Aim

• to give a first course in digital electronics providing you

with both the knowledge and skills required to design
simple digital circuits and preparing you for a second,
Lecture 1: Overview – Digital Concepts more advanced, course next year.

Digital Electronics I
Dr Pete Sedcole
Department of EEE
Imperial College London
(Slides based on Floyd & Tocci)

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Course Content
Objectives

– to impart to you a formalism of logic enabling you to analyse

logical processes
• 15 Lectures
1. Overview 8. MSI Devices
– to enable you to implement simple logical operations using
combinational logic circuits 2. Introduction to Data 9. Programmable Devices
– to enable you to understand common forms of number Representation 10. Sequential Circuits
representation in digital electronic circuits and to be able to convert 3. Boolean Algebra and 11. State machines 1
between different representations Combination Logic 1 12. State machines 2
– to enable you to understand the logical operation of simple 4. Boolean Algebra and 13. Design of Synchronous
Combination Logic 2 Sequential Circuits
arithmetic and other MSI circuits (Medium Scale Integrated
Circuits) 5. Combinational Logic Gates 14. Application Examples
and Implementation 15. Revision
– to impart to you the concepts of sequential circuits enabling you to
analyse sequential systems in terms of state machines 6. More Gates and
– to enable you to implement synchronous state machines using Multiplexers
flip-flops 7. Data representation 2

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 Tutorial Questions Examination

• In the summer term

– accompany each lecture
– a chance to practice the techniques studied • past papers available in advance to show the style
– graded according to difficulty:
• * easy, only a little interesting
• ** harder, more interesting
• *** challenge, very interesting
– completion of all * and ** questions is essential to your success
– completion of *** questions indicates a very good understanding
– answers given out shortly after questions
– not assessed

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Lectures Study Groups

• Fifteen lectures of about 50 minutes each

• A chance to ask questions about
– copies of the overhead slides given out – the work presented in lectures
– some blanks in the slides for you to fill in, for example: – the tutorial questions
– the truth table for an AND gate is: X Y Z=X.Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

• references given to the course book as we go along

• you are expected to read the relevant sections of the
book as “homework” just after the lecture

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 Text Books Digital and Analog Quantities

• “Digital Systems – Principles and

Applications”,
10th Edition, R. J. Tocci, N. S. Widmer, G.
Moss, Pearson Education, 2006 (~£50)
• “Digital Fundamentals”, 9th Edition, T.L.
Floyd, Pearson Education, July 2005
(~£35)
Analogue quantities have continuous Digital quantities have discrete
values sets of values

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Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms
Binary values are also represented by voltage levels
• The conventional numbering system uses ten digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
• The binary numbering system uses just two digits: 0
and 1.
• The two binary digits are designated 0 and 1
• They can also be called LOW and HIGH, where LOW
= 0 and HIGH = 1 Major parts of a digital
pulse
• Base line
• Amplitude
• Rise time (tr)
• Pulse width (tw)
• Fall time (tf)
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 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital Waveforms Basic Logic Operations

• tw = pulse width
• T = period of the waveform There are only three basic logic operations:
• f = frequency of the waveform

1
f=
T

The duty cycle of a binary waveform is defined as:

t 
Duty cycle =  w 100%
 T 

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Basic Logic Operations Basic Logic Operations

• The AND operation

The NOT operation – When any input is LOW, the output
is LOW
– When both inputs are HIGH, the
output is HIGH

• When the input is LOW, the output is HIGH

• When the input is HIGH, the output is LOW

The output logic level is always

opposite the input logic level.

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 Basic Logic Operations Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits
• Dual in-line package (DIP)
• The OR operation
– When any input is HIGH, the
output is HIGH
– When both inputs are LOW, the
output is LOW

• Small-outline IC (SOIC)

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Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits

• Flat pack (FP) • Plastic-leaded chip carrier (PLCC)

• Plastic-leaded chip carrier

(PLCC)

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 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits History
• Leadless-ceramic chip
carrier (LCCC) • The first electronic logic was implemented using valves
or relay as switches
– slow by today's standards
– large
– got hot
– relatively unreliable
• Transistor switches used now
• Ball Grid Array (BGA) – many transistors can be "integrated" onto a single chip of silicon
– fast (switch on and then off in around < 100 picosecond)
– very small (order of 0.1 micron)
– can get warm
– very reliable

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Example Applications Design Example:

Traffic Light Controller
• Numeric
– Calculators for addition, multiplication etc. • Specification
– Aircraft navigation systems for calculating position,
ETA etc. – The traffic light points in 4 directions (N, S, E, W)
– Computers for averaging your exam marks – The lights on N and S are always the same, as are E
and W
• Non-numeric – It cycles through the sequence green-yellow-red
– Parking meters for timing – N/S and E/W are never both green or yellow
– Satellite TV encoding and decoding for revenue – Green lasts 45 seconds, yellow 15 seconds, red 60
protection
seconds
– Disk drives for controlling the rotation and head
position

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• What are the outputs? • What about the logic?
– 12 (one for each light) but only 6 are unique – IF N/S is green
• What are the inputs? – AND E-W is red
– start the controller (reset) – AND 45 seconds has expired since the last light change
– timing inputs (clocks) – THEN the N/S lights should be changed from green to yellow
• What about • What about the digital techniques to implement this?
– performance – It looks like a computer programme (that's logical!)
– reliability – We need to form logical combinations of inputs
– cost – We need to conditionally set outputs according to the logical
results
– power consumption
– size, etc ?

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