CH

DESIGN OF AN ETHYLENE OXIDE

(Courtesy of the Department of Chemical Engineering at West Virginia University

Introduction

Ethylene oxide (EO) is a major commodity chemical that is manufactured throughout the
world. Ethylene oxide is a chemical used to make ethylene glycol (the primary ingredient in
antifreeze). It is also used to make poly(ethylene oxide), and both the low molecular weight
and high molecular weight polymers have many applications including as detergent additives.
Because ethylene oxide is so reactive, it has many other uses as a reactant.

Your company believes that the market for ethylene oxide will increase significantly o
next few years. Therefore, they are looking at expansion of their ethylene oxide capacity.
Your assignment is to design a new, gr
ethylene oxide in an 8000-hour year.

Ethylene oxide is produced by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene over a silver
catalyst. A side reaction oxidizes ethylene to carbon dioxide and water.





where
i
is the extent of reaction of reaction
by processing conditions. In the normal operating range for the catalyst (225 to 275
single-pass conversion favors ethylene oxide production. A simplifie
for an EO process is shown in Figure 1.
production process, to suggest profitable operating conditions, and to write a final report
summarizing your findings.


Process Description

Figure 1 is a preliminary process flow diagram (PFD) for the ethylene oxide production
process. The raw material is ethylene, which may be assumed to be pure. Air is compressed
in C-701 and mixed with the feed. The mixed feed is heated, vap
heat exchanger (E-701); and is then sent to the reactor (R
is formed. The reactions that occur are shown later. The reactor effluent is cooled and
partially condensed in a heat exchanger (E
1
CHE655 Plant Design Project #4
Summer 2013

ETHYLENE OXIDE PRODUCTION

(Courtesy of the Department of Chemical Engineering at West Virginia University

is a major commodity chemical that is manufactured throughout the
Ethylene oxide is a chemical used to make ethylene glycol (the primary ingredient in
antifreeze). It is also used to make poly(ethylene oxide), and both the low molecular weight
d high molecular weight polymers have many applications including as detergent additives.
Because ethylene oxide is so reactive, it has many other uses as a reactant.
Your company believes that the market for ethylene oxide will increase significantly o
next few years. Therefore, they are looking at expansion of their ethylene oxide capacity.
Your assignment is to design a new, grass-roots facility to produce 100,000 tonne/y
hour year.
by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene over a silver
catalyst. A side reaction oxidizes ethylene to carbon dioxide and water.
O H C O H C
4 2 2 4 2
5 . 0 +
1

O H CO O H C
2 2 2 4 2
2 2 3 + +
2

is the extent of reaction of reaction i. The selectivity of these reactions is determined
by processing conditions. In the normal operating range for the catalyst (225 to 275
pass conversion favors ethylene oxide production. A simplified process flow diagram
for an EO process is shown in Figure 1. Your job is to analyze the simplified ethylene oxide
production process, to suggest profitable operating conditions, and to write a final report
Figure 1 is a preliminary process flow diagram (PFD) for the ethylene oxide production
process. The raw material is ethylene, which may be assumed to be pure. Air is compressed
701 and mixed with the feed. The mixed feed is heated, vaporized, and superheated in a
701); and is then sent to the reactor (R-701) in which ethylene oxide (EO)
is formed. The reactions that occur are shown later. The reactor effluent is cooled and
partially condensed in a heat exchanger (E-702), and it is then sent to the separation section.
PROCESS
(Courtesy of the Department of Chemical Engineering at West Virginia University, USA)
is a major commodity chemical that is manufactured throughout the
Ethylene oxide is a chemical used to make ethylene glycol (the primary ingredient in
antifreeze). It is also used to make poly(ethylene oxide), and both the low molecular weight
d high molecular weight polymers have many applications including as detergent additives.
Because ethylene oxide is so reactive, it has many other uses as a reactant.
Your company believes that the market for ethylene oxide will increase significantly over the
next few years. Therefore, they are looking at expansion of their ethylene oxide capacity.
0,000 tonne/year of
by the catalytic oxidation of ethylene over a silver-containing
. The selectivity of these reactions is determined
by processing conditions. In the normal operating range for the catalyst (225 to 275C), lower
d process flow diagram
Your job is to analyze the simplified ethylene oxide
production process, to suggest profitable operating conditions, and to write a final report
Figure 1 is a preliminary process flow diagram (PFD) for the ethylene oxide production
process. The raw material is ethylene, which may be assumed to be pure. Air is compressed
orized, and superheated in a
701) in which ethylene oxide (EO)
is formed. The reactions that occur are shown later. The reactor effluent is cooled and
02), and it is then sent to the separation section.
2
In T-701, water is used to absorb the EO from the reactor effluent stream. The water and EO
are then sent to a distillation column, T-702, where pure EO is produced in the top stream
(distillate), with water in the bottom stream (bottoms). In T-701, the vapor stream leaving the
top contains ethylene for recycle. However, nitrogen must be purged. The desired EO
production rate is 100,000 tonne/year.


Process Details

Feed Streams

Stream 1: ethylene, from pipeline at 35 bar and 25C, may be assumed pure

Stream 2: dried air, assumed to be 79 mol % nitrogen, 21 mol % oxygen, 1 atm, 25C
excess air needed so that ethylene is 3 vol % (to be below flammability
limit for safety purposes)

or use pure oxygen (99 wt % with 1 wt % nitrogen), 1 atm, 25C
no concentration restriction because all concentrations within flammability
limit (hence, there are safety issues, though it is done in industry)
oxygen to ethylene ratio is the same as when using air

Stream 9: pure water at 25C, available at needed pressure

Effluent Streams

Stream 12: purge stream may be burned as fuel gas credit may be taken for LHV at
$2.50/GJ

Stream 14: EO product, required 100,000 tonne/year. The required purity specification
is 99.5 wt% ethylene oxide.

3
cw
waste
water
ethylene
oxide
fuel
gas
T-702
T-701
C-701
E-701
R-701
E-702
E-703
E-704
Figure 1: Process Flow Diagram for Ethylene Oxide Production
C-701
air
compressor
E-701
reactor
pre-heater
R-701
EO
reactor
E-702
reactor
cooler
E-703
condenser
E-703
reboiler
T-701
EO
absorber
T-702
EO
column
hps
1
2
4
3
5
6
7 8
9
15
10
13
14
12
11
process water
ethylene
air
cw
hps
cw

4
Stream 15: waste water stream, may be assumed pure in material balance calculations,
is not pure, so there is a cost for its treatment

Equipment

Compressor (C-701)

The compressor increases the pressure of the feed air to the reactor pressure. The
work for a compressor may be calculated as


(
(

|
|

\
|
= 1 5 . 4
286 . 0
in
out
in s
P
P
RT W (1)

where the work is in kJ/kmol and the temperature is in Kelvin.

Heat Exchanger (E-701):

This unit heats, vaporizes, and superheats the feed to 240C at the reactor pressure. The
source of energy for heating must be above 240C.

Reactor (R-701):

The following reactions are known to occur:


EO ethylene
5 . 0
1 4 2 2 4 2
O H C O H C +

(2)


ethylene
2 2 3
2 2 2 4 2
O H CO O H C + +

(3)


EO
2 2 5 . 2
2 2 2 2 4 2
O H CO O O H C + +

(4)

where
i
is the extent of reaction i.

For this project, it may be assumed that the second reaction, Equation (3), does not
occur to any appreciable extent.

Based on the catalyst and reaction kinetics, the reactor must operate between 25-35
bar. The reactor operates isothermally at 240C. Since the reaction is exothermic, a
medium is needed to remove the heat generated, and that medium must always be at a
lower temperature than that of the reactor.

Table 1 shows the selectivity data for the reactions as a function of conversion. The
conversion in the reactor should be one decision variable.


5
Table 1: Reaction Selectivity Data
% Conversion
1
/
2

20 6.0
30 5.9
40 5.8
50 5.6
60 5.2
70 4.4
80 3.6
85 2.4
90 1.2
95 0.0

Heat Exchanger (E-702):

This unit cools and partially condenses the reactor effluent to 45C.

Absorber (T-701):

In this absorber, water is used to remove the ethylene oxide from the other
components in the gas phase. For this project only, you may assume that all of the
ethylene oxide is removed, that no water is lost to the gas phase, and that no gases
other than ethylene oxide are removed from the gas phase. The molar ratio of water to
ethylene oxide content of Stream 8 is 100/1.

Distillation Column (T-702):

This distillation column separates EO from water. The temperature of the distillate is
the temperature at which EO condenses at the column pressure of 10 bar. The valve
before the distillation column reduces the pressure from 30 bar to 10 bar.

Heat Exchanger (E-703):

In this heat exchanger, the contents of the top of T-702 (pure EO) are condensed from
saturated vapor to saturated liquid at the column pressure at a rate three times the flow
of Stream 14. One-third of the condensate becomes Stream 14 and the remainder is
returned to the column. There is a cost for the amount of cooling medium needed to
remove the necessary energy. The cooling medium must always be at a lower
temperature than the stream being condensed.

Heat Exchanger (E-704):

In this heat exchanger, you may assume that the stream being vaporized has the same
flowrate as Stream 15. The stream is vaporized from saturated liquid to saturated
6
vapor at the column pressure and is returned to the column. The temperature of the
stream being vaporized is the boiling point of water at the column pressure. There is a
cost for the amount of steam needed to supply the necessary heat. The steam
temperature must be above the temperature of the vaporizing stream.

Other Equipment:

For two or more streams to mix, they must be at identical pressures. Pressure
reduction may be accomplished by adding a valve. All of these valves are not
necessarily shown on the attached flowsheet, and it may be assumed that additional
valves can be added as needed at no cost. Flow occurs from higher pressure to lower
pressure. Pumps increase the pressure of liquid streams, and compressors increase the
pressure of gas streams.

Additional Information:

If you make steam from boiler feed water anywhere in the process, you may take
credit for the value of all steam produced minus the cost of boiler feed water. A pump
will also be needed to raise the pressure of boiler feed water to that of the steam
produced.

Economic Analysis

When evaluating alternative cases, you should carry out an economic evaluation and
profitability analysis based on a number of economic criteria such as payback period, internal
rate of return, and cash flow analysis. In addition, the following objective function should be
used. It is the equivalent annual operating cost (EAOC), and is defined as

EAOC = (product value feed cost other operating costs capital cost annuity)

A negative EAOC means there is a profit. It is desirable to minimize the EAOC; i.e., a large
negative EAOC is very desirable, although you are not being asked to carry out optimization.

The costs for EO and ethylene (highest purity) can be found in the Chemical Market Reporter.
The cost for pure oxygen is $0.20/100 std ft
3
(60F, 1 atm).

Other operating costs are utilities, such as steam, cooling water, natural gas, and electricity.

The capital cost annuity is an annual cost (like a car payment) associated with the one-time,
fixed cost of plant construction. The capital cost annuity is defined as follows:


1 ) 1 (
) 1 (
+
+
=
n
n
i
i i
FCI annuity cost capital

where FCI is the installed cost of all equipment; i is the interest rate, i = 0.15; and n is the
plant life for accounting purposes, n = 10.

7
For detailed sizing, costing, and economic evaluation including profitability analysis, you
may use the Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (formerly Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator) in
Aspen Plus Version 8. However, it is also a good idea to independently verify the final
numbers based on other sources such as cost data given below.

Other Information

You should assume that a year equals 8,000 hours. This is about 330 days, which allows for
periodic shut-down and maintenance.

Final Comments

As with any open-ended problem; i.e., a problem with no single correct answer, the problem
statement above is deliberately vague. You may need to fill in some missing data by doing a
literature search, Internets search, or making assumptions. The possibility exists that as you
work on this problem, your questions will require revisions and/or clarifications of the
problem statement. You should be aware that these revisions/clarifications may be
forthcoming.

Moreover, in some areas (e.g. sizing/costing) you are given more data and information than
what is needed. You must exercise engineering judgment and decide what data to use. Also
you should also seek additional data from the literature or Internet to verify some of the data,
e.g. the prices of products and raw materials.


References

1. Felder, R. M. and R. W. Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes (3
rd
ed.),
Wiley, New York, 2000.

2. Perry, R. H. and D. Green, eds., Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook (7
th
ed.),
McGraw-Hill, New York, 1997.



8
Appendix 1

Reaction Kinetics

The pertinent reactions are as follows:

O H C O H C
4 2 2 4 2
5 . 0 + (1)

O H CO O H C
2 2 2 4 2
2 2 3 + + (2)

O H CO O O H C
2 2 2 4 2
2 2 5 . 2 + + (3)

The kinetic expressions are, respectively:


ethylene
ethylene
p RT
p RT
r
) / 11200 exp( 00098 . 0 1
) / 2400 exp( 96 . 1
1
+

= (4)


ethylene
ethylene
p RT
p RT
r
) / 11200 exp( 00098 . 0 1
) / 6400 exp( 0936 . 0
2
+

= (5)


2
2
3
) / 21200 exp( 000033 . 0 1
) / 6200 exp( 42768 . 0
oxide ethylene
oxide ethylene
p RT
p RT
r
+

= (6)

The units for the reaction rates are moles/m
3
s. The pressure unit is bar. The activation
energy numerator is in cal/mol.

Other data:

catalyst: silver on inert support, spherical catalyst support, 7.5 mm diameter
bulk catalyst density = 1250 kg/m
3

void fraction = 0.4


9
Appendix 2

Economic Data

Equipment Costs (Purchased)

Pumps $630(power, kW)
0.4


Heat Exchangers $1030(area, m
2
)
0.6

Compressors $770(power, kW)
0.96
+ 400(power, kW)
0.6

Turbine $2.1810
5
(power output, MW)
0.6

assume 65% efficiency

Fired Heater $635(duty, kW)
0.8

assume 80% thermal efficiency
assume can be designed to use any organic compound as a fuel

Vessels $[1.67(0.959 + 0.041P - 8.310
-6
P
2
)]10
z

z = (3.17 + 0.2D + 0.5 log
10
L + 0.21 log
10
L
2
)
D = diameter, m 0.3 m < D < 4.0 m
L = height, m L/D < 20
P = absolute pressure, bar

Catalyst $2.25/kg

Packed Tower Cost as vessel plus cost of packing

Packing $(-110 + 675D + 338D
2
)H
0.97

D = vessel diameter, m; H = vessel height, m

Tray Tower Cost as vessel plus cost of trays

Trays $(187 + 20D + 61.5D
2
)
D = vessel diameter, m

Storage Tank $1000V
0.6

V = volume, m
3


Reactors isothermal packed bed reactor cost = $2.2510
4
[heat transfer area (m
3
)]
0.5

cooling fluid in shell and catalyst in tubes

adiabatic packed bed reactor cost = $4.5710
4
[volume of reactor (m
3
)]
0.67

does not include cost of subsequent heat exchangers
The volume of reactor includes the catalyst plus the void volumes.

It may be assumed that pipes and valves are included in the equipment cost factors. Location
of key valves should be specified on the PFD.
10

Raw Materials and Products

See Chemical Market Reporter

Oxygen from cryogenic plant $0.20/100 std ft
3
(60F, 1 atm).

Utility Costs

Low Pressure Steam (618 kPa saturated) $7.78/1000 kg

Medium Pressure Steam (1135 kPa saturated) $8.22/1000 kg

High Pressure Steam (4237 kPa saturated) $9.83/1000 kg

Natural Gas (446 kPa, 25C) $6.00/GJ

Fuel Gas Credit $5.00/GJ

Electricity $0.06/kWh

Boiler Feed Water (at 549 kPa, 90C) $2.45/1000 kg

Cooling Water $0.354/GJ
available at 516 kPa and 30C
return pressure 308 kPa
return temperature is no more than 15C above the inlet temperature

Refrigerated Water $4.43/GJ
available at 516 kPa and 10C
return pressure 308 kPa
return temperature is no higher than 20C

Deionized Water $1.00/1000 kg
available at 5 bar and 30C

Waste Treatment of Off-Gas incinerated - take fuel credit

Refrigeration $7.89/GJ

Wastewater Treatment $56/1000 m
3



Any fuel gas purge may be assumed to be burned elsewhere in the plant at a credit of
$2.50/GJ. It may also be assumed that all steam produced can be returned to the steam
supply system for the appropriate credit. Steam produced and returned to the steam
supply system must be provided at one of the usual pressure levels. For all steam
produced that is returned as condensate, there is no cost for boiler feed water.

11
Equipment Cost Factors

Total Installed Cost = Purchased Cost (4 + material factor (MF) + pressure factor (PF))

Pressure < 10 atm, PF = 0.0 does not apply to turbines, compressors, vessels,
(absolute) 10 - 20 atm, PF = 0.6 packing, trays, or catalyst, since their cost
20 - 40 atm, PF = 3.0 equations include pressure effects
40 - 50 atm, PR = 5.0
50 - 100 atm, PF = 10

Carbon Steel MF = 0.0
Stainless Steel MF = 4.0
12
Appendix 3

Other Design Data

Heat Exchangers

For heat exchangers, use the following approximations for heat-transfer coefficients to allow
you to determine the heat transfer area:

situation
h (W/m
2
C)

condensing steam

6000
condensing organic 1000

boiling water

7500
boiling organic 1000

flowing liquid

600
flowing gas

60