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Guidance on General Clearance Levels for
Practices
Recommendations of the Group of Experts
established under the terms of Article 31of the
Euratom Treaty

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European Commission

Radiation protection 122

3UDFWLFDO8VHRIWKH&RQFHSWVRI&OHDUDQFHDQG([HPSWLRQ3DUW,
Guidance on General Clearance Levels for Practices

Recommendations of the Group of Experts

established under the terms of Article 31of the Euratom Treaty

Directorate-General
Environment
2000

)RUHZRUG
The Basic Safety Standards for the protection of the health of workers and the general public
against the dangers from ionising radiation (Council Directive 96/29/Euratom) require national
competent authorities to take into account, when establishing clearance levels, technical
guidance provided by the European Atomic Energy Community.
The concept of clearance is very close to the concept of exemption, but the two concepts relate
to different stages of regulatory control. The present document explains the concepts and
discusses their practical use from the perspective of the overall regulatory control scheme.
With regard to the concept of clearance, so far guidance for the dismantling of nuclear
installations has already been provided by the Article 31 Group of Experts under the
EURATOM Treaty. The guidance relates to recycling of materials (metal and building rubble)
or their unrestricted reuse (metal tools, buildings).
The dismantling of nuclear installations is probably the most important area of application of the
concept of clearance, at least in terms of the volume of materials with a potential for clearance,
but the concept may also be used for a broad range of other practices. Hence the need arose for
default values for any type of material and for any pathway of release. These have been labelled
general clearance levels, and the Article 31 Group of Experts recommends a set of nuclidespecific values in the present document.
It has been demonstrated that below general clearance levels, any materials can be released from
regulatory control with negligible risk from a radiation protection point of view.
Competent authorities of Member States will benefit from the guidance offered by the Group of
Experts, and this may ensure a harmonised approach within the European Community. It should
be emphasised however that the application of clearance levels by competent authorities is not
obligatory according to the Directive.
The general clearance levels will also play an important role in transboundary movement of
materials, not only within the European Union but also in international trade. The Commission
pursues further discussion at the international level with a view to harmonisation of the
approaches.

S. KAISER
Head of Unit
DG ENV/C/1
Radiation Protection

7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV

1.

Introduction

2.

Background

2.1. Scope
2.2. Administrative requirements for practices: Reporting and prior authorisation

6
6

Exemption and Clearance

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

7
7
8
8

3.

4.

5.

6.

General policy for exemption

Exemption and Clearance Criteria
Derivation of exemption values
Disposal, recycling and reuse

General clearance levels (for practices according to Title III Basic Safety Standards)

4.1. Principles
4.2. Dose Calculations
4.3. Table of General Clearance Levels

9
10
11

Specific clearance levels

14

5.1. Traceability
5.2. Community guidance on specific clearance

14
15

Annex 1:
Derivation and Calculation Results for General Clearance Levels for Practices according
to Title III BSS



,1752'8&7,21

The scope of the Basic Safety Standards (BSS) for the protection of the health of workers and
the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation (Council Directive
96/29/EURATOM, adopted on 13 May 1996)1 is to regulate practices or work activities2 for
which the radiological impact from artificial or naturally occurring radioactive material
(NORM) for the general public and workers is not trivial.
One of the new aspects in the BSS is the possibility of national competent authorities allowing
for material arising from practices to be released from the requirements of the BSS Directive for
disposal, reuse or recycling if the radioactivity content is below so-called FOHDUDQFHOHYHOV.
The BSS require national competent authorities to take into account, when establishing
clearance levels, technical guidance provided by the European Atomic Energy Community. So
far guidance for the dismantling of nuclear installations has been provided by the Article 31
Group of Experts under the EURATOM Treaty. Guidance on the recycling or reuse of metals3
and guidance on buildings and building rubble4 has been published.
The guidance relates to recycling of materials (metals and building rubble) or their unrestricted
reuse (metal tools, buildings). It is noted that other options exist, such as recycling within
nuclear industry (e.g. in waste containers) or under continued regulatory control in view of
specific non-nuclear applications. Building rubble from nuclear installations could also be used
e.g. for backfilling of underground mines. Such options can be considered in accordance with
national regulations and after a specific radiological impact study. Options involving this type of
disposal or recycling are, however, not dealt with in the above mentioned guides of the
Article 31 Experts.
It is at this stage not envisaged to produce similar guidance for the application of the concept to
other installations (accelerator buildings, medical waste). Clearance for disposal has been looked
into only for building rubble. Landfill disposal in general is considered to be a matter of national
competence rather than an issue for the Community (even though transboundary movements of
waste may need to be taken into consideration).
The term FOHDUDQFH is thus reserved for release of material which does not require further
regulatory control to ensure the actual destination of the material. The notion of sSHFLILF
FOHDUDQFHOHYHOV is introduced in this report for specific FRQGLWLRQV which can be verified SULRUWR
UHOHDVH. Further guidance on specific clearance is given in chapter 5.

Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of
the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionizing radiation, OJ no. L 159,
29.6.96, p. 1- 114.

Definitions and further explanations see next chapter.

Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the dismantling of nuclear
installations, Radiation Protection N 89, 1998.

Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and building rubble from the
dismantling of nuclear installations, Radiation Protection N 113, 2000.

The fact that guidance on clearance levels is made available by the Commission does not imply
that Member States are obliged to use the clearance option. National authorities may wish to
keep some form of regulatory control or traceability after release. The Commission nevertheless
considers it is good practice to recycle all suitable materials rather than to dispose of them, in
order to save energy and raw materials (see foreword to Radiation Protection N 89).
In this guidance the Commission introduces the notion of JHQHUDO FOHDUDQFH OHYHOV for any
possible application. The term "general clearance" also implies that there are no restrictions on
the origin and type of material to be cleared. The clearance levels given in this document apply
to any solid, dry material, not to liquids or gases (in general considered as HIIOXHQWV).
Harmonization by the European Community of general clearance levels in addition to specific
clearance levels is of great importance in order to avoid problems on the internal market. Further
guidance on general clearance levels is given in chapter 4, more detailed explanations and the
methodology of calculation are given in the Annex 1.
A second new aspect of the BSS is the introduction of Title VII - Significant increase in
exposure due to natural radiation sources. This Part I of the guidance considers only general
clearance levels for practices according to Title III BSS5. General clearance and exemption
levels for work activities according to Title VII BSS will be covered later in a separate part II
document.
The background information given in chapter 2 explains the relevant provisions on clearance,
exemption and exclusion in the Basic Safety Standards.


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The concepts of exemption and clearance have been introduced in the 1996 Basic Safety
Standards. In this way the Basic Safety Standards provide a complete framework for the
administrative requirements enabling an appropriate regulatory control of practices,
commensurate with their radiological impact. Key features in this framework are the closely
related concepts of exemption, clearance and exclusion. These concepts relate to different ways
of avoiding regulatory resources being wasted to such practices for which these would result in
no benefit or nothing but a trivial benefit.
The scope of the Basic Safety Standards is in principle not very different from the earlier
Standards, but the wording has been structured so as to allow for the distinction introduced by
ICRP (Publication 60) between practices and intervention situations. The concepts of H[HPSWLRQ
and FOHDUDQFHpertain to the regulatory control of SUDFWLFHV. Materials contaminated as a result
of past practices which for instance were not subject to regulatory control for any reason (e.g.
military applications) or which were contaminated as a result of an accident are subject to the
basic requirements for LQWHUYHQWLRQ.
The Directive further introduces a third category: ZRUN DFWLYLWLHV involving the presence of
natural radiation sources. In the ICRP recommendations such exposures are either regarded as
an intervention situation (e.g. radon in dwellings) or as practices. The Directive considers this
new area of radiation protection in its own right. It is dealt with in a separate Title VII of the
Directive which allows a flexible approach based at the same time on the principles of
5

For naturally occurring nuclides see also Part II.

5

intervention and of practices. Member States shall decide which work activities need attention
and which control measures are suitable. Thus the administrative requirements discussed in
chapter 2.2 do not apply directly to work activities.
It is also within the context of natural radiation sources that the concept of H[FOXVLRQ is
introduced: certain categories of exposure are not amenable to control: they have been excluded
from the scope of the Directive. In particular certain exposures from natural sources need not be
accounted for in the total exposure for compliance with dose limits. Within a scheme for
regulatory control of work activities decided upon by national authorities there may be room for
excluding (or not including) part of the exposure, e. g. under a certain level, to natural radiation
sources from the total exposure.
 6FRSH
In this Part I of the guidance the Commission gives some explanation and clarification of
JHQHUDOFOHDUDQFH for release of materials resulting from practices according to Title III of the
BSS from regulatory control for any possible application. The term "general clearance" also
implies that there are no restrictions on the origin and type of material to be cleared. Chapter 3 is
intended to clarify the difference between exemption and clearance. Chapters 4 and 5 explain
the distinction between general clearance and specific clearance. The clearance levels given in
this document apply to any solid, dry material, not to liquids or gases (in general considered as
HIIOXHQWV). Further guidance on general clearance levels is given in chapter 4, more detailed
explanations and the methodology of calculation are given in the Annex 1.
Part II contains a more detailed discussion of the way the BSS introduced regulatory control of
work activities and to what extent also the explicit release from regulatory requirements
(exemption or clearance) may be applied to work activities.
 $GPLQLVWUDWLYHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUSUDFWLFHV5HSRUWLQJDQGSULRUDXWKRULVDWLRQ
The Directive requires Member States to establish a procedure for regulatory control of practices
by competent authorities. All practices shall be reported, unless they are exempted from this
requirement (Art. 3). Certain categories of practices are subject to prior authorisation by the
competent authorities, in particular for the entire nuclear fuel cycle (Art. 4).
In general authorisation or permission is granted by the competent authority on individual
application (Art. 1). The very general wording of some of the categories would include practices
of minor importance for which it might be preferable to grant general authorisation subject to
conditions laid down in national legislation rather than upon individual application. Thus in
Article 4.3 of the Directive, exemption from prior authorisation also applies to cases where a
limited risk of exposure does not necessitate the examination of individual cases... (but
reporting is still required).
The release for recycling or reuse or the disposal of materials containing radioactive substances
is explicitly subject to prior authorisation (Art. 5.1) if the materials originate from an installation
subject to reporting or authorisation.



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No reporting need be required for practices involving radioactive substances at levels of activity
or activity concentrations below nuclide specific H[HPSWLRQ YDOXHV listed in Annex 1 of the
Directive. No reporting is required for apparatus containing radioactive sources if certain criteria
are satisfied, inter alia for disposal. While there is a legal obligation to fulfil the specified
conditions, the exemption of such apparatus implies that their disposal is not subject to prior
authorisation.
Article 3.2(f) ensures that a practice involving material contaminated with radioactive
substances resulting from authorized releases which competent authorities have declared not to
be subject to further controls, but where the purpose of the practice is not the processing of these
substances, is normally exempted from reporting. Materials released to the environment as
effluents from an authorised practice can give rise to contamination at activity concentrations
above the exemption value. Since such discharges are subject to prior authorisation and to
environmental monitoring by the authorities there is no need to report the processing of such
materials.
Values of activity corresponding to exemption from reporting do not imply exemption from
prior authorisation in case of deliberate direct or indirect administration of radioactive
substances to persons (Art. 4.1.bd). Exemption from reporting within the nuclear fuel cycle is in
practice not applicable. Exemption values may apply to the production of consumer products6 to
the extent they would not be exceeded in the course of the fabrication process. It is stressed
however that this does not extend to applications which are explicitly forbidden on grounds of
insufficient justification (e.g. in toys, see Art. 6.5).

 ([HPSWLRQDQG&OHDUDQFH&ULWHULD
Article 5.2 specifies that clearance levels should be established while taking into account the
basic criteria for exemption spelled out in Annex 1.2. These are essentially the same as in the
IAEA SS 115 (taken over from Safety Series 89, 1988). The basic criteria are presumed to be
fulfilled without further consideration if the effective dose to be incurred by any individual
member of the public is of the order of 10 Sv (or less) in a year and the collective dose
committed during one year is no more than about 1 man Sv.
Satisfying the above numerical criteria implies exemption without further consideration. With
regard to collective dose beyond 1 man Sv, assessment of optimisation of protection can show
that exemption (clearance) is nevertheless the optimum option (e.g. in case of a high
administrative burden for a small benefit of maintaining regulatory control). The basic criteria
permit the exemption in terms of individual dose to levels higher than 10 Sv/a. Note that the
original guidance (Safety Series 89) considered doses of a few tens of Sv/a to be trivial,
6

Directive 96/29/EURATOM does not define consumer JRRGV; in the IAEA-SS 115 consumer SURGXFWV are
defined to include devices such as a smoke detector, luminous dial or ion generating tube that contains a small
amount of radioactive substance. This definition does not restrict the concept to goods for private use only.
7

rounding down to 10 Sv/a was merely convenient, also with regard to possible exposure from
more than one exempted source.
As indicated above the non-numerical basic criteria (Annex 12) provide in principle flexibility
for the release of materials from regulatory control, as long as the radiological consequences are
acceptable. This however would normally require a thorough case-specific examination.

 'HULYDWLRQRIH[HPSWLRQYDOXHV
The exemption values7 have been calculated for those radionuclides for which a possible use
could reasonably be imagined and the likely physical form of the source or matrix could be
established. The scenarios introduced to calculate annual individual exposure from exempted
sources took into account normal use, unforeseen use and disposal of the sources.
The radiological basis for exemption from regulatory control has been established by IAEA8
For the unforeseen use a very conservative scenario was considered yielding a worst case
dose of 1 mSv (where the probability of occurrence of the scenario is less than 1% per year the
10 Sv/a criterion can be reported as being fulfilled for the potential exposure). In addition to
the dose criterion for effective dose a limiting equivalent dose to skin of 50 mSv/a has been
introduced to exclude the possibility of deterministic effects.
The scenarios considered only moderate amounts of material in case of exempt concentration
values. They were not derived in view of the disposal of large amounts of waste material from
nuclear industry nor of bulk materials in process industries with enhanced levels of naturally
occurring radionuclides. Typical domestic or industrial applications are smoke detectors, surface
density gauges, leak testers, tracers in biochemical research, etc.
Annex 1 of the Directive gives, in addition to the list of exemption values, the basic criteria for
exemption. This allows Member States to define in exceptional circumstances specific
exemption values different from the generic values. One can conceive situations where certain
exposure pathways (e.g. ingestion) are more important than was considered in the generic
approach. There may also be a need for lower specific exemption values pertaining to large
amounts of materials, specific to a type of practice. There may also be cases where higher
exemption values can be granted for specific radionuclides (e. g. Kr-85), depending on the type
of application.
 'LVSRVDOUHF\FOLQJDQGUHXVH
The definition of disposal (see Art. 1) refers both to the emplacement of (solid) wastes in a
disposal site, and dispersion in the environment in a more general sense (see also Article 37 of
the EURATOM Treaty). Article 5 of the Directive states that disposal (in whatever form) is
subject to prior authorisation. The recycling or reuse of materials is also subject to authorisation.
Competent authorities may, however, establish FOHDUDQFH OHYHOV below which the disposal,
7

Principles and Methods for establishing concentrations and quantities (exemption values) below which
reporting is not required in the European Directive, Radiation Protection N 65, 1993.

IAEA, Principles for exemption of radiation sources and practices from regulatory control. Vienna, IAEA
Safety series No. 89 (1988).

recycling or reuse of materials is released from the requirements of the Directive. While
clearance levels may very well be defined generically, the decision whether to apply clearance
levels is an individual decision of the competent authorities on the basis of a case-by-case
evaluation of the practice which gives rise to the contaminated or activated material. The
undertaking can MXGJH whether any of the waste streams comply with clearance levels and
submit an application to the authorities, but it is for the authorities to decide. This is the
fundamental difference between exemption values and clearance levels. The receiver/holder of
radioactive substances must be in a position to GHFLGH unambiguously whether he should notify
his practice to the authorities by looking into the exemption rules. In case of possible clearance,
the practice is already reported or authorised and therefore subject to regulatory control.



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In case of general clearance the destination of the material is not defined. This means that
recycling, reuse or disposal of the materials is possible following clearance, and consequently
these possibilities must be taken into account when deriving the clearance criteria and it must be
ensured that the levels for JHQHUDO clearance are equal to or more restrictive than VSHFLILF
clearance levels for different options.
In many cases a prior definition of the destination of the material is not sought or not possible,
and cases occur in practice in which the destination or further treatment after clearance cannot
be determined with sufficient reliability. For this reason it is of importance to define levels for
general clearance which are valid for a large class of materials and for all possible destinations.
In many cases components or equipment that have been used in connection with an authorised
practice may, after clearance, be reused in their original function in another plant or by members
of the general public in their private sphere. Examples of practical relevance are tools, gears,
frameworks, containers, pumps and equipment used in workshops. The term recycling as
opposed to reuse is understood to mean the use of substances as secondary raw material for the
manufacture of new materials or new products. Important examples of this are the use of scrap
metal in the manufacture of metal products, and the recycling of building rubble to make
building materials. One crucial difference is the fact that during the manufacturing process the
substances are usually mixed with uncontaminated materials, with the result that in the end
product there is almost always a reduction in specific activity compared with the cleared
material.
The radiological model for general clearance must therefore account for all pathways of
radiation exposure. For the purpose of deriving general clearance levels, HQYHORSLQJ VFHQDULRV
DQG SDUDPHWHU YDOXHV were developed on expert opinion for the exposure paths: ingestion,
inhalation, external -radiation and -skin-irradiation. In each case the most restrictive of the
enveloping scenarios was adopted and the mass specific activity resulting in 10 Sv/a was used
to define the radionuclide-specific clearance level. Additionally it was checked that the
clearance levels are equal to or lower than the mass-specific exemption values in the Annex 1 of
the EURATOM Basic Safety Standards and the values for specific clearance on metal scrap,
given in RP 89, and of building rubble, given in RP 113.

The Annex 1 of this document gives a more detailed explanation how such enveloping scenarios
were constructed.
The triviality of risk must be guaranteed at the time of release. Two factors generally lead to
mitigate the radiological risk as time passes:

spontaneous or technological dilution,

radioactive decay.

These factors cannot justify carelessness in the management of the materials in question. In
particular, their holders should be strictly forbidden to carry out GHOLEHUDWH dilution in order to
meet the clearance criteria. Such an operation should be considered as a fraudulent action
intended to conceal radiological toxics from the public authorities. This is a sensitive problem. It
concerns both credibility and ethics of the management of low level radioactive materials and
waste. Authorities should implement appropriate regulatory and control means to master it. On
the other hand, dilution with approval of the authorities may have benefits when considering
objectively the various alternatives of management of residual radioactive materials.
Below the general clearance levels there are in principle no constraints. However, inexpensive
actions may sometimes reduce doses even further. The responsible agent for the waste or
material entering the clearance procedure should demonstrate that he has chosen an optimum
option, but since collective doses are below 1 man Sv there is no need for formal optimisation.
The considerations above are focused on radiation protection. In the case of very low level
radioactive materials, it is obvious that health aspects other than radiation may be prominent,
like chemical toxicity (industrial waste) or infectious risk (medical waste). Management of the
materials should comply with the specific, relevant regulations. Chemical or infectious risk may
be well above the radiological risk. In the management of radioactive waste where other kinds
of health risk are present, such as chemical or infectious substances, the choice of the
appropriate option of management should be made by balancing the severity of the different
types of risks, radioactive or other, which are involved.
 'RVH&DOFXODWLRQV
The entire sequence of calculations proceeds along the following lines:

choice of scenarios
pathways of exposure
choice of parameter values
calculation of individual doses per unit activity concentration (per unit surface concentration
for direct reuse)
identification of the limiting scenario and pathway
reciprocal individual doses yield activity concentrations corresponding to 10 Sv/a, rounded
to a power of ten.

The rounding9 to powers of ten is similar to the approach followed for the exemption levels. It
implies that in reality the individual doses are not exactly 10 Sv/a but can in theory be up to
9

If the calculated value lies between 310x and 310 x+1, the rounded value is 10x+1. This type of near-logarithmic
rounding was preferred in order to err by the same factor rather than by a factor 2 upwards and 5 downwards in
conventional rounding.
10

30 Sv/a and down to 3 Sv/a. The rounding factors were examined so as not to be too large for
the most important radionuclides10.
In nearly all practical cases more than one radionuclide is involved. To determine if a mixture of
radionuclides is below the clearance level a simple summation formula can be used:
Q

F
L
=1

1.0

/L

where
F
F/L
Q
L

is the total activity in the structure per unit mass of radionuclide L (Bq/g),
is the clearance level of radionuclide L (Bq/g),
is the number of radionuclides in the mixture.

In the above expression, the ratio of the concentration of each radionuclide to the clearance level
is summed over all radionuclides in the mixture. If this sum is less than one the material
complies with the clearance requirements. It is worth noting that this is a conservative approach
since the pathways of exposure or the reference group of exposed individuals are not necessarily
the same for each nuclide. In many cases it will be useful to identify a measurable indicator
nuclide within the spectrum and apply correspondingly a sum-index as defined above to the
clearance level for that nuclide.
Collective doses have been estimated both on the basis of individual doses and the number of
people exposed and on the basis of generic exposure scenarios assuming widespread dispersion
still correlated with human occupation. In case of metals, multiple recycling was allowed for.
For some radionuclides the collective dose at the clearance level is close to 1 man Sv, but for a
realistic radionuclide distribution the overall impact is well below this criterion. Moreover it is
considered that in the light of the benefit of recycling both in economic and ecological terms
over landfill disposal, there is no doubt as to whether recycling is a sound option.
Thus in practice only the individual dose criteria (10 Sv/a effective dose, in a few cases
50 mSv/a skin dose) are of importance for the establishment of the clearance levels.
 7DEOHRI*HQHUDO&OHDUDQFH/HYHOV
In table 1 the recommended rounded general clearance levels to be used are given for nuclides
with a half-life greater than 1 day (for nuclides with a half-life equal to or shorter than 1 day the
values are given in table 3-2 of the Annex 1). The derivation, calculation results and discussion
for these values are presented in detail in the Annex 1 of this document.
No general surface specific clearance levels were defined, specific surface specific clearance
levels are given in RP 89 for the recycling of metals11 or buildings and building rubble12.

10

In RP 89 for metals, for a few radionuclides it was judged inappropriate to round the clearance levels down to
0.1 Bq/g, the doses corresponding to 1 Bq/g being judged acceptable.

11

Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the dismantling of nuclear
installations, Radiation Protection N 89, 1998.

12

Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and building rubble from the
dismantling of nuclear installations, Radiation Protection N 113, 2000.
11

For naturally occurring radionuclides resulting from practices according Title III of the BSS the
values in Table 1 are calculated on the same basis as for artificial ones. While these values are
included here fore completeness, they should be used only in conjunction with the guidance on
work activities on naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) according to Title VII BSS
in Part 2. It is recommended to treat these naturally occurring radionuclides resulting from
practices on a case by case basis, where appropriate.
Those nuclides for which the progeny is already accounted for in the dose calculations are
explicitly listed in Table 2-1 of the Annex 1 and are marked as in the BSS with the sign + to
indicate that the derived clearance level also includes daughter nuclides. If such a nuclide is
present only as decay product the daughter nuclides listed in Table 2-1 need not be considered
separately for clearance.
Table 1: Rounded General Clearance Levels

Nuclide1
H-3
Be-7
C-14
Na-22
P-32
P-33
S-35
Cl-36
K-40
Ca-45
Ca-47
Sc-46
Sc-47
Sc-48
V-48
Cr-51
Mn-52
Mn-53
Mn-54
Fe-55
Fe-59
Co-56
Co-57
Co-58
Co-60
Ni-59
Ni-63
Zn-65
Ge-71
As-73
As-74
As-76
As-77
Se-75
Br-82
Rb-86
Sr-85
Sr-89
Sr-90+
1

Rounded General
Clearance Level
[Bq/g]
100
10
10
0.1
100
100
100
1
1
100
1
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
10
0.1
1000
0.1
100
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
100
100
1
10000
100
1
1
100
1
0.1
10
1
10
1

It is recommended to treat the naturally occurring

radionuclides, marked with a grey background,
resulting from practices, on a case by case basis,
where appropriate.

Nuclide1
Y-90
Y-91
Zr-93
Zr-95+
Nb-93m
Nb-94
Nb-95
Mo-93
Mo-99+
Tc-96
Tc-97
Tc-97m
Tc-99
Ru-97
Ru-103+
Ru-106+
Rh-105
Pd-103+
Ag-105
Ag-108m+
Ag-110m+
Ag-111
Cd-109+
Cd-115+
Cd-115m+
In-111
In-114m+
Sn-113+
Sn-125
Sb-122
Sb-124
Sb-125+
Te-123m
Te-125m
Te-127m+
Te-129m+
Te-131m+
Te-132+
Te-134
I-125
I-126
I-129
I-131+
Cs-129
Cs-131
Cs-132
Cs-134

Rounded General
Clearance Level
[Bq/g]
100
10
10
0.1
100
0.1
1
10
1
0.1
10
10
1
1
1
1
10
1000
1
0.1
0.1
10
10
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
1
1
100
10
10
1
0.1
1
1
1
0.1
1
1
1000
1
0.1
12

Nuclide1
Cs-135
Cs-136
Cs-137+
Ba-131
Ba-140
La-140
Ce-139
Ce-141
Ce-143
Ce-144+
Pr-143
Nd-147
Pm-147
Pm-149
Sm-151
Sm-153
Eu-152
Eu-154
Eu-155
Gd-153
Tb-160
Dy-166
Ho-166
Er-169
Tm-170
Tm-171
Yb-175
Lu-177
Hf-181
Ta-182
W-181
W-185
Re-186
Os-185
Os-191
Os-193
Ir-190
Ir-192
Pt-191
Pt-193m
Au-198
Au-199
Hg-197
Hg-203
Tl-200
Tl-201
Tl-202
Tl-204
Pb-203
Pb-210+
Bi-206
Bi-207
Bi-210
Po-210
Ra-223+
Ra-224+
Ra-225

Rounded General
Clearance Level
[Bq/g]
10
0.1
1
1
0.1
0.1
1
10
1
10
100
10
100
100
100
10
0.1
0.1
10
10
0.1
10
10
100
10
100
10
10
1
0.1
10
100
100
1
10
10
0.1
0.1
1
100
1
10
10
1
1
10
1
10
1
0.01
0.1
0.1
10
0.01
1
1
1

Nuclide1
Ra-226+
Ra-228+
Ac-227+
Th-227
Th-228+
Th-229+
Th-230
Th-231
Th-232+
Th-234+
Pa-230
Pa-231
Pa-233
U-230+
U-231
U-232+
U-233
U-234
U-235+
U-236
U-237
U-238+
Np-237+
Np-239
Pu-236
Pu-237
Pu-238
Pu-239
Pu-240
Pu-241
Pu-242
Pu-244+
Am-241
Am-242m+
Am-243+
Cm-242
Cm-243
Cm-244
Cm-245
Cm-246
Cm-247+
Cm-248
Bk-249
Cf-246
Cf-248
Cf-249
Cf-250
Cf-251
Cf-252
Cf-253+
Cf-254
Es-253
Es-254+
Es-254m+

Rounded General
Clearance Level
[Bq/g]
0.01
0.01
0.01
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
100
0.01
10
1
0.01
1
1
10
0.1
1
1
1
1
10
1
0.1
10
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
10
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
1
0.1
1

13



63(&,),&&/($5$1&(/(9(/6



7UDFHDELOLW\

Besides the general clearance levels defined in chapter 4, which are the most restrictive values,
other particular clearance levels or specific ways of management may be defined. Specific
clearance pathways are sometimes needed and appear as being the best way of managing
residual radioactive materials at levels above the general clearance levels.
The essential feature of this option is not to trace the material wherever it goes but to clear it for
a particular use or destination without further follow-up. Thus the concept of specific clearance
levels applies to a release from the regulatory regime where only the first step of the cleared
material is controlled in order to ensure that it follows the prescribed scenario. The regulatory
control does not extend beyond this because the need for further control would contradict the
concept of clearance (= release from regulatory requirements). The traceability is thus limited to
this first step e. g. disposing of material at a landfill, mixing fly ash into concrete under certain
conditions or for instance, the material could be prepared in a way that only allows a specific
use.
Specific clearance pathways should be recognised and approved by the regulatory authorities
before being carrying out. The procedure should include a clear description both of the technical
constraints and of the traceability that can allow higher clearance levels than for general
clearance.
For materials or residues above the general clearance levels, there are four alternatives:

the material may be stored in specialised, dedicated centers; this applies especially to waste
disposal;
it may be decontaminated until the general or specific clearance levels are attained; this
applies especially to recyclable materials;
it may enter specific, controlled processes or pathways for which a demonstration through
scenarios of exposure has proven that the dose impact is acceptable from the health point of
view even for residual radioactivity above the general clearance levels;
traceability through control at the point of release is required for release below specific
clearance levels (but above general clearance levels); traceability can in principle be
extended to the final destination e.g. for recycling metals in non-nuclear domains (railway
tracks, ). In such cases it is important that the receiver (railway company, ) can ensure
control of the material so as to ensure that at secondary recycling there is no problem. In
general, it will be very difficult to ensure protracted traceability.

Trivial radiological impact remains nevertheless the first priority so that traceability, if required,
has to be demonstrated in a transparent way. Such a purpose is achievable provided that the
authorities set up a pragmatic approach of management and an easy regulatory control.

14



&RPPXQLW\JXLGDQFHRQVSHFLILFFOHDUDQFH

 0HWKRGRORJ\
While referring to the guidance offered in IAEA Safety Series 89, ICRP points to the difficulty
that exemption (or clearance) is a source-related issue while the triviality of dose is related to an
individual (ICRP-publication 60, par. 288). The activity content of the metals should thus be
related to an individual dose by constructing a set of exposure scenarios.
In the case of PHWDOV the scenarios took into account the entire sequence of scrap processing,
starting with transport and handling of the scrap metal up to exposure from consumer goods
made of recycled metal. The different steps in the metal processing have been considered in the
greatest possible detail. The exposed population consists essentially of workers employed in the
scrapyard, smelter or refinery, or manufacturing industry. Workers are exposed to external
radiation essentially from the scrap heap, to inhalation of resuspended dust upon handling and
cutting of the scrap or of the fumes in the foundry. Secondary ingestion through hand
contamination is allowed for as well as external beta ray exposure of the skin. Workers are also
exposed as a result of the disposal of slags and dust on landfill. These by-products can be
enriched in their radioactivity content as a result of element-specific distribution among fumes,
slags and metal. Members of the public may be exposed to external radiation from gammaemitting radionuclides that are retained in the final product1. Slags and dust may also be
recycled leading to public exposure e.g. by resuspension.
In the case of EXLOGLQJV the exposure scenarios relate to the reuse of the building for non-nuclear
industrial or other occupation. In the case of building rubble, in addition to disposal on a landfill,
many recycling options are available. Generally the rubble must first be processed (including
crushing) and then sorted according to grain sizes depending on the later use. The material can
be used in civil engineering for road construction or as an additive for manufacturing of new
concrete. Rubble can also be used in foundations, to backfill holes or in recultivation and
landscaping projects for which the rubble does not necessarily need to be processed.

 $SSOLFDWLRQ
It is the responsibility of the competent authorities to lay down the conditions in which clearance
levels can be used. The authorisation of dismantling operations will pertain to the entire
sequence of operations, from the characterisation and segregation of the material up to the
amounts that can be cleared at certain levels. The Article 31 Experts have in particular
recommended the following:

)RUPHWDOV
Mass and surface specific clearance levels have been defined for recycling. The total activity is
averaged over a few 100 kg (or several 100 cm2 respectively) and the surface and mass criteria
apply together, surface activity including fixed and non-fixed activity.
Release for direct reuse requires a conservative assessment of surface contamination in case of
non-accessible surfaces. Allowance shall be made for alpha-beta activity under paint or rust.
1

For NORM-contaminated metals (not considered in the guidance) radionuclides are normally concentrated in
slag and dust, not in the metal product.
15

Clearance levels for reuse are in general lower than for recycling, thus reusable parts must be cut
in pieces before recycling clearance levels can be applied. No mass specific activities for reuse
are given. In case activated materials need to be released for reuse, their internal activity can be
accounted as if it were surface activity.
The clearance of metal scrap on the other hand has definitely a transboundary impact and
harmonisation of the clearance levels would be highly desirable. This can be achieved within the
current Directive only by voluntary co-operation between Member States. The Commission can
take further initiatives, e. g. H[HPSWLRQ YDOXHV specific for the placing on the market of metal
scrap. Such values referred to as specific exemption values. In practice compliance with specific
exemption values for metal scrap will be ensured by gate monitoring (dose rate). If appropriate,
the Commission can include such values in new Community legislation.
)RUEXLOGLQJVDQGEXLOGLQJUXEEOH
Three main situations are considered:
-

clearance of buildings for any purpose (reuse or demolition);

clearance of buildings for demolition only;
clearance of building rubble.

&OHDUDQFH&ULWHULDIRUWKH5HXVHRU'HPROLWLRQRI%XLOGLQJV
The recommended clearance levels pertain to the total activity in the structure per unit surface
area. After clearance the building can be used for non-nuclear purposes or demolished.
The surface specific clearance levels apply to the total activity on the surface to be measured
divided by its area. The total activity is the sum of the fixed and non-fixed activity on the
surface plus the activity which has penetrated into the bulk. The surface area over which
averaging is allowed should in general not exceed 1 m.

&OHDUDQFHRI%XLOGLQJVIRU'HPROLWLRQ2QO\
Buildings at a decommissioned nuclear site will often be demolished and the resulting rubble
either recycled or conventionally disposed of. Either the standing structure of the buildings to be
demolished can be cleared or the building rubble resulting from the demolition can be cleared
using mass specific clearance criteria. The advantage of clearing the standing structure is that
high level surface contamination is not mixed with the uncontaminated interior of the building
structure. The clearance levels are expressed as total activity in the structure per unit surface
area in the same way as above but in general at higher levels.

&OHDUDQFH&ULWHULDIRU%XLOGLQJ5XEEOH
Provided measures are taken to remove surface contamination a possible option is to clear the
material after the building or a major part of it has been demolished. In this case mass specific
clearance levels can be applied. Records should be kept of the dismantling operations in order to
demonstrate that highly activated and contaminated materials have been kept separate.
The mass over which averaging is allowed should in general not exceed 1 Mg.
The mass specific clearance levels are valid for any quantity of rubble, typically on the order of
one nuclear power plant. For quantities of rubble not exceeding about 100 Mg/a from one site

16

the authorities may want to relax the clearance levels. For such quantities mass specific
clearance levels could be up to a factor 10 higher.

17

 $QQH[
'HULYDWLRQ DQG &DOFXODWLRQ 5HVXOWV IRU *HQHUDO &OHDUDQFH /HYHOV IRU
3UDFWLFHVDFFRUGLQJWR7LWOH,,,%66
7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
1.

Introduction

2.

Derivation of clearance levels

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.

3.

Criteria for dose calculations and derivation of clearance levels

Choice of nuclides
Dose coefficients
Choice of scenarios and parameters
2.4.1. Inhalation
2.4.2. Ingestion
2.4.3. External irradiation
2.4.4. Skin contamination
2.4.5. Ingestion via water pathways and vegetable consumption

2
2
5
7
7
8
9
11
12

Results and discussion

13

3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

13
23
24
27

Results
Relation to the exemption values
Relation to other sets of clearance levels
Special consideration to short-lived nuclides

4.

Considerations to the collective dose

27

5.

Nuclide specific data

28

6.

Bibliography

37

7.

Literature

38



,1752'8&7,21

In this Annex the radiological scenarios, the dose calculations and the derivation of clearance
levels for general clearance are described in detail. The derivation follows the following
scheme:
choice of nuclides for which the calculations are carried out;
definition of suitable enveloping scenarios, i.e. scenarios and parameters which are chosen
in such a way that they are more restrictive than scenarios for a great number of other
conceivable exposure situations;
calculation of annual doses relating to the unit activity (i.e. 1 Bq/g) for each nuclide;
derivation of the nuclide specific clearance levels by dividing the reference dose level
10 Sv/a by the annual dose calculated for 1 Bq/g;
application of rounding procedures to the clearance levels and comparison with already
existing sets of clearance levels.
Section 2 describes the scenarios and parameters together with a short discussion of essential
parameter values, providing the background to sections 3 and 4 of the main part. Section 3
presents the results of the dose calculations and the derivation of general clearance levels which
are listed in section 4.3 of the main part. Aspects of the collective dose are discussed in section
4. In section 5 all relevant nuclide specific data can be found (i.e. dose coefficients, activity
ratios in equilibrium etc.). Finally, section 6 presents an annotated bibliography with regard to
scenario design and parameter values and section 7 contains references relevant to this report.


'(5,9$7,212)&/($5$1&(/(9(/6

 &ULWHULDIRU'RVH&DOFXODWLRQVDQG'HULYDWLRQRI&OHDUDQFH/HYHOV
Basic criteria for the dose calculations and the derivation of clearance levels are the following:

Clearance levels are calculated on the basis of an additional effective dose of 10 Sv/a and
on a skin dose of 50 mSv/a. Additional means that the doses caused by exposure from
material which has been cleared under compliance with these general clearance levels may
be received in addition to other exposure.
It is checked whether clearance of material in compliance with these general clearance levels
will lead to collective doses below 1 man Sv/a (referring to a single country).

 &KRLFHRI1XFOLGHV
The nuclides for which clearance levels are calculated are those for which exemption levels
exist in the EURATOM Basic Safety Standards [CEU 96], with the exception of the noble
gases. This set contains those nuclides which are most relevant to Title III practices, i.e. nuclear
installations like nuclear power plants or fuel cycle facilities and the application of radionuclides
in research, industry and medicine. While usually only longer-lived nuclides are relevant for
clearance, inclusion of shorter-lived nuclides will also cover clearance of material from
research, industry or medicine.
A number of those radionuclides which are further considered here decay into unstable short
lived radionuclides. In many cases it is practical not to consider those daughter nuclides
separately when deriving clearance levels but to include them in the clearance level of the parent

nuclide. The following set of criteria is convenient in order to define when daughter nuclides
should be combined with parent nuclide:

T ,d < T ,p

No

D a u g h te r
n o t in c lu d e d

Y es

T ,d < 1 d a y

Y es

D a u g h te r
in c lu d e d

No

T ,d < 0 . 1 T ,p

No

D a u g h te r
n o t in c lu d e d

Y es

T ,d < 1 0 y

Y es

D a u g h te r
in c lu d e d

No
D a u g h te r
n o t in c lu d e d

This set of criteria can be illustrated as follows: The half-life of the daughter nuclide must in any
case be shorter than that of the parent. If this condition is fulfilled, at least one of two further
conditions must also be fulfilled: Either, the half-life of the daughter nuclide is very short (i.e. 1
day), or the half-life of the daughter nuclide is less than 10% of the half-life of the parent. In this
latter case, however, it is necessary to use a further cut-off criterion (10 years for the half-life of
the daughter nuclide) in order to exclude parent-daughter nuclides where the time over which
the activity of the daughter nuclides increases is very long.
For decay chains (i.e. more than one daughter nuclide), the process of including daughter
nuclides according to this set of criteria is carried on until a nuclide is reached which fails to
meet the criteria. All daughter nuclides up to this one are then included.
Those nuclides for which the progeny is already accounted for in the dose calculations are
explicitly listed in Table 2-1 and are marked as in the BSS with the sign + to indicate that the
derived clearance level also includes daughter nuclides. The daughter nuclides listed in Table 21 need not be considered separately for clearance.
3

Table 21 List of radionuclides with short-lived progenies which are included in the calculation
results of the parent nuclide
3DUHQWQXFOLGH
Fe-52
Zn-69m
Sr-90
Sr-91
Zr-95
Zr-97
Nb-97
Mo-99
Mo-101
Ru-103
Ru-105
Ru-106
Pd-103
Pd-109
Ag-108m
Ag-110m
Cd-109
Cd-115
Cd-115m
In-114m
Sn-113
Sb-125
Te-127m
Te-129m
Te-131m
Te-132
Te-133
Te-133m
I-131
Cs-137
Ce-144
Pb-210
Pb-212
Bi-212
Rn-220
Rn-222
Ra-223
Ra-224
Ra-226
Ra-228
Ac-227
Th-226
Th-228
Th-229
Th-232
Th-234
U-230
U-232
U-235
U-238
U-240
Np-237
Pu-244
Am-242m
Am-243
Cm-247
Cf-253
Es-254
Es-254m

'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHV
Mn-52m
Zn-69
Y-90
Y-91m
Nb-95m
Nb-97m, Nb-97
Nb-97m
Tc-99m
Tc-101
Rh-103m
Rh-105m
Rh-106
Rh-103m
Ag-109m
Ag-108
Ag-110
Ag-109m
In-115m
In-115m
In-114
In-113m
Te-125m
Te-127
Te-129
Te-131
I-132
I-133, Xe-133m, Xe-133
Te-133, I-133, Xe-133m, Xe-133
Xe-131m
Ba-137m
Pr-144, Pr-144m
Bi-210, Po-210
Bi-212, Tl-208
Tl-208
Po-216
Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214
Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Bi-211, Tl-207
Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
Rn-222, Po-218, Pb-214, Bi-214, Po-214
Ac-228
Th-227, Fr-223, Ra-223, Rn-219, Po-215, Pb-211, Bi-211, Tl-207, Po-211
Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214
Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
Ra-225, Ac-225, Fr-221, At-217, Bi-213, Tl-209, Pb-209
Ra-228, Ac-227, Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
Pa-234m, Pa-234
Th-226, Ra-222, Rn-218, Po-214
Th-228, Ra-224, Rn-220, Po-216, Pb-212, Bi-212, Tl-208
Th-231
Th-234, Pa-234m, Pa-234
Np-240m, Np-240
Pa-233
U-240, Np-240m, Np-240
Np-238
Np-239
Pu-243
Cm-249
Bk-250
Fm-254
4

Inclusion of the dose contribution of daughter nuclides is, however, not limited to those nuclides
listed in Table 2-1. In many parent-daughter nuclide relationships the dose contribution of the
daughter nuclides have to be taken into account properly in order not to underestimate the dose
that might be incurred from the parent and daughter nuclides in the future. A typical example is
Pu-241 which decays into Am 241. While the incorporation dose coefficients for Pu-241 are
small, the dose coefficients for Am 241 are around 3 orders of magnitude higher. So, while the
Am-241 will reach only 3% of the initial Pu-241 activity after around 60 years of decay, it will
contribute more than tenfold to the dose.
This is the reason why dose coefficients of daughter nuclides are added to the dose coefficient of
parent nuclides in the derivation of clearance levels. Two cases must be distinguished:
If the half-life of the parent nuclide is much longer than that of the daughter nuclide, the
activity of the daughter nuclide reaches the activity of the parent in a very short time.
Therefore the full value of the dose coefficient of the daughter nuclide has to be added.
In all other cases the daughter nuclide will not reach the same activity as the initial activity
of the parent nuclide. Dose coefficients are then added with the percentage which
corresponds to the maximum of the activity curve of the daughter nuclides.
For decay chains, this process is continued for the entire chain until a nuclide is reached which
will grow up to only negligible activities. As scenarios are only meaningful for a certain time
period after which a significant mixing with other material may be assumed, the process is
limited to 100 a.
In Table 5-1 the maximum activity ratios of all the short-lived daughter nuclides taken into
account for the calculations are given.
 'RVH&RHIILFLHQWV
In general, dose coefficients serve for calculating (annual) doses from a given activity. More
specifically, dose coefficients are used for the following purposes:

Inhalation of radioactivity: Dose coefficients for inhalation are contained in the Basic
Safety Standards [CEU 96]. The dose coefficients in Table B of [CEU 96] apply for 6 age
groups of the general population and those in Table C to workers1. The dose coefficients
relate the individual effective dose (in Sv) to the inhaled quantity of radioactivity (in Bq).

Ingestion of radioactivity: Dose coefficients for ingestion are also contained in the Basic
Safety Standards [CEU 96] with Table A applying to 6 age groups of the general
population and Table C applying to workers. The dose coefficients relate the individual
effective dose (in Sv) to the ingested quantity of radioactivity (in Bq).

External irradiation: The dose from external irradiation is caused by the photons
penetrating the human body from gamma emitting radionuclides. Therefore, the relation
between dose and radioactivity is more complicated, depending not only on the
radioactivity, but also on the geometry in which the radioactivity is distributed, on
shielding effects, on self-absorption effects and on the distance to the source. Dose
coefficients for external irradiation are expressed in dose rate (i.e. Sv per hour, Sv/h) per
activity content of the source (i.e. Bq per gram, Bq/g, or per unit area, Bq/cm). In the

It should be noted that here and in the following the term worker does not refer to radiologically controlled
exposed workers, but to persons who come into contact with the material as part of their occupation. The
distinction between worker and adult member of the public relates to the physico-chemical properties assumed
for the inhaled radionuclides, the type of physical activity and the breathing rate.
5

present case, suitable dose coefficients are calculated for each nuclide and each exposure
geometry2. The dose coefficients are given in table 5-2.
Skin contamination: Dose coefficients for skin contamination relate the dose received
from the beta and gamma radiation of radionuclides which are deposited on the skin to the
skin surface contamination. Skin dose coefficients are listed in [KOC 87], they are taken
for a skin surface weight of 4 mg/cm.

For radionuclides in secular equilibrium with their short-lived daughter nuclides which have a
non-negligible dose coefficient in comparison to the parent nuclide, dose coefficients are
calculated as the weighted sum of parent and daughter nuclides. Weighting is done by using the
activity ratios given in table 5-1. This ensures that the effect of daughter nuclides as listed in
table 2-1 is properly accounted for in the dose calculations. The complete list of dose
coefficients is given in table 5-2.

The calculation procedure is as follows: Dose coefficients have been calculated for standard photon energies in
the range from 15 keV up to 5 MeV in 21 energy groups (0.015, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.15,
0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 MeV) using the standard software program
MicroShield Version 5 from Grove Engineering, Rockville/ Maryland, USA. The geometry for the calculations
has been chosen as explained in the scenarios. Dose coefficients have been calculated for each nuclide by using
the respective energies of the gamma decay and the corresponding probabilities. Linear interpolation on the
energy range has been used. These calculations result in dose coefficients expressed as (Sv/h)/(Bq/g) which can
be used in a similar way as e. g. the dose coefficients for inhalation or ingestion.
6

 &KRLFHRI6FHQDULRVDQG3DUDPHWHUV
As it is the aim to use enveloping scenarios for the derivation of general clearance levels, a
number of exposure situations are required which cover all relevant aspects of inhalation,
ingestion, external irradiation, and skin contamination in such a way that any exposure situation
which is reasonable to assume would not lead to higher doses. The following scenarios are
therefore of such a nature that they would not be deemed likely to happen. This is, however,
characteristic for enveloping scenarios.
 ,QKDODWLRQ
Inhalation of contaminated dust can occur in many exposure situations. Therefore, two
conservative enveloping scenarios are chosen which represent exposure at a workplace and
exposure of the general population respectively. An infant (age group 0-1 a) is chosen as the
enveloping age group in the latter case3. Doses from inhalation are calculated according to (1):
H inh ,C = h inh t e f d f c C dust V e t1

1 e t 2
t2

(1)

Where
Hinh,C
hinh
te
fd
fc
Cdust
V

t1
t2

[(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)] annual individual effective dose from inhalation

per unit activity concentration in the cleared material,
[Sv/Bq] dose coefficient for inhalation (cf. Section 2.3.),
[h/a] exposure time,
[-] dilution factor,
[-] concentration factor for the activity in the inhalable dust fraction,
[g/m] effective dust concentration in the air,
[m/h] breathing rate,
[1/a] radionuclide dependant decay constant,
[a] decay time before start of scenario,
[a] decay time during scenario.

The following enveloping scenarios are chosen for which table 22 shows the parameter values.

Scenario INH-A: Inhalation of dust at a workplace during the whole working year
(1800 h/a). The dust is assumed to originate solely from the contaminated material (e.g.
resuspension of dust from building rubble, waste or other material into the air), i.e. no
dilution, and to be present with a concentration of 1 mg/m in the air. The activity
concentration in the dust itself is assumed to be equal to the activity concentration in the
cleared material, i.e. no concentration processes are taken into account. The breathing rate is
set to 1.2 m/h accounting for moderate activity. Dose coefficients are taken from Table C of
[CEU 96] for 5 m AMAD (Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter). No decay before and
during the scenario is assumed because the dust could always originate from freshly cleared
material.

The inclusion of infants in the reference groups is consistent with a strict interpretation of the exemption
criterion (10 Sv/a) as relating to any single year of exposure; in terms of radiological risk from protracted low
level exposure a much longer integration period could be considered so that infants would normally not be in
the most restrictive age group.
7

Scenario INH-B: Inhalation of dust during a whole year (8760 h/a) by an infant. 10% of the
inhaled dust is assumed to originate from contaminated material (e.g. dust near a landfill
site), and to be present with a concentration of 0.1 mg/m in the air. The breathing rate is set
to 0.24 m/h. Dose coefficients are taken from Table B of [CEU 96] for the default lung
retention class and the age group 0-1 a. No decay before and during the scenario is assumed
because the dust can always originate from freshly cleared material.

It may be argued that the dust concentration of 1 mg/m in scenario INH-A is lower than
maximum dust concentrations which are frequently encountered in dusty working environments
as peak values. However, it must be noted that the dust concentration in scenario INH-A is
meant as a mean value which applies throughout the working year. Although there may be
higher peak loads, this value covers virtually all workplace scenarios. The same is true for the
infant for whom a continuous exposure throughout the year has been assumed. This ensures that
both scenarios together cover all relevant exposure situations.
Table 22: Scenario parameters for inhalation scenarios
3DUDPHWHU
Exposure time te
Dilution factor fd
Concentration factor in dust fc
Breathing rate V
Dust concentr. in air Cdust
Decay time before scenario t1
Decay time during scenario t2
Dose coefficient hinh

8QLW
h/a
[-]
[-]
m/h
g/m
d
d
Sv/Bq

6FHQDULR,1+$
1800
1
1
1.2
1.00E-03
0
0
5 m, worker; cf. section 2.3.

6FHQDULR,1+%
8760
0.1
1
0.24
1.00E-04
0
0
0-1 a, default, cf. section 2.3.

 ,QJHVWLRQ
Inadvertent ingestion of contaminated material can occur in many exposure situations. As for
inhalation, two scenarios are considered which cover workplaces and the general public. The
dose from ingestion is calculated according to (2).
H ing ,C = h ing q f d f c e

t1

1 e t 2
t2

(2)

Where
Hing,C
hing
q
fd
fc

t1
t2

[(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)] annual individual effective dose from ingestion

per unit activity concentration in the cleared material,
[Sv/Bq] dose coefficient for ingestion (cf. Section 2.3.),
[g/a] ingested quantity per year,
[-] dilution factor,
[-] concentration factor for the activity in the ingested material,
[1/a] radionuclide dependant decay constant,
[a] decay time before start of scenario,
[a] decay time during scenario.

The following enveloping scenarios are chosen for which table 23 shows the parameter values:
Scenario ING-A: A worker working in an environment where it is possible to ingest material
(e.g. via hand-to-mouth-pathway). The ingested quantity is assumed to be 20 g/a with no
dilution or concentration processes. As the worker might always ingest fresh material, no
8

decay before or during the scenario is assumed. The ingestion dose coefficients are taken
from Table C of [CEU 96].
Scenario ING-B: A small child (age 1 to 2 a) playing on soil or ground which consists of
undiluted material having been cleared from a nuclear site. The ingested quantity is assumed
to be 100 g/a with no dilution or concentration processes. As the material will not be
exchanged, a decay of 1 d before the scenario and a whole year during the scenario is
assumed. The ingestion dose coefficients are taken from Table A of [CEU 96] for the age
group 1-2 a.

While it is conceivable that a worker in a dusty environment might inadvertently swallow 20 g

of material in a whole working year (scenario ING-A), the value of 100 g/a for the child
(scenario ING-B) may seem to be quite high, especially as it is assumed that the child ingests
only contaminated material. However, both scenarios have been chosen in such a way that they
also cover other ingestion pathways (water pathways, vegetable consumption etc.) which cannot
be easily expressed as enveloping scenarios. This is discussed in more detail in section 2.4.5.
Table 23: Scenario parameters for ingestion scenarios
3DUDPHWHU
Annually ingested quantity q
Dilution factor fd
Concentration factor fc
Decay time before scenario t1
Decay time during scenario t2
Dose coefficient hing

8QLW
g/a
[-]
[-]
d
d
Sv/Bq

6FHQDULR,1*$
20
1
1
0
0
worker; cf. section 2.3.

6FHQDULR,1*%
100
1
1
1
365
1-2 a, cf. section 2.3.

 ([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ
Exposure situations in which external irradiation is relevant are most likely encountered on a
landfill where cleared waste is disposed of (landfill worker), during transport and while staying
in a building that is constructed using cleared building rubble as aggregate for the new concrete.
Other conceivable exposure situations of radiological significance will be covered if sufficiently
conservative parameters are chosen. The dose from external irradiation is calculated according
to (3):
H ext ,C = h ext t e f d e t1

1 e t 2
t2

(3)

Where
Hext,C
hext
fd
te

t1
t2

[(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)] annual individual effective dose from external irradiation

per unit activity concentration in the cleared material,
[(Sv/h)/(Bq/g)] effective dose rate per unit activity concentration in the cleared
material, depending on geometry, distance, shielding etc.
[-] dilution factor,
[h/a] exposure time,
[1/a] radionuclide dependent decay constant,
[a] decay time before start of scenario,
[a] decay time during scenario.

The following enveloping scenarios are chosen for which table 2-4 shows the parameter values:
Scenario EXT-A: A landfill worker who is working full-time (1800 h/a) on the waste. It is
assumed that the waste contains 10% contaminated material. A decay of 1 day before the
scenario (transport time between site of clearance and landfill) is assumed, however, no
decay time during the scenario because for a landfill, the waste the worker is dealing with
will contain always fresh material. A homogeneously distributed activity in the waste for
which conservatively a densitiy of 2 g/cm is assumed is taken as the exposure geometry.
Doses are calculated for rotational exposure at 1m height above ground. This scenario might
also describe other persons who work on a ground whose cover contains cleared material,
e.g. a person at a gas station where the pavement is made using recycling concrete from
nuclear facilities.
Scenario EXT-B: A truck driver who transports cleared material (e.g. steel scrap) for
200 h/a. During transport, no mixing with uncontaminated material is assumed. A truck load
of 5 2 1 m with a mean density of 2 g/m and a distance to the driver of 1 m from the
small edge of load without additional shielding is taken as the exposure geometry. Doses are
calculated for a posterior-anterior geometry. Because always fresh material is transported, no
decay is assumed before and during the scenario. This scenario also describes situations in
which a person is working near a large item, e.g. a large machine or cabinet which has been
cleared for reuse.
Scenario EXT-C: A person living 7000 h/a in a house for which cleared building rubble has
been used in the construction. It is assumed that cleared material is used for 2% of the entire
building. The exposure geometry is chosen as a room of 3 4 m and 2.5 m height with floor,
walls and ceiling of 20 cm thickness. Doses are calculated for the middle of the room at a
height of 1 m. In order to account for windows, shielding by furniture etc., the contributions
from the floor (counted twice to include the ceiling) and two walls (4 2.5 m) are summed.
Doses are calculated for a rotational geometry at 1 m height above ground. A decay of 100 d
before the start of the scenario and of a whole year during the scenario is assumed.
The three scenarios for external irradiation cover a variety of exposure situations. The
description landfill worker and truck driver should therefore not only be taken literally but
as a description of situations in which the exposure results from a large surface with dilution
(scenario EXT-A) or from large objects without dilution (scenario EXT-B). Scenario EXT-C
accounts for long-term exposure with high dilution and irradiation from all sides as a further
relevant exposure situation.
Table 2-4: Scenario parameters for external irradiation scenarios:
3DUDPHWHU
Exposure time te
Dilution factor fd
Decay time before scenario t1
Decay time during scenario t2
Geometry

8QLW
h/a
[-]
d
d

6FHQDULR(;7$
1800
0.1
1
0

6FHQDULR(;7%
200
1
0
0

6FHQDULR(;7&
7000
0.02
100
365

Dose coefficient hext

Sv/h/(Bq/g) depending on radionuclide and geometry, cf. Section 2.3., see table
5-2

1 m above ground, semi- 1 m from load 5x2x1m, no floor, ceiling, 2 walls, 3x4
infinite source
shielding
m, 20 cm wall thickness

10

 6NLQFRQWDPLQDWLRQ
Skin contamination by dust containing radionuclides can only occur with some significance at
workplaces in dusty environments. The effective individual dose from skin contamination is
calculated according to (4).
H skin ,C = h skin w skin f skin t e L dust f d f c e t1

1 e t 2
t2

(4)

Where
Hskin,C
hskin
wskin
fskin
te
Ldust
fd
fc

t1
t2

[(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)] annual effective individual dose from skin contamination

with beta and gamma emitters per unit activity concentration in the cleared material,
[(Sv/h)/(Bq/cm)] sum of skin dose coefficients for beta emitters (4 mg/cm skin
density) and for gamma emitters [KOC 87] per surface specific unit activity,
[-] skin weighting factor according to ICRP 60,
[-] fraction of body surface which is contaminated,
[h/a] exposure time (time during which the skin is contaminated),
[cm] layer thickness of dust loading on the skin,
[-] dilution factor,
[-] concentration factor for the activity in the ingested material,
[g/cm] density of surface layer
[1/a] radionuclide dependant decay constant,
[a] decay time before start of scenario,
[a] decay time during scenario.

The following enveloping scenario is chosen for which table 25 shows the parameter values.
Scenario SKIN: a worker in a dusty environment. It is assumed that during a whole working
year (1800 h/a) both forearms and hands (10% of the total body surface)4 are covered with a
dust layer of 100 m (0.01 cm) thickness. The dust is assumed to have the same activity
concentration as the cleared material. As the material on the skin might always be fresh, no
decay before or during the scenario is assumed. The density of the dust on the skin is set to
1.5 g/cm. In order to calculate effective doses, the dose coefficients from [KOC 87] have to
be multiplied with a skin weighting factor of 0.01.
The scenario SKIN covers all situations in which people work in dusty environments. It should
be noted that no residential scenarios need to be taken into account because similar dust loads or
exposure times are very unlikely there.

The corresponding body surface is about 20000 cm2, i. e. a fraction of 10 % of the total body surface; it should
be noted that with this assumption the criterion of 10Sv/a effective dose is always more restrictive than the
criterion of 50 mSv/a equivalent dose of the skin.
11

Table 25: Scenario parameters for skin contamination scenario:

3DUDPHWHU
Exposure time te
Layer thickness Ldust
Dust density
Dilution factor fd
Concentration factor fc
Skin weighting factor wskin
Fraction of body surface fskin
Decay time before scenario t1
Decay time during scenario t2
Dose coefficient hskin

8QLW
h/a
cm
g/cm
[-]
[-]
[-]
[-]
d
d
(Sv/h)/(Bq/cm)

6FHQDULR6.,1
1800
0.01
1.5
1
1
0.01
0.1 (eq. ca. 2000 cm)
0
0
depending on radionuclide, cf. section 2.3., see table 5-2

 ,QJHVWLRQYLD:DWHU3DWKZD\VDQG9HJHWDEOH&RQVXPSWLRQ
Water pathways are usually included in radiological assessments in those cases where large
quantities of cleared materials are disposed of or stored in a single place where rain can reach
the material and dissolve its residual contamination5 which is then carried away to a
groundwater layer or to a surface water. The radionuclides can enter the human food chain if the
water is used as drinking water or for irrigation purposes. In the case of groundwater
contamination it is conceivable that the water is taken from a private well which is not subject to
any legal requirements concerning the water quality, while in the case of surface water
contamination the water might be used by municipal waterworks. Various investigations have
demonstrated that the private well supplying groundwater to a family is the most restrictive of
the various water pathways (cf. e.g. [DEC 93]).
Modelling a water pathway in a meaningful way is only possible if some assumptions can be
made about the quantity of material which is stored or disposed of, the location (landfill site,
public area etc.) where it is placed and the transport mechanism for the radionuclides. As this
requires a complex model which could only be simplified when it is justified to make special
assumptions (e.g. to limit the scope of the assessment to a special type of landfill) it is hard to
create an enveloping scenario for ingestion via a water pathway. Instead, the parameters in the
ingestion scenarios (section 2.4.2.) have been chosen in such a way that they also encompass
water pathway scenarios.
Water pathways have been investigated in [DEC 99] which forms the basis of the
recommendation on clearance of building rubble and buildings of the European Commission
[EUR 00]. From the complexity of the rather simple model which has been used there for
modelling a groundwater pathway it can be deduced that an enveloping scenario for general
clearance would tend to become overly conservative for most situations.
Similar arguments apply to ingestion of radionuclides from vegetable consumption. Apart from
the possiblity that radionuclides might reach edible plants (corn on fields, vegetables in gardens
etc.) by water pathways described above, it is also possible that these plants are grown in soil
that contains cleared material. This might be the case in situations like the following: cleared
building rubble which is present in soil in small fractions, cleared soil from a nuclear site which
is used in a garden or which has been used for covering an old landfill site which later is used as
a recreational area, or even reuse of a former nuclear site for general purposes. However,
5

It should be noted that the general clearance levels relate to dry solid materials, the moisture content should
never exceed a level such that liquids could origin from the material directly.
12

because scenarios describing situations like these pose similar problems as with water pathways,
these exposure situations have been accounted for in the ingestion scenarios.


5(68/76$1'',6&866,21

 5HVXOWV
The results of the dose calculations are presented in table 31 which shows for each nuclide:
the half-life;
the results of the dose calculations for the scenarios for external irradiation, inhalation,
ingestion and skin contamination, all expressed in Sv/a per Bq/g;
the maximum dose per unit activity, and
the limiting scenario (for the abbreviations for the scenarios cf. Section 2.4.).
From the maximum value of the dose calculations, clearance levels are derived by dividing the
dose value 10 Sv/a by the maximum value from table 31 for each nuclide. Taking the
maximum dose value for each nuclide means that the doses of the various scenarios are not
summed, i.e. the scenarios are not supposed to affect simultaneously the same person. The
results are presented in table 3-2 as unrounded and rounded values. All clearance levels in table
3-2 are derived from the scenarios as presented in section 2.4. However, as for certain shortlived nuclides some of these scenarios may not be totally appropriate special consideration to
short-lived nuclides is given in section 3.4.
The rounded clearance levels in table 3-2 have been derived from the unrounded values by
assigning the nearest power of 10 in the following way: if the calculated value lies between
310x and 310x+1, then the rounded value is chosen as 10x+1. This rounding procedure is
consistent with the one applied for the exemption values [EUR 93]. It can be seen that rounding
leads to 0.01 Bq/g as the smallest clearance level.
Table 31: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ
,QKDODWLRQ
,QJHVWLRQ
6NLQ
0D[
1XFOLGH 7 >D@
(;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+$
,1+%
,1*$
,1*%
6.,1
H-3
1.2E+01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 8.9E-05 7.1E-06 8.4E-04 1.2E-02 0.0E+00 1.2E-02
Be-7
1.5E-01 1.4E+00 3.8E-01 1.3E-01 9.3E-05 5.3E-06 5.6E-04 2.8E-03 7.4E-05 1.4E+00
C-14
5.7E+03 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.3E-03 1.7E-04 1.2E-02 1.6E-01 2.4E-02 1.6E-01
F-18
2.1E-04 3.5E-03 7.6E+00 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 8.6E-06 9.8E-04 1.1E-09 7.2E-02 7.6E+00
Na-22
2.6E+00 7.0E+01 1.9E+01 7.9E+01 4.3E-03 2.0E-04 6.4E-02 1.3E+00 6.8E-02 7.9E+01
Na-24
1.7E-03 4.7E+01 3.7E+01 0.0E+00 1.1E-03 4.8E-05 8.6E-03 1.8E-04 7.9E-02 4.7E+01
Si-31
3.0E-04 5.3E-05 8.0E-03 0.0E+00 2.4E-04 1.5E-05 3.2E-03 7.7E-08 8.0E-02 8.0E-02
P-32
3.9E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.3E-03 4.6E-04 4.8E-02 1.0E-01 7.4E-02 1.0E-01
P-33
7.0E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.8E-03 1.3E-04 4.8E-03 1.8E-02 4.3E-02 4.3E-02
S-35
2.4E-01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 1.5E-02 1.8E-01 2.4E-02 1.8E-01
Cl-36
3.0E+05 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.1E-02 6.5E-04 1.9E-02 6.3E-01 6.8E-02 6.3E-01
Cl-38
7.1E-05 1.3E-10 1.4E+01 0.0E+00 1.6E-04 9.9E-06 2.4E-03 0.0E+00 2.1E-01 1.4E+01
K-40
1.3E+09 5.3E+00 1.4E+00 6.8E+00 6.5E-03 5.0E-04 1.2E-01 4.2E+00 6.5E-02 6.8E+00
K-42
1.4E-03 2.4E+00 2.5E+00 0.0E+00 4.3E-04 3.4E-05 8.6E-03 1.6E-04 1.9E-01 2.5E+00
K-43
2.6E-03 1.4E+01 7.4E+00 0.0E+00 5.6E-04 2.7E-05 5.0E-03 2.5E-04 6.3E-02 1.4E+01
Ca-45
4.5E-01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 5.0E-03 2.5E-04 1.5E-02 2.5E-01 4.3E-02 2.5E-01
Ca-47
1.2E-02 3.1E+01 9.6E+00 1.1E-07 5.2E-03 2.5E-04 3.7E-02 1.6E-02 1.3E-01 3.1E+01
Sc-46
2.3E-01 6.5E+01 1.8E+01 1.3E+01 1.0E-02 5.9E-04 3.0E-02 2.5E-01 5.6E-02 6.5E+01
Sc-47
9.2E-03 1.9E+00 2.3E-01 0.0E+00 1.6E-03 8.4E-05 1.1E-02 4.2E-03 4.3E-02 1.9E+00
Sc-48
5.0E-03 7.6E+01 3.0E+01 0.0E+00 3.5E-03 1.6E-04 3.4E-02 4.6E-03 6.6E-02 7.6E+01
V-48
4.4E-02 9.1E+01 2.5E+01 1.1E-01 5.8E-03 2.9E-04 4.0E-02 6.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.1E+01
Cr-51
7.6E-02 8.3E-01 1.9E-01 1.2E-02 7.3E-05 5.5E-06 7.6E-04 2.5E-03 4.0E-04 8.3E-01
Mn-51
8.8E-05 1.3E-08 7.7E+00 0.0E+00 1.5E-04 8.4E-06 1.9E-03 0.0E+00 1.3E-01 7.7E+00
Mn-52
1.5E-02 9.9E+01 3.0E+01 1.1E-05 3.9E-03 1.8E-04 3.6E-02 1.7E-02 2.5E-02 9.9E+01
Mn-52m
4.0E-05 0.0E+00 2.1E+01 0.0E+00 1.1E-04 5.9E-06 1.4E-03 0.0E+00 1.6E-01 2.1E+01
Mn-53
3.7E+06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.8E-05 9.7E-06 6.0E-04 2.2E-02 2.3E-06 2.2E-02


OLPLWLQJ
VFHQDULR
ING-B
EXT-A
ING-B
EXT-B
EXT-C
EXT-A
SKIN
ING-B
SKIN
ING-B
ING-B
EXT-B
EXT-C
EXT-B
EXT-A
ING-B
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-B
EXT-A
EXT-B
ING-B
13

Table 31: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)])
1XFOLGH
Mn-54
Mn-56
Fe-52
Fe-55
Fe-59
Co-55
Co-56
Co-57
Co-58
Co-58m
Co-60
Co-60m
Co-61
Co-62m
Ni-59
Ni-63
Ni-65
Cu-64
Zn-65
Zn-69
Zn-69m
Ga-72
Ge-71
As-73
As-74
As-76
As-77
Se-75
Br-82
Rb-86
Sr-85
Sr-85m
Sr-87m
Sr-89
Sr-90
Sr-91
Sr-92
Y-90
Y-91
Y-91m
Y-92
Y-93
Zr-93
Zr-95
Zr-97
Nb-93m
Nb-94
Nb-95
Nb-97
Nb-98
Mo-90
Mo-93
Mo-99
Mo-101
Tc-96
Tc-96m
Tc-97
Tc-97m
Tc-99
Tc-99m
Ru-97
Ru-103
Ru-105
Ru-106

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,QJHVWLRQ
6NLQ
0D[
7 >D@
(;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+$
,1+%
,1*$
,1*%
6.,1
8.6E-01 2.7E+01 7.2E+00 2.1E+01 2.6E-03 1.6E-04 1.4E-02 2.1E-01 1.6E-03 2.7E+01
3.0E-04 1.0E-01 1.5E+01 0.0E+00 4.3E-04 2.3E-05 5.0E-03 1.3E-07 1.1E-01 1.5E+01
9.4E-04 1.1E+01 2.2E+01 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 1.3E-04 2.9E-02 1.7E-04 2.2E-01 2.2E+01
2.7E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.1E-04 4.0E-05 6.6E-03 2.1E-01 4.3E-04 2.1E-01
1.2E-01 3.9E+01 1.1E+01 1.9E+00 6.9E-03 3.8E-04 3.6E-02 2.2E-01 5.4E-02 3.9E+01
2.0E-03 2.4E+01 1.6E+01 0.0E+00 1.7E-03 8.6E-05 2.2E-02 6.1E-04 6.5E-02 2.4E+01
2.2E-01 1.2E+02 3.2E+01 2.0E+01 8.6E-03 5.3E-04 5.0E-02 4.5E-01 3.9E-02 1.2E+02
7.4E-01 2.3E+00 1.4E-01 1.8E+00 8.4E-04 5.9E-05 4.2E-03 1.0E-01 4.0E-03 2.3E+00
1.9E-01 3.0E+01 8.2E+00 4.3E+00 3.0E-03 1.5E-04 1.5E-02 1.2E-01 1.3E-02 3.0E+01
1.0E-03 2.4E-02 4.3E-02 1.1E-86 4.8E-05 3.1E-06 5.6E-04 3.7E-06 6.6E-03 4.3E-02
5.3E+00 8.4E+01 2.3E+01 1.0E+02 1.5E-02 8.8E-04 6.8E-02 2.5E+00 5.3E-02 1.0E+02
2.0E-05 0.0E+00 3.0E-02 0.0E+00 2.6E-06 1.5E-07 3.4E-05 0.0E+00 1.8E-02 3.0E-02
1.9E-04 7.4E-05 2.9E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-04 8.4E-06 1.5E-03 6.4E-10 6.2E-02 2.9E-01
2.6E-05 0.0E+00 2.4E+01 0.0E+00 7.8E-05 4.0E-06 9.4E-04 0.0E+00 1.5E-01 2.4E+01
7.5E+04 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.0E-04 1.7E-05 1.3E-03 3.4E-02 4.0E-06 3.4E-02
9.6E+01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.7E-04 5.3E-05 3.0E-03 8.4E-02 4.9E-04 8.4E-02
2.9E-04 2.6E-02 4.9E+00 0.0E+00 2.8E-04 1.6E-05 3.6E-03 7.8E-08 8.7E-02 4.9E+00
1.4E-03 1.5E+00 1.5E+00 0.0E+00 3.2E-04 1.2E-05 2.4E-03 4.3E-05 3.4E-02 1.5E+00
6.7E-01 1.9E+01 5.2E+00 1.2E+01 6.0E-03 1.6E-04 7.8E-02 9.9E-01 2.4E-03 1.9E+01
1.1E-04 0.0E+00 4.4E-05 0.0E+00 9.3E-05 4.8E-06 6.2E-04 0.0E+00 6.2E-02 6.2E-02
1.6E-03 3.7E+00 3.0E+00 0.0E+00 7.9E-04 5.0E-05 7.1E-03 1.7E-04 7.2E-02 3.7E+00
1.6E-03 2.8E+01 2.4E+01 0.0E+00 1.8E-03 9.5E-05 2.2E-02 4.8E-04 6.5E-02 2.8E+01
3.2E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.4E-05 2.5E-06 2.4E-04 3.4E-04 6.8E-06 3.4E-04
2.2E-01 3.1E-02 4.1E-09 7.7E-03 1.4E-03 1.1E-04 5.2E-03 5.7E-02 1.6E-02 5.7E-02
4.9E-02 2.2E+01 6.1E+00 5.0E-02 3.9E-03 2.3E-04 2.6E-02 5.6E-02 6.3E-02 2.2E+01
3.0E-03 7.1E+00 3.6E+00 0.0E+00 2.0E-03 1.1E-04 3.2E-02 2.5E-03 1.4E-01 7.1E+00
4.4E-03 1.5E-01 4.9E-02 0.0E+00 9.1E-04 4.6E-05 8.0E-03 1.2E-03 6.2E-02 1.5E-01
3.3E-01 9.4E+00 1.7E+00 3.4E+00 3.0E-03 1.6E-04 5.2E-02 5.4E-01 5.8E-03 9.4E+00
4.0E-03 5.2E+01 2.3E+01 0.0E+00 1.9E-03 8.0E-05 1.1E-02 9.3E-04 4.1E-02 5.2E+01
5.1E-02 3.0E+00 8.4E-01 7.6E-03 2.8E-03 2.5E-04 5.6E-02 1.4E-01 7.1E-02 3.0E+00
1.8E-01 1.5E+01 4.0E+00 2.0E+00 1.2E-03 9.3E-05 1.1E-02 7.8E-02 1.7E-03 1.5E+01
1.3E-04 2.4E-06 9.3E-01 0.0E+00 1.3E-05 5.6E-07 1.3E-04 0.0E+00 3.7E-03 9.3E-01
3.2E-04 2.4E-02 2.2E+00 0.0E+00 4.8E-05 2.0E-06 6.0E-04 2.1E-08 1.9E-02 2.2E+00
1.4E-01 4.3E-03 1.2E-03 3.2E-04 3.0E-03 3.2E-04 5.2E-02 3.6E-01 7.1E-02 3.6E-01
2.9E+01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 6.8E-02 3.0E-03 6.1E-01 9.2E+00 1.4E-01 9.2E+00
1.1E-03 3.9E+00 5.9E+00 0.0E+00 6.3E-04 2.9E-05 1.3E-02 1.1E-04 7.2E-02 5.9E+00
3.1E-04 1.0E-01 1.3E+01 0.0E+00 5.8E-04 3.1E-05 1.2E-02 3.8E-07 5.5E-02 1.3E+01
7.3E-03 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-03 2.7E-04 5.4E-02 1.6E-02 7.4E-02 7.4E-02
1.6E-01 1.2E-01 3.3E-02 1.1E-02 1.1E-02 8.2E-04 4.8E-02 4.1E-01 7.1E-02 4.1E-01
9.4E-05 2.7E-08 4.2E+00 0.0E+00 3.7E-05 2.0E-06 2.5E-04 0.0E+00 8.3E-03 4.2E+00
4.0E-04 7.1E-02 2.2E+00 0.0E+00 5.8E-04 3.8E-05 9.8E-03 1.8E-06 1.9E-01 2.2E+00
1.2E-03 5.9E-01 7.4E-01 0.0E+00 1.2E-03 9.3E-05 2.4E-02 3.0E-04 1.6E-01 7.4E-01
1.5E+06 1.1E-07 0.0E+00 3.1E-04 1.5E-02 1.3E-04 8.0E-03 1.7E-01 6.5E-04 1.7E-01
1.7E-01 3.4E+01 9.3E+00 3.9E+00 9.1E-03 4.9E-04 2.3E-02 1.7E-01 8.5E-02 3.4E+01
1.9E-03 3.2E+01 2.4E+01 0.0E+00 2.9E-03 1.7E-04 4.3E-02 1.4E-03 1.4E-01 3.2E+01
1.4E+01 1.1E-07 0.0E+00 3.0E-04 6.3E-04 6.5E-05 2.4E-03 8.9E-02 3.1E-06 8.9E-02
2.0E+04 5.0E+01 1.3E+01 7.1E+01 1.6E-02 9.0E-04 3.4E-02 9.7E-01 6.1E-02 7.1E+01
9.6E-02 2.4E+01 6.5E+00 6.6E-01 2.8E-03 1.4E-04 1.2E-02 4.3E-02 2.0E-02 2.4E+01
1.4E-04 2.6E-05 5.5E+00 0.0E+00 1.5E-04 7.8E-06 1.4E-03 0.0E+00 7.2E-02 5.5E+00
9.8E-05 3.1E-07 2.2E+01 0.0E+00 2.1E-04 1.1E-05 2.2E-03 0.0E+00 1.2E-01 2.2E+01
6.5E-04 1.3E+00 5.6E+00 0.0E+00 1.2E-03 5.9E-05 6.2E-03 6.1E-06 6.3E-02 5.6E+00
3.5E+03 7.4E-07 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 3.2E-03 1.9E-04 5.4E-02 7.8E-01 1.7E-05 7.8E-01
7.5E-03 5.0E+00 1.3E+00 0.0E+00 2.4E-03 1.5E-04 1.5E-02 3.0E-03 7.1E-02 5.0E+00
2.8E-05 0.0E+00 1.4E+01 0.0E+00 1.1E-04 5.7E-06 9.8E-04 0.0E+00 8.2E-02 1.4E+01
1.2E-02 6.8E+01 2.1E+01 2.6E-07 2.2E-03 9.9E-05 2.2E-02 7.5E-03 6.4E-03 6.8E+01
9.8E-05 7.5E-09 5.3E-01 0.0E+00 4.1E-05 2.0E-06 4.3E-04 0.0E+00 7.5E-03 5.3E-01
2.6E+06 9.8E-07 0.0E+00 2.7E-03 3.5E-04 2.5E-05 1.7E-03 4.9E-02 1.5E-03 4.9E-02
2.4E-01 4.9E-03 3.9E-05 1.6E-03 5.8E-03 2.7E-04 1.3E-02 1.3E-01 2.3E-02 1.3E-01
2.1E+05 7.8E-06 4.3E-08 1.2E-05 6.9E-03 3.6E-04 1.6E-02 4.8E-01 4.3E-02 4.8E-01
6.9E-04 1.6E-01 1.9E-01 0.0E+00 6.3E-05 2.7E-06 4.4E-04 8.3E-07 9.1E-03 1.9E-01
8.0E-03 4.5E+00 1.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-04 1.6E-05 3.0E-03 7.7E-04 4.1E-03 4.5E+00
1.1E-01 1.4E+01 3.7E+00 6.0E-01 4.1E-03 2.3E-04 1.5E-02 7.2E-02 3.5E-02 1.4E+01
5.1E-04 5.8E-01 6.3E+00 0.0E+00 6.0E-04 3.2E-05 5.9E-03 3.6E-06 7.2E-02 6.3E+00
1.0E+00 4.0E+00 1.1E+00 3.5E+00 3.7E-02 2.9E-03 1.4E-01 3.5E+00 7.7E-02 4.0E+00


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Table 31: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ
,QKDODWLRQ
,QJHVWLRQ
6NLQ
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1XFOLGH 7 >D@
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Rh-103m
1.1E-04 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 5.2E-06 4.0E-07 7.6E-05 0.0E+00 4.3E-05 7.6E-05
Rh-105
4.0E-03 1.3E+00 4.7E-01 0.0E+00 8.9E-04 4.6E-05 7.4E-03 9.7E-04 5.6E-02 1.3E+00
Pd-103
4.7E-02 3.3E-03 7.4E-04 1.6E-05 6.5E-04 4.9E-05 3.9E-03 9.3E-03 6.8E-05 9.3E-03
Pd-109
1.5E-03 2.0E-02 5.6E-03 2.6E-59 1.0E-03 5.5E-05 1.1E-02 2.5E-04 1.2E-01 1.2E-01
Ag-105
1.1E-01 1.5E+01 3.6E+00 6.2E-01 1.6E-03 9.5E-05 9.4E-03 3.9E-02 6.1E-03 1.5E+01
Ag-108m 1.3E+02 4.9E+01 1.3E+01 7.1E+01 4.1E-02 1.9E-03 4.6E-02 1.1E+00 1.0E-02 7.1E+01
Ag-110m
6.9E-01 8.7E+01 2.4E+01 5.9E+01 1.6E-02 9.7E-04 5.6E-02 8.8E-01 2.6E-02 8.7E+01
Ag-111
2.0E-02 6.5E-01 1.7E-01 2.4E-06 3.5E-03 2.1E-04 2.6E-02 2.4E-02 6.2E-02 6.5E-01
Cd-109
1.3E+00 5.2E-02 2.4E-04 6.8E-02 1.1E-02 6.3E-04 4.0E-02 7.4E-01 5.6E-02 7.4E-01
Cd-115
6.1E-03 6.9E+00 2.4E+00 0.0E+00 2.7E-03 1.5E-04 2.9E-02 6.6E-03 1.1E-01 6.9E+00
Cd-115m
1.2E-01 7.0E-01 1.9E-01 3.5E-02 1.2E-02 8.4E-04 6.6E-02 3.2E-01 7.1E-02 7.0E-01
In-111
7.7E-03 7.2E+00 1.5E+00 0.0E+00 6.7E-04 3.2E-05 5.8E-03 1.5E-03 1.4E-02 7.2E+00
In-113m
1.9E-04 3.3E-04 1.8E+00 0.0E+00 6.9E-05 3.4E-06 5.6E-04 2.3E-10 2.6E-02 1.8E+00
In-114m
1.4E-01 3.3E+00 8.1E-01 2.6E-01 1.3E-02 1.0E-03 8.2E-02 6.1E-01 3.7E-02 3.3E+00
In-115m
5.1E-04 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 9.9E-06 1.7E-03 1.1E-06 4.6E-02 1.0E+00
Sn-113
3.1E-01 7.2E+00 1.8E+00 2.4E+00 4.2E-03 2.8E-04 1.5E-02 2.1E-01 2.7E-02 7.2E+00
Sn-125
2.6E-02 9.4E+00 2.7E+00 3.5E-04 6.1E-03 4.5E-04 6.2E-02 7.7E-02 1.1E-01 9.4E+00
Sb-122
7.4E-03 1.0E+01 3.5E+00 0.0E+00 2.6E-03 1.7E-04 3.4E-02 9.9E-03 7.8E-02 1.0E+01
Sb-124
1.7E-01 6.1E+01 1.6E+01 6.5E+00 1.0E-02 6.5E-04 5.0E-02 3.8E-01 6.7E-02 6.1E+01
Sb-125
2.8E+00 1.2E+01 3.2E+00 1.5E+01 8.3E-03 4.8E-04 2.5E-02 6.5E-01 5.6E-02 1.5E+01
Te-123m
3.3E-01 2.9E+00 2.9E-01 1.1E+00 7.3E-03 3.8E-04 2.8E-02 3.7E-01 6.2E-02 2.9E+00
Te-125m
1.6E-01 1.5E-02 1.7E-04 6.0E-03 6.3E-03 3.2E-04 1.7E-02 1.4E-01 8.1E-02 1.4E-01
Te-127
1.1E-03 2.4E-02 3.4E-02 0.0E+00 3.9E-04 2.1E-05 3.4E-03 3.4E-05 6.5E-02 6.5E-02
Te-127m
3.0E-01 1.4E-01 3.3E-02 4.7E-02 1.4E-02 7.6E-04 4.9E-02 7.4E-01 1.1E-01 7.4E-01
Te-129
1.3E-04 7.1E-07 4.0E-01 0.0E+00 1.2E-04 6.9E-06 1.3E-03 0.0E+00 7.1E-02 4.0E-01
Te-129m
9.2E-02 1.9E+00 5.2E-01 4.9E-02 1.2E-02 7.4E-04 6.1E-02 3.2E-01 1.1E-01 1.9E+00
Te-131
4.8E-05 0.0E+00 2.8E+00 0.0E+00 1.8E-04 8.6E-06 2.7E-03 0.0E+00 8.7E-02 2.8E+00
Te-131m
3.4E-03 2.8E+01 1.3E+01 0.0E+00 6.1E-03 3.3E-04 8.7E-02 9.5E-03 8.9E-02 2.8E+01
Te-132
8.9E-03 5.7E+01 1.8E+01 7.0E-10 6.9E-03 3.6E-04 7.9E-02 3.3E-02 1.2E-01 5.7E+01
Te-133
2.4E-05 0.0E+00 7.4E+00 0.0E+00 1.4E-04 8.0E-06 2.3E-03 0.0E+00 1.1E-01 7.4E+00
Te-133m
1.0E-04 4.2E-07 1.9E+01 0.0E+00 5.9E-04 3.4E-05 9.0E-03 0.0E+00 1.2E-01 1.9E+01
Te-134
8.0E-05 2.6E-09 1.4E+01 0.0E+00 2.9E-04 1.5E-05 2.9E-03 0.0E+00 4.1E-02 1.4E+01
I-123
1.5E-03 9.4E-01 4.1E-01 0.0E+00 2.4E-04 1.8E-05 4.2E-03 1.2E-04 1.4E-02 9.4E-01
I-125
1.7E-01 1.1E-02 0.0E+00 7.3E-03 1.6E-02 4.2E-04 3.0E-01 1.4E+00 5.5E-04 1.4E+00
I-126
3.6E-02 1.3E+01 3.6E+00 5.3E-03 3.0E-02 1.7E-03 5.8E-01 1.0E+00 4.4E-02 1.3E+01
I-129
1.6E+07 1.3E-02 0.0E+00 7.1E-02 1.1E-01 1.5E-03 2.2E+00 2.2E+01 1.8E-02 2.2E+01
I-130
1.4E-03 1.7E+01 1.7E+01 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 1.7E-04 4.0E-02 9.4E-04 4.3E-02 1.7E+01
I-131
2.2E-02 9.8E+00 2.6E+00 9.1E-05 2.4E-02 1.5E-03 4.4E-01 5.2E-01 6.5E-02 9.8E+00
I-132
2.6E-04 4.9E-02 1.9E+01 0.0E+00 4.3E-04 2.3E-05 5.8E-03 6.1E-08 7.4E-02 1.9E+01
I-133
2.4E-03 8.4E+00 4.9E+00 0.0E+00 4.5E-03 4.0E-04 8.6E-02 6.9E-03 7.2E-02 8.4E+00
I-134
1.0E-04 4.8E-07 2.3E+01 0.0E+00 1.7E-04 9.7E-06 2.2E-03 0.0E+00 7.8E-02 2.3E+01
I-135
7.5E-04 4.3E+00 1.4E+01 0.0E+00 9.9E-04 8.6E-05 1.9E-02 7.7E-05 7.0E-02 1.4E+01
Cs-129
3.7E-03 4.2E+00 1.7E+00 0.0E+00 1.7E-04 7.1E-06 1.2E-03 9.6E-05 5.4E-03 4.2E+00
Cs-131
2.6E-02 7.4E-03 0.0E+00 1.5E-06 9.7E-05 5.0E-06 1.2E-03 1.0E-03 2.1E-03 7.4E-03
Cs-132
1.8E-02 1.9E+01 5.7E+00 2.1E-05 8.2E-04 3.2E-05 1.0E-02 4.2E-03 4.8E-03 1.9E+01
Cs-134
2.1E+00 4.8E+01 1.3E+01 5.4E+01 2.1E-02 2.3E-04 3.8E-01 1.4E+00 5.2E-02 5.4E+01
Cs-134m
3.3E-04 1.1E-03 2.2E-02 0.0E+00 6.0E-05 2.8E-06 4.8E-04 1.9E-08 3.0E-02 3.0E-02
Cs-135
2.3E+06 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 3.6E-05 4.0E-02 2.3E-01 3.0E-02 2.3E-01
Cs-136
3.6E-02 6.5E+01 1.8E+01 2.6E-02 4.1E-03 1.5E-04 6.0E-02 4.7E-02 6.5E-02 6.5E+01
Cs-137
3.0E+01 1.8E+01 4.9E+00 2.6E+01 1.4E-02 1.9E-04 2.6E-01 1.2E+00 6.9E-02 2.6E+01
Cs-138
6.1E-05 0.0E+00 2.1E+01 0.0E+00 9.9E-05 5.5E-06 1.8E-03 0.0E+00 1.7E-01 2.1E+01
Ba-131
3.2E-02 1.2E+01 2.9E+00 2.3E-03 8.0E-04 4.6E-05 9.5E-03 1.2E-02 1.6E-02 1.2E+01
Ba-140
3.5E-02 5.9E+01 1.6E+01 1.8E-02 5.8E-03 4.3E-04 7.9E-02 1.3E-01 1.6E-01 5.9E+01
La-140
4.6E-03 5.1E+01 2.0E+01 0.0E+00 3.2E-03 1.9E-04 4.0E-02 5.7E-03 7.7E-02 5.1E+01
Ce-139
3.8E-01 2.9E+00 3.3E-01 1.3E+00 2.8E-03 1.6E-04 5.2E-03 7.3E-02 1.0E-02 2.9E+00
Ce-141
8.9E-02 1.4E+00 1.1E-01 3.5E-02 5.8E-03 2.9E-04 1.4E-02 6.4E-02 7.7E-02 1.4E+00
Ce-143
3.8E-03 4.2E+00 1.7E+00 0.0E+00 2.4E-03 1.4E-04 2.4E-02 2.9E-03 7.4E-02 4.2E+00
Ce-144
7.8E-01 1.3E+00 2.9E-01 9.4E-01 5.0E-02 4.0E-03 1.1E-01 2.6E+00 1.2E-01 2.6E+00
Pr-142
2.2E-03 8.4E-01 5.4E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 1.1E-04 2.6E-02 1.3E-03 1.1E-01 8.4E-01
Pr-143
3.7E-02 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 4.1E-03 2.5E-04 2.4E-02 4.4E-02 6.8E-02 6.8E-02
Nd-147
3.0E-02 3.1E+00 7.4E-01 3.8E-04 4.2E-03 2.4E-04 2.2E-02 3.2E-02 7.1E-02 3.1E+00
Nd-149
2.0E-04 7.4E-04 2.2E+00 0.0E+00 3.1E-04 1.7E-05 3.0E-03 2.4E-09 6.2E-02 2.2E+00
Pm-147
2.6E+00 6.6E-05 3.4E-06 8.3E-05 7.6E-03 4.4E-04 5.2E-03 1.7E-01 3.4E-02 1.7E-01
Pm-149
6.0E-03 2.3E-01 7.2E-02 0.0E+00 1.6E-03 1.1E-04 2.0E-02 4.7E-03 6.2E-02 2.3E-01


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Table 31: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ
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Sm-151
9.0E+01 2.9E-07 0.0E+00 4.9E-06 5.6E-03 2.3E-04 2.0E-03 6.4E-02 7.7E-04 6.4E-02
Sm-153
5.3E-03 4.5E-01 1.7E-02 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 8.8E-05 1.5E-02 2.9E-03 6.2E-02 4.5E-01
Eu-152
1.3E+01 3.6E+01 9.3E+00 4.7E+01 5.8E-02 2.3E-03 2.8E-02 7.2E-01 4.5E-02 4.7E+01
Eu-152m
1.1E-03 1.7E+00 2.6E+00 0.0E+00 6.9E-04 4.0E-05 1.0E-02 1.0E-04 6.8E-02 2.6E+00
Eu-154
8.8E+00 4.0E+01 1.0E+01 5.2E+01 7.6E-02 3.4E-03 4.0E-02 1.2E+00 9.4E-02 5.2E+01
Eu-155
5.0E+00 7.8E-01 9.9E-03 1.1E+00 1.0E-02 5.5E-04 6.4E-03 2.1E-01 2.4E-02 1.1E+00
Gd-153
6.6E-01 1.0E+00 1.1E-02 7.9E-01 3.0E-03 2.1E-04 5.4E-03 1.1E-01 1.1E-02 1.0E+00
Gd-159
2.1E-03 3.8E-01 2.2E-01 0.0E+00 8.4E-04 4.6E-05 9.8E-03 4.4E-04 6.2E-02 3.8E-01
Tb-160
2.0E-01 3.4E+01 9.0E+00 5.1E+00 1.2E-02 6.7E-04 3.2E-02 2.8E-01 9.4E-02 3.4E+01
Dy-165
2.7E-04 5.3E-04 1.4E-01 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 1.1E-05 2.2E-03 2.7E-08 6.2E-02 1.4E-01
Dy-166
9.3E-03 6.4E-01 1.3E-01 0.0E+00 4.9E-03 3.3E-04 4.8E-02 1.9E-02 1.7E-01 6.4E-01
Ho-166
3.1E-03 3.9E-01 1.7E-01 0.0E+00 1.8E-03 1.3E-04 2.8E-02 2.4E-03 9.3E-02 3.9E-01
Er-169
2.5E-02 2.5E-05 9.2E-07 7.6E-10 2.0E-03 9.9E-05 7.4E-03 9.4E-03 4.9E-02 4.9E-02
Er-171
8.6E-04 1.0E+00 1.9E+00 0.0E+00 6.5E-04 3.8E-05 7.2E-03 3.4E-05 6.2E-02 1.9E+00
Tm-170
3.5E-01 5.0E-02 1.1E-04 2.1E-02 1.1E-02 7.6E-04 2.6E-02 4.2E-01 6.2E-02 4.2E-01
Tm-171
1.9E+00 4.2E-03 2.8E-07 5.9E-03 2.0E-03 1.4E-04 2.2E-03 6.5E-02 6.8E-03 6.5E-02
Yb-175
1.2E-02 8.7E-01 2.3E-01 3.6E-09 1.4E-03 7.4E-05 8.8E-03 4.7E-03 3.5E-02 8.7E-01
Lu-177
1.8E-02 6.6E-01 1.0E-01 7.8E-07 2.2E-03 1.1E-04 1.1E-02 9.1E-03 4.5E-02 6.6E-01
Hf-181
1.2E-01 1.5E+01 3.5E+00 7.9E-01 8.9E-03 4.6E-04 2.2E-02 1.3E-01 6.3E-02 1.5E+01
Ta-182
3.1E-01 4.1E+01 1.1E+01 1.2E+01 1.3E-02 6.7E-04 3.0E-02 3.7E-01 6.4E-02 4.1E+01
W-181
3.3E-01 2.8E-01 3.6E-04 1.3E-01 9.3E-05 5.3E-06 1.5E-03 2.0E-02 3.0E-03 2.8E-01
W-185
2.1E-01 5.0E-04 2.9E-05 9.2E-05 4.8E-04 2.9E-05 8.8E-03 9.5E-02 3.4E-02 9.5E-02
W-187
2.7E-03 6.8E+00 3.6E+00 0.0E+00 7.1E-04 4.2E-05 1.3E-02 8.3E-04 6.2E-02 6.8E+00
Re-186
1.0E-02 2.8E-01 2.3E-02 0.0E+00 2.6E-03 1.8E-04 3.0E-02 1.3E-02 6.2E-02 2.8E-01
Re-188
1.9E-03 5.6E-01 3.1E-01 0.0E+00 1.6E-03 1.3E-04 2.8E-02 1.1E-03 1.0E-01 5.6E-01
Os-185
2.6E-01 2.1E+01 5.4E+00 5.1E+00 2.2E-03 1.4E-04 1.0E-02 9.0E-02 2.8E-03 2.1E+01
Os-191
4.2E-02 9.6E-01 4.1E-02 1.1E-03 2.8E-03 1.7E-04 1.1E-02 2.4E-02 3.1E-02 9.6E-01
Os-191m
1.5E-03 2.0E-02 1.3E-03 0.0E+00 3.7E-04 2.2E-05 2.3E-03 5.1E-05 1.8E-02 2.0E-02
Os-193
3.4E-03 9.4E-01 3.6E-01 0.0E+00 1.4E-03 8.0E-05 1.6E-02 1.7E-03 6.2E-02 9.4E-01
Ir-190
3.3E-02 8.1E+01 2.1E+01 1.9E-02 5.0E-03 2.3E-04 2.4E-02 3.2E-02 3.6E-02 8.1E+01
Ir-192
2.0E-01 2.3E+01 5.5E+00 3.7E+00 8.9E-03 4.8E-04 2.8E-02 2.4E-01 7.2E-02 2.3E+01
Ir-194
2.2E-03 1.1E+00 6.6E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 1.1E-04 2.6E-02 1.3E-03 1.1E-01 1.1E+00
Pt-191
7.7E-03 5.0E+00 1.3E+00 0.0E+00 4.1E-04 2.3E-05 6.8E-03 1.8E-03 1.7E-02 5.0E+00
Pt-193m
1.2E-02 8.9E-02 2.5E-04 4.1E-10 4.5E-04 3.4E-05 9.0E-03 5.0E-03 3.7E-02 8.9E-02
Pt-197
2.1E-03 1.4E-01 2.6E-02 0.0E+00 3.5E-04 2.3E-05 8.0E-03 3.7E-04 6.2E-02 1.4E-01
Pt-197m
1.8E-04 4.2E-05 3.0E-01 0.0E+00 1.2E-04 7.4E-06 2.2E-03 5.5E-10 6.2E-02 3.0E-01
Au-198
7.4E-03 8.9E+00 2.9E+00 0.0E+00 2.1E-03 1.1E-04 2.0E-02 5.9E-03 7.2E-02 8.9E+00
Au-199
8.6E-03 1.4E+00 1.9E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 7.1E-05 8.8E-03 3.1E-03 4.0E-02 1.4E+00
Hg-197
7.3E-03 5.6E-01 4.0E-03 0.0E+00 6.0E-04 3.6E-05 4.6E-03 1.3E-03 1.8E-02 5.6E-01
Hg-197m
2.7E-03 8.6E-01 1.4E-01 0.0E+00 1.5E-03 8.0E-05 1.0E-02 7.1E-04 6.2E-02 8.6E-01
Hg-203
1.3E-01 5.7E+00 1.2E+00 3.8E-01 4.1E-03 2.1E-04 3.8E-02 2.0E-01 5.0E-02 5.7E+00
Tl-200
3.0E-03 2.1E+01 1.0E+01 0.0E+00 5.4E-04 2.1E-05 4.0E-03 2.1E-04 1.3E-02 2.1E+01
Tl-201
8.3E-03 9.5E-01 4.8E-02 0.0E+00 1.6E-04 9.5E-06 1.9E-03 5.2E-04 1.7E-02 9.5E-01
Tl-202
3.3E-02 1.2E+01 3.0E+00 2.8E-03 6.7E-04 3.2E-05 9.0E-03 9.4E-03 6.9E-03 1.2E+01
Tl-204
3.8E+00 1.2E-02 5.5E-06 1.7E-02 1.3E-03 1.1E-04 2.6E-02 7.8E-01 6.5E-02 7.8E-01
Pb-203
6.0E-03 5.0E+00 1.3E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-04 1.5E-05 4.8E-03 8.2E-04 1.5E-02 5.0E+00
Pb-210
2.2E+01 7.3E-03 7.0E-05 1.4E-02 6.9E+00 4.0E-01 1.8E+01 1.2E+03 7.1E-02 1.2E+03
Pb-212
1.2E-03 8.2E+00 1.0E+01 0.0E+00 1.4E-01 6.6E-03 1.2E-01 2.3E-03 1.7E-01 1.0E+01
Bi-206
1.7E-02 9.2E+01 2.7E+01 5.0E-05 4.5E-03 2.1E-04 3.8E-02 2.2E-02 2.2E-02 9.2E+01
Bi-207
3.8E+01 4.8E+01 1.3E+01 6.6E+01 6.9E-03 4.8E-04 2.6E-02 7.0E-01 3.3E-02 6.6E+01
Bi-210
1.4E-02 7.8E-06 2.4E-06 0.0E+00 2.8E-01 1.8E-02 1.8E-01 5.1E-01 7.1E-02 5.1E-01
Bi-212
1.2E-04 5.5E-06 1.1E+01 0.0E+00 8.4E-02 3.4E-03 5.2E-03 0.0E+00 7.6E-02 1.1E+01
Po-203
7.0E-05 9.3E-11 1.5E+01 0.0E+00 1.3E-04 5.7E-06 1.0E-03 0.0E+00 4.6E-02 1.5E+01
Po-205
2.1E-04 5.9E-03 1.3E+01 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 8.4E-06 1.2E-03 1.0E-09 1.8E-02 1.3E+01
Po-207
6.7E-04 2.6E+00 1.1E+01 0.0E+00 3.2E-04 1.3E-05 2.8E-03 3.2E-06 1.6E-02 1.1E+01
Po-210
3.8E-01 2.8E-04 7.6E-05 1.1E-04 4.8E+00 3.2E-01 4.8E+00 4.0E+02 1.3E-08 4.0E+02
At-211
8.2E-04 5.8E-02 3.8E-02 0.0E+00 2.4E-01 1.1E-02 2.2E-01 9.1E-04 1.7E-03 2.4E-01
Ra-223
3.1E-02 6.5E+00 1.4E+00 1.0E-03 1.2E+01 5.9E-01 2.0E+00 4.6E+00 1.7E-01 1.2E+01
Ra-224
1.0E-02 3.1E+01 9.5E+00 4.0E-09 5.3E+00 2.4E-01 1.4E+00 8.5E-01 1.9E-01 3.1E+01
Ra-225
4.1E-02 2.6E+00 6.5E-01 2.3E-03 1.6E+01 7.7E-01 2.1E+00 7.2E+00 2.7E-01 1.6E+01
Ra-226
1.6E+03 3.3E+01 8.5E+00 4.5E+01 1.2E+01 7.1E-01 2.3E+01 1.2E+03 1.6E-01 1.2E+03
Ra-227
8.0E-05 2.4E-10 1.2E+00 0.0E+00 4.5E-04 1.7E-05 1.7E-03 2.4E-16 6.2E-02 1.2E+00
Ra-228
5.8E+00 5.9E+01 1.5E+01 7.2E+01 4.7E+01 2.4E+00 1.5E+01 6.0E+02 8.7E-02 6.0E+02
Ac-228
7.0E-04 1.9E+00 7.7E+00 0.0E+00 2.6E-02 1.8E-03 8.6E-03 1.9E-05 8.5E-02 7.7E+00


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EXT-A
EXT-C
EXT-B
EXT-C
EXT-C
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-B
EXT-A
EXT-A
SKIN
EXT-B
ING-B
ING-B
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
ING-B
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-B
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
ING-B
EXT-A
ING-B
EXT-B
EXT-A
EXT-C
ING-B
EXT-B
EXT-B
EXT-B
EXT-B
ING-B
INH-A
INH-A
EXT-A
INH-A
ING-B
EXT-B
ING-B
EXT-B
16

Table 31: Results of dose calculations for all nuclides (in [(Sv/a)/(Bq/g)])
([WHUQDO,UUDGLDWLRQ
,QKDODWLRQ
,QJHVWLRQ
6NLQ
0D[
1XFOLGH 7 >D@
(;7$ (;7% (;7& ,1+$
,1+%
,1*$
,1*%
6.,1
Th-226
5.9E-05 0.0E+00 2.1E-02 0.0E+00 1.7E-01 6.5E-03 7.0E-03 0.0E+00 5.9E-03 1.7E-01
Th-227
5.1E-02 5.5E+00 1.1E+00 1.5E-02 2.2E+01 1.1E+00 1.1E+00 4.1E+00 2.6E-01 2.2E+01
Th-228
1.9E+00 4.9E+01 1.2E+01 4.8E+01 7.4E+01 3.6E+00 2.8E+00 9.0E+01 1.8E-01 9.0E+01
Th-229
7.3E+03 7.6E+00 1.5E+00 1.1E+01 1.3E+02 5.5E+00 1.2E+01 2.4E+02 2.3E-01 2.4E+02
Th-230
7.7E+04 1.4E+00 3.6E-01 1.9E+00 1.6E+01 8.7E-01 5.0E+00 8.2E+01 2.9E-03 8.2E+01
Th-231
2.9E-03 7.6E-02 1.7E-03 0.0E+00 8.6E-04 5.0E-05 6.8E-03 5.4E-04 5.9E-02 7.6E-02
Th-232
1.4E+10 8.0E+01 2.0E+01 1.1E+02 1.0E+02 5.1E+00 2.1E+01 7.2E+02 5.1E-03 7.2E+02
Th-234
6.6E-02 5.3E-01 1.2E-01 4.2E-03 1.3E-02 8.6E-04 6.8E-02 2.3E-01 1.0E-01 5.3E-01
Pa-230
4.8E-02 1.9E+01 5.1E+00 3.7E-02 1.8E+00 9.0E-02 5.7E-02 1.2E-01 1.9E-02 1.9E+01
Pa-231
3.3E+04 9.8E+00 2.0E+00 1.5E+01 5.3E+02 1.7E+01 3.7E+01 5.4E+02 4.1E-03 5.4E+02
Pa-233
7.4E-02 5.1E+00 1.1E+00 6.6E-02 6.0E-03 3.2E-04 1.7E-02 6.5E-02 8.0E-02 5.1E+00
U-230
5.7E-02 4.4E-01 8.3E-02 2.0E-03 2.6E+01 1.2E+00 1.2E+00 2.7E+00 1.8E-02 2.6E+01
U-231
1.2E-02 8.9E-01 2.2E-02 3.8E-09 8.6E-04 5.5E-05 5.6E-03 3.0E-03 1.9E-02 8.9E-01
U-232
7.2E+01 4.6E+01 1.2E+01 5.9E+01 1.2E+02 5.4E+00 9.2E+00 1.8E+02 3.4E-03 1.8E+02
U-233
1.6E+05 7.5E-02 1.5E-02 1.1E-01 1.6E+01 7.7E-01 1.1E+00 1.6E+01 1.9E-04 1.6E+01
U-234
2.4E+05 1.3E-03 5.0E-05 2.2E-03 1.5E+01 7.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.3E+01 2.7E-04 1.5E+01
U-235
7.0E+08 3.5E+00 4.1E-01 5.4E+00 1.4E+01 6.6E-01 9.9E-01 1.4E+01 6.8E-02 1.4E+01
U-236
2.3E+07 7.6E-04 2.4E-07 1.3E-03 1.4E+01 6.5E-01 9.2E-01 1.3E+01 1.3E-04 1.4E+01
U-237
1.9E-02 2.2E+00 2.4E-01 4.8E-06 3.7E-03 1.8E-04 1.5E-02 1.3E-02 5.3E-02 2.2E+00
U-238
4.5E+09 5.5E-01 1.2E-01 7.9E-01 1.2E+01 6.1E-01 9.5E-01 1.5E+01 2.1E-01 1.5E+01
U-239
4.5E-05 0.0E+00 8.7E-02 0.0E+00 9.2E-05 4.8E-06 6.5E-04 7.0E-25 6.2E-02 8.7E-02
U-240
1.6E-03 2.2E+00 2.0E+00 0.0E+00 1.8E-03 1.0E-04 2.2E-02 5.7E-04 1.3E-01 2.2E+00
Np-237
2.1E+06 5.6E+00 1.1E+00 8.6E+00 3.2E+01 9.3E-01 2.2E+00 2.2E+01 9.4E-02 3.2E+01
Np-239
6.5E-03 2.6E+00 4.8E-01 0.0E+00 2.4E-03 1.2E-04 1.6E-02 4.0E-03 1.1E-01 2.6E+00
Np-240
1.2E-04 4.7E-06 9.1E+00 0.0E+00 2.8E-04 1.3E-05 1.6E-03 0.0E+00 1.7E-01 9.1E+00
Pu-234
1.0E-03 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 3.5E-02 1.6E-03 3.2E-03 2.4E-05 3.0E-03 3.5E-02
Pu-235
4.8E-05 0.0E+00 9.8E-02 0.0E+00 5.4E-06 2.7E-07 4.2E-05 0.0E+00 6.0E-03 9.8E-02
Pu-236
2.8E+00 1.7E+00 4.4E-01 1.8E+00 3.3E+01 1.2E+00 2.0E+00 2.5E+01 3.4E-06 3.3E+01
Pu-237
1.2E-01 7.4E-01 1.4E-02 4.1E-02 6.3E-04 4.0E-05 2.0E-03 1.2E-02 4.4E-03 7.4E-01
Pu-238
8.8E+01 1.7E-04 9.5E-09 3.2E-04 6.5E+01 1.6E+00 4.6E+00 4.0E+01 2.9E-03 6.5E+01
Pu-239
2.4E+04 9.6E-04 3.7E-05 1.5E-03 6.9E+01 1.7E+00 5.0E+00 4.2E+01 3.9E-05 6.9E+01
Pu-240
6.5E+03 1.7E-04 2.6E-11 3.3E-04 6.9E+01 1.7E+00 5.0E+00 4.2E+01 2.8E-06 6.9E+01
Pu-241
1.4E+01 4.8E-03 1.4E-08 8.9E-03 3.0E+00 6.5E-02 2.1E-01 1.6E+00 4.3E-08 3.0E+00
Pu-242
3.8E+05 1.7E-04 0.0E+00 3.2E-04 6.7E+01 1.6E+00 4.8E+00 4.0E+01 2.3E-06 6.7E+01
Pu-243
5.6E-04 1.2E-02 1.9E-02 0.0E+00 2.4E-04 1.2E-05 1.7E-03 1.7E-06 6.2E-02 6.2E-02
Pu-244
8.3E+07 7.7E+00 2.0E+00 1.1E+01 6.6E+01 1.6E+00 4.9E+00 4.2E+01 1.3E-01 6.6E+01
Am-241
4.3E+02 1.6E-01 4.8E-07 3.1E-01 5.8E+01 1.5E+00 4.0E+00 3.7E+01 1.9E-03 5.8E+01
Am-242
1.8E-03 7.7E-02 5.2E-03 0.0E+00 2.6E-02 1.6E-03 6.0E-03 2.0E-04 5.2E-02 7.7E-02
Am-242m 1.5E+02 3.0E-01 2.7E-02 4.6E-01 8.1E+01 2.0E+00 5.6E+00 5.0E+01 5.2E-02 8.1E+01
Am-243
7.4E+03 4.1E+00 4.8E-01 6.4E+00 5.9E+01 1.5E+00 4.0E+00 3.8E+01 1.1E-01 5.9E+01
Cm-242
4.5E-01 1.7E-04 0.0E+00 1.1E-04 8.3E+00 4.7E-01 2.6E-01 4.0E+00 6.5E-05 8.3E+00
Cm-243
2.9E+01 2.7E+00 3.8E-01 4.1E+00 4.3E+01 1.4E+00 3.0E+00 3.3E+01 5.3E-02 4.3E+01
Cm-244
1.8E+01 1.1E-04 0.0E+00 2.1E-04 3.7E+01 1.3E+00 2.4E+00 2.9E+01 5.9E-05 3.7E+01
Cm-245
8.5E+03 1.3E+00 6.1E-02 1.9E+00 6.6E+01 1.7E+00 4.8E+00 4.2E+01 2.9E-02 6.6E+01
Cm-246
4.7E+03 4.0E-05 0.0E+00 8.5E-05 5.8E+01 1.5E+00 4.2E+00 3.7E+01 4.0E-05 5.8E+01
Cm-247
1.6E+07 9.3E+00 2.2E+00 1.4E+01 5.5E+01 1.4E+00 3.8E+00 3.5E+01 6.5E-02 5.5E+01
Cm-248
3.4E+05 9.7E-05 0.0E+00 1.9E-04 2.1E+02 5.3E+00 1.5E+01 1.4E+02 1.9E-06 2.1E+02
Bk-249
8.8E-01 2.3E-02 5.4E-03 1.9E-02 4.6E-01 1.5E-02 3.7E-02 3.5E-01 1.1E-02 4.6E-01
Cf-246
4.1E-03 1.9E-04 9.8E-06 2.2E-26 7.6E-01 3.6E-02 6.6E-02 8.9E-03 1.6E-03 7.6E-01
Cf-248
9.2E-01 2.3E-05 0.0E+00 3.0E-05 1.5E+01 8.6E-01 6.6E-01 1.2E+01 1.6E-03 1.5E+01
Cf-249
3.5E+02 9.1E+00 2.2E+00 1.4E+01 9.8E+01 3.4E+00 7.0E+00 8.7E+01 9.2E-03 9.8E+01
Cf-250
1.3E+01 2.9E-04 1.4E-07 4.4E-04 4.8E+01 2.3E+00 3.2E+00 5.4E+01 1.3E-04 5.4E+01
Cf-251
9.0E+02 2.3E+00 2.4E-01 3.6E+00 9.9E+01 3.4E+00 7.2E+00 8.8E+01 5.3E-02 9.9E+01
Cf-252
2.6E+00 1.8E-04 5.9E-08 2.5E-04 2.8E+01 2.0E+00 1.8E+00 4.5E+01 1.4E-04 4.5E+01
Cf-253
4.9E-02 4.5E-03 9.5E-04 1.0E-05 3.7E+00 1.9E-01 7.1E-02 1.8E-01 2.1E-02 3.7E+00
Cf-254
1.7E-01 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 0.0E+00 4.8E+01 5.3E+00 8.0E+00 6.2E+01 1.4E+00 6.2E+01
Es-253
5.6E-02 8.4E-03 1.5E-03 3.7E-05 4.6E+00 2.3E-01 1.2E-01 3.5E-01 9.3E-04 4.6E+00
Es-254
7.6E-01 2.7E+01 7.3E+00 1.9E+01 1.5E+01 8.9E-01 7.2E-01 1.2E+01 1.9E-02 2.7E+01
Es-254m
4.5E-03 1.1E+01 4.6E+00 0.0E+00 9.5E-01 4.2E-02 9.2E-02 1.4E-02 6.5E-02 1.1E+01
Fm-254
3.7E-04 3.1E-06 1.8E-06 0.0E+00 1.7E-01 6.7E-03 8.8E-03 1.0E-06 1.6E-03 1.7E-01
Fm-255
2.3E-03 8.5E-03 3.5E-04 0.0E+00 5.6E-01 2.5E-02 5.0E-02 2.8E-03 2.5E-01 5.6E-01
Ac-227
2.2E+01 9.3E+00 1.9E+00 1.4E+01 3.5E+02 1.3E+01 2.4E+01 4.2E+02 1.8E-01 4.2E+02


OLPLWLQJ
VFHQDULR
INH-A
INH-A
ING-B
ING-B
ING-B
EXT-A
ING-B
EXT-A
EXT-A
ING-B
EXT-A
INH-A
EXT-A
ING-B
ING-B
INH-A
ING-B
INH-A
EXT-A
ING-B
EXT-B
EXT-A
INH-A
EXT-A
EXT-B
INH-A
EXT-B
INH-A
EXT-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
SKIN
INH-A
INH-A
EXT-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
INH-A
ING-B
INH-A
ING-B
INH-A
ING-B
INH-A
EXT-A
EXT-A
INH-A
INH-A
ING-B

17

Table 32: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6

Nuclide

H-3*
Be-7
C-14*
F-18
Na-22
Na-24
Si-31
P-32
P-33
S-35
Cl-36*
Cl-38
K-40
K-42
K-43
Ca-45
Ca-47
Sc-46
Sc-47
Sc-48
V-48
Cr-51
Mn-51
Mn-52
Mn-52m
Mn-53
Mn-54*
Mn-56
Fe-52+
Fe-55
Fe-59
Co-55
Co-56
Co-57*
Co-58*
Co-58m
Co-60
Co-60m
Co-61
Co-62m
Ni-59
6

Calculation results
for clearance levels
(CL)

Clearance levels
rounded

Exemption values
(EV) [ CEU 96]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

8.6E+02
6.9E+00
6.3E+01
1.3E+00
1.3E-01
2.1E-01
1.2E+02
9.8E+01
2.3E+02
5.7E+01
1.6E+01
7.3E-01
1.5E+00
4.0E+00
7.3E-01
4.0E+01
3.2E-01
1.5E-01
5.2E+00
1.3E-01
1.1E-01
1.2E+01
1.3E+00
1.0E-01
4.9E-01
4.5E+02
3.8E-01
6.6E-01
4.5E-01
4.7E+01
2.6E-01
4.2E-01
8.3E-02
4.4E+00
3.3E-01
2.3E+02
9.9E-02
3.4E+02
3.5E+01
4.1E-01
2.9E+02

(1000)
10
(100)
1
0.1
0.1
100
100
100
100
(10)
1
1
10
1
100
1
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
10
1
0.1
1
1000
(1)
1
1
100
0.1
1
0.1
(10)
(1)
100
0.1
1000
100
1
100

1.0E+6
1.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+5
1.0E+5
1.0E+4
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+4
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+4
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+4
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+4
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+4

Comparison of
exemption values
and rounded
clearance levels
EV/CL

1000
100
100
10
100
100
10
10
1000
1000
1000
10
100
10
10
100
10
100
10
100
100
100
10
100
10
10
10
10
10
100
100
10
100
10
10
100
100
1
1
10
100

The calculated rounded general clearance levels in brackets for the nuclides marked with an asterix are higher
than the rounded specific clearance levels in RP 89 or RP 113 respectively. As for logical reason a general
clearance level could not be higher then a specific clearance level,in table 1 in chapter 4.3. of the main
document the rounded general clearance levels which should be used are set to the lowest value given for this
nuclides in RP 89 or RP 113. See further explanation in section 3.3. of the Annex.
Those nuclides for which the progeny is already accounted for in the dose calculations are explicitly listed in
Table 2-1 and are marked as in the BSS with the sign + to indicate that the derived clearance level also
includes daughter nuclides. The daughter nuclides listed in Table 2-1 need not be considered separately for
clearance.

18

Table 32: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6

Nuclide

Ni-63
Ni-65
Cu-64
Zn-65
Zn-69
Zn-69m+
Ga-72
Ge-71
As-73
As-74
As-76
As-77
Se-75
Br-82
Rb-86
Sr-85
Sr-85m
Sr-87m
Sr-89
Sr-90+
Sr-91+
Sr-92
Y-90
Y-91
Y-91m
Y-92
Y-93
Zr-93*
Zr-95+
Zr-97+
Nb-93m
Nb-94
Nb-95
Nb-97+
Nb-98
Mo-90
Mo-93
Mo-99+
Mo-101+
Tc-96
Tc-96m
Tc-97*
Tc-97m*
Tc-99*
Tc-99m
Ru-97
Ru-103+
Ru-105+
Ru-106+
Rh-103m7
7

Calculation results
for clearance levels
(CL)

Clearance levels
rounded

Exemption values
(EV) [ CEU 96]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

1.2E+02
2.0E+00
6.8E+00
5.2E-01
1.6E+02
2.7E+00
3.6E-01
2.9E+04
1.7E+02
4.5E-01
1.4E+00
6.7E+01
1.1E+00
1.9E-01
3.3E+00
6.6E-01
1.1E+01
4.5E+00
2.8E+01
1.1E+00
1.7E+00
7.8E-01
1.4E+02
2.5E+01
2.4E+00
4.5E+00
1.4E+01
6.0E+01
2.9E-01
3.1E-01
1.1E+02
1.4E-01
4.2E-01
1.8E+00
4.6E-01
1.8E+00
1.3E+01
2.0E+00
7.4E-01
1.5E-01
1.9E+01
2.0E+02
7.5E+01
2.1E+01
5.3E+01
2.2E+00
7.1E-01
1.6E+00
2.5E+00
1.3E+05

100
1
10
1
100
1
1
10000
100
1
1
100
1
0.1
10
1
10
10
10
1
1
1
100
10
1
10
10
(100)
0.1
1
100
0.1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
0.1
10
(100)
(100)
(10)
100
1
1
1
1
(100000)

1.0E+5
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+4
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+4
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+4
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+4

Comparison of
exemption values
and rounded
clearance levels
EV/CL

1000
10
10
10
100
100
10
1
10
10
100
10
100
100
10
100
10
10
100
100
10
10
10
100
100
10
10
10
100
10
100
100
10
10
10
10
100
100
10
100
100
10
10
1000
1
100
100
10
100
0.1

As can be seen from the fourth column in table 3-2, the clearance level is higher than the exemption value for
Rh-103m. Because Rh-103m is of negligible radiological importance, the clearance level is very high and
could be lowered to match the exemption value without problems. Therefore the rounded general clearance
level which should be used for Rh-103m is 10000 Bq/g.
19

Table 32: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6

Nuclide

Rh-105
Pd-103+
Pd-109+
Ag-105
Ag-108m+
Ag-110m+
Ag-111
Cd-109+
Cd-115+
Cd-115m+
In-111
In-113m
In-114m+
In-115m
Sn-113+
Sn-125
Sb-122
Sb-124
Sb-125+
Te-123m*
Te-125m
Te-127
Te-127m+
Te-129
Te-129m+
Te-131
Te-131m+
Te-132+
Te-133
Te-133m
Te-134
I-123
I-125*
I-126
I-129*
I-130
I-131
I-132
I-133
I-134
I-135
Cs-129
Cs-131
Cs-132
Cs-134
Cs-134m
Cs-135*
Cs-136
Cs-137+
Cs-138
Ba-131
Ba-140
La-140
Ce-139*
Ce-141

Calculation results
for clearance levels
(CL)

Clearance levels
rounded

Exemption values
(EV) [ CEU 96]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

7.7E+00
1.1E+03
8.5E+01
6.9E-01
1.4E-01
1.1E-01
1.5E+01
1.4E+01
1.4E+00
1.4E+01
1.4E+00
5.6E+00
3.0E+00
9.9E+00
1.4E+00
1.1E+00
9.6E-01
1.6E-01
6.6E-01
3.5E+00
7.1E+01
1.5E+02
1.3E+01
2.5E+01
5.2E+00
3.6E+00
3.6E-01
1.8E-01
1.3E+00
5.1E-01
7.3E-01
1.1E+01
7.4E+00
7.7E-01
4.5E-01
5.7E-01
1.0E+00
5.2E-01
1.2E+00
4.4E-01
6.9E-01
2.4E+00
1.3E+03
5.2E-01
1.8E-01
3.3E+02
4.3E+01
1.5E-01
3.8E-01
4.8E-01
8.6E-01
1.7E-01
2.0E-01
3.4E+00
7.0E+00

10
1000
100
1
0.1
0.1
10
10
1
10
1
10
1
10
1
1
1
0.1
1
(10)
100
100
10
10
10
10
1
0.1
1
1
1
10
(10)
1
(1)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1000
1
0.1
1000
(100)
0.1
1
1
1
0.1
0.1
(10)
10

1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+2

Comparison of
exemption values
and rounded
clearance levels
EV/CL

10
1
10
100
100
100
100
1000
100
100
100
10
100
10
1000
100
100
100
100
10
10
10
100
10
100
10
10
1000
10
10
10
10
100
100
100
10
100
10
10
10
10
100
1
10
100
1
100
100
10
10
100
100
100
10
10
20

Table 32: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6

Nuclide

Ce-143
Ce-144+
Pr-142
Pr-143
Nd-147
Nd-149
Pm-147
Pm-149
Sm-151
Sm-153
Eu-152
Eu-152m
Eu-154
Eu-155
Gd-153
Gd-159
Tb-160
Dy-165
Dy-166
Ho-166
Er-169
Er-171
Tm-170
Tm-171
Yb-175
Lu-177
Hf-181
Ta-182
W-181*
W-185
W-187
Re-186
Re-188
Os-185
Os-191
Os-191m
Os-193
Ir-190
Ir-192*
Ir-194
Pt-191
Pt-193m
Pt-197
Pt-197m
Au-198
Au-199
Hg-197
Hg-197m
Hg-203
Tl-200
Tl-201
Tl-202
Tl-204
Pb-203
Pb-210+

Calculation results
for clearance levels
(CL)

Clearance levels
rounded

Exemption values
(EV) [ CEU 96]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

2.4E+00
3.8E+00
1.2E+01
1.5E+02
3.3E+00
4.6E+00
6.0E+01
4.4E+01
1.6E+02
2.2E+01
2.1E-01
3.9E+00
1.9E-01
9.0E+00
9.8E+00
2.7E+01
3.0E-01
7.3E+01
1.6E+01
2.6E+01
2.0E+02
5.2E+00
2.4E+01
1.5E+02
1.1E+01
1.5E+01
6.8E-01
2.5E-01
3.5E+01
1.0E+02
1.5E+00
3.6E+01
1.8E+01
4.9E-01
1.0E+01
5.0E+02
1.1E+01
1.2E-01
4.4E-01
8.9E+00
2.0E+00
1.1E+02
6.9E+01
3.4E+01
1.1E+00
6.9E+00
1.8E+01
1.2E+01
1.8E+00
4.7E-01
1.1E+01
8.5E-01
1.3E+01
2.0E+00
8.6E-03

1
10
10
100
10
10
100
100
100
10
0.1
10
0.1
10
10
10
0.1
100
10
10
100
10
10
100
10
10
1
0.1
(100)
100
1
100
10
1
10
1000
10
0.1
(1)
10
1
100
100
100
1
10
10
10
1
1
10
1
10
1
0.01

1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+4
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+4
1.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+4
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+4
1.0E+2
1.0E+1

Comparison of
exemption values
and rounded
clearance levels
EV/CL

100
10
10
100
10
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
100
10
10
100
100
10
100
100
100
10
100
100
100
100
10
100
10
100
100
10
10
10
10
1
10
100
10
10
100
10
10
1
100
10
10
10
100
10
10
100
1000
100
1000
21

Table 32: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6

Nuclide

Pb-212+
Bi-206
Bi-207
Bi-210
Bi-212+
Po-203
Po-205
Po-207
Po-210
At-211
Ra-223+
Ra-224+
Ra-225
Ra-226+
Ra-227
Ra-228+
Ac-227+
Ac-228
Th-226+
Th-227
Th-228+
Th-229+
Th-230
Th-231
Th-232+
Th-234+
Pa-230
Pa-231
Pa-233
U-230+
U-231
U-232+
U-233
U-234
U-235+
U-236
U-237
U-238+
U-239
U-240+
Np-237*+
Np-239
Np-240
Pu-234
Pu-235
Pu-236*
Pu-237
Pu-238
Pu-239
Pu-240
Pu-241*
Pu-242
Pu-243
Pu-244+
Am-241

Calculation results
for clearance levels
(CL)

Clearance levels
rounded

Exemption values
(EV) [ CEU 96]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

1.0E+00
1.1E-01
1.5E-01
1.9E+01
9.4E-01
6.9E-01
7.7E-01
8.7E-01
2.5E-02
4.2E+01
8.1E-01
3.2E-01
6.3E-01
8.0E-03
8.6E+00
1.7E-02
2.4E-02
1.3E+00
5.9E+01
4.5E-01
1.1E-01
4.2E-02
1.2E-01
1.3E+02
1.4E-02
1.9E+01
5.3E-01
1.9E-02
2.0E+00
3.8E-01
1.1E+01
5.5E-02
6.2E-01
6.7E-01
7.1E-01
7.3E-01
4.5E+00
6.9E-01
1.2E+02
4.5E+00
3.1E-01
3.8E+00
1.1E+00
2.9E+02
1.0E+02
3.1E-01
1.4E+01
1.5E-01
1.4E-01
1.4E-01
3.4E+00
1.5E-01
1.6E+02
1.5E-01
1.7E-01

1
0.1
0.1
10
1
1
1
1
0.01
100
1
1
1
0.01
10
0.01
0.01
1
100
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
100
0.01
10
1
0.01
1
1
10
0.1
1
1
1
1
10
1
100
10
(1)
10
1
100
100
(1)
10
0.1
0.1
0.1
(10)
0.1
100
0.1
0.1

Comparison of
exemption values
and rounded
clearance levels
EV/CL

1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1

10
100
100
100
10
10
10
10
1000
10
100
10
100
1000
10
1000

1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+0
1.0E+0
1.0E+0
1.0E+3
1.0E+0
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+0
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+0
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+3
1.0E+0
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+3
1.0E+0
1.0E+0
1.0E+0
1.0E+2
1.0E+0
1.0E+3
1.0E+0
1.0E+0

10
10
10
10
10
10
10
100
100
10
100
100
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
100
1
10
10
1
1
10
100
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
22

Table 32: Calculation results for general clearance levels and rounded general clearance levels6

Nuclide

Am-242
Am-242m+
Am-243+
Cm-242
Cm-243
Cm-244
Cm-245
Cm-246
Cm-247+
Cm-248
Bk-249
Cf-246
Cf-248
Cf-249
Cf-250
Cf-251
Cf-252
Cf-253
Cf-254
Es-253
Es-254*+
Es-254m+
Fm-254
Fm-255

Calculation results
for clearance levels
(CL)

Clearance levels
rounded

Exemption values
(EV) [ CEU 96]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

[Bq/g]

1.3E+02
1.2E-01
1.7E-01
1.2E+00
2.3E-01
2.7E-01
1.5E-01
1.7E-01
1.8E-01
4.9E-02
2.2E+01
1.3E+01
6.8E-01
1.0E-01
1.9E-01
1.0E-01
2.2E-01
2.7E+00
1.6E-01
2.2E+00
3.7E-01
8.8E-01
6.0E+01
1.8E+01

100
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
10
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
1
(1)
1
100
10

1.0E+3
1.0E+0
1.0E+0
1.0E+2
1.0E+0
1.0E+1
1.0E+0
1.0E+0
1.0E+0
1.0E+0
1.0E+3
1.0E+3
1.0E+1
1.0E+0
1.0E+1
1.0E+0
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+0
1.0E+2
1.0E+1
1.0E+2
1.0E+4
1.0E+3

Comparison of
exemption values
and rounded
clearance levels
EV/CL

10
10
10
100
10
100
10
10
10
10
100
100
10
10
100
10
100
100
10
100
10
100
100
100

 5HODWLRQWRWKH([HPSWLRQ9DOXHV
As a matter of fact, any set of clearance levels should not exceed the exemption values as laid
down in the Basic Safety Standards [CEU 96] in order to avoid situations in which material
which has been cleared would again fall under the scheme of reporting and authorisation
because it exceeded the exemption values. It is therefore necessary to compare the derived
clearance levels with the exemption values for all nuclides. Table 3-2 shows this comparison in
which the rounded clearance levels have been used because they were rounded by the same
procedure as the exemption values (cf. Section 3.1.). As can be seen from the last column in
table 3-2, the clearance level is larger than the exemption value only for Rh-103m. In all other
cases the clearance levels are lower than or equal to the exemption values. Because Rh-103m is
of negligible radiological importance, the clearance level is very high and could be lowered to
match the exemption value without problems. Therefore in table 1 in chapter 4.3. of the main
part the rounded general clearance level which should be used for Rh-103m is set as
10000 Bq/g.
It should further be noted that no uniform factor exists by which the set of clearance levels could
be related to the set of exemption values. According to table 3-2, the ratio between exemption
values and clearance levels covers a range from 1 to 1000 with a span from 10 to 100 for the
most relevant nuclides. Lowering the clearance levels so that a uniform ratio of e.g. 100 could
be applied would make clearance practically impossible while adjusting them for a ratio of e.g.
10 could result in significantly exceeding individual doses of 10 Sv/a. It must therefore be
concluded that clearance levels and exemption values cannot be matched by a simple ratio
which is a result of the totally different scenarios on which both sets of values are based.

23

 5HODWLRQWR2WKHU6HWVRI&OHDUDQFH/HYHOV
The rounded clearance levels as listed in table 3-2 are now compared with the sets of clearance
levels which have already been recommended by the European Commission for clearance of
metals (Radiation Protection No. 89, [EUR 98]) and for clearance of building rubble8 (Radiation
Protection No. 113, [EUR 00]). As for logical reason a general clearance level could not be
higher than a specific clearance level, it must be lower than or equal to any other clearance
levels.
The comparison between the clearance levels from table 3-2 and the sets of clearance levels for
metals and for building rubble is given in table 33. The list of nuclides in table 33 is
considerably shorter than the list in table 3-2 because clearance levels for metals and building
rubble have been calculated only for longer lived nuclides.
Table 33 shows the rounded general clearance levels as of table 3-2 in the third column, the
rounded clearance levels for metals in the fourth and the rounded clearance levels for building
rubble in the sixth column. The fifth and seventh column show the ratio between the general
clearance level and the other clearance level. A ratio greater than 1 is highlighted as it marks
nuclides where the calculated general clearance level exceeds the clearance level in question.
Table 33: Comparison between the rounded calculation results for general clearance levels and
the clearance levels for metals and for building rubble of RP 89 [EUR 98] and RP 113 [EUR 00]
T1/2
Nuclide
H-3
C-14
Na-22
S-35
Cl-36
K-40
Ca-45
Sc-46
Mn-53
Mn-54
Fe-55
Co-56
Co-57
Co-58
Co-60
Ni-59
Ni-63
Zn-65
As-73
Se-75
Sr-85
Sr-90
Y-91
Zr-93
8

[a]
1.2E+01
5.7E+03
2.6E+00
2.4E-01
3.0E+05
1.3E+09
4.5E-01
2.3E-01
3.7E+06
8.6E-01
2.7E+00
2.2E-01
7.4E-01
1.9E-01
5.3E+00
7.5E+04
9.6E+01
6.7E-01
2.2E-01
3.3E-01
1.8E-01
2.9E+01
1.6E-01
1.5E+06

Rounded
general CL
[Bq/g]
1000
100
0.1
100
10
1
100
0.1
1000
1
100
0.1
10
1
0.1
100
100
1
100
1
1
1
10
100

CL RP 89

Comparison

CL RP 113

Comparison

[Bq/g]
1000
100
1
1000
10
1
1000
1
10000
1
10000
1
10
1
1
10000
10000
1
100
1
1
10
10
10

Cgen/CLmet
1
1
0.1
0.1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.01
0.1
1
1
0.1
0.01
0.01
1
1
1
1
0.1
1
10

[Bq/g]
100
10
0.1
1000
1
1
1000
0.1
1000
0.1
1000
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
1000
1000
1
100
1
1
1
100
100

Clgen/CLbldg
10
10
1
0.1
10
1
0.1
1
1
10
0.1
1
10
10
1
0.1
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
1

Clearance levels for buildings prior to demolition which are also contained in RP 113 are not suitable for
comparison because they refer to building surfaces and are given in Bq/cm; the clearance levels for building
rubble arising from the demolition of an entire building are so sensitive that normally the standing structure
would be cleared on the basis of surface activity; for partial demolition clearance levels which are a factor 10
higher are applicable.
24

Table 33: Comparison between the rounded calculation results for general clearance levels and
the clearance levels for metals and for building rubble of RP 89 [EUR 98] and RP 113 [EUR 00]
T1/2
Nuclide
Zr-95
Nb-93m
Nb-94
Mo-93
Tc-97
Tc-97m
Tc-99
Ru-106
Ag-108m
Ag-110m
Cd-109
Sn-113
Sb-124
Sb-125
Te-123m
Te-127m
I-125
I-129
Cs-134
Cs-135
Cs-137
Ce-139
Ce-144
Pm-147
Sm-151
Eu-152
Eu-154
Eu-155
Gd-153
Tb-160
Tm-170
Tm-171
Ta-182
W-181
W-185
Os-185
Ir-192
Tl-204
Pb-210
Bi-207
Po-210
Ra-226
Ra-228
Th-228
Th-229
Th-230
Th-232
Pa-231
U-232

[a]
1.7E-01
1.4E+01
2.0E+04
3.5E+03
2.6E+06
2.4E-01
2.1E+05
1.0E+00
1.3E+02
6.9E-01
1.3E+00
3.1E-01
1.7E-01
2.8E+00
3.3E-01
3.0E-01
1.7E-01
1.6E+07
2.1E+00
2.3E+06
3.0E+01
3.8E-01
7.8E-01
2.6E+00
9.0E+01
1.3E+01
8.8E+00
5.0E+00
6.6E-01
2.0E-01
3.5E-01
1.9E+00
3.1E-01
3.3E-01
2.1E-01
2.6E-01
2.0E-01
3.8E+00
2.2E+01
3.8E+01
3.8E-01
1.6E+03
5.8E+00
1.9E+00
7.3E+03
7.7E+04
1.4E+10
3.3E+04
7.2E+01

Rounded
general CL
[Bq/g]
0.1
100
0.1
10
100
100
10
1
0.1
0.1
10
1
0.1
1
10
10
10
1
0.1
100
1
10
10
100
100
0.1
0.1
10
10
0.1
10
100
0.1
100
100
1
1
10
0.01
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.1

CL RP 89

Comparison

CL RP 113

Comparison

[Bq/g]
1
1000
1
100
1000
1000
100
1
1
1
10
1
1
10
10
100
1
1
1
10
1
10
10
10000
10000
1
1
10
10
1
100
1000
1
100
1000
1
1
1000
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

Cgen/CLmet
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
1
1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
10
1
0.1
10
1
1
1
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
1
1
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.1

[Bq/g]
0.1
1000
0.1
100
10
10
1
1
0.1
0.1
100
1
100
1
1
100
100
0.1
0.1
1000
1
1
10
1000
1000
0.1
0.1
10
10
0.1
100
1000
0.1
10
1000
1
0.1
100
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

Clgen/CLbldg
1
0.1
1
0.1
10
10
10
1
1
1
0.1
1
0.001
1
10
0.1
0.1
10
1
0.1
1
10
1
0.1
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
0.1
1
10
0.1
1
10
0.1
0.1
1
0.01
0.1
0.1
1
1
1
0.1
0.1
1
25

Table 33: Comparison between the rounded calculation results for general clearance levels and
the clearance levels for metals and for building rubble of RP 89 [EUR 98] and RP 113 [EUR 00]
T1/2
Nuclide
U-233
U-234
U-235
U-236
U-238
Np-237
Pu-236
Pu-238
Pu-239
Pu-240
Pu-241
Pu-242
Pu-244
Am-241
Am-242m
Am-243
Cm-242
Cm-243
Cm-244
Cm-245
Cm-246
Cm-247
Cm-248
Bk-249
Cf-248
Cf-249
Cf-250
Cf-251
Cf-252
Cf-254
Es-254

[a]
1.6E+05
2.4E+05
7.0E+08
2.3E+07
4.5E+09
2.1E+06
2.8E+00
8.8E+01
2.4E+04
6.5E+03
1.4E+01
3.8E+05
8.3E+07
4.3E+02
1.5E+02
7.4E+03
4.5E-01
2.9E+01
1.8E+01
8.5E+03
4.7E+03
1.6E+07
3.4E+05
8.8E-01
9.2E-01
3.5E+02
1.3E+01
9.0E+02
2.6E+00
1.7E-01
7.6E-01

Rounded
general CL
[Bq/g]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1

CL RP 89

Comparison

CL RP 113

Comparison

[Bq/g]
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
100
10
1
1
1
1
1
10

Cgen/CLmet
1
1
1
0.1
1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

[Bq/g]
1
1
1
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
10
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1

Clgen/CLbldg
1
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
10

The comparison in table 33 yields the following results:

In only very few cases do the rounded general clearance levels exceed the rounded clearance
levels for metals while they are normally equal or a factor of 10 lower. Those nuclides for
which the general clearance levels are higher are usually not leading in nuclide vectors.
In other cases the rounded general clearance levels are higher than the rounded clearance
levels for building rubble. Nuclides like Cl-36, Mn-54, Tc-99, I-129 or Ir-192 which are
concerned here may be relevant in nuclide vectors from nuclear installations.
The highest ratio in table 33 is 10. That means that the general clearance levels do not
exceed that other sets by more than one order of magnitude.
It can generally be observed that there is a considerable degree of consistency among the
three sets of clearance levels.
From this comparison it can be concluded that the agreement between the general clearance
levels and the clearance levels for metals is good. The few cases where the general clearance
levels is higher than the specific clearance level could be adjusted in such a way that they are
lower or equal than the specific clearance levels for metals or building rubble for each nuclide.
26

The calculated rounded general clearance levels in brackets for the nuclides marked with an
asterix in table 3-2 are higher than the rounded specific clearance levels in RP 89 or RP 113.
As the general clearance levels are applicable to any dry material without a limit setting for the
maximum quantity of the material and therefore to avoid legal problems in table 1 in chapter
4.3. of the main document the rounded general clearance levels which should be used are set to
the lowest value given in RP 89 or RP 113 for the nuclides in table 3-2 marked with an asterix.
In table 1 of the main part the rounded general clearance levels for the in table 3-3 highlighted
nuclides are reduced to match the criterion that general clearance levels should not be higher
than specific clearance levels.
For smaller masses the authorities could relax the clearance levels after a case study9.
 6SHFLDO&RQVLGHUDWLRQWR6KRUW/LYHG1XFOLGHV
As the list of table 3-2 contains all nuclides for which exemption values exist in the Basic Safety
Standards [CEU 96], it contains also short-lived nuclides for which the scenarios of section 2.4.
may not be totally appropriate because clearance levels are derived from exposure situations of
one year duration.
The other two recommendations on clearance which the European Commission has issued
([EUR 98] and [EUR 00]) have concentrated on nuclides with a half-life of more than around 60
days. The only recent international generic assessment which also contains shorter-lived
nuclides is TECDOC 1000 of the IAEA [IAE 98] where they have been derived from the same
scenarios as the long-lived nuclides.
In practice for short-lived nuclides (with a half-life of less than 7 days) higher dilution factors
would apply in the scenarios and being aware that for those nuclides other scenarios10 might be
relevant, it would therefore be a viable option for the generic clearance levels of table 3-2 to
replace the (rounded) general clearance levels which have been derived from the scenarios in
section 2.4. by the exemption values.


&216,'(5$7,216727+(&2//(&7,9('26(

Collective doses for clearance options can generally be calculated in two ways:
1. If the radiological scenarios are of probabilistic nature and result in dose distributions (i.e.
the number of exposed persons as a function of dose is calculated), then the collective dose
can be derived from this dose distribution by integrating over the relevant dose interval. An
approach of this kind has been pursued e.g. in several German studies like [GR 89].
2. If the scenarios are of deterministic nature, the result is a fixed relation between the activity
in the material and the resulting annual individual dose. This approach has been used here.
The collective dose can then be derived as a simple multiplication of the resulting dose and
the number of people exposed.

For example it is stated in [EUR 00] that the clearance levels for building rubble could be raised if smaller
masses are involved: 7KHPDVVVSHFLILFFOHDUDQFHOHYHOVLQ WDEOHRIWKHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQ>(85@DUHYDOLG
IRU DQ\ TXDQWLW\ RI UXEEOH W\SLFDOO\ RQ WKH RUGHU RI RQH QXFOHDU SRZHU SODQW )RU TXDQWLWLHV RI UXEEOH QRW
H[FHHGLQJDERXW0JDIURPRQHVLWHWKHDXWKRULWLHVFRXOGUHOD[WKHFOHDUDQFHOHYHOV)RUVXFKTXDQWLWLHV
PDVVVSHFLILFFOHDUDQFHOHYHOVDIDFWRUKLJKHUZRXOGXVXDOO\EHUDGLRORJLFDOO\DFFHSWDEOH

10

For example in [SSK 98].

27

The scenarios which have been developed in section 2 do not allow for an immediate calculation
of collective doses because no assumptions are included concerning the number of people that
could be affected. It would also be extremely difficult to make a sensible estimate of this
number because the quantities which are involved and the origins of the cleared materials are to
a large extent undetermined. However, the recommendations [EUR 98] and [EUR 00] both
contain estimations of the collective doses caused by recycling (or disposal) of metals and of
building rubble, respectively, which show results below 1 manSv/a. In view of the fact the
general clearance levels are generally lower than the other two value sets (cf. Section 3.3.) and
the fact that the largest material quantities are formed by building rubble and metals it is clear
that application of the general clearance levels could lead only to collective doses which are still
smaller than those estimated for building rubble and metals.


18&/,'(63(&,),&'$7$

This section lists background information to the scenarios in section 2 and to the calculations
presented in section 3.
Table 5-1 contains a list of the parent nuclides for which daughter nuclides have been taken into
account. Because of varying ratios of half-lives and branches in the decay chains, the
equilibrium factor between parent and daughter nuclides is not always 1. The ratios are therefore
provided in table 5-1 as well.
Table 5-2 lists the dose coefficients for inhalation, ingestion, external irradiation and skin
contamination which already include the progeny as listed in table 5-1. These dose coefficients
are therefore directly applicable in the scenarios of section 2.
The values are given for the maximum activity within the first 100 years.
Table 51: Activity ratios for daughter nuclides in relation to the parent nuclide
3DUHQW

'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHVDQGDFWLYLW\UDWLRV11

Ca-47

Sc-47
0.4210
Mn-52m
0.8420
Co-58
0.0052
Zn-69
0.8230
Sr-85
0.0006
Y-90
0.9980
Y-91m
0.4546
Y-92
0.3200
Y-91
0.0006
Nb-93m
0.9910
Nb-95m
0.0067
Nb-97m
0.9404
Nb-93m
0.9760

Fe-52
Co-58m
Zn-69m
Sr-85m
Sr-90
Sr-91
Sr-92
Y-91m
Zr-93
Zr-95
Zr-97
Mo-93

11

Mn-52
0.0007

Y-91
0.0065

Nb-95
0.4818
Nb-97
0.8170

Progenies with a zero contribution are not listed in the table.

28

Table 51: Activity ratios for daughter nuclides in relation to the parent nuclide
3DUHQW

'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHVDQGDFWLYLW\UDWLRV11

Mo-99

Tc-99m
0.6964
Mo-101
Tc-101
0.3730
Tc-96m
Tc-96
0.0079
Ru-103
Rh-103m
0.9900
Ru-105
Rh-105m
0.2410
Ru-106
Rh-106
1.0000
Pd-103
Rh-103m
0.9860
Pd-109
Ag-109m
0.9930
Ag-108m Ag-108
0.0930
Ag-110m Ag-110
0.0130
Cd-109
Ag-109m
1.0000
Cd-115
In-115m
0.8010
In-114m In-114
0.9550
Sn-113
In-113m
0.9960
Sn-125
Sb-125
0.0091
Sb-125
Te-125m
0.1940
Te-127m Te-127
0.9620
Te-129m Te-129
0.6230
Te-131
I-131
0.0021
Te-131m Te-131
0.2090
Te-132
I-132
0.8990
Te-133
I-133
0.0096
Te-133m Te-133
0.0842
Te-134
I-134
0.3270
I-131
Xe-131m
0.0033
I-133
Xe-133m
0.0063
I-135
Xe-135m
0.1450
Cs-134m Cs-134
0.0002
Cs-137
Ba-137m
0.946
Ba-131
Cs-131
0.4050
Ba-140
La-140
0.7360
Ce-143
Pr-143
0.0781

Rh-105
0.0931

Te-125m
0.0019

I-131
0.1100

Xe-131m
0.0005

Xe-133m
0.0001
I-133
0.0384

Xe-133
0.0012
Xe-133m Xe-133
0.0003
0.0051

Xe-133
0.1150
Xe-135
0.3110

29

Table 51: Activity ratios for daughter nuclides in relation to the parent nuclide
3DUHQW
Ce-144

'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHVDQGDFWLYLW\UDWLRV11

Pr-144m
0.0140
Nd-147
Pm-147
0.0109
Nd-149
Pm-149
0.0290
Dy-166
Ho-166
0.5800
Er-171
Tm-171
0.0004
Os-191m Os-191
0.0311
Os-193
Ir-193m
0.0003
Ir-190
Os-190m
0.9960
Pt-193m Pt-193
0.0002
Pt-197m Pt-197
0.0660
Hg-197m Hg-197
0.1925
Pb-210
Bi-210
0.9950
Pb-212
Bi-212
0.7810
Bi-210
Po-210
0.0320
Bi-212
Po-212
0.6410
At-211
Po-211
0.5830
Ra-223
Rn-219
1.0000
Ra-224
Rn-220
1.0000
Ra-225
Ac-225
0.4420
Ra-226
Rn-222
1.0000
Ra-228
Ac-228
1.000
Ac-227
Th-227
0.9720
Ac-228
Th-228
0.0004
Th-226
Ra 222
1.0000
Th-227
Ra-223
0.4620
Th-228
Ra-224
0.9730
Th-229
Ra-225
1.0000
Th-230
Ra-226
0.0424
Th-232
Ra-228
1.0000
Th-234
Pa-234m
1.0000
Pa-230
U-230
0.0319
Pa-231
Ac-227
0.9570

Pr-144
1.000

Po-210
0.9320
Po-212
0.5006

Tl-208
0.2804

Tl-208
0.3062

Po-215
1.0000
Po-216
1.0000
Fr-221
0.4420
Po-218
1.0000
Th-228
0.5780
Fr-223
0.0140
Ra-224
0.0004
Rn-218
1.0000
Rn-219
0.4620
Rn-220
0.9730
Ac-225
1.0000
Rn-222
0.0424
Ac-228
1.0000
Pa-234
0.0015
Th-226
0.0319
Th-227
0.9436

Pb-211
0.9870
Pb-212
0.7460
At-217
0.4420
Pb-214
1.0000
Ra-224
0.5780
Ra-223
0.9850
Rn-220
0.0004
Po-214
1.0000
Po-215
0.4620
Po-216
0.9730
Fr-221
1.0000
Po-218
0.0424
Th-228
1.0000

Bi-211
0.9870
Bi-212
0.7560
Bi-213
0.4420
Bi-214
1.0000
Rn-220
0.5780
Rn-219
0.9850
Po-216
0.0004

Tl-207
0.9843
Po-212
0.4782
Tl-209
0.0096
Po-214
1.0000
Po-216
0.5780
Po-215
0.9850
Pb-212
0.0004

Po-211
0.0027
Tl-208
0.2678
Po-213
0.4325
Pb-210
0.9260
Pb-212
0.5780
Pb-211
0.9850
Bi-212
0.0004

Pb-209
0.4420
Bi-210
0.9260
Bi-212
0.5780
Bi-211
0.9850
Po-212
0.0002

Po-210
0.9250
Po-212
0.3705
Tl-207
0.9820
Tl-208
0.0001

Pb-211
0.4620
Pb-212
0.9730
At-217
1.0000
Pb-214
0.0424
Ra-224
1.0000

Bi-211
0.4620
Bi-212
0.9730
Bi-213
1.0000
Bi-214
0.0424
Rn-220
1.0000

Tl-207
0.4608
Tl-208
0.3493
Tl-209
0.0216
Po-214
0.0424
Po-216
1.0000

Po-211
0.0013
Po-212
0.6237
Po-213
0.9784
Pb-210
0.0295
Pb-212
1.0000

Pb-209
1.0000
Bi-210
0.0295
Bi-212
1.0000

Po-210
0.0292
Po-212
0.6410

Tl-208
0.3590

Ra 222
0.0319
Fr-223
0.0134

Rn-218
0.0319
Ra-223
0.9570

Po-214
0.0319
Rn-219
0.9570

Pb-210
0.0002
Po-215
0.9570

Bi-210
0.0002
Pb-211
0.9570

Po-210
0.0002
Bi-211
0.9570

Po-211
0.0026

Tl-207
0.9544

Tl-208
0.2075
Po-211
0.0027

30

Table 51: Activity ratios for daughter nuclides in relation to the parent nuclide
3DUHQW
U-230

'DXJKWHUQXFOLGHVDQGDFWLYLW\UDWLRV11

Th-226
0.9930
U-232
Th-228
0.9060
U-233
Th-229
0.0094
U-234
Th-230
0.0009
U-235
Th-231
1.0000
U-238
Th-234
1.0000
U-239
Np-239
0.0067
U-240
Np-240m
0.9590
Np-237
Pa-233
1.0000
Pu-236
U-232
0.0347
Pu-238
U-234
0.0002
Pu-241
Am-241
0.0296
Pu-244
U-240
1.0000
Am-242 Cm-242
0.0033
Am-242m Np-238
0.0005
Am-243 Np-239
1.0000
Cm-242 Pu-238
0.0050
Cm-243 Pu-239
0.0011
Cm-244 Pu-240
0.0027
Cm-245 Pu-241
0.9850
Cm-246 Pu-242
0.0002
Cm-247 Pu-243
1.0000
Bk-249
Cf-249
0.0025
Cf-248
Cm-244
0.0431
Cf-249
Cm-245
0.0074
Cf-250
Cm-246
0.0027
Cf-253
Cm-249
0.0030
Cf-254
Cm-246
0.0027
Es-253
Bk-249
0.0531
Es-254
Bk-250
1.0000
Es-254m Bk-250
0.0024

Ra-222
0.9930
Ra-224
0.9060
Ra-225
0.0094

Rn-218
0.9930
Rn-220
0.9060
Ac-225
0.0094

Po-214
0.9930
Po-216
0.9060
Fr-221
0.0094

Pb-210
0.0025
Pb-212
0.9060
At-217
0.0094

Bi-210
0.0025
Bi-212
0.9060
Bi-213
0.0094

Po-210
0.0024
Po-212
0.5808
Po-213
0.0092

Tl-208
0.3253
Tl-209
0.0002

Pb-209
0.0094

Pa-231
0.0021
Pa-234m
1.0000

Ac-227
0.0015
Pa-234
1.0000

Th-227
0.0015
U-234
0.0003

Ra-223
0.0015

Rn-219
0.0015

Po-215
0.0015

Pb-211
0.0015

Bi-211
0.0015

Np-240
0.0009
U-233
0.0004
Th-228
0.0342

Ra-224
0.0342

Rn-220
0.0342

Po-216
0.0342

Pb-212
0.0342

Bi-212
0.0342

Po-212
0.0219

Tl-208
0.0123

Np-240m Np-240
1.0000
0.0011

Pu-240
0.0105

Am-242
0.9950
Pu-239
0.0029

Pu-238
0.3510

Cm-242
0.8090

Tl-207
0.0015

U-234
0.0001

Am-241
0.1190

Am-243
0.0094

Np-239
0.0094

Pu-240
0.0001
Pu-241
0.0059

Am-241
0.0004

Es-253
0.3410

Bk-249
0.0444

Cf-249
0.0002
Cf-250
0.0484
Fm-254
0.7960

Cm-246
0.0002
Cf-250
0.0003

Cf-249
0.0001

31

Table 52: Dose coefficients used in the calculations of clearance levels

5DGLR
QXFOLGH
H-3
Be-7
C-14
F-18
Na-22
Na-24
Si-31
P-32
P-33
S-35
Cl-36
Cl-38
K-40
K-42
K-43
Ca-45
Ca-47
Sc-46
Sc-47
Sc-48
V-48
Cr-51
Mn-51
Mn-52
Mn-52m
Mn-53
Mn-54
Mn-56
Fe-52
Fe-55
Fe-59
Co-55
Co-56
Co-57
Co-58
Co-58m
Co-60
Co-60m
Co-61
Co-62m
Ni-59
Ni-63
Ni-65
Cu-64
Zn-65
Zn-69
Zn-69m
Ga-72
Ge-71
As-73
As-74
As-76
As-77
Se-75
Br-82

(;7$
6YK
%TJ
0.0E+00
8.1E-03
0.0E+00
1.6E-01
3.9E-01
8.0E-01
1.6E-04
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
2.9E-01
2.9E-02
5.2E-02
1.6E-01
0.0E+00
2.0E-01
3.6E-01
1.3E-02
6.1E-01
5.3E-01
4.7E-03
1.6E-01
6.3E-01
4.3E-01
0.0E+00
1.5E-01
3.1E-01
4.8E-01
0.0E+00
2.2E-01
3.4E-01
6.8E-01
1.3E-02
1.7E-01
8.9E-04
4.7E-01
6.6E-04
9.0E-03
5.0E-01
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
1.0E-01
3.1E-02
1.1E-01
9.8E-07
6.7E-02
5.1E-01
0.0E+00
1.7E-04
1.3E-01
7.5E-02
1.3E-03
5.2E-02
4.7E-01

(;7%
6YK
%TJ
0.0E+00
1.9E-03
0.0E+00
3.8E-02
9.3E-02
1.9E-01
4.0E-05
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
6.8E-02
7.1E-03
1.3E-02
3.7E-02
0.0E+00
4.8E-02
8.9E-02
1.2E-03
1.5E-01
1.3E-01
9.7E-04
3.8E-02
1.5E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
3.6E-02
7.5E-02
1.1E-01
0.0E+00
5.3E-02
8.2E-02
1.6E-01
6.8E-04
4.1E-02
2.1E-04
1.1E-01
1.5E-04
1.4E-03
1.2E-01
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
2.5E-02
7.4E-03
2.6E-02
2.2E-07
1.5E-02
1.2E-01
0.0E+00
2.0E-11
3.0E-02
1.8E-02
2.5E-04
8.6E-03
1.1E-01

(;7&
6YK
%TJ
0.0E+00
1.6E-02
0.0E+00
3.1E-01
6.9E-01
1.3E+00
2.8E-04
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
4.6E-01
4.9E-02
8.6E-02
3.0E-01
0.0E+00
3.5E-01
6.5E-01
2.6E-02
1.1E+00
9.3E-01
9.3E-03
3.1E-01
1.1E+00
7.6E-01
0.0E+00
2.7E-01
5.4E-01
8.6E-01
0.0E+00
3.8E-01
6.2E-01
1.1E+00
2.5E-02
3.1E-01
1.6E-03
7.9E-01
1.2E-03
1.8E-02
8.5E-01
0.0E+00
0.0E+00
1.7E-01
6.0E-02
1.9E-01
1.9E-06
1.3E-01
8.5E-01
0.0E+00
4.3E-04
2.4E-01
1.4E-01
2.5E-03
1.0E-01
8.5E-01

,1+%
LQIDQW
6Y%T
3.4E-10
2.5E-10
8.3E-09
4.1E-10
9.7E-09
2.3E-09
6.9E-10
2.2E-08
6.1E-09
5.9E-09
3.1E-08
4.7E-10
2.4E-08
1.6E-09
1.3E-09
1.2E-08
1.2E-08
2.8E-08
4.0E-09
7.8E-09
1.4E-08
2.6E-10
4.0E-10
8.6E-09
2.8E-10
4.6E-10
7.5E-09
1.1E-09
6.0E-09
1.9E-09
1.8E-08
4.1E-09
2.5E-08
2.8E-09
7.3E-09
1.5E-10
4.2E-08
7.1E-12
4.0E-10
1.9E-10
7.9E-10
2.5E-09
7.7E-10
5.5E-10
7.6E-09
2.3E-10
2.4E-09
4.5E-09
1.2E-10
5.4E-09
1.1E-08
5.1E-09
2.2E-09
7.8E-09
3.8E-09

,1+$
ZRUNHU
6Y%T
4.1E-11
4.3E-11
5.8E-10
8.9E-11
2.0E-09
5.3E-10
1.1E-10
2.9E-09
1.3E-09
1.1E-09
5.1E-09
7.3E-11
3.0E-09
2.0E-10
2.6E-10
2.3E-09
2.4E-09
4.8E-09
7.3E-10
1.6E-09
2.7E-09
3.4E-11
6.8E-11
1.8E-09
5.0E-11
3.6E-11
1.2E-09
2.0E-10
9.9E-10
3.3E-10
3.2E-09
7.8E-10
4.0E-09
3.9E-10
1.4E-09
2.2E-11
7.1E-09
1.2E-12
7.1E-11
3.6E-11
9.4E-11
3.1E-10
1.3E-10
1.5E-10
2.8E-09
4.3E-11
3.7E-10
8.4E-10
1.1E-11
6.5E-10
1.8E-09
9.2E-10
4.2E-10
1.4E-09
8.8E-10

,1*%
FKLOG
6Y%T
1.2E-10
1.3E-10
1.6E-09
3.0E-10
1.5E-08
2.3E-09
1.0E-09
1.9E-08
1.8E-09
5.4E-09
6.3E-09
7.7E-10
4.2E-08
3.0E-09
1.4E-09
4.9E-09
1.1E-08
7.9E-09
3.9E-09
9.3E-09
1.1E-08
2.3E-10
6.1E-10
8.8E-09
4.4E-10
2.2E-10
3.1E-09
1.7E-09
9.5E-09
2.4E-09
1.3E-08
5.5E-09
1.5E-08
1.6E-09
4.4E-09
1.7E-10
2.7E-08
1.2E-11
5.1E-10
3.0E-10
3.4E-10
8.4E-10
1.3E-09
8.3E-10
1.6E-08
2.2E-10
2.5E-09
6.8E-09
7.8E-11
1.9E-09
8.2E-09
1.1E-08
2.9E-09
1.3E-08
2.6E-09

,1*$
ZRUNHU
6Y%T
4.2E-11
2.8E-11
5.8E-10
4.9E-11
3.2E-09
4.3E-10
1.6E-10
2.4E-09
2.4E-10
7.7E-10
9.3E-10
1.2E-10
6.2E-09
4.3E-10
2.5E-10
7.6E-10
1.8E-09
1.5E-09
5.4E-10
1.7E-09
2.0E-09
3.8E-11
9.3E-11
1.8E-09
6.9E-11
3.0E-11
7.1E-10
2.5E-10
1.5E-09
3.3E-10
1.8E-09
1.1E-09
2.5E-09
2.1E-10
7.4E-10
2.8E-11
3.4E-09
1.7E-12
7.4E-11
4.7E-11
6.3E-11
1.5E-10
1.8E-10
1.2E-10
3.9E-09
3.1E-11
3.6E-10
1.1E-09
1.2E-11
2.6E-10
1.3E-09
1.6E-09
4.0E-10
2.6E-09
5.4E-10

6.,1
6YD
%TFP
0.0E+00
2.4E-05
7.9E-03
2.4E-02
2.2E-02
2.6E-02
2.6E-02
2.4E-02
1.4E-02
7.9E-03
2.2E-02
6.8E-02
2.1E-02
6.3E-02
2.0E-02
1.4E-02
4.2E-02
1.8E-02
1.4E-02
2.2E-02
3.6E-02
1.3E-04
4.2E-02
8.2E-03
5.1E-02
7.3E-07
5.3E-04
3.7E-02
7.1E-02
1.4E-04
1.8E-02
2.1E-02
1.3E-02
1.3E-03
4.2E-03
2.1E-03
1.7E-02
5.7E-03
2.0E-02
4.7E-02
1.3E-06
1.6E-04
2.8E-02
1.1E-02
7.7E-04
2.0E-02
2.3E-02
2.1E-02
2.2E-06
5.3E-03
2.0E-02
4.7E-02
2.0E-02
1.9E-03
1.3E-02
32

5DGLR
QXFOLGH
Rb-86
Sr-85
Sr-85m
Sr-87m
Sr-89
Sr-90
Sr-91
Sr-92
Y-90
Y-91
Y-91m
Y-92
Y-93
Zr-93
Zr-95
Zr-97
Nb-93m
Nb-94
Nb-95
Nb-97
Nb-98
Mo-90
Mo-93
Mo-99
Mo-101
Tc-96
Tc-96m
Tc-97
Tc-97m
Tc-99
Tc-99m
Ru-97
Ru-103
Ru-105
Ru-106
Rh-103m
Rh-105
Pd-103
Pd-109
Ag-105
Ag-108m
Ag-110m
Ag-111
Cd-109
Cd-115
Cd-115m
In -111
In-113m
In-114m
In-115m
Sn-113
Sn-125
Sb-122
Sb-124
Sb-125
Te-123m
Te-125m
Te-127

(;7$
6YK
%TJ
1.7E-02
8.4E-02
2.9E-02
5.0E-02
2.4E-05
0.0E+00
1.2E-01
2.6E-01
0.0E+00
6.7E-04
8.9E-02
4.5E-02
1.6E-02
6.2E-10
1.9E-01
4.9E-01
6.3E-10
2.8E-01
1.3E-01
1.1E-01
4.5E-01
1.4E-01
4.1E-09
3.6E-02
2.9E-01
4.4E-01
1.1E-02
5.5E-09
2.7E-05
4.3E-08
1.4E-02
3.1E-02
8.0E-02
1.3E-01
2.2E-02
4.4E-07
1.2E-02
1.9E-05
3.9E-04
8.2E-02
2.7E-01
4.9E-01
4.0E-03
2.9E-04
5.3E-02
4.0E-03
5.2E-02
4.0E-02
1.9E-02
2.4E-02
4.0E-02
5.6E-02
7.5E-02
3.4E-01
6.9E-02
1.6E-02
8.5E-05
7.6E-04

(;7%
6YK
%TJ
4.2E-03
2.0E-02
4.7E-03
1.1E-02
5.9E-06
0.0E+00
3.0E-02
6.4E-02
0.0E+00
1.6E-04
2.1E-02
1.1E-02
3.7E-03
0.0E+00
4.7E-02
1.2E-01
0.0E+00
6.7E-02
3.2E-02
2.7E-02
1.1E-01
2.8E-02
0.0E+00
6.6E-03
6.8E-02
1.1E-01
2.6E-03
0.0E+00
2.0E-07
2.1E-10
9.4E-04
5.2E-03
1.9E-02
3.2E-02
5.3E-03
0.0E+00
2.4E-03
3.7E-06
2.8E-05
1.8E-02
6.4E-02
1.2E-01
8.3E-04
1.2E-06
1.2E-02
9.6E-04
7.7E-03
8.9E-03
4.1E-03
5.0E-03
9.0E-03
1.4E-02
1.8E-02
8.2E-02
1.6E-02
1.4E-03
8.5E-07
1.7E-04

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3.0E-02
1.6E-01
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2.2E-01
4.5E-01
0.0E+00
1.1E-03
1.7E-01
8.0E-02
2.8E-02
2.2E-06
3.6E-01
9.1E-01
2.3E-06
5.1E-01
2.5E-01
2.1E-01
7.9E-01
2.6E-01
1.5E-05
6.8E-02
5.1E-01
8.1E-01
2.0E-02
1.9E-05
7.5E-05
8.6E-08
2.8E-02
6.2E-02
1.5E-01
2.5E-01
4.2E-02
7.0E-06
2.3E-02
9.4E-05
8.2E-04
1.6E-01
5.1E-01
8.8E-01
7.8E-03
7.2E-04
1.0E-01
7.0E-03
1.0E-01
7.8E-02
3.6E-02
4.7E-02
7.9E-02
9.8E-02
1.4E-01
5.9E-01
1.3E-01
3.2E-02
6.2E-04
1.5E-03

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1.2E-08
4.4E-09
2.7E-11
9.7E-11
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1.4E-09
1.5E-09
1.3E-08
3.9E-08
9.3E-11
1.8E-09
4.4E-09
6.4E-09
2.3E-08
8.1E-09
3.1E-09
4.3E-08
6.8E-09
3.7E-10
5.2E-10
2.8E-09
9.0E-09
7.0E-09
2.7E-10
4.7E-09
9.3E-11
1.2E-09
1.3E-08
1.7E-08
1.3E-10
7.7E-10
1.1E-08
1.5E-09
1.4E-07
1.9E-11
2.2E-09
2.3E-09
2.6E-09
4.5E-09
8.9E-08
4.6E-08
9.9E-09
3.0E-08
7.1E-09
4.0E-08
1.5E-09
1.6E-10
4.8E-08
4.7E-10
1.3E-08
2.1E-08
8.3E-09
3.1E-08
2.3E-08
1.8E-08
1.5E-08
1.0E-09

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1.3E-09
5.6E-10
5.9E-12
2.2E-11
1.4E-09
3.2E-08
2.9E-10
2.7E-10
1.6E-09
5.2E-09
1.7E-11
2.7E-10
5.7E-10
6.9E-09
4.2E-09
1.4E-09
2.9E-10
7.2E-09
1.3E-09
6.9E-11
9.6E-11
5.6E-10
1.5E-09
1.1E-09
5.3E-11
1.0E-09
1.9E-11
1.6E-10
2.7E-09
3.2E-09
2.9E-11
1.6E-10
1.9E-09
2.8E-10
1.7E-08
2.4E-12
4.1E-10
3.0E-10
4.7E-10
7.3E-10
1.9E-08
7.3E-09
1.6E-09
5.1E-09
1.3E-09
5.5E-09
3.1E-10
3.2E-11
5.9E-09
8.7E-11
1.9E-09
2.8E-09
1.2E-09
4.7E-09
3.9E-09
3.4E-09
2.9E-09
1.8E-10

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2.0E-08
3.1E-09
3.2E-11
1.7E-10
1.8E-08
9.3E-08
4.0E-09
3.9E-09
2.0E-08
1.8E-08
7.1E-11
3.6E-09
8.5E-09
1.7E-09
7.2E-09
1.4E-08
9.1E-10
9.7E-09
3.2E-09
4.5E-10
7.1E-10
1.2E-09
7.8E-09
3.6E-09
3.2E-10
5.1E-09
1.1E-10
4.9E-10
4.1E-09
4.8E-09
1.3E-10
8.5E-10
4.6E-09
2.1E-09
4.9E-08
2.7E-11
2.7E-09
1.4E-09
4.1E-09
2.5E-09
1.1E-08
1.4E-08
9.3E-09
9.5E-09
1.0E-08
1.9E-08
1.7E-09
1.8E-10
3.1E-08
6.0E-10
5.2E-09
2.2E-08
1.2E-08
1.6E-08
7.3E-09
8.8E-09
6.3E-09
1.2E-09

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2.8E-09
5.6E-10
6.4E-12
3.0E-11
2.6E-09
3.1E-08
6.5E-10
5.9E-10
2.7E-09
2.4E-09
1.2E-11
4.9E-10
1.2E-09
4.0E-10
1.2E-09
2.2E-09
1.2E-10
1.7E-09
5.8E-10
6.8E-11
1.1E-10
3.1E-10
2.7E-09
7.6E-10
4.9E-11
1.1E-09
2.2E-11
8.3E-11
6.6E-10
7.8E-10
2.2E-11
1.5E-10
7.3E-10
2.9E-10
7.0E-09
3.8E-12
3.7E-10
1.9E-10
5.5E-10
4.7E-10
2.3E-09
2.8E-09
1.3E-09
2.0E-09
1.5E-09
3.3E-09
2.9E-10
2.8E-11
4.1E-09
8.6E-11
7.6E-10
3.1E-09
1.7E-09
2.5E-09
1.3E-09
1.4E-09
8.7E-10
1.7E-10

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6YD
%TFP
2.3E-02
5.6E-04
1.2E-03
6.1E-03
2.3E-02
4.5E-02
2.3E-02
1.8E-02
2.4E-02
2.3E-02
2.7E-03
6.3E-02
5.1E-02
2.1E-04
2.7E-02
4.7E-02
1.0E-06
2.0E-02
6.4E-03
2.3E-02
4.0E-02
2.0E-02
5.5E-06
2.3E-02
2.7E-02
2.1E-03
2.4E-03
5.0E-04
7.6E-03
1.4E-02
3.0E-03
1.3E-03
1.1E-02
2.3E-02
2.5E-02
1.4E-05
1.8E-02
2.2E-05
3.8E-02
2.0E-03
3.4E-03
8.5E-03
2.0E-02
1.8E-02
3.6E-02
2.3E-02
4.5E-03
8.6E-03
1.2E-02
1.5E-02
8.7E-03
3.6E-02
2.5E-02
2.2E-02
1.8E-02
2.0E-02
2.6E-02
2.1E-02
33

5DGLR
QXFOLGH
Te-127m
Te-129
Te-129m
Te-131
Te-131m
Te-132
Te-133
Te-133m
Te-134
I-123
I-125
I-126
I-129
I-130
I-131
I-132
I-133
I-134
I-135
Cs-129
Cs-131
Cs-132
Cs-134
Cs-134m
Cs-135
Cs-136
Cs-137
Cs-138
Ba-131
Ba-140
La-140
Ce-139
Ce-141
Ce-143
Ce-144
Pr-142
Pr-143
Nd-147
Nd-149
Pm-147
Pm-149
Sm-151
Sm-153
Eu-152
Eu-152m
Eu-154
Eu-155
Gd-153
Gd-159
Tb-160
Dy-165
Dy-166
Ho-166
Er-169
Er-171
Tm-170
Tm-171
Yb-175

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6YK
%TJ
7.7E-04
8.7E-03
1.1E-02
6.6E-02
2.7E-01
3.9E-01
1.6E-01
4.1E-01
2.9E-01
1.9E-02
6.4E-05
7.6E-02
7.2E-05
3.7E-01
5.9E-02
4.0E-01
1.0E-01
4.7E-01
3.0E-01
3.9E-02
4.4E-05
1.2E-01
2.7E-01
1.8E-03
0.0E+00
3.8E-01
1.0E-01
4.4E-01
6.9E-02
3.4E-01
4.3E-01
1.6E-02
8.1E-03
3.9E-02
7.4E-03
1.1E-02
0.0E+00
1.8E-02
5.5E-02
3.7E-07
1.8E-03
1.6E-09
3.6E-03
2.0E-01
5.4E-02
2.2E-01
4.3E-03
5.7E-03
5.1E-03
1.9E-01
3.3E-03
4.4E-03
4.0E-03
1.5E-07
5.1E-02
2.8E-04
2.3E-05
5.7E-03

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1.6E-04
2.0E-03
2.6E-03
1.4E-02
6.4E-02
9.2E-02
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9.7E-02
6.9E-02
2.0E-03
0.0E+00
1.8E-02
0.0E+00
8.7E-02
1.3E-02
9.7E-02
2.4E-02
1.1E-01
7.2E-02
8.7E-03
0.0E+00
2.9E-02
6.5E-02
1.1E-04
0.0E+00
9.0E-02
2.4E-02
1.1E-01
1.5E-02
8.2E-02
1.0E-01
1.6E-03
5.7E-04
8.3E-03
1.4E-03
2.7E-03
0.0E+00
3.7E-03
1.1E-02
1.7E-08
3.6E-04
0.0E+00
8.5E-05
4.7E-02
1.3E-02
5.2E-02
5.0E-05
5.3E-05
1.1E-03
4.5E-02
6.9E-04
6.5E-04
8.5E-04
4.6E-09
9.6E-03
5.7E-07
1.4E-09
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1.6E-03
1.7E-02
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7.4E-01
5.4E-01
3.7E-02
6.6E-04
1.4E-01
5.0E-04
6.8E-01
1.2E-01
7.3E-01
1.9E-01
8.4E-01
5.2E-01
7.7E-02
4.2E-04
2.2E-01
5.0E-01
3.8E-03
0.0E+00
6.9E-01
1.9E-01
7.4E-01
1.3E-01
5.9E-01
7.3E-01
3.3E-02
1.6E-02
7.5E-02
1.3E-02
1.8E-02
0.0E+00
3.5E-02
1.1E-01
7.3E-07
3.4E-03
3.5E-08
7.5E-03
3.5E-01
9.7E-02
3.9E-01
8.8E-03
1.2E-02
1.0E-02
3.4E-01
6.4E-03
8.3E-03
6.9E-03
3.0E-07
1.0E-01
6.0E-04
5.6E-05
1.1E-02

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3.6E-08
3.3E-10
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3.8E-10
1.6E-09
7.0E-10
8.7E-10
2.0E-08
8.1E-08
7.2E-08
8.2E-09
7.2E-08
1.1E-09
1.9E-08
4.6E-10
4.1E-09
3.4E-10
2.4E-10
1.5E-09
1.1E-08
1.3E-10
1.7E-09
7.3E-09
8.8E-09
2.6E-10
2.2E-09
2.0E-08
8.8E-09
7.5E-09
1.4E-08
6.5E-09
1.9E-07
5.3E-09
1.2E-08
1.1E-08
8.3E-10
2.1E-08
5.0E-09
1.1E-08
4.2E-09
1.1E-07
1.9E-09
1.6E-07
2.6E-08
9.9E-09
2.2E-09
3.2E-08
5.2E-10
1.5E-08
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4.7E-09
1.8E-09
3.6E-08
6.8E-09
3.5E-09

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6.4E-09
5.7E-11
5.4E-09
8.4E-11
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6.4E-11
2.7E-10
1.4E-10
1.1E-10
7.3E-09
1.4E-08
5.1E-08
9.6E-10
1.1E-08
2.0E-10
2.1E-09
7.9E-11
4.6E-10
8.1E-11
4.5E-11
3.8E-10
9.6E-09
2.8E-11
9.9E-10
1.9E-09
6.7E-09
4.6E-11
3.7E-10
2.7E-09
1.5E-09
1.3E-09
2.7E-09
1.1E-09
2.3E-08
7.0E-10
1.9E-09
1.9E-09
1.4E-10
3.5E-09
7.6E-10
2.6E-09
6.8E-10
2.7E-08
3.2E-10
3.5E-08
4.7E-09
1.4E-09
3.9E-10
5.4E-09
8.7E-11
2.3E-09
8.3E-10
9.2E-10
3.0E-10
5.2E-09
9.1E-10
6.4E-10

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1.9E-08
4.4E-10
2.4E-08
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3.4E-08
3.2E-08
1.1E-09
4.1E-09
1.0E-09
1.9E-09
5.7E-08
2.1E-07
2.2E-07
1.8E-08
1.8E-07
2.4E-09
4.4E-08
7.5E-10
8.9E-09
3.0E-10
2.9E-10
1.8E-09
1.6E-08
1.2E-10
2.3E-09
9.5E-09
1.2E-08
5.9E-10
2.7E-09
2.8E-08
1.3E-08
1.6E-09
5.1E-09
8.7E-09
3.9E-08
9.8E-09
8.7E-09
7.8E-09
1.1E-09
1.9E-09
7.4E-09
6.4E-10
5.4E-09
7.4E-09
3.6E-09
1.2E-08
2.2E-09
1.8E-09
3.6E-09
1.0E-08
7.9E-10
1.8E-08
1.0E-08
2.8E-09
2.5E-09
9.8E-09
7.8E-10
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2.5E-09
6.3E-11
3.0E-09
1.3E-10
4.3E-09
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1.1E-10
4.5E-10
1.5E-10
2.1E-10
1.5E-08
2.9E-08
1.1E-07
2.0E-09
2.2E-08
2.9E-10
4.3E-09
1.1E-10
9.3E-10
6.0E-11
5.8E-11
5.0E-10
1.9E-08
2.4E-11
2.0E-09
3.0E-09
1.3E-08
9.2E-11
4.7E-10
4.0E-09
2.0E-09
2.6E-10
7.1E-10
1.2E-09
5.3E-09
1.3E-09
1.2E-09
1.1E-09
1.5E-10
2.6E-10
9.9E-10
9.8E-11
7.4E-10
1.4E-09
5.0E-10
2.0E-09
3.2E-10
2.7E-10
4.9E-10
1.6E-09
1.1E-10
2.4E-09
1.4E-09
3.7E-10
3.6E-10
1.3E-09
1.1E-10
4.4E-10

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3.7E-02
2.3E-02
3.7E-02
2.8E-02
2.9E-02
3.8E-02
3.6E-02
4.0E-02
1.3E-02
4.5E-03
1.8E-04
1.4E-02
5.8E-03
1.4E-02
2.1E-02
2.4E-02
2.3E-02
2.5E-02
2.3E-02
1.8E-03
6.7E-04
1.6E-03
1.7E-02
9.8E-03
9.6E-03
2.1E-02
2.2E-02
5.4E-02
5.1E-03
5.3E-02
2.5E-02
3.3E-03
2.5E-02
2.4E-02
3.9E-02
3.5E-02
2.2E-02
2.3E-02
2.0E-02
1.1E-02
2.0E-02
2.5E-04
2.0E-02
1.5E-02
2.2E-02
3.1E-02
7.6E-03
3.6E-03
2.0E-02
3.1E-02
2.0E-02
5.6E-02
3.0E-02
1.6E-02
2.0E-02
2.0E-02
2.2E-03
1.1E-02
34

5DGLR
QXFOLGH
Lu-177
Hf -81
Ta-182
W-181
W-185
W-187
Re-186
Re-188
Os-185
Os-191
Os-191m
Os-193
Ir-190
Ir-192
Ir-194
Pt-191
Pt-193m
Pt-197
Pt-197m
Au-198
Au-199
Hg-197
Hg-197m
Hg-203
Tl-200
Tl-201
Tl-202
Tl-204
Pb-203
Pb-210
Pb-212
Bi-206
Bi-207
Bi-210
Bi-212
Po-203
Po-205
Po-207
Po-210
At-211
Ra-223
Ra-224
Ra-225
Ra-226
Ra-227
Ra-228
Ac-228
Th-226
Th-227
Th-228
Th-229
Th-230
Th-231
Th-232
Th-234
Pa-230
Pa-231
Pa-233

(;7$
6YK
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4.1E-03
8.3E-02
2.3E-01
1.6E-03
2.8E-06
7.7E-02
1.9E-03
8.4E-03
1.2E-01
5.6E-03
4.0E-04
9.2E-03
4.7E-01
1.3E-01
1.5E-02
3.6E-02
5.8E-04
2.0E-03
9.0E-03
6.4E-02
1.0E-02
4.0E-03
9.7E-03
3.2E-02
2.2E-01
6.6E-03
6.9E-02
6.5E-05
3.8E-02
4.1E-05
2.2E-01
5.7E-01
2.7E-01
5.0E-08
2.3E-01
3.1E-01
2.8E-01
2.4E-01
1.6E-06
3.3E-03
3.8E-02
2.1E-01
1.5E-02
1.8E-01
2.7E-02
3.3E-01
1.6E-01
9.6E-04
3.2E-02
2.7E-01
4.2E-02
7.7E-03
8.2E-04
4.4E-01
3.0E-03
1.1E-01
5.4E-02
2.9E-02

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5.1E-04
1.8E-02
5.3E-02
1.8E-06
1.5E-07
1.8E-02
1.1E-04
1.6E-03
2.7E-02
2.0E-04
6.4E-06
1.8E-03
1.1E-01
2.7E-02
3.3E-03
6.7E-03
1.2E-06
1.3E-04
1.5E-03
1.4E-02
9.6E-04
2.0E-05
7.1E-04
6.0E-03
5.2E-02
2.4E-04
1.5E-02
2.7E-08
6.6E-03
3.5E-07
5.0E-02
1.4E-01
6.3E-02
1.2E-08
5.3E-02
7.3E-02
6.5E-02
5.7E-02
3.8E-07
1.9E-04
7.2E-03
4.8E-02
3.2E-03
4.2E-02
5.8E-03
7.6E-02
3.9E-02
1.0E-04
5.7E-03
6.2E-02
7.7E-03
1.8E-03
8.7E-06
1.0E-01
6.0E-04
2.5E-02
9.9E-03
5.3E-03

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8.2E-03
1.6E-01
4.0E-01
3.8E-03
5.6E-06
1.5E-01
3.9E-03
1.6E-02
2.2E-01
1.2E-02
8.7E-04
1.8E-02
9.1E-01
2.5E-01
2.8E-02
7.0E-02
1.3E-03
4.0E-03
1.8E-02
1.2E-01
2.0E-02
8.5E-03
2.0E-02
6.3E-02
4.0E-01
1.4E-02
1.3E-01
1.4E-04
7.6E-02
1.0E-04
3.7E-01
1.0E+00
4.8E-01
9.1E-08
3.7E-01
5.6E-01
5.0E-01
4.4E-01
2.9E-06
6.4E-03
7.5E-02
3.5E-01
2.9E-02
3.2E-01
5.3E-02
5.6E-01
2.9E-01
1.9E-03
6.2E-02
4.5E-01
8.0E-02
1.4E-02
1.7E-03
7.6E-01
5.6E-03
2.0E-01
1.1E-01
5.7E-02

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LQIDQW
6Y%T
5.3E-09
2.2E-08
3.2E-08
2.5E-10
1.4E-09
2.0E-09
8.7E-09
6.0E-09
6.6E-09
8.0E-09
1.0E-09
3.8E-09
1.1E-08
2.3E-08
5.3E-09
1.1E-09
1.6E-09
1.1E-09
3.5E-10
5.0E-09
3.4E-09
1.7E-09
3.8E-09
1.0E-08
1.0E-09
4.5E-10
1.5E-09
5.0E-09
7.2E-10
1.9E-05
3.1E-07
1.0E-08
2.3E-08
8.7E-07
1.6E-07
2.7E-10
4.0E-10
6.2E-10
1.5E-05
5.2E-07
2.8E-05
1.1E-05
3.6E-05
3.4E-05
8.0E-10
1.1E-04
8.4E-08
3.1E-07
5.2E-05
1.7E-04
2.6E-04
4.1E-05
2.4E-09
2.4E-04
4.1E-08
4.3E-06
8.3E-04
1.5E-08

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1.0E-09
4.1E-09
5.8E-09
4.3E-11
2.2E-10
3.3E-10
1.2E-09
7.4E-10
1.0E-09
1.3E-09
1.7E-10
6.4E-10
2.3E-09
4.1E-09
7.1E-10
1.9E-10
2.1E-10
1.6E-10
5.4E-11
9.8E-10
6.8E-10
2.8E-10
7.1E-10
1.9E-09
2.5E-10
7.6E-11
3.1E-10
6.2E-10
1.6E-10
3.2E-06
6.3E-08
2.1E-09
3.2E-09
1.3E-07
3.9E-08
6.1E-11
8.9E-11
1.5E-10
2.2E-06
1.1E-07
5.7E-06
2.5E-06
7.3E-06
5.3E-06
2.1E-10
2.2E-05
1.2E-08
7.8E-08
1.0E-05
3.4E-05
5.9E-05
7.4E-06
4.0E-10
4.8E-05
5.8E-09
8.5E-07
2.5E-04
2.8E-09

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3.9E-09
7.4E-09
9.4E-09
4.7E-10
3.3E-09
4.3E-09
1.1E-08
1.1E-08
2.6E-09
4.1E-09
8.4E-10
6.0E-09
7.1E-09
8.7E-09
9.8E-09
2.1E-09
3.4E-09
3.0E-09
8.1E-10
7.2E-09
3.1E-09
1.6E-09
3.7E-09
1.1E-08
9.1E-10
5.5E-10
2.1E-09
8.5E-09
1.3E-09
1.2E-05
6.4E-08
1.0E-08
7.1E-09
2.9E-07
1.8E-09
2.4E-10
2.8E-10
5.7E-10
8.8E-06
7.8E-08
1.1E-06
7.1E-07
1.3E-06
1.2E-05
4.3E-10
6.3E-06
2.8E-09
2.4E-09
5.8E-07
1.1E-06
2.4E-06
8.2E-07
2.5E-09
7.2E-06
2.5E-08
1.8E-08
5.4E-06
6.2E-09

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6Y%T
5.3E-10
1.1E-09
1.5E-09
7.6E-11
4.4E-10
6.3E-10
1.5E-09
1.4E-09
5.1E-10
5.7E-10
1.1E-10
8.1E-10
1.2E-09
1.4E-09
1.3E-09
3.4E-10
4.5E-10
4.0E-10
1.1E-10
1.0E-09
4.4E-10
2.3E-10
5.1E-10
1.9E-09
2.0E-10
9.5E-11
4.5E-10
1.3E-09
2.4E-10
9.0E-07
6.1E-09
1.9E-09
1.3E-09
9.0E-09
2.6E-10
5.2E-11
5.9E-11
1.4E-10
2.4E-07
1.1E-08
1.0E-07
7.0E-08
1.1E-07
1.1E-06
8.4E-11
7.5E-07
4.3E-10
3.5E-10
5.5E-08
1.4E-07
6.0E-07
2.5E-07
3.4E-10
1.0E-06
3.4E-09
2.9E-09
1.9E-06
8.7E-10

6.,1
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1.5E-02
2.0E-02
2.1E-02
9.8E-04
1.1E-02
2.0E-02
2.0E-02
3.4E-02
9.1E-04
1.0E-02
5.7E-03
2.0E-02
1.2E-02
2.3E-02
3.5E-02
5.7E-03
1.2E-02
2.0E-02
2.0E-02
2.3E-02
1.3E-02
6.0E-03
2.0E-02
1.6E-02
4.1E-03
5.5E-03
2.3E-03
2.1E-02
4.8E-03
2.3E-02
5.6E-02
7.2E-03
1.1E-02
2.3E-02
2.5E-02
1.5E-02
5.8E-03
5.1E-03
4.2E-09
5.4E-04
5.5E-02
6.2E-02
8.6E-02
5.2E-02
2.0E-02
2.8E-02
2.8E-02
1.9E-03
8.5E-02
5.9E-02
7.5E-02
9.4E-04
1.9E-02
1.7E-03
3.4E-02
6.1E-03
1.3E-03
2.6E-02
35

5DGLR
QXFOLGH
U-230
U-231
U-232
U-233
U-234
U-235
U-236
U-237
U-238
U-239
U-240
Np-237
Np-239
Np-240
Pu-234
Pu-235
Pu-236
Pu-237
Pu-238
Pu-239
Pu-240
Pu-241
Pu-242
Pu-243
Pu-244
Am-241
Am-242
Am-242m
Am-243
Cm-242
Cm-243
Cm-244
Cm-245
Cm-246
Cm-247
Cm-248
Bk-249
Cf-246
Cf-248
Cf-249
Cf-250
Cf-251
Cf-252
Cf-253
Cf-254
Es-253
Es-254
Es-254m
Fm-254
Fm-255
Ac-227

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2.5E-03
5.8E-03
2.6E-01
4.1E-04
7.3E-06
1.9E-02
4.2E-06
1.4E-02
3.1E-03
4.2E-03
4.1E-02
3.1E-02
1.9E-02
1.9E-01
0.0E+00
1.3E-02
9.7E-03
4.2E-03
9.2E-07
5.3E-06
9.5E-07
2.6E-05
9.3E-07
1.9E-03
4.3E-02
8.9E-04
1.2E-03
1.7E-03
2.3E-02
9.4E-07
1.5E-02
6.1E-07
7.0E-03
2.2E-07
5.1E-02
5.4E-07
1.3E-04
1.7E-06
1.3E-07
5.0E-02
1.6E-06
1.3E-02
1.0E-06
2.6E-05
0.0E+00
4.8E-05
1.5E-01
9.6E-02
2.9E-06
1.1E-04
5.2E-02

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4.1E-04
1.1E-04
5.8E-02
7.3E-05
2.5E-07
2.1E-03
1.2E-09
1.2E-03
6.1E-04
4.3E-04
9.8E-03
5.4E-03
2.4E-03
4.5E-02
0.0E+00
4.9E-04
2.2E-03
6.8E-05
4.8E-11
1.8E-07
1.3E-13
7.1E-11
1.7E-13
9.5E-05
1.0E-02
2.4E-09
2.6E-05
1.4E-04
2.4E-03
2.1E-13
1.9E-03
1.1E-13
3.0E-04
3.7E-17
1.1E-02
9.4E-14
2.7E-05
4.9E-08
4.9E-15
1.1E-02
7.1E-10
1.2E-03
2.9E-10
4.7E-06
0.0E+00
7.6E-06
3.6E-02
2.3E-02
9.1E-09
1.8E-06
9.4E-03

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4.9E-03
1.2E-02
4.2E-01
7.9E-04
1.5E-05
3.8E-02
9.2E-06
2.7E-02
5.7E-03
8.3E-03
7.6E-02
6.1E-02
3.9E-02
3.6E-01
0.0E+00
2.7E-02
1.6E-02
8.4E-03
2.3E-06
1.1E-05
2.3E-06
6.6E-05
2.3E-06
3.8E-03
8.0E-02
2.2E-03
2.4E-03
3.3E-03
4.5E-02
2.3E-06
3.0E-02
1.5E-06
1.4E-02
6.0E-07
1.0E-01
1.3E-06
2.5E-04
3.4E-06
3.7E-07
9.8E-02
3.3E-06
2.6E-02
2.2E-06
5.0E-05
0.0E+00
9.6E-05
2.7E-01
1.8E-01
6.5E-06
2.3E-04
1.0E-01

,1+%
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5.8E-05
2.6E-09
2.6E-04
3.6E-05
3.3E-05
3.1E-05
3.1E-05
8.7E-09
2.9E-05
2.3E-10
4.9E-09
4.4E-05
5.9E-09
6.3E-10
7.8E-08
1.3E-11
5.7E-05
1.9E-09
7.8E-05
8.0E-05
8.0E-05
3.1E-06
7.6E-05
5.6E-10
7.5E-05
7.3E-05
7.6E-08
9.7E-05
7.2E-05
2.2E-05
6.7E-05
6.2E-05
8.3E-05
7.3E-05
6.8E-05
2.5E-04
7.3E-07
1.7E-06
4.1E-05
1.6E-04
1.1E-04
1.6E-04
9.7E-05
9.2E-06
2.5E-04
1.1E-05
4.2E-05
2.0E-06
3.2E-07
1.2E-06
6.4E-04

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1.2E-05
4.0E-10
5.7E-05
7.5E-06
6.9E-06
6.5E-06
6.3E-06
1.7E-09
5.7E-06
4.2E-11
8.4E-10
1.5E-05
1.1E-09
1.3E-10
1.6E-08
2.5E-12
1.5E-05
2.9E-10
3.0E-05
3.2E-05
3.2E-05
1.4E-06
3.1E-05
1.1E-10
3.0E-05
2.7E-05
1.2E-08
3.8E-05
2.7E-05
3.9E-06
2.0E-05
1.7E-05
3.1E-05
2.7E-05
2.5E-05
9.5E-05
2.1E-07
3.5E-07
6.8E-06
4.5E-05
2.2E-05
4.6E-05
1.3E-05
1.7E-06
2.2E-05
2.1E-06
7.1E-06
4.4E-07
7.7E-08
2.6E-07
1.6E-04

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3.3E-07
2.0E-09
1.8E-06
1.6E-07
1.3E-07
1.4E-07
1.3E-07
5.4E-09
1.5E-07
2.3E-10
8.1E-09
2.2E-07
5.7E-09
5.2E-10
1.1E-09
1.3E-11
2.9E-07
6.9E-10
4.0E-07
4.2E-07
4.2E-07
1.7E-08
4.0E-07
6.2E-10
4.2E-07
3.7E-07
2.2E-09
5.0E-07
3.8E-07
7.8E-08
3.3E-07
2.9E-07
4.2E-07
3.7E-07
3.5E-07
1.4E-06
5.1E-09
2.4E-08
1.7E-07
8.7E-07
5.5E-07
8.8E-07
5.1E-07
2.7E-08
2.6E-06
4.5E-08
1.9E-07
3.3E-08
3.2E-09
1.9E-08
4.3E-06

,1*$
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5.8E-08
2.8E-10
4.6E-07
5.6E-08
5.1E-08
5.0E-08
4.6E-08
7.6E-10
4.7E-08
3.2E-11
1.1E-09
1.1E-07
8.0E-10
8.2E-11
1.6E-10
2.1E-12
1.0E-07
1.0E-10
2.3E-07
2.5E-07
2.5E-07
1.1E-08
2.4E-07
8.5E-11
2.4E-07
2.0E-07
3.0E-10
2.8E-07
2.0E-07
1.3E-08
1.5E-07
1.2E-07
2.4E-07
2.1E-07
1.9E-07
7.7E-07
1.8E-09
3.3E-09
3.3E-08
3.5E-07
1.6E-07
3.6E-07
9.0E-08
3.6E-09
4.0E-07
6.2E-09
3.6E-08
4.6E-09
4.4E-10
2.5E-09
1.2E-06

6.,1
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5.7E-03
6.2E-03
1.1E-03
6.1E-05
8.9E-05
2.2E-02
4.1E-05
1.7E-02
6.7E-02
2.0E-02
4.1E-02
3.1E-02
3.6E-02
5.5E-02
9.8E-04
2.0E-03
1.1E-06
1.4E-03
9.5E-04
1.3E-05
9.1E-07
1.4E-08
7.6E-07
2.0E-02
4.1E-02
6.3E-04
1.7E-02
1.7E-02
3.7E-02
2.1E-05
1.7E-02
1.9E-05
9.4E-03
1.3E-05
2.1E-02
6.1E-07
3.5E-03
5.2E-04
5.2E-04
3.0E-03
4.3E-05
1.7E-02
4.5E-05
6.9E-03
4.5E-01
3.0E-04
6.1E-03
2.1E-02
5.1E-04
8.0E-02
5.8E-02

36



%,%/,2*5$3+<

This section contains a number of publications which have been analysed for deriving scenarios
and parameter values. The studies and recommendations listed here have been performed or
issued by the European Commission or by EU Member States with the exception of
TECDOC 855 which has been issued by the IAEA.
EC: Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the
dismantling of nuclear installations; Radiation Protection 89, 1998.
EC: Basis for the definition of surface contamination clearance levels for recycling or reuse of
metals arising from the dismantling of nuclear installations; A. Deckert, 1999.
EC: Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and building
rubble from the dismantling of nuclear installations. Radiation Protection 113, 2000.
Deckert, Thierfeldt, Kugeler, Neuhaus: Definition of Clearance Levels for the Release of
Radioactively Contaminated Buildings and Building Rubble, Final Report for EC contract
C1/ETU/970040. Brenk Systemplanung. Aachen/Germany, May 1999.
Harvey, Mobbs, Penfold, Titley: Calculation of Clearance Levels for the UK Nuclear Industry,
Contract Report NRPB-M986, NRPB, Chilton Didcot/UK, October 1998.
Mobbs, Harvey: Methodology and models used to calculate individual and collective doses
resulting from the recycling of metals from the dismantling of nuclear installations; NRPB/UK,
Final report for EC DG XI. (no date).
Hill, Thorne, Williams, Leyshon-Jones: Derivation of UK Unconditional Clearance Levels for
Solid Radioactively Contaminated Materials.,DETR report no. DETR/RAS/98.004, Department
of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, UK, April 1999.
Haristoy, Guetat, Chapuis: Dfinition des autorisations de sortie ou clearance levels pour les
btons venant du dmantlement, report by ISPN, Fontenay-aux-Roses, for European
Commission, EUR 16004 FR. 1995.
Timmermans, van der Steen: Clearance levels for radioactive materials and sources, KEMA
NUCLEAR, Arnhem/The Netherlands, October 1996.
Elert, Wiborh, Bengtsson: Basis for criteria for exemption of decommissioning waste,
KEMAKTA Consult AB, report prepared for the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute,
Stockholm/Sweden, February 1992.
German Commission on Radiological Protection: Clearance of Materials, Buildings and Sites
with Negligible Radioactivity from Practices subject to Reporting or Authorisation; reports of
the Strahlenschutzkommission (SSK) des Bundesministeriums fr Umwelt, Naturschutz und
Reaktorsicherheit, Heft 16, Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart/Germany, 1998.
Deckert, Thierfeldt: Berechnung massenspezifischer Freigabewerte fr schwach radioaktive
Reststoffe, report BMU-1998-520 for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety, series Reaktorsicherheit und Strahlenschutz (ISSN 07243316), Brenk Systemplanung, Aachen/Germany,1998.
Deckert, Thierfeldt: Radiologische Bewertung einer Kontamination: Entscheidungshilfe zur
Festlegung von flchenspezifischen Freigabewerten, final report for contract St.Sch. 4149 part 2
for the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Brenk
Systemplanung, Aachen/Germany, 1999.

37

IAEA: Clearance levels for radionuclides in solid materials - Applications of exemption

principles (Interim report for comment), TECDOC 855, Vienna, January 1996.



/,7(5$785(

[CEU 96]

COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

Council Directive 96/29/EURATOM of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards
for the protection of the health of workers and the general public against the dangers arising
from ionizing radiation, OJ no. L 159, 29.6.96, p. 1- 114.

[DEC 93]

DECKERT,A.; HOPPE,G.; JOHN,T.; THIERFELDT,S. (BRENK SYSTEMPLANUNG)

Strahlenexposition durch konventionelle Beseitigung von Abfllen mit Restaktivitt, report
BMU-1994-393, series Reaktorsicherheit und Strahlenschutz of the German Federal
Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, ISSN 0724-3316.
Brenk Systemplanung, Aachen, 1993.

[DEC 99]

DECKERT, A.; THIERFELDT, S.; KUGELER, E.; NEUHAUS, I.

Definition of Clearance Levels for the Release of Radioactively Contaminated Buildings
and Building Rubble, Final Report for Contract C1/ETU/970040, BS-Nr. 9707-5, Brenk
Systemplanung GmbH, Aachen, Mai 1999.

[EUR 93]

EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Principles and Methods for Establishing Concentrations and Quantities (Exemption Values)
Below which Reporting is not Required in the European Directive, Radiation Protection 65,
XI-028/93-EN, 1993.

[EUR 98]

EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Recommended radiological protection criteria for the recycling of metals from the
dismantling of nuclear installations, Radiation Protection No. 89, Luxembourg, 1998, ISBN
92-828-3284-8.

[EUR 00]

EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Recommended radiological protection criteria for the clearance of buildings and building
rubble from the dismantling of nuclear installations, Radiation Protection No. 113,
Luxembourg, 2000, ISBN 92-828-9172-0.

[GR 89]

GRTZ, R.; GRAF, R.; KNAUP, A.G.

Strahlenexposition der Bevlkerung infolge der Freigabe von Eisenmetallschrott aus
Kernkraftwerken zur schadlosen Verwertung, report BMU-1994-222, series
Reaktorsicherheit und Strahlenschutz of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment,
Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), ISSN 0724-3316, Brenk Systemplanung,
Aachen, 1990.

[IAE 98]

INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY

Clearance of materials resulting from the use of radionuclides in medicine, industry and
researc, IAEA-TECDOC-1000, Vienna, 1998.

[KOC 87]

KOCHER, D.C.; ECKERMANN, K.F.

Electron Dose-Rate Conversion Factors for External Exposure of the Skin from Uniformly
Deposited Activity on the Body Surface, Health Physics, Vol. 53, No. 2, 1987, S. 135-141.
38

[SSK 98]

GERMAN COMMISSION ON RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION

Freigabe von Materialien. Gebuden und Bodenflchen mit geringfgiger Radioaktivitt aus
anzeige- und genehmigungspflichtigem Umgang (Clearance of Materials, Buildings and
Sites with Negligible Radioactivity from Practices subject to Reporting and Authorisation)
Recommendation of the German Commission on Radiological Protection, passed on the
151st meeting, February 1998.

39

$EVWUDFW
The concept of clearance relates to the release of materials from regulatory control pursuant to Article 5.2 of the
Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the
health of workers and the general public against the dangers from ionising radiation.
The concept of exemption relates to practices which do not need to be reported to the national competent authorities
under Article 3.2 of the Directive.
The present document discusses the relationship between the two concepts and their practical use in the overall
scheme of regulatory control of practices. It introduces the concept of general clearance levels for any type of
material and any possible pathway of disposal, recycling or reuse. Guidance of the Group of Experts established
under Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty is provided, including enveloping scenarios for general clearance, parameter
values, and a nuclide-specific list of calculated clearance levels.
40