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    CH 03 Extra Notes

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    Adil Ali
    The document describes several network topologies: - Star topology where each node connects to a central hub, allowing easy addition of nodes but a single point of failure. - Ring topology where data travels around the ring in one direction between connected devices, dependent on uninterrupted signal travel. - Bus topology where all nodes connect to a single cable, inexpensive but the cable is a single point of failure. It also describes the TCP/IP communication protocol stack with four layers - application, transport, internet and link layer - that allow devices to communicate over networks and the internet using standard protocols.

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    CH 03 Extra Notes

    Uploaded by

    Adil Ali
    26 views10 pages
    The document describes several network topologies: - Star topology where each node connects to a central hub, allowing easy addition of nodes but a single point of failure. - Ring topology where data travels around the ring in one direction between connected devices, dependent on uninterrupted signal travel. - Bus topology where all nodes connect to a single cable, inexpensive but the cable is a single point of failure. It also describes the TCP/IP communication protocol stack with four layers - application, transport, internet and link layer - that allow devices to communicate over networks and the internet using standard protocols.

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    The document describes several network topologies: - Star topology where each node connects to a central hub, allowing easy addition of nodes but a single point of failure. - Ring topology where data travels around the ring in one direction between connected devices, dependent on uninterrupted signal travel. - Bus topology where all nodes connect to a single cable, inexpensive but the cable is a single point of failure. It also describes the TCP/IP communication protocol stack with four layers - application, transport, internet and link layer - that allow devices to communicate over networks and the internet using standard protocols.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    26 views10 pages

    CH 03 Extra Notes

    Uploaded by

    Adil Ali
    The document describes several network topologies: - Star topology where each node connects to a central hub, allowing easy addition of nodes but a single point of failure. - Ring topology where data travels around the ring in one direction between connected devices, dependent on uninterrupted signal travel. - Bus topology where all nodes connect to a single cable, inexpensive but the cable is a single point of failure. It also describes the TCP/IP communication protocol stack with four layers - application, transport, internet and link layer - that allow devices to communicate over networks and the internet using standard protocols.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 10

    Each network host is connected to a central

    hub with a point-to-point connection.


    Every node is connected to central node
    called hub or switch.
    The switch is the server and the peripherals
    are the clients.
    All traffic that traverses the network passes through
    the central hub.
    The hub acts as a signal repeater (receives a signal and

    retransmits it at a higher level or higher power, or onto the other


    side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer
    distances).

    Is considered the easiest topology to design and


    implement.
    An advantage : is the simplicity of adding additional
    nodes.
    The primary disadvantage is that the hub represents
    a single point of failure.

    Is set up in a circular fashion in which


    data travels around the ring in one
    direction.
    Each device on the right acts as a repeater
    to keep the signal strong as it travels.
    Each device incorporates a receiver for the
    incoming signal and a transmitter to send
    the data on to the next device in the ring.
    The network is dependent on the ability of
    the signal to travel around the ring.
    When a device sends data, it must travel
    through each device on the ring until it
    reaches its destination.
    Every node is a critical link.

    Each computer or server is connected to the single bus


    cable.
    A signal from the source travels in both directions to all
    machines connected on the bus cable until it finds the
    intended recipient.
    If the machine address does not match the intended address
    for the data, the machine ignores the data.
    Alternatively, if the data matches the machine address, the
    data is accepted.
    Since the bus topology consists of only one wire, it is rather
    inexpensive to implement when compared to other
    topologies.
    However, the low cost of implementing the technology is
    offset by the high cost of managing the network.
    Additionally, since only one cable is utilized, it can be
    the single point of failure, when cable breaks, the entire
    network will be down
    3

    TCP/IP
    A communication protocol (or network protocol) is
    a set of rules governing information exchange in a
    network
    Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
    (TCP/IP) is the de facto standard for most networks
    including the Internet
    Routers use protocols to help route data around
    the many networks to get them to their correct
    destination
    Companies can create Web-based interfaces for
    different databases without actually combining
    the data physically in one huge computer by
    using TCP/IP models.
    Image Source: http://mintywhite.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/tcp-ip.gif

    TCP/IP
    Each computer is assigned and identified by an IP
    address

    Like the street address for a house


    It contains 4 8-bit numbers, each separated by a dot
    Example: 192.3.15.1
    You can check your IP by typing ipconfig in a DOS box
    No two addresses are exactly the same.
    All of these addresses are stored on various computers
    placed around the networks.
    Software stored on routers uses these addresses to route
    the data to the right location

    Image Source: http://mintywhite.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/tcp-ip.gif

    The Four Layers of TCP/IP

    Figure 7-4

    The Four Layers of TCP/IP


    Enables client
    application programs
    to access the other
    layers

    Figure 7-4

    Defines the protocols


    that applications use to
    exchange data (for
    example: HTTP to
    transfer Web pages
    files.
    7

    The Four Layers of TCP/IP

    Provides application
    layer with
    communication and
    packet services
    including TCP.
    Figure 7-4
    8

    The Four Layers of TCP/IP


    Responsible for
    addressing, routing
    and packaging data
    packets called IP
    datagrams.
    IP is one of these
    protocols used in this
    layer
    Figure 7-4
    9

    The Four Layers of TCP/IP


    Responsible for placing
    packets on and
    receiving them from
    the network medium
    (could be any
    networking
    technology).
    Figure 7-4
    10

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