Electronic Manufacturing and Maintenance Augusto Cesar Cutrim Magalhaes B00075193

ANSWERS 1. Give a practical definition of an electronic system. A electronic system is a circuit were electrical components are used and wired to each other to develop an action. Components that couldnt act separated but wired to other with different function use the electric energy to realize some action. 2. Make a brief comparison based on the demand between satellite electronics and lifesaving medical electronics. The products used as lifesaving medical electronics have a bigger demand by the fact that the number of users of this kind of product, the demand is big compared at the number of the satellites because even these products can me more complex, the number of satellites are very low compared to the humans that use the other kind of products. 3. Make a brief comparison based on the demand between computer and consumer products. One thing to consider at first view is that the both of them have a minimal lifetime because the companies work incessantly to make profit creating new products. The computers are asked to respond very fast and with innumerable actions and purpose and the consumer products are used for specific purposes. 4. Briefly explain the product development phases. At first the designer has to understand the problem and then after it the solution must come to surface, then the tools to solve that can be named and studied, after it the tools have to be putted together and see if that system actually works on solving the problem. A prototype has to be created and it has to have principles of functioning and it has to be tested and after it a second prototype has to be created to study if the previous problems were solved. After it the product can be ready to be industrialized and then sold to the consumers. 5. With an aid of drawing, based on the market demand, explain briefly the phases of a product life cycle. The conceptual life cycle follows these several phases: design, manufacturing and end-of-life phase. As the product is presented and the errors are solved and minimized and the market gets used to the idea and use of the product the life of the product starts to grow. The next phase is when the product is mature and can easily be sold and used, but with the action of the time the product starts to decline in its demand because another product may be too competitive making the consumers choose other option of product that makes the same actions as the old one. A sketch is provided:

Figure 1. Life cycle curve. 6. With an aid of drawing, identify the distribution of costs over product life cycle. In the first moments of the graph below, the product need to be designed and to be made, what costs money without the designers have any profit with that product because it is not ready yet. After the product is ready and sold the money spent on its production will start to come back with the profitability found in the product. After this the costs can be almost zero, but the product still has to be made and that is why the cost does not reach zero. The graph below exemplifies this action:

Figure 2. Cost x Time. 7. What is meant by the following: (a) Electronic. Is a part of the engineering that acts with the flow of electrons and find an use in this phenomenon. (b) Electronic manufacturing. Electronics manufacturing may be defined as the process of production, testing, using, and designing that an electronic system can pass under the condition to be produced.

8. In order to build a successful product, why is it important to understand the marketplace and customer requirements of the product, including cost and quality? Because the designer of the product need to understand what the marketplace needs and what can solve any problem or bring comfort to the users, of course looking at the cost that the product will need to be created what can depend on the quality. 9. Briefly discuss major considerations in building a competitive product, as follows. There are some considerations as follows: - Component selection: The properties of the component need to be analysed and be chosen. - Fabrication and Assembly techniques: the production and assembly of all components of the system. - Material Management: purchasing material and using it without major waste. - Standards: the product should offer the same level as the other products of the same company. - Manufacturability: maximum quality and low cost should be achieved. - Cost control: As any company, the cost should be analysed and be controlled by the ways of production.

10. Why do CAD and automation are import for a successful product in the market? Because the product can be designed and constructed and the process of building it can be analyses just inside of a computer and the waste of material and effectiveness can be studied bringing an best model of product to be produced without spending money on the construction. 11. What are the improved features in chip technology? The possibility of making devices that control certain types of signals and conditioning these signals to be understood by a computer or a system that can work upon those values. 12. What is meant by the following terms: (a) An integrated circuit. A set of electronic circuit putted together in one single circuit/chip.. (b) A substrate The physical place where will receive the circuit inside of itself. 13. With aid of drawings define: (a) A block diagram Is a way to break into small pieces one action or system to make the reader more conscious of the task made by that thing.

(b) A circuit diagram. Is how the actual circuit is wired and has some values that can show to the reader how to build that project.

14. What is the difference between a circuit diagram and a layout diagram? The circuit diagram shows the circuit in a logical way to make the reader understand how the project works, the values that the circuit works and how the components are wired. The layout diagram shows the actual circuit seen in physical form and how it will look like, it may contain some information about the values but not all of them and the layout diagram does not shows how the components are wired. 15. Why a circuit diagram is useful in practice? For purposes of testing with the circuit is actually working and for the learning process to understand how the circuit will works and to reproduce that circuit.

16. What is the main difference between a fixed-function logic and programmable logic ICs? The main difference is that the fixed-function cannot be altered by the user, because it was made like this by the manufacturer, different from the programmable that the user can alter. 17. How are the Integrated circuit (IC) packages classified? They are classified by the way that they are fixed in the on the printed circuit boards, and can be through-hole mounted or surface mounted.

18. Make a practical comparison between a through-hole (TH) mounted and surface mounted (SM) Integrated circuit (IC) package. When using a through hole is complicated to use a double layer surface because the user at putting a component can break a connection on the opposite side of the board, but to use this kind of IC is easier than the other model, the surface mounted ones, because to make the soldering of these components will be necessary the help of a machine, and the surface mounted can offer the possibilities to work on both sides of the board. 19. Name one type of a surface mount and a through-hole integrated circuit package available in the market. The dual in-line package is the most common through-hole integrated circuit.

20. With aid of sketched drawing, explain who the pin number can be identified on a throughhole (TH) mounted and surface mounted (SM) Integrated circuit (IC) package. The number of the pins follows the same pattern as the figure:

21. What are the main three major objectives in Electronic testing? To detect the improper product operation, to isolate the defects minimizing rework about that circuit and the identification of out of control manufacturing process. 22. Why does electronic testing become increasingly an important component in electronic manufacturing? To avoid the defects on the components and on the final products, as complex the products creases the likely of happen more defects is logical so the electronic testing becomes an important material to avoid these kind of defects. 23. In electronic testing, what are the responses to stimuli of the unit under test? Inputs will be add and the results from these inputs will be compared with what was expected from the outcomes, this way the test of the product is effective. The first type is to measure the continuity in the circuit and the second one is to detect shorts. 24. In electronic testing, what are the three main steps to perform when measuring test parameters? Stimulators or driver circuits, Backdriving and Signal comparison. 25. In electronic testing, discuss briefly the testing level. The testing level considers: a) component level: is the lowest level because it tests the actual components, and see if they are working. B) Subassembly level: tests the circuit and if the components are wired correctly to each other. C) System Level: tests if the components respond correctly compared with they were expected to and see if the system as a whole is completely working.