5.

32

CHAPTER FIVE

5.7 DAMPERS AND DAMPER ACTUATORS

Types of Volume Control Dampers T Volume control dampers can be classied as single-blade dampers or multiblade dampers according to their construction. Various types of volume control dampers are shown in Fig. 5.18. Buttery Dampers. A buttery damper is a single-blade damper. A buttery damper is made from either a rectangular sheet mounted inside a rectangular duct or a round disk placed in a round duct, as shown in Fig. 5.18a. It rotates about an axle and is able to modulate the air volume ow rate of the duct system by varying the size of the opening of the passage for air ow. Gate Dampers. A gate damper is a single-blade damper. It also may be rectangular or round. It slides in and out of a slot in order to shut off or open up a ow passage, as shown in Fig. 5.18b. Gate dampers are mainly used in industrial exhaust systems with high static pressure. Split Dampers. A split damper is also a single-blade damper. It is a piece of movable sheet metal that is usually installed at the Y connection of a rectangular duct system, as shown in Fig. 5.18c.

FIGURE 5.18 Various types of volume control dampers: (a) Buttery damper; (b) gate damper; (c) split damper; (d) opposed-blade damper; (e) parallel-blade damper.

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5.33

The movement of the split damper from one end to the other modulates the volume of air owing into the two legs or branches. A split damper is usually modulated only during air balancing after installation or during periodic air balancing. Opposed-Blade Dampers. An opposed-blade damper is a type of multiblade damper that is often rectangular, as shown in Fig. 5.18d. It is usually used for a ow passage of large cross-sectional area. The damper blades may be made of galvanized steel, aluminum alloy, or stainless-steel sheets, usually not exceeding 10 in. (25.4 cm) in width. Rubber or spring seals can be provided at the fully closed position to control the air leakage rating, which often does not exceed 6 cfm/ft2 (30 L/s m2) at a pressure drop across the damper of 4 in. WC (1000 Pa). The bearing used for supporting the blade axle should be made of a corrosion-resistant material such as copper alloy or nylon. Teoncoated bearings may also be used to ensure smooth operation of the damper. Lever linkages are used to open and close the damper blades. The characteristics of the opposed-blade dampers are covered later in this section. The maximum static pressure drop across closed opposed-blade dampers is 6 in. WC (1500 Pa) for a 36-in.- (914-mm-) long damper (the length of the damper blade) and 4 in. WC for a 48-in.(1219-mm-) long damper. Parallel-Blade Dampers. A parallel-blade damper is also a type of multiblade damper used mainly for large cross-sectional areas, as shown in Fig. 5.18e. The blade material and the requirement for the seals and bearings are the same as those for opposed-blade dampers.

Damper Actuators (Motors) Damper actuators, also called damper motors, are used to position dampers according to a signal from the controller. As with valve actuators, damper motors can be classied as either electric or pneumatic. Electric Damper Motors. These either are driven by electric motors in reversible directions or are unidirectional and spring-returned. A reversible electric motor is used often for more precise control. It has two sets of motor windings. When one set is energized, the motors shaft turns in a clockwise direction; and when the other set is energized, the motors shaft turns in a counterclockwise direction. If neither motor winding is energized, the shaft remains in its current position. Such an electric motor can provide the simplest oating control mode, as well as other modes if required. Pneumatic Damper Motors. Their construction is similar to that of pneumatic valve actuators, but the stroke of a pneumatic damper motor is longer. They also have lever linkages and crank arms to open and close the dampers.

Volume Flow Control between Various Airow Paths For air conditioning control systems, most of the dampers are often installed in parallel connected airow paths to control their ow volume, as shown in Fig. 5.19. The types of airow volume control are as follows: Mixed-Air Control. In Fig. 5.19a, there are two parallel airow paths: the recirculating path um in which a recirculating air damper is installed and the exhaust and intake path uom, in which exhaust and outdoor air dampers are installed. The outdoor air and the recirculating air are mixed together before entering the coil. Both the outdoor damper and the recirculating damper located just before the mixing box (mixed plenum) are often called mixing dampers. The openings of the outdoor and recirculating dampers can be arranged in a certain relationship to each other. When the outdoor damper is at minimum opening for minimum outdoor air ventilation, the recirculating

5.34

CHAPTER FIVE

FIGURE 5.19

Airow paths: (a) mixed- air control, (b) bypass control, and (c) branch ow control.

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5.35

damper is then fully opened. If the outdoor damper is fully opened for free cooling, the recirculating damper is closed. Bypass Control. In the ow circuit for bypass control, as shown in Fig. 5.19b, the entering air at the common junction m1 is divided into two parallel airow paths: the bypass path, in which a bypass damper is installed, and the conditioned path, in which the coil face damper is installed in series with the coil, or the washer damper with the air washer. The bypass and the conditioned airstreams are then mixed together at the common junction m2. The face and bypass dampers can also be arranged in a certain relationship to each other. Branch Flow Control. In a supply main duct that has many branch take offs, as shown in Fig. 5.19c, there are many parallel airow path combinations: paths b1s1 and b1b2s2, b2s2 and b2b3s3, etc. In each branch ow path, there is a damper in the VAV box, and points s1, s2, s3, etc., are the status points of the supply air. Parallel airow paths such as those shown in Fig. 5.19 have the following characteristics: 1. The total pressure losses of the two airow paths that connect the same endpoints are always equal; for example, pum puom, pm1 bym2 pm1 conm2, etc. 2. The relationship between total pressure loss p, in. WC (Pa); ow resistance R, in. WC/(cfm)2 , cfm (m3 /s), can be expressed as (Pa s2 /m6); and volume ow rate V 2 p RV (5.9)

Flow resistance is covered in greater detail in Chap. 10. 3. If the total pressure loss p remains constant and the ow resistance Rn of one parallel path increases, from Eq. (5.9), the airow through this path V must be reduced. The airow in other parallel paths remains the same. 4. The total pressure loss of an airow path between two common junctions p determines the volume ow rate of air passing through that path and can be calculated from Eq. (5.9) as V

p
R

5. When the ow resistances in most of the branches increase because of the closing of the dampers to a small opening in their VAV boxes, the ow resistance of the supply duct system R sys and the system total pressure loss psys both tend to increase, and thus the total air volume sys will reduce accordingly. ow of the supply duct system V

Flow Characteristics of Opposed- and Parallel-Blade Dampers A parallel-blade or an opposed-blade damper that is installed in a single airow path to modulate airow is often called a volume control damper (or throttling damper). For volume control dampers, a linear relationship between the percentage of the damper opening and the percentage of full ow is desirable for better controllability and cost effectiveness. (Full ow is the air volume ow rate when the damper is fully opened at design conditions.) The actual relationship is given by the installed characteristic curves of parallel-blade and opposed-blade dampers shown in Fig. 5.20a and b. For the sake of energy savings, it is also preferable to have a lower pressure drop when air ows through the damper at the fully open condition. In Fig. 5.20, is called the damper characteristic ratio and may be calculated as

ppath pod pod

ppath pod

pp-od pod

(5.10)

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CHAPTER FIVE

FIGURE 5.20 Flow characteristic curves for dampers: (a) parallel-blade and (b) opposed-blade.

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where ppath total pressure loss of airow path, in. WC (Pa) pod total pressure loss of the damper when it is fully opened, in. WC (Pa) pp-od total pressure loss of air ow path excluding damper, in. WC (Pa) Damper Selection Buttery dampers are usually used in ducts of small cross-sectional area or in places like VAV boxes. For volume control dampers in a single airow path, in order to have better controllability, an opposed-blade damper is recommended if many dynamic losses other than the damper itself (such as coil or air washer, heat exchanger, and louvers) exist in the airow path. If the damper is the primary source of pressure drop in the airow path, a parallel-blade damper is often used. For mixing dampers, a parallel-blade damper is recommended for the recirculating damper as the pressure drop across the damper is often the primary source in its airow path. An opposed-blade damper is recommended for the outdoor damper and exhaust (relief) damper for better controllability. The parallel blades of the recirculating damper should be arranged so that the recirculating airstream will blow toward the outdoor airstream, resulting in a more thorough mixing. Many packaged units also use parallel-blade outdoor dampers for smaller pressure drop and less energy consumption. For face and bypass dampers, an opposed-blade coil face damper in an airow path of greater pressure drop and a parallel-blade bypass damper will give better linear system control characteristics. For two-position control dampers, a parallel-blade damper is always used because of its lower price. Damper Sizing Damper sizing should be chosen to provide better controllability (such as a linear relationship between damper opening and airow), to avoid airow noise if the damper is located in the ceiling plenum, and to achieve an optimum pressure drop at design ow to save energy. The face area of the damper Adam , ft2 (m2), in most cases is smaller than the duct area Ad , in ft2 (m2). Based on Alley (1988) paper, the local loss coefcient Cdam of the damper for different setups can be determined from Fig. 5.21. Then the pressure drop across the damper when the damper is fully opened pod, in. WC (Pa), can be calculated as pod Cdam vdam

4005
vdam

(5.11)

dam V Adam

(5.12)

where vdam face velocity of the damper, fpm. 1. The damper is generally sized when the air owing through the damper is at a maximum. For an outdoor damper, the maximum airow usually exists when the free cooling air economizer cycle is used. For a recirculating damper, its maximum airow occurs when the outdoor air damper is at minimum opening position, to provide outdoor air ventilation. 2. The face velocity of dampers vdam is usually 1000 to 3000 fpm (5 to 15 m/s), except that the face velocity of a buttery damper in a VAV box may drop to only 500 fpm (2.5 m/s) for energy savings and to avoid airow noise. The ratio Adam / Ad is often between 0.5 and 0.9. 3. The outdoor damper may be either made in a one-piece damper or split into two dampers, a larger and a smaller, to match the needs at free cooling and minimum outdoor ventilation. 4. For a bypass damper, its face area should be far smaller than that of an air washer or than a water heating or cooling coils face damper. When the air washer or coils face damper is closed, the area of the bypass damper should provide an airow that does not exceed the system design airow.

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CHAPTER FIVE

FIGURE 5.21 Local loss coefcient Cdam of air damper. (Source: ASHRAE Transactions 1988, Part I. Reprinted by permission.)

5.8

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Architecture of a Typical EMCS with DDC Figure 5.22 shows the system architecture of a typical energy management and control system with direct digital control (EMCS with DDC) for a medium or large building. Operating Levels. Such an EMCS has mainly two operating levels:

1. Unit level. This level is controlled by unit controllers. A unit controller is a small and specialized direct digital controller which is used to control a specic piece of HVAC&R equipment or device such as a VAV box, a fan-coil unit, a water-source heat pump, an air-handling unit, a packaged unit, a chiller, or a boiler. For HVAC&R, most of the control operations are performed at the unit level. Since the software is often factory-loaded, only the time schedules, set points, and tuning constants can be changed by the user. Some of the most recently developed unit controllers are also