 Do't&+-": . is a well-se le% #rinci#le !a /or )iola ions o/ cus o(s laws, a warran issue% *+ !e Collec or o/ Cus o(s is conce%e%. . is no necessar+, in !ese cases, !a !e warran s *e issue% *+ a =u%,e, as w!a is re;uire% in !e Cons i u ion. FACTS: Res#on%en Ricar%o 9an os is !e owner o/ a "ercur+ au o(o*ile, (o%el 195&. . was *rou,! in o !is coun r+ wi !ou !e #a+(en o/ cus o(s %u + an% a1es, i s ori,inal owner Donal% Ja(es Ga c! *ein, a1-e1e(# . On June 25, 1964, res#on%en #ai% P311.'' /or cus o(s %u + an% a1es. Pe i ioner Pacis, on Jul+ 22, 1964 recei)e% /ro( !e -%(inis ra or, General -//airs -%(inis ra ion o/ !e De#ar (en o/ Na ional De/ense, a le er o !e e//ec !a !e Lan% 7rans#or a ion Co((ission re#or e% !a suc! au o(o*ile was a D!o car.D $+ )ir ue !ereo/, #e i ioner, !rou,! !is su*or%ina es, loo2e% in o !e recor%s o/ !is o//ice an% ascer aine% !a !e a(oun collec i*le on sai% car s!oul% *e P2,5''.'', (ore or less. $ase% on suc! %iscre#anc+, #e i ioner ins i u e% sei<ure #rocee%in,s an% issue% a warran o/ sei<ure an% %e en ion an% !us !e su*=ec au o(o*ile was a2en. Res#on%en re;ues e% /or !e wi !%rawal or %issolu ion o/ !e warran o/ sei<ure *u #e i ioner %enie% i . 7!erea/ er, res#on%en 9an os /ile% a cri(inal co(#lain /or usur#a ion o/ =u%icial /unc ions wi ! !e Ci + :iscal o/ "anila. -s !e res#on%en :iscal Pa(aran was *en on #rocee%in, wi ! !e c!ar,e a,ains #e i ioner, an ac ion /or #ro!i*i ion was /ile% wi ! !e 9u#re(e Cour . ISSUE:

    8!e !er or no !e Cons i u ional #ro)ision w!ic! s a es !a onl+ a =u%,e coul% issue a searc! warran a##lies o warran s issue% in lieu o/ )iola ions o/ cus o(s laws. HELD: .n a recen %ecision o/ !is Cour , Pa#a ). "a,o, w!ere !e sei<ure o/ alle,e% s(u,,le% ,oo%s was e//ec e% *+ a #olice o//icer wi !ou a searc! warran , !is Cour , !rou,! Jus ice Sal%i)ar, s a e%A DPe i ioner "ar in -la,ao an% !is co(#anion #olice(en !a% au !ori + o e//ec !e sei<ure wi !ou an+ searc! warran issue% *+ a co(#onen cour . 7!e 7ari// an% Cus o(s Co%e %oes no re;uire sai% warran in !e ins an case. 7!e Co%e au !ori<es #ersons !a)in, #olice au !ori + un%er 9ec ion 22'3 o/ !e 7ari// an% Cus o(s Co%e o en er, #ass !rou,! or searc! an+ lan%, inclosure, ware!ouse, s ore or *uil%in,, no *ein, a %wellin, !ouse an% also o ins#ec , searc! an% e1a(ine an+ )essel or aircra/ an% an+ run2, #ac2a,e, *o1 or en)elo#e or an+ #erson on *oar%, or s o# an% searc! an% e1a(ine an+ )e!icle, *eas or #erson sus#ec e% o/ !ol%in, or con)e+in, an+ %u ia*le or #ro!i*i e% ar icle in ro%uce% in o !e P!ili##ines con rar+ o law, wi !ou (en ionin, !e nee% o/ a searc! warran in sai% cases. $u in !e searc! o/ a %wellin, !ouse, !e Co%e #ro)i%es !a sai% D%wellin, !ouse (a+ *e en ere% an% searc!e% onl+ u#on warran issue% *+ a =u%,e or =us ice o/ !e #eace ... .D . is our consi%ere% )iew, !ere/ore, !a e1ce# in !e case o/ !e searc! o/ a %wellin, !ouse, #ersons e1ercisin, #olice au !ori + un%er !e cus o(s law (a+ e//ec searc! an% sei<ure wi !ou a searc! warran in !e en/orce(en o/ cus o(s laws.D 7!e #leni u%e o/ !e co(#e ence )es e% in cus o(s o//icials is !us un%enia*le. No suc! cons i u ional ;ues ion !en can #ossi*l+ arise. 9o (uc! is i(#lici /ro( !e )er+ lan,ua,e o/ 9ec ion 22'5 o/ !e 7ari// an% Cus o(s Co%e. . s#ea2s /or i sel/. . is no susce# i*le o/ an+ (isin er#re a ion. 7!e #ower o/ #e i ioner is !us (ani/es . . *ein, un%enia*le !en !a !e sole *asis /or an alle,e% cri(inal ac #er/or(e% *+ !i( was !e #er/or(ance o/ a %u + accor%in, o law, !ere is no !e sli,! es =us i/ica ion /or res#on%en -ssis an Ci + :iscal o con inue wi ! !e #reli(inar+ in)es i,a ion a/ er !is a en ion was %ul+ calle% o !e #lain an% e1#lici le,al #ro)ision !a %i% no su//er a all /ro( an+ cons i u ional in/ir(i +. 8G6R6:OR6, !e wri o/ #ro!i*i ion #ra+e% /or is ,ran e% an% !e successor o/ res#on%en "anuel R. Pa(aran, now a cri(inal circui cour =u%,e, or an+ one in !e Ci + :iscalMs O//ice o/ !e Ci + o/ "anila o w!o( !e co(#lain a,ains #e i ioner /or usur#a ion o/ =u%icial /unc ions arisin, ou o/ !e issuance o/ !e warran o/

    sei<ure an% %e en ion, su*=ec -(a er o/ !is li i,a ion, !as *een assi,ne%, is #er#e uall+ res raine% /ro( ac in, !ereon e1ce# o %is(iss !e sa(e. No cos s. STOP AND FRISD RULE: cases:

    M,*,',t (#. Co%&t o$ A!!",*#


    GR 75@848, 75 D"'"0."& 7443 FACTS: On 2& -u,us 199', a a*ou 6A3' #.(., alle,e%l+ in res#onse o *o(* !rea s re#or e% se)en %a+s earlier, Ro%ol/o Cu o/ !e 8es ern Police Dis ric , "e ro#oli an Police :orce o/ !e .n e,ra e% Na ional Police, Police 9 a ion No. 3, Juia#o, "anila, was on /oo #a rol wi ! !ree o !er #olice o//icers 0all o/ !e( in uni/or(4 alon, Jue<on $oule)ar%, Juia#o, "anila, near !e "ercur+ Dru, s ore a Pla<a "iran%a. 7!e+ c!ance% u#on wo ,rou#s o/ "usli(-loo2in, (en, wi ! eac! ,rou#, co(#rise% o/ !ree o /our (en, #os e% a o##osi e si%es o/ !e corner o/ Jue<on $oule)ar% near !e "ercur+ Dru, 9 ore. 7!ese (en were ac in, sus#iciousl+ wi ! N !eir e+es (o)in, )er+ /as .O Cu an% !is co(#anions #osi ione% !e(sel)es a s ra e,ic #oin s an% o*ser)e% *o ! ,rou#s /or a*ou 3' (inu es. 7!e #olice o//icers !en a##roac!e% one ,rou# o/ (en, w!o !en /le% in %i//eren %irec ions. -s !e #olice(en ,a)e c!ase, Cu cau,! u# wi ! an% a##re!en%e% 9a((+ "alaca + "an%ar 0w!o Cu reco,ni<e%, inas(uc! as alle,e%l+ !e #re)ious 9a ur%a+, 25 -u,us 199', li2ewise a Pla<a "iran%a, Cu saw "alaca an% 2 o !ers a e(# o %e ona e a ,rena%e4. ?#on searc!in, "alaca , Cu /oun% a /ra,(en a ion ,rena%e uc2e% insi%e !e la er>s N/ron wais line.O Cu>s co(#anion, #olice o//icer Ro,elio "ali*iran, a##re!en%e% -*%ul Casan /ro( w!o( a .3B cali*er re)ol)er was reco)ere%. "alaca an% Casan were !en *rou,! o Police 9 a ion 3 w!ere Cu #lace% an NKO (ar2 a !e *o o( o/ !e ,rena%e an% !erea/ er ,a)e i o !is co((an%er. Cu %i% no issue an+ recei# /or !e ,rena%e !e alle,e%l+ reco)ere% /ro( "alaca . On 3' -u,us 199', "alaca was c!ar,e% wi ! )iola in, 9ec ion 3 o/ Presi%en ial Decree 1B66. - arrai,n(en on 9 Oc o*er 199', #e i ioner, assis e% *+ counsel %e o//icio, en ere% a #lea o/ no ,uil +. "alaca %enie% !e c!ar,es an% e1#laine% !a !e onl+ recen l+ arri)e% in "anila. Gowe)er, se)eral o !er #olice o//icers (aule% !i(, !i in, !i( wi ! *enc!es an% ,uns. Pe i ioner was once a,ain searc!e%, *u no !in, was /oun% on !i(. Ge saw !e ,rena%e onl+ in cour w!en i was #resen e%. .n i s %ecision %a e% 1' :e*ruar+ 1994 *u #ro(ul,a e% on 15 :e*ruar+ 1994, !e rial cour rule% !a !e warran less searc! an% sei<ure o/ "alaca was a2in o a Ns o# an% /ris2,O w!ere a Nwarran an% sei<ure can *e

    e//ec e% wi !ou necessaril+ *ein, #rece%e% *+ an arres O an% Nw!ose o*=ec is ei !er o (ain ain !e s a us ;uo (o(en aril+ w!ile !e #olice o//icer see2s o o* ain (ore in/or(a ionOL an% !a !e sei<ure o/ !e ,rena%e /ro( "alaca was inci%en al o a law/ul arres . 7!e rial cour !us /oun% "alaca ,uil + o/ !e cri(e o/ ille,al #ossession o/ e1#losi)es un%er 9ec ion 3 o/ PD 1B66, an% sen ence% !i( o su//er !e #enal + o/ no less !an 1& +ears, 4 (on !s an% 1 %a+ o/ Reclusion 7e(#oral, as (ini(u(, an% no (ore !an 3' +ears o/ Reclusion Per#e ua, as (a1i(u(. On 1B :e*ruar+ 1994, "alaca /ile% a no ice o/ a##eal in%ica in, !a !e was a##ealin, o !e 9u#re(e Cour . Gowe)er, !e recor% o/ !e case was /orwar%e% o !e Cour o/ -##eals 0C--GR CR 159BB4. .n i s %ecision o/ 24 Januar+ 1996, !e Cour o/ -##eals a//ir(e% !e rial cour . "analili /ile% a #e i ion /or re)iew wi ! !e 9u#re(e Cour . ISSUE: 8!e !er !e searc! (a%e on "alaca is )ali%, #ursuan o !e e1ce# ion o/ Ns o# an% /ris2.O HELD: 7!e ,eneral rule as re,ar%s arres s, searc!es an% sei<ures is !a a warran is nee%e% in or%er o )ali%l+ e//ec !e sa(e. 7!e Cons i u ional #ro!i*i ion a,ains unreasona*le arres s, searc!es an% sei<ures re/ers o !ose e//ec e% wi !ou a )ali%l+ issue% warran , su*=ec o cer ain e1ce# ions. -s re,ar%s )ali% warran less arres s, !ese are /oun% in 9ec ion 5, Rule 113 o/ !e Rules o/ Cour . warran less arres un%er !e circu(s ances con e(#la e% un%er 9ec ion 50a4 !as *een %eno(ina e% as one Nin /la,ran e %elic o,O w!ile !a un%er 9ec ion 50*4 !as *een %escri*e% as a N!o #ursui O arres . 7urnin, o )ali% warran less searc!es, !e+ are li(i e% o !e /ollowin,A 014 cus o(s searc!esL 024 searc! o/ (o)in, )e!iclesL 034 sei<ure o/ e)i%ence in #lain )iewL 044 consen searc!esL 054 a searc! inci%en al o a law/ul arres L an% 064 a Ns o# an% /ris2.O 7!e conce# s o/ a Ns o#-an%-/ris2O an% o/ a searc! inci%en al o a law/ul arres (us no *e con/use%. 7!ese wo +#es o/ warran less searc!es %i//er in er(s o/ !e re;uisi e ;uan u( o/ #roo/ *e/ore !e+ (a+ *e )ali%l+ e//ec e% an% in !eir allowa*le sco#e. .n a searc! inci%en al o a law/ul arres , as !e #rece%en arres %e er(ines !e )ali%i + o/ !e inci%en al searc!. Gere, !ere coul% !a)e *een no )ali% in /la,ran e %elic o or !o #ursui arres #rece%in, !e searc! in li,! o/ !e lac2 o/ #ersonal 2nowle%,e on !e #ar o/ Cu, !e arres in, o//icer, or an o)er #!+sical ac , on !e #ar o/ "alaca , in%ica in, !a a cri(e !a% =us *een co((i e%, was *ein, co((i e% or was ,oin, o *e co((i e%. Plainl+, !e searc! con%uc e% on "alaca coul% no !a)e *een one inci%en al o a law/ul arres . On !e o !er !an%, w!ile #ro*a*le cause is no

    re;uire% o con%uc a Ns o# an% /ris2,O i ne)er !eless !ol%s !a (ere sus#icion or a !unc! will no )ali%a e a Ns o# an% /ris2.O - ,enuine reason (us e1is , in li,! o/ !e #olice o//icer>s e1#erience an% surroun%in, con%i ions, o warran !e *elie/ !a !e #erson %e aine% !as wea#ons conceale% a*ou !i(. :inall+, a Ns o#-an%-/ris2O ser)es a wo-/ol% in eres A 014 !e ,eneral in eres o/ e//ec i)e cri(e #re)en ion an% %e ec ion, w!ic! un%erlies !e reco,ni ion !a a #olice o//icer (a+, un%er a##ro#ria e circu(s ances an% in an a##ro#ria e (anner, a##roac! a #erson /or #ur#oses o/ in)es i,a in, #ossi*le cri(inal *e!a)ior e)en wi !ou #ro*a*le causeL an% 024 !e (ore #ressin, in eres o/ sa/e + an% sel/-#reser)a ion w!ic! #er(i !e #olice o//icer o a2e s e#s o assure !i(sel/ !a !e #erson wi ! w!o( !e %eals is no ar(e% wi ! a %ea%l+ wea#on !a coul% une1#ec e%l+ an% /a all+ *e use% a,ains !e #olice o//icer. Gere, !ere are a leas !ree 034 reasons w!+ !e Ns o#-an%-/ris2O was in)ali%A :irs , !ere is ,ra)e %ou* s as o Cu>s clai( !a "alaca was a (e(*er o/ !e ,rou# w!ic! a e(# e% o *o(* Pla<a "iran%a 2 %a+s earlier. 7!is clai( is nei !er su##or e% *+ an+ #olice re#or or recor% nor corro*ora e% *+ an+ o !er #olice o//icer w!o alle,e%l+ c!ase% !a ,rou#. 9econ%, !ere was no !in, in "alaca >s *e!a)ior or con%uc w!ic! coul% !a)e reasona*l+ elici e% e)en (ere sus#icion o !er !an !a !is e+es were N(o)in, )er+ /as O P an o*ser)a ion w!ic! lea)es us incre%ulous since Cu an% !is ea((a es were now!ere near "alaca an% i was alrea%+ 6A3' #.(., !us #resu(a*l+ %us2. "alaca an% !is co(#anions were (erel+ s an%in, a !e corner an% were no crea in, an+ co((o ion or rou*le. 7!ir%, !ere was a all no ,roun%, #ro*a*le or o !erwise, o *elie)e !a "alaca was ar(e% wi ! a %ea%l+ wea#on. None was )isi*le o Cu, /or as !e a%(i e%, !e alle,e% ,rena%e was N%isco)ere%O Ninsi%e !e /ron wais lineO o/ "alaca , an% /ro( all in%ica ions as o !e %is ance *e ween Cu an% "alaca , an+ ell ale *ul,e, assu(in, !a "alaca was in%ee% !i%in, a ,rena%e, coul% no !a)e *een )isi*le o Cu. 8!a is une;ui)ocal !en are *la an )iola ions o/ "alaca >s ri,! s sole(nl+ ,uaran ee% in 9ec ions 2 an% 12014 o/ -r icle ... o/ !e Cons i u ion. WARRANTLESS ARREST cases: PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINES VS. SANDIGAN)AYAN 09?$J6C7A D6L6G-7.ON O: J?-9. J?D.C.-L PO86RL 697OPP6L. FACTS: ON 1B "-RCG 19B6, -77C. R-".R6S -ND -77C. -$6LL-, PCGG -G6N79, .99?6D -

    96J?697R-7.ON ORD6R -G-.N97 7G6 R697GO?9 7G6 9OL6 .99?6 PR696N76D .9 8G67G6R OR NO7 7G6 "-RCG 1B, 19B6 96J?697R-7.ON ORD6R -G-.N97 PROP6R7.69 O: ."6LD- .N L6C76 .NCL?D.NG 7G6 R697GO?96 -7 OLO7. 7G6.R ORD6R 8-9 NO7 9.GN6D $C -NC PCGG CO"".99.ON6R9. ISSUE: .9 7G6.R ORD6R H-L.D@ RULING: NO. J?D.C.-L OR J?-9.-J?D.C.-L PO86R9 "-C NO7 $6 D6L6G-76D. .N PCGG H. J?DG6 P6V-,E1F E1&F 7G6 CO?R7 G6LD 7G-7 7G6 PO86R9, :?NC7.ON9 -ND D?7.69 O: 7G6 PCGG -"O?N7 7O 7G6 6K6RC.96 O: J?-9.-J?D.C.-L :?NC7.ON9, -ND 7G6 6K6RC.96 O: 9?CG :?NC7.ON9 C-NNO7 $6 D6L6G-76D $C 7G6 CO"".99.ON 7O .79 R6PR696N7-7.H69 OR 9?$ORD.N-769 OR 7-9I :ORC69 $6C-?96 O: 7G6 86LL 697-$L.9G6D PR.NC.PL6 7G-7 J?D.C.-L OR J?-9.-J?D.C.-L PO86R9 "-C NO7 $6 D6L6G-76D. P67.7.ON6R R6P?$L.C -RG?69 7G-7 "R9. "-RCO9 9GO?LD $6 D66"6D 697OPP6D :RO" J?697.ON.NG 7G6 96J?697R-7.ON O: G6R OLO7 R697GO?96 $C G6R -C7.ON9 .N R6G-RD 7O 7G6 9-"6. $?7 - HO.D ORD6R PROD?C69 NO 6::6C7 -ND C-NNO7 $6 H-L.D-76D ?ND6R 7G6 DOC7R.N6 O: 697OPP6L. :OR 7G6 9-"6 R6-9ON, 7G6 CO?R7 C-NNO7 -CC6P7 P67.7.ON6R>9 H.68 7G-7 "R9. "-RCO9 9GO?LD G-H6 :.R97 9O?GG7 7G6 L.:7.NG O: 7G6 96J?697R-7.ON ORD6R 7GRO?GG "O7.ON 7O J?-9G :.L6D 8.7G 7G6 PCGG. $6.NG HO.D, 7G6 9-ND.G-N$-C-N G-9 7G6 PO86R 7O 97R.I6 .7 DO8N ON 9.GG7. RULING OF THE COURT: 7!e Cour >s Rulin, ?n%er 9ec io- 5L, A&t+'*" XVIII o$ t2" Co-#t+t%t+o- , an or%er o/ se;ues ra ion (a+ onl+ issue u#on a s!owin, No/ a #ri(a /acie caseO !a !e #ro#er ies are ill-,o en weal ! un%er 61ecu i)e Or%ers 1 an% 2.E2FE11F 8!en a cour nulli/ies an or%er o/ se;ues ra ion /or !a)in, *een issue% wi !ou a #ri(a /acie case, !e Cour %oes no su*s i u e i s =u%,(en /or !a o/ !e PCGG *u si(#l+ a##lies !e law. E3FE12F

    .n $a aan 9!i#+ar% R 6n,ineerin, Co, .nc. ). PCGG,E4F E13F !e Cour !el% !a a #ri(a /acie /ac ual /oun%a ion !a !e #ro#er ies se;ues ere% are Nill-,o en weal !O is re;uire%. 7!e #ower o %e er(ine !e e1is ence o/ a #ri(a /acie case !as *een )es e% in !e PCGG as an inci%en o i s in)es i,a or+ #owers. 7!e wo-co((issioner rule is o*)iousl+ in en%e% o assure a colle,ial %e er(ina ion o/ suc! /ac .E5FE14F Gere, i is clear !a !e PCGG %i% no (a2e a #rior %e er(ina ion o/ !e e1is ence o/ a #ri(a /acie case !a woul% warran !e se;ues ra ion o/ !e Olo Res !ouse. 7!e Re#u*lic #resen e% no e)i%ence *e/ore !e 9an%i,an*a+an !a s!ows %i//eren l+. Nor %i% !e Re#u*lic %e(ons ra e !a !e wo PCGG re#resen a i)es were ,i)en !e ;uasi-=u%icial au !ori + o recei)e an% consi%er e)i%ence !a woul% warran suc! a #ri(a /acie /in%in,. Paren !e icall+, !e Re#u*lic>s su##ose% e)i%ence %oes no s!ow !ow !e "arcoses ac;uire% !e se;ues ere% #ro#er +, w!a (a2es i Nill-,o en weal !,O an% !ow /or(er Presi%en "arcos in er)ene% in i s ac;uisi ion. 7a2in, !e /ore,oin, )iew, !e resolu ion o/ !e issue surroun%in, !e c!arac er o/ !e #ro#er + se;ues ere% w!e !er or no i coul% #ri(a /acie *e consi%ere% ill-,o en s!oul% *e necessar+. 7!e issue in !is case is no new. 7!e /ac s are su*s an iall+ i%en ical o !ose in !e case o/ Re#u*lic ). 9an%i,an*a+an 0Dio .slan% Resor , .nc.4.E6FE15F 7!ere, !e sa(e - +. Ra(ire< issue% a se;ues ra ion or%er on -#ril 14, 19B6 a,ains Dio .slan% Resor , .nc. an% all i s asse s an% #ro#er ies w!ic! were !ou,! o *e #ar o/ !e "arcoses> ill-,o en weal !. -ler e% *+ a c!allen,e o !is ac ion, !e PCGG #asse% a resolu ion N o con/ir(, ra i/+ an% a%o# as i s own all !e 8ri s o/ 9e;ues ra ionO !a - +s. Ra(ire< an% -*ella issue% N o re(o)e an+ %ou* as o !e )ali%i + an% en/orcea*ili +O o/ !eir wri s. 9 ill, !e Cour s ruc2 !e( %own as )oi%A . is in%u*i a*le !a un%er no circu(s ances can a se;ues ra ion or /ree<e or%er *e )ali%l+ issue% *+ one no a Co((issioner o/ !e PCGG. 7!e in)ali%i + o/ !e se;ues ra ion or%er was (a%e (ore a##aren *+ !e /ac !a - +. Ra(ire< %i% no e)en !a)e an+ s#eci/ic au !ori + o ac on *e!al/ o/ !e Co((ission a !e i(e !e issue% !e sai% se;ues ra ion or%er. 1 1 1 6)en assu(in, ar,uen%o !a - +. Ra(ire< !a% *een ,i)en #rior au !ori + *+ !e PCGG o #lace Dio .slan% Resor un%er se;ues ra ion, ne)er !eless, !e se;ues ra ion

    or%er !e issue% is s ill )oi% since PCGG (a+ no %ele,a e i s au !ori + o se;ues er o i s re#resen a i)es an% su*or%ina es, an% an+ suc! %ele,a ion is in)ali% an% ine//ec i)e. ?n%er 61ecu i)e Or%er Nos. 1 an% 2, PCGG is !e sole en i + #ri(aril+ c!ar,e% wi ! !e res#onsi*ili + o/ reco)erin, ill-,o en weal !. 1 1 1 7!e #ower o se;ues er, !ere/ore, carries wi ! i !e corollar+ %u + o (a2e a #reli(inar+ %e er(ina ion o/ w!e !er !ere is a reasona*le *asis /or se;ues erin, a #ro#er + alle,e% o *e ill-,o en. -/ er a care/ul e)alua ion o/ !e e)i%ence a%%uce%, !e PCGG clearl+ !as o use i s own =u%,(en in %e er(inin, !e e1is ence o/ a #ri(a /acie case. 7!e a*sence o/ a #rior %e er(ina ion *+ !e PCGG o/ a #ri(a /acie *asis /or !e se;ues ra ion or%er is, una)oi%a*l+, a /a al %e/ec w!ic! ren%ere% !e se;ues ra ion o/ res#on%en cor#ora ion an% i s #ro#er ies )oi% a* ini io. $ein, )oi% a* ini io, i is %ee(e% none1is en , as !ou,! i !a% ne)er *een issue%, 7!e Cour is (ain ainin, i s a*o)e rulin, in !is case. -l !ou,! !e wo PCGG law+ers issue% !e se;ues ra ion or%er in !is case on "arc! 1B, 19B6, *e/ore !e #assa,e o/ 9ec. 3 o/ !e PCGG Rules, suc! consi%era ion is i((a erial /ollowin, our a*o)e rulin,. .n PCGG ). Ju%,e PeWa,EBFE1&F !e Cour !el% !a !e #owers, /unc ions an% %u ies o/ !e PCGG a(oun o !e e1ercise o/ ;uasi-=u%icial /unc ions, an% !e e1ercise o/ suc! /unc ions canno *e %ele,a e% *+ !e Co((ission o i s re#resen a i)es or su*or%ina es or as2 /orces *ecause o/ !e well es a*lis!e% #rinci#le !a =u%icial or ;uasi-=u%icial #owers (a+ no *e %ele,a e%. . is !e Re#u*lic>s !eor+ o/ course !a Co((issioner Da<a>s le er, %irec in, - +s. Ra(ire< an% -*ella o searc! an% se;ues er all #ro#er ies, %ocu(en s, (one+ an% o !er asse s o/ res#on%en s, s!oul% *e consi%ere% as !e wri o/ se;ues ra ion w!ile !e or%er issue% *+ - +s. Ra(ire< an% -*ella s!oul% *e rea e% (erel+ as an i(#le(en in, or%er. $u !e le er %i% no !a)e !e enor o/ a se;ues ra ion or%er co)erin, s#eci/ic #ro#er ies !a !e law+ers were or%ere% o sei<e an% !ol% /or !e PCGG. -c uall+, !a le er is o/ !e sa(e 2in% issue% o - +s. Ra(ire< an% -*ella in Dio .slan% Resor . Conse;uen l+, !ere is no reason o %e#ar /ro( !e Cour >s rulin, in !e la er case w!ere i sai%A

    7!e in)ali%i + o/ !e se;ues ra ion or%er was (a%e (ore a##aren *+ !e /ac !a - +. Ra(ire< %i% no e)en !a)e an+ s#eci/ic au !ori + o ac on *e!al/ o/ !e Co((ission a !e i(e !e issue% !e sai% se;ues ra ion or%er. 7!us, !e res#on%en Cour no e%A Con rar+ o #lain i//>s re#resen a ion, no !in, e1is s o su##or i s con en ion !a !e 7as2 :orce !a% *een ,i)en #rior au !ori + o #lace D.O un%er PCGG con rol. On !e con rar+, as !e e1 o/ !e a*o)e le ers clearl+ s!ow, - +s. Jose 7an Ra(ire< an% $en -*ella, !a% ac e% on *roa% an% non-s#eci/ic #owersA X$+ au !ori + o/ !e co((ission an% !e #owers )es e% in i . 1 1 1.>OE9FE1BF Pe i ioner Re#u*lic ar,ues !a "rs. "arcos s!oul% *e %ee(e% es o##e% /ro( ;ues ionin, !e se;ues ra ion o/ !er Olo Res !ouse *+ !er ac ions in re,ar% o !e sa(e. $u a )oi% or%er #ro%uces no e//ec an% canno *e )ali%a e% un%er !e %oc rine o/ es o##el. :or !e sa(e reason, !e Cour canno acce# #e i ioner>s )iew !a "rs. "arcos s!oul% !a)e /irs sou,! !e li/ in, o/ !e se;ues ra ion or%er !rou,! a (o ion o ;uas! /ile% wi ! !e PCGG. $ein, )oi%, !e 9an%i,an*a+an !as !e #ower o s ri2e i %own on si,! . $esi%es, !e li/ in, o/ !e se;ues ra ion or%er will no necessaril+ *e /a al o !e (ain case since i %oes no /ollow /ro( suc! li/ in, !a !e se;ues ere% #ro#er ies are no ill-,o en weal !. 9uc! li/ in, si(#l+ (eans !a !e ,o)ern(en (a+ no ac as conser)a or or (a+ no e1ercise a%(inis ra i)e or !ouse2ee#in, #owers o)er !e #ro#er +.E1'FE19F .n%ee%, !e Re#u*lic can *e #ro ec e% *+ a no ice o/ lis #en%ens. 8G6R6:OR6, !e Cour D.9".9969 !e #e i ion /or lac2 o/ (eri an% -::.R"9 !e c!allen,e% resolu ions o/ !e :our ! Di)ision o/ !e 9an%i,an*a+an %a e% :e*ruar+ 2B, 2''2 an% -u,us 2B, 2''2 in Ci)il Case '''2, w!ic! ,ran e% res#on%en .(el%a R. "arcos> "o ion o Juas! !e "arc! 1B, 19B6 9e;ues ra ion Or%er co)erin, !e Olo Res !ouse. :ur !er, !e Cour D.R6C79 !e Re,is er o/ Dee%s o/ Le+ e o i((e%ia el+ anno a e a no ice o/ lis #en%ens on !e cer i/ica e o/ i le o/ !e Olo Res !ouse wi ! res#ec o !e Re#u*lic o/ !e P!ili##ines> clai( o)er !e sa(e in Ci)il Case '''2 o/ !e 9an%i,an*a+an. No #ronounce(en as o cos s. 9O ORD6R6D. PADILLA V. CA 129 9 55B 0199'4

    8!ere in !e co(#lain /or Gra)e Coercion a,ains !e (a+or an% #olice(en, !e+ were ac;ui e% on !e ,roun% !a !eir ,uil !as no *een #ro)en *e+on% reasona*le %ou* , suc! ac;ui al will no *ar a ci)il case /or %a(a,es arisin, /ro( !e %e(oli ion o/ #e i ionYerMs (ar2e s alls. 7!e ac;ui al on !e ,roun% !a !eir ,uil !as no *een #ro)en *e+on% reasonaY*le %ou* re/ers o !e ele(en o/ Gra)e Coercion an% no o !e /ac o/ !a !e s alls were no %e(olis!e%. ?n%er !e Rules o/ Cour , !e e1 inc ion o/ #enal ac ion carries wi ! i !e e1 inc ion o/ ci)il onl+ i/ !ere is a %eclara ion !a /ac s /ro( w!ic! ci)il (a+ arise %i% no e1is . -lso, -r . 29 o/ !e Ci)il Co%e %oes no s a e !a ci)il lia*ili + can *e reco)ere% onl+ in a se#ara e ci)il ac ion. 7!e ci)il lia*ili + can *e reco)ere% ei !er in !e sa(e or a se#ara e ac ion. 7!e #ur#ose o/ reco)erin, in !e sa(e ac ion is o %is#ense wi ! !e /ilin, o/ ano !er ci)il ac ion w!ere !e sa(e e)i%ence is o *e #resen e%, an% !e unse lin, i(#lica ions o/ #er(i in, reins iY u ion o/ a se#ara e ci)il ac ion. Gowe)er, a se#ara e ci)il ac ion is warran e% w!en 014 a%%i ionYal /ac s are o *e es a*lis!e%L 024 !ere is (ore e)i%ence o *e a%%uce%L 034 !ere is /ull er(inaY ion o/ !e cri(inal case an% a se#ara e co(#lain woul% *e (ore e//icacious !an a re(an%. Gence, C- %i% no err in awar%in, %a(a,es %es#i e !e ac;ui al. PEOPLE VS. DEL ROSARIO 234 9CR- 246L G.R. NO. 1'9633L 2' J?L 1994 F,'t#A -ccuse% was c!ar,e% an% con)ic e% *+ !e rial cour o/ ille,al #ossession o/ /irear(s an% ille,al #ossession an% sale o/ %ru,s, #ar icularl+ (e !a(#!e a(ine or s!a*u. -/ er !e issuance o/ !e searc! warran , w!ic! au !ori<e% !e searc! an% sei<ure o/ an un%e er(ine% ;uan i + o/ (e !a(#!e a(ine an% i s #ara#!ernalia>s, an en ra#(en was #lanne% !a le% o !e arres o/ %el Rosario an% o !e sei<ure o/ !e s!a*u, i s #ara#!ernalia>s an% o/ a .22 cali*er #is ol wi ! 3 li)e a((uni ion. I##%": 8!e !er or No #ro#er. !e sei<ure o/ !e /irear(s was

    VALIDITY OF A WARRANT ISSUED )Y THE EUDGE cases: PEOPLE (. TEE Dri,! s o/ !e accuse% o s#ee%+ rialD FACTS: 7!e case in)ol)es an au o(a ic re)iew o/ =u%,(en (a%e a,ains 7ee w!o was con)ic e% /or ille,al #ossession o/ (ari=uana an% sen ence% o %ea !. 7!e %e/ense assaile% !e %ecision o/ !e cour /or a2in, a%(issi*le as e)i%ence !e (ari=uana sei<e% /ro( !e accuse% *+ )ir ue o/ alle,e%l+ ,eneral searc! warran . 7!e+ /ur !er con en% !a !e accuse% was %e#ri)e% o/ !is ri,! o s#ee%+ rial *+ /ailure o/ !e #rosecu ion o #ro%uce !eir wi ness w!o /aile% o a##ear %urin, !e 2' !earin, %a es !ere*+ slowin, %own !e rial #roce%ure. ISSUE: 8!e !er or no !e su*s an i)e ri,! o/ !e accuse% /or a s#ee%+ rial #re=u%ice% %urin, !e !earin, o/ !e case. RULING: 7!e cour rule% !a !e su*s an i)e ri,! o/ !e accuse% /or a /air an% s#ee%+ rial was no )iola e%. . !el% !a !e 9#ee%+ 7rial -c o/ 199B #ro)i%es !a !e rial #erio% /or !e cri(inal cases s!oul% *e in ,eneral 1B' %a+s. Gowe)er, in %e er(inin, !e ri,! o/ an accuse% o s#ee%+ rial, cour s s!oul% %o (ore !an a (a !e(a ical co(#u a ion o/ !e nu(*er o/ #os #one(en s o/ !e sc!e%ule% !earin,s o/ !e case.7!e ri,! o a s#ee%+ rial is %ee(e% )iola e% onl+ w!enA 014 !e #rocee%in,s are a en%e% *+ )e1a ious, ca#ricious, an% o##ressi)e %ela+sL or 024 w!en un=us i/ie% #os #one(en s are as2e% /or an% secure%L or 034 w!en wi !ou cause or =us i/ia*le (o i)e a lon, #erio% o/ i(e is allowe% o ela#se wi !ou !e #ar + !a)in, !is case rie%. . was s!own *+ !e recor%s !a !e #rosecu ion e1er e% e//or s in o* ainin, a warran o co(#el !e wi ness o es i/+. 7!e conce# o/ s#ee%+ rial is necessaril+ rela i)e w!ere se)eral /ac ors are wei,!e% suc! as !e len, ! o/ i(e o/ %ela+, !e reason o/ suc! %ela+, an% con%uc o/ #rosecu ion an% !e accuse% an% !e #re=u%ice an% %a(a,e% cause% o !e accuse% o/ suc! %ela+. 7!e cour %i% no /in% !e 2' %a+s o/ %ela+e% !earin, unreasona*le len, ! o/ i(e as o cons i u e %e#ri)a ion o/ !e cons i u ional ri,! s o/ !e accuse% /or a s#ee%+ rial in a%%i ion o !e /ac !a cour rial (a+ *e alwa+s su*=ec e% o #os #one(en /or reasona*le cause o/ %ela+. .n !e

    H"*/: No. S"' 5 ,&t. III o$ t2" 'o-#t+t%t+o- s#eci/icall+ #ro)i%es !a a searc! warran (us #ar icularl+ %escri*e !e !in,s o *e sei<e%. .n !erein case, !e onl+ o*=ec s o *e sei<e% !a !e warran %e er(ine% was !e (e !a(#!e a(ine an% !e #ara#!ernalia>s !erein. 7!e sei<ure o/ !e /irear(s was uncons i u ional. 8!ere/ore !e %ecision is re)erse% an% !e accuse% is ac;ui e%.

    a*sence o/ s!owin, !a !e reason /or %ela+ was ca#ricious or o##ressi)e, !e 9 a e (us no *e %e#ri)e% o/ reasona*le o##or uni + in #rosecu in, !e accuse%. PANGANDAMAN V. CASAR FACTSA 7!e case ori,ina e% in Lanao. 7!e o//en%e% #ar + was a(*us!e% in Lanao, *u !e sur)i)e%. $ase% on !is %escri# ion, !ere were aroun% 5' #ersons w!o s a,e% !e a(*us! /ro( *o ! si%es o/ !e !ill. Gowe)er, !e coul% no reco,ni<e an+one o/ !e 5'. $u !e /ile% a case a,ains all 5' a(*us!ers, all NJOGN DO69O. 9o !e cour issue% a warran o/ arres a,ains !e 5' Jo!n Does. ISSUE: 83N !e warran o/ arres is )ali%@ Can a cour issue a warran o/ arres a,ains an un2nown accuse%@ HELD: NO i is no )ali%. . is o/ !e na ure o/ a ,eneral warran , one o/ a call o/ wri s lon, #rescri*e% as uncons i u ional an% once ana !e(a i<e% as o all+ su*)ersi)e o/ !e li*er + o/ !e su*=ec . Clearl+ )iola i)e o/ !e cons i u ional in=unc ion !a warran s o/ arres s!oul% #ar icularl+ %escri*e !e #erson or #ersons o *e sei<e%. 7!e warran as a,ains uni%en i/ie% su*=ec s will *e consi%ere% as null an% )oi%. EXAMINATION OF )AND ACCOUNTSF DEPOSITS cases: PN) VS. GANCAYCO G.R. No. L-1B343 9e# e(*er 3', 1965 FACTS: De/en%an s 6(ilio Ganca+co an% :loren ino :lor, as s#ecial #rosecu ors o/ !e De#ar (en o/ Jus ice, re;uire% !e #lain i// P!ili##ine Na ional $an2 o #ro%uce a a !earin, !e recor%s o/ !e *an2 %e#osi s o/ 6rnes o Ji(ene<, /or(er a%(inis ra or o/ !e -,ricul ural Cre%i an% Coo#era i)e -%(inis ra ion, w!o was !en un%er in)es i,a ion /or une1#laine% weal !. .n %eclinin, o re)eal i s recor%s, !e #lain i// *an2 in)o2e% 9ec ion 2 o/ Re#u*lic -c No. 14'5. On !e o !er !an%, !e %e/en%an s ci e% 9ec ion B o/ !e -n i-Gra/ an% Corru# Prac ices -c 0Re#u*lic -c No. 3'194 in su##or o/ !eir clai( o/ au !ori +,w!ic! alle,e%l+ #ro)i%es an a%%i ional ,roun% /or !e e1a(ina ion o/ *an2 %e#osi s. ISSUE:

    8!e !er 9ec ion B o/ Re#u*lic -c No. 3'19 #ro)i%es an a%%i ional ,roun% /or !e e1a(ina ion o/ *an2 %e#osi s. HELD: Ces. 7!e ru ! is !a !ese laws are so re#u,nan o eac! o !er !an no reconcilia ion is #ossi*le. 1 1 1. 7!e onl+ conclusion #ossi*le is !a sec ion B o/ !e -n i-Gra/ Law is in en%e% o a(en% sec ion 2 o/ Re#u*lic -c No. 14'5 *+ #ro)i%in, a%%i ional e1ce# ion o !e rule a,ains !e %isclosure o/ *an2 %e#osi s. 8F!ile sec ion 2 o/ Re#u*lic -c 14'5 %eclares *an2 %e#osi s o *e Da*solu el+ con/i%en ial,D i ne)er !eless allows suc! %isclosure in !e /ollowin, ins ancesA 014 ?#on wri en #er(ission o/ !e %e#osi orL 024 .n cases o/ i(#eac!(en L 034 ?#on or%er o/ a co(#e en cour in cases o/ *ri*er+ or %erelic ion o/ %u + o/ #u*lic o//icialsL 044 .n cases w!ere !e (one+ %e#osi e% is !e su*=ec (a er o/ !e li i,a ion. Cases o/ une1#laine% weal ! are si(ilar o cases o/ *ri*er+ or %erelic ion o/ %u +. MARHUEM VS. DISIERTO G.R. No. 135BB2 June 2&, 2''1 FACTS: Res#on%en O(*u%s(an Desier o or%ere% #e i ioner "ar;ue< o #ro%uce se)eral *an2 %ocu(en s /or #ur#oses o/ ins#ec ion in ca(era rela i)e o )arious accoun s (ain aine% a ?nion $an2 o/ !e P!ili##ines, Julia Har,as $ranc!, w!ere #e i ioner is !e *ranc! (ana,er. 7!e or%er is *ase% on a #en%in, in)es i,a ion a !e O//ice o/ !e O(*u%s(an a,ains -(a%o La,%a(eo, e . al. /or )iola ion o/ R.-. No. 3'19, 9ec. 3 0e4 an% 0,4 rela i)e o !e Join Hen ure -,ree(en *e ween !e Pu*lic 6s a es -u !ori + an% -"-R.. Pe i ioner wan e% o *e clari/ie% /irs as o !ow s!e woul% co(#l+ wi ! !e or%ers wi !ou !er *rea2in, an+ law, #ar icularl+ R-. No. 14'5. ISSUE: 8!e !er !e or%er o/ !e O(*u%s(an o !a)e an in ca(era ins#ec ion o/ !e ;ues ione% accoun is allowe% as an e1ce# ion o !e law on secrec+ o/ *an2 %e#osi s 0R.-. No.14'54. HELDA No. 8e rule !a *e/ore an in ca(era ins#ec ion (a+ *e allowe%, !ere (us *e a #en%in, case *e/ore a cour o/ co(#e en =uris%ic ion. :ur !er, !e accoun (us *e clearl+ i%en i/ie%, !e ins#ec ion li(i e% o !e su*=ec (a er o/ !e #en%in, case *e/ore !e cour o/ co(#e en

    =uris%ic ion. 7!e *an2 #ersonnel an% !e accoun !ol%er (us *e no i/ie% o *e #resen %urin, !e ins#ec ion, an% suc! ins#ec ion (a+ co)er onl+ !e accoun i%en i/ie% in !e #en%in, case

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