Chapter 4

Ribbed Slabs and Waffle Slabs

Ribbed slabs are used for long spans with relatively light loads. They are constructed in one of the following ways as described in clause 30 of IS: 456-2000 1. As a series of concrete ribs with topping. 2. As a series of concrete ribs or solid blocks, between precast hollow as a solid blocks. 3. With continuous top and bottom but containing voids of rectangular, oval or other shapes. These three types of constructions are shown in fig. 14.1.

(a) Series of concrete ribs with topping

(b) Concrete ribs or solid blocks, between precast hollow as a solid blocks

(c) Continuous top and bottom but containing voids Fig. 4.1 Ribbed slab construction

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4.1 PROPORTIONING THE DIMENSIONS OF RIB

The ribs may have rectangular, trapezoidal or any other appropriate shape. If trapezoidal (or other shaped) rib is provided, the width of rib is calculated as an average width excluding topping. The minimum width of the rib shall be determined in accordance with minimum cover required to the reinforcement. The minimum width of the rib shall not be less than 65 mm. The depth of the rib excluding topping shall not be more than four times the width of rib. Maximum spacing of the ribs shall be 1.5 m.

4.2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PROCEDURE OF RIBBED SLAB

Ribbed slab can be idealized as a solid slab replaced by a series of beams which are spaced at smaller distances. Loading from the topping shall be transferred to the ribs simply by twoway reinforced jail, usually formed by minimum reinforcement. The ribs can be analyzed by the usual procedure applicable to the solid slabs. If the ribs are continuous, they can be analyzed by one of the following ways. (1) As continuous ribs, which may be analyzed by using coefficients applicable to continuous beams or slabs if it has three or more than three uniformly loaded and approximately equal spans; if not, these can be analyzed by moment distribution considering various live load arrangement. (2) If the ribs are not exposed to the weather or corrosive conditions, and if the support cracks can be permitted, then continuous ribs are designed as a series of simply supported ribs. In addition, few reinforcement at the support shall be provided to reduce the cracks at the support. The ribs are now designed as follows:

(a) Design for flexure The ribs are designed as tee or ell beams. The width of the flange is usually the actual width of the flange owing to the smaller spacing of the ribs. For example, a central tee beam has a

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flange width equal to the spacing of the ribs. For continuous ribs, support section is designed as a rectangular section.Moment reinforcement consists of one bar or more than one bar at the bottom or at the top as the case may be.If the continuous ribs are designed as simply supported ribs, support reinforcement equal to 25 per cent of span reinforcement shall be provided. These reinforcement shall extend at least one-tenth of clear span into adjoining spans.Clear cover to the main reinforcement shall be as per the solid slabs. However, If the ribbed slab Is provided with permanent hollow concrete blocks, the side cover may be 10 mm.The topping shall be usually provided with minimum reinforcement i.e. 0.12% with HYSD bars and 0.15% with mild steel bars. The spacing of topping reinforcement shall not be more than one-half the spacing of the ribs. If the ribs are widely spaced. the reinforcement shall be designed.

(b) Design for shear Ribs are designed for shear as follows: (1) If v < c/2, shear reinforcement Is not required. (2) If c > v > c/2, minimum shear reinforcement as per beam design should be provided, if the rib contains two or more bars. Top bars of diameter at least equal to the diameter of stirrups, two in number, should be used to hold the shear reinforcement. If the rib contains only one bar, shear reinforcement is not necessary. (3) If v > c, shear reinforcement shall be designed as per beam design for shear. (4) According to IS: 456, art. 30.3, where hollow blocks are used, for the purpose of calculating shear stress, the rib width may be increased to take account of the wall thickness of the block on one side of the rib; with narrow precast units, the width of the joining mortar or concrete may be included.

(c) Development length, deflection and cracking The rules to check development length, deflection and cracking shall be as per solid slab or flanged beam design as the case may be.

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Ribbed Slabs And Waffle Slabs

4.3 WAFFLE SLABS

Fig. 4.2 Waffle slab

4.3.1 TWO-WAY SPANNING RIBBED SLABS: WAFFLE SLABS Ribbed slabs discussed in the previous articles are one-way spanning. We shall now discuss two-way spanning ribbed slabs. Such slabs are also termed as waffle slabs. The analysis and design set out for one-way spanning ribbed slabs in previous articles are applicable to waffle slabs also. The moments in the ribs may be determined by using the coefficients for two-way, solid slabs. Load transfer from waffle slabs to the supporting beams shall be assumed as per two-way solid slabs. Waffle slabs are usually made solid in some portion around the supporting beams - to resist negative bending moment - to resist torsion at the edges In the end spans

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Ribbed Slabs And Waffle Slabs

- to provide flanges to the supporting beams and thus to Increase the moment carrying capacity of supporting beams. Introducing voids to the soffit reduces dead weight and these deeper, stiffer floors permit longer spans which are economic for spans between 9 and 14 m. The saving of materials tends to be offset by complication in site operations. Standard moulds are 225, 325 and 425 mm deep and are used to make ribs 125 mm wide on a 1000 mm grid. Toppings are between 50 and 150 mm thick. The chart and data assume surrounding and supporting downstand beams, which should be subject to separate consideration, and solid margins. Both waffles and downstand beams complicate formwork.

4.3.2 ADVANTAGES Medium to long spans Lightweight Profiles may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer.

4.3.3 DISADVANTAGES Higher formwork costs than for other slab systems Slightly deeper members result in greater floor heights Construction work is slow, difficult to prefabricate reinforcement.

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Ribbed Slabs And Waffle Slabs

4.3.4 SPAN: DEPTH CHART FOR WAFFLE SLAB

Fig. 4.3 Span: Depth chart

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Ribbed Slabs And Waffle Slabs

4.4 SAMPLE CALCULATION OF DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE WAFFLE SLAB

Design of interior panel of a WAFFLE slab (Two-way slab) Size of slab :8 m x Concrete grade :M30 Steel grade :Fe415 Conseder live load :4 kN/m2 Solution : a) Proposed arrangement :total thickness of slab :Thichness of topping :8 m

Spacing of ribs :width of waffle :depth of waffle :slab is made solid for width at edges in all panels. b) Loading :Topping :self wt. 0.075 x 25 :1.875 kN/m2 floor finish :2 kN/m2 live load :4 kN/m2 Total :7.875 kN/m2 Rib :From topping :0.5 x 7.875 :3.9375 kN/m self wt. :0.225 x 25 :0.703125 kN/m 0.125 x Total :4.641 kN/m Factored load :1.5 x 4.641 :6.96 kN/m c) Shear and moments :shear at support (thickned slab) :- (w x l)/2 :27.84 kN shear 1000 at mm from supp. (ribs) :0.5 x :27.844 6.96 :24.36 kN For two-way slab :l/b :1.000

300 mm 75 mm 1000 mm 125 mm 225 mm 500 mm

(Two-way ribbed slab)

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x(+) :- y(+) :x(-) :- y(-) :Mu(+) :- x w Mu(-) :- y w d) Flexure reinforcement :Assume 12 mm diameter bars dx :dx :Positive moment reinforcement :section is designed as a tee beam bf :bw :(second layer is considered for symmetry)
2 lx 2 ly

0.024 0.032 ::10.69 14.26 269 mm 257 mm 1000 125 75 257 0.292 10.7 kNm mm mm mm mm kNm kNm

Df :d :Df / d :>
2

Mu(+) :-

11 kNm ,
2

bf / bw :-

8.00 0.845

Mu,lim. T / (fck bw d ) :Mu,lim. T :Ast :134.91 mm

2

(Table 58, SP : 16)

209.2928 kNm

(Mu / (0.87 fy d))

provide 2 10 # :- 157 mm Negative moment reinforcement :14.3 1000 Mu(-) :kNm b :mm 2 Mu/bd :0.20 pt provide
:-

d :-

269 mm

0.055 Ast 8 #

pt = 50

{ [1-(1-(4.6Mu/fckbd2))] / (fy/fck) }
2

3 -

:147.9833 mm between ribs + 2 :500 mm 251.2 mm

2

8 # (top bars of rib)

:150.72 + 100.48

e) Shear :Shear in ribs at Vu :-

from support d :- 257 mm Vu /(b d)

2

24.36 kN v :100 As/(b d) :-

b :- 125 mm 0.758 N/mm 0.49

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Ribbed Slabs And Waffle Slabs

c :v vuc :- c b d :vus :- vu - vuc :use

0.5 N/mm > c

( Page :- 73, IS : 456,2000) Shear design necessary.

16.06 kN 8.301 kN 57 mm
2

6 mm

dia two-legged stirrups with Asv :sv :- (0.87 fy Asv d) / vus :380.6 mm spacing required for minimum shear reiforcement. sv :- (0.87 fy Asv) / 0.4b :245.9 mm

193 maximum spacing permitted, sv,max :- 0.75 d :mm 6 mm dia @ 193 mm two-legged stirrups throught. provide f) Development lenfth :177.2 Ld for negative moment bars mm :anchorage available 1000 mm .ok :for positive moment bars Mu1 :- 0.87 Fy Ast d 13.123 kN :Vu L0 ::0.7002 + 8# 24.3633 kN 8 #

> 22.0684 < # 8 # g) Check for moment design at junction of solid slab and ribbed slab ::negative moment reinforcement is designed considering the section 1000 mm

1.3 Mu1/vu + L0 > Ld

177 mm .ok x 300 mm .ok

from support Mu(-) 1 m :h) Deflection :basic span / d ratio

10.11
:-

kNm

<

Mu(-)

26 0.05 2.0 52 31 (page no. 38; IS 456-2000)

< 52

pt :- 100 As / (bf d)
modification factor permissible span / d actual span / d

::::-

.ok

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i) Topping reinforcement :As :mm /m. 90 d :56 assume Maximum spacing :- 5 d :# wrapping mesh @ 200 mm
2

6.00 280
c/c :-

dia bar. mm.

use

6 mm
2

141

mm /m at the centre of topping. steel quantity along long span (+ve)steel :L :No. of bars :weight of steel :along short span (+ve) steel :L :No. of bars :weight of steel :along long span (-ve)steel :L :No. of bars :weight of steel :along short span (-ve) steel :L :No. of bars :weight of steel :along long span (-ve)steel :L :No. of bars :weight of steel :along short span (-ve)steel :L :No. of bars :weight of steel :2 8 16 79 2 8 16 79 2 8 16 51 2 8 16 51 3 4 24 38 3 4 24 38 10 # m nos. kg. 10 # m nos. kg. 8 # m nos. kg. 8 # m nos. kg. 8 # m nos. kg. 8 # m nos. kg. (bottom steel of rib beam)

(bottom steel of rib beam)

(top steel of rib beam)

(top steel of rib beam)

(between ribs)

(between ribs)

topping reinforcement along long span steel :6 # L :1

200 m

mm c/c

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No. of bars weight of steel along short span steel :L No. of bars weight of steel

:::::-

384 85 6 1 384 85

nos. kg. 200 m nos. kg.

mm c/c

shear reinforcement : along long span steel :L :No. of bars :weight of steel :along short span steel :L :No. of bars :weight of steel :-

6 # 0.85 332 63 6 # 0.85 332 63

193 m nos. kg. 193 m nos. kg.

mm c/c

mm c/c

total steel required for 3 span. total steel required :Total cost of steel :quantity of conc.in topping slab :-

12915 419724.3

kg. Rs. 43.20 86.40 28.35 46.08 m m %

3

m m m m

3 3 3 3

quantity of solid slab near mainbeam :quantity of ribbed beams :quantity of main beams :total quantity of concrete :quantity of steel in m :% of steel :Total cost of slab :interior panel bottom fibre stress :-M y / I :3

204.03 1.65 0.81 1431773

Rs.
2

7.60E+00 N/mm

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