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    Marieb ch11b

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    201 views28 pages

    Marieb ch11b

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    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    11

    PART B

    The Cardiovascular System


    PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University

    ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY


    EIGHTH EDITION

    ELAINE N. MARIEB
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate


    Stroke volume usually remains relatively constant
    Starlings law of the heart the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

    Changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output

    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate


    Increased heart rate
    Sympathetic nervous system
    Crisis Low blood pressure

    Hormones
    Epinephrine
    Thyroxine

    Exercise Decreased blood volume


    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate


    Decreased heart rate
    Parasympathetic nervous system

    High blood pressure or blood volume


    Dereased venous return

    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Blood Vessels: The Vascular System


    Taking blood to the tissues and back
    Arteries

    Arterioles
    Capillaries

    Venules
    Veins

    Figure 11.8a
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    The Vascular System

    Figure 11.8b
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Blood Vessels: Anatomy


    Three layers (tunics)
    Tunic intima
    Endothelium

    Tunic media
    Smooth muscle Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

    Tunic externa
    Mostly fibrous connective tissue
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Differences Between Blood Vessel Types


    Walls of arteries are the thickest
    Lumens of veins are larger

    Skeletal muscle milks blood in veins toward the heart


    Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Movement of Blood Through Vessels


    Most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
    Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood

    Figure 11.9
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Capillary Beds
    Capillary beds consist of two types of vessels
    Vascular shunt directly connects an arteriole to a venule

    Figure 11.10
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Capillary Beds
    True capillaries exchange vessels
    Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood

    Figure 11.10
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Diffusion at Capillary Beds

    Figure 11.20
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation

    Figure 11.11
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Major Veins of Systemic Circulation

    Figure 11.12
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Arterial Supply of the Brain

    Figure 11.13
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Hepatic Portal Circulation

    Figure 11.14
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Circulation to the Fetus

    Figure 11.15
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Pulse
    Pulse pressure wave of blood
    Monitored at pressure points where pulse is easily palpated

    Figure 11.16
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Blood Pressure
    Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
    Systolic pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic pressure when ventricles relax Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases

    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure

    Figure 11.18
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Comparison of Blood Pressures in Different Vessels

    Figure 11.17
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors


    Neural factors
    Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division) Renal factors Regulation by altering blood volume Renin hormonal control

    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors


    Temperature
    Heat has a vasodilation effect

    Cold has a vasoconstricting effect


    Chemicals

    Various substances can cause increases or decreases


    Diet

    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Factors Determining Blood Pressure

    Figure 11.19
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Variations in Blood Pressure


    Human normal range is variable Normal
    140110 mm Hg systolic
    8075 mm Hg diastolic

    Hypotension
    Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
    Often associated with illness

    Hypertension
    High systolic (above 140 mm HG) Can be dangerous if it is chronic
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Capillary Exchange
    Substances exchanged due to concentration gradients
    Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells

    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Capillary Exchange: Mechanisms


    Direct diffusion across plasma membranes
    Endocytosis or exocytosis

    Some capillaries have gaps (intercellular clefts)


    Plasma membrane not joined by tight junctions Fenestrations of some capillaries Fenestrations = pores
    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

    Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System


    A simple tube heart develops in the embryo and pumps by the fourth week The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of seven weeks Few structural changes occur after the seventh week

    Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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