INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

OS 203: Skin, Muscles and Bones Dr. Rowena Genuino Outline 26 June 2013

I. Skin a. Layers i. Epidermis ii. Dermis iii. Hypodermis b. Main Functions i. Skin as Organ for Protection ii. Skin as Immunologic Organ iii. Skin as Organ for Support iv. Skin as Organ for Homeostasis & Secretion v. Skin as Sensory Organ II. Skin Appendages a. Eccrine Gland b. Hair c. Pilosebaceous Unit i. Hair Follicle ii. Sebaceous Gland iii. Apocrine gland iv. Arrector Pili
SKIN Largest organ of the body Higher Surface area to Volume ratio in children o Children are more prone to dehydration and hypothermia LAYERS EPIDERMIS Thin but tough epithelial Function: o Protective barrier against environment Appearance: o Paper thin and brown DERMIS With thick vascularized connective tissue Function: o Makes the skin pliable o Nutritive o Elasticity o Tensile and strong Appearance o Thick and white When cut, there is moderate bleeding due to vascularization Gritty feeling HYPODERMIS Composed of modified loose connective tissue Function: o Insulation o Shock absorption o Energy storage Appearance: o Thin and white (superficial fascia) o Thick and yellow (subcutaneous fat) Soft and least resistant to infection

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN SKIN AS ORGAN FOR PROTECTION Stratum Corneum End product of keratinization or the differentiation of keratinocytes Process of keratinization (takes 1 month): o Flatten and Stack up: cuboidal to polyhedral o There is a loss of nuclei and organelles o Keratin bundles + Matrix fill up cell o Thickening of plasma membrane (envelope protein) Waterproof barrier that decreases the bodys water loss Toughest layer due to Brick-Mortar Model: o Keratin-filled squames = Brick o Intercellular liquid = Mortar o Cornified cell envelope- reinforces CM, adds to toughness

Two compartments: o Proliferating layer: the basement membrane which produces cells (mitosis) o Differentiating layer: the outer layers (stratum corneum is the most differentiated layer) Stratum Granulosum Composed of Keratohyalin granules o Filaggrinn- binds keratin bundles Stratum Spinosum Has many layers Desmosomes for intercellular junction Lamellar granules produces ceramide for intercellular junction Stratum Basale Single mitotic layer with stem cells

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
OS 203: Skin, Muscles and Bones Dr. Rowena Genuino 26 June 2013

SKIN AS IMMUNOLOGIC ORGAN Langerhans Cell For immune surveillance; antigen presenting cells Found in the mid-epidermis Dendritic Derived from bone marrow Part of Mononuclear Phagocytic System **Disease note: Allergic contact dermatitis Due to malfunction of Langerhans cells SKIN AS ORGAN FOR SUPPORT Elasticity and tensile strength due to connective tissues: o Fibers o Ground Substance o Connective Tissue cells Dermis provides nutrients due to high vascularization Epidermal-dermal Attachment o Peg and socket Interdigitation Epidermal rete ridges (downward) Dermal Papillae (upward) Basal lamina (found in between the two other layers, serves for attachment) o Produces pattern of fingerprints

OTHER EPIDERMAL CELLS Melanocyte Serves as UV barrier Distributed to the apex of the basal cells Dendritic Derived from neural crest Appearance: clear, rounded cells Types of melanin: o Phenomelanin (fair skin) o Eumelanin (dark skin)

Skin tension lines o Shows what orientation the collagen fibers are directed towards o Useful in knowing where to make a cut to prevent scaring

Arcilla, Arguilla, Azucena

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
OS 203: Skin, Muscles and Bones Dr. Rowena Genuino 26 June 2013

Dermatoglyphic patterns o parallel epidermal ridges (containing sweat pores) o grooves, form whorls, arches or loops form unique fingerprints

SKIN AS ORGAN FOR HOMEOSTASIS & SECRETION Vascular Network of skin Provides nutrition due to vascularization: o To appendages in the dermis and hypodermis o To epidermis Provides thermoregulation o Diverts arterial blood directly into veins without passing capillaries for heat conservation o Tips of fingers, toes, ears Glomus bodies Atrio-ventricular shunts Conserves heat by diverting blood from arteries directly to vein without passing through capillaries Causes tips of fingers and toes and ears to go blue first SKIN AS SENSORY ORGAN Merkel Cell-neurite complexes For touch With dense core granules Abundant in finger tips Free nerve endings Pain, itch, temperature Encapsulated nerve receptors Meissner corpuscle o Also for touch o Small; found in dermal papillae o With Spirally coursing axon surrounded by lamellae o Abundant in lips and finger tips Pacinian corpuscle o Large; found deep in dermis o With central axon surrounded by concentric lamellae o Abundant in fingertips and joints

**Disease note: Leprosy Attacks nerves of skin Makes the skin dry, rough and edematous Autonomic nerve dysfunction (nerve cells dont function properly) SKIN APPENDAGES

ECCRINE GLANDS Most abundant skin gland Thermoregulation Excretory function: o Heavy metals o Organic compounds o Macromolecules Single coiled tubular: sweat glands Single duct with 3 segments: o Intraepidermal o Straight dermal o Coiled dermal

Arcilla, Arguilla, Azucena

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
OS 203: Skin, Muscles and Bones Dr. Rowena Genuino 26 June 2013
Functions of hair: Protection and thermoregulation Sensation Immune reserve/epidermal cell reserve via cell regeneration

Ductal portion o Darkly staining o Stratified cuboidal; highly eosinophilic cells Secretory portion o Single layer of slightly eosinophilic pyramidal cells

PILOSEBACEOUS UNIT HAIR FOLLICLE Parts of Hair Follicle Infundibulum o Opens into skin o Where the sebaceous gland empties o Bulge stem cell Inferior segment o Present only during growth stage Hair bulb o With hair matric with melanocyte to provide hair color o With hair papilla

Sweat o Clear and odorless Mainly composed of NaCl HAIR Keratinized cells Sheds of in cycles which determines the maximum length the hair can grow Absent in palm of the hands, soles of the feet, and mucocutaneous junction Velus: barely visible hair found all over the body Terminal: thicker hair of the eyebrows, head, pubic region, etc.

Concentric layers of hair follicle Hair shaft o Composed of hard keratin o Takes longer to shed due to sulfur rich, closely packed keratin bundles

o Interlocking cuticles of hair shaft and inner root sheath Makes hair difficult to pull 4

Arcilla, Arguilla, Azucena

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
OS 203: Skin, Muscles and Bones Dr. Rowena Genuino
APOCRINE GLAND Not present in all units Simple coiled With merocrine secretions Has larger lumen Eosinophilic ARRECTOR PILI Hair movement, causes hair to stand up when stimulated

26 June 2013

Internal root sheath External root sheath o Continues with surface Fibrous sheath

Stages in growth Growing (Anagen): o Longest stage o 8/10 hair follicles are at this stage o Duration of Anagen determines hair length (ex. eyelash: 6 weeks, scalp: 3 years) Regressing (Catagen) o Shortest stage o Where separation happens o Club hair Resting (Telogen) o Stage right before follicle gets shed off **Disease note: Andorgenic Alopecia Male pattern baldness Caused by excess androgen plus genetic predisposition SEBACEOUS GLAND Simple branched alveolar Holocrine Produces sebum- a triglyceride that softens thin skin and in charge of hair flexibility Disease note: Acne caused by increased production of sebum due to hormonal changes

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Arcilla, Arguilla, Azucena