Preferred Citation: Luthin, Herbert W.

, editor Surviving Through the Days: Translations of Native California Stories and Songs. Berkeley: University of California Press, c2002 2002. htt :!!ark.cdlib.or"!ark:!#$0$0!kt#r2%&2ct!

SURVIVING THROUGH THE DAYS

Translations of Native California Stories and Songs A CALIFORNIA INDIAN READER '()*'( B+ Herbert W. Luthin
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS

BERKELEY / LOS ANGELES / LONDON

2002

Preferred Citation: Luthin, Herbert W., editor Surviving Through the Days: Translations of Native California Stories and Songs. Berkeley: University of California Press, c2002 2002. htt :!!ark.cdlib.or"!ark:!#$0$0!kt#r2%&2ct!

, vii ,

[dedi !ti"n#
For Kay my own true Shady Grove , viii ,

[$"n%#
-Chal../aat 0on"1 Luise2o, 3illiana Calac Hyde T smomaytal nev!ti"an#wa$

t utal %hul&'i"an#wa. ( $ tem!t n)) nev!t"an#wa$ tem!t n)) %hul&'i"an#wa. ) su ose )4ve survived the first little 5onth, ) su ose )4ve survived the first bi" 5onth. 6h, ) a5 survivin" throu"h the days, ) a5 survivin" throu"h the days. ,, CONTENTS L)0* 67 )LLU0*89*)6:0 L)0* 67 *9BL'0 9C<:6WL'(=>':*0 P86:U:C)9*)6: =U)(' 0on" fro5 the 5yth -<uku5at Beca5e 0ick1 *ue%han =eneral )ntroduction >akin" *e;ts, 8eadin" *ranslations P!rt &. Se'e ti"n$ -Creation 0on"s,1 Cu'e+o #. </a/ Labors to 7or5 a World ,tsugewi$ #%%A N"rth (e$tern C!'i)"rni! (octor dance son", -uro# 2. *estBch4as C*he *idal WaveD Tolowa$ #%E? $. -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 and 6ther 0tories -uro#$ #%?#, #%E?F#%EE G. Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead Karu#$ circa #%$0 ,, ?. A. *he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin" Karu#$ #%?0 -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"1 and 6ther 0tories .u'a$ #%A$F#%AG *he Bear =irl Chimari#o$ #%2# ;iii ;v ;vii ;i; $ ? 2# ?@ ?% A? A@

@@ %0

%E

#0G ##?

@.

E. %. #0. ##. #2.

#$. #G. #?. #A. #@. #E. #%.

N"rth*Centr!' C!'i)"rni! 0 ell said by a "irl desirous of "ettin" a husband Northern -ana Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer ,%humawi$ #%@0 :a onoha CCocoon >anD ,tsugewi$ #%$# 9 0tory of LiHard -ahi$ #%#? 9 0election of Wintu 0on"s /intu$ #%2%F#%$# Loon Wo5an: HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful, 0heB/hoBbeco5esBloon /intu$ #%2% 7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin /intu$ circa #%E2 Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er Nomla#i$ #%$? >ad Bat 0aidu$ circa #%02 Creation 1astern 2omo$ #%$0 *he *rials of +oun" Ha/k Southern 2omo$ #%G0 *he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake Ca%he Cree# 2omo$ #%EE *he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e 3a#e 0iwo#$ #%E0

#2? #2@ #$% #?2 #@E

#%2 2#% 2$? 2GE 2A0 $## $2G $$G

,, S"uth*Centr!' C!'i)"rni! ';cer t fro5 -*he ICi&4ne&4Is >yth1 4enture+o Chumash */o 0tories fro5 the Central 3alley -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 Chaw%hila -o#uts$ #%$# -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 -owlumni -o#uts$ #%$0 *he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en T56atula6al$ circa #%$2 *he (o" =irl 7nese+o Chumash$ #%#$ S"uthern C!'i)"rni!

$G?

20.

$G@ $A$ $E2 $%%

2#. 22.

';cer t fro5 an account of -*he 0oul1 *ue%han 2$. *he Creation Serrano$ #%A$ 2G. 9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde 3uise+o$ #%EEF#%%2 2?. 7ro5 -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather1 *he Bear ' isodes Cu'e+o$ #%A2, #%20 2A. )n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a 0o8ave$ #%02 2@. 9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins *ue%han 9-uma:$ #%0E PART II. ESSAYS ON NATIVE CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES AND ORAL LITERATURES -When ) Have (onned >y Crest of 0tars1 Kiliwa 9 Brief History of Collection ,, -Wo5en4s Brush (ance 0on",1 Luise2o :otes on :ative California 6ral Literatures 7uneral s eech, Juechan :otes on :ative California Lan"ua"es >9P0 B)BL)6=89PH+ 9C<:6WL'(=>':*0 67 P'8>)00)6:0 ):('K , ;iii ,

G0# G##

G2# G$A GA#

G%$ G%?

?## ?#$ ?G$ ?G? ?@$ ?@% A0? A0%

ILLUSTRATIONS
FIGURES
#. 2. $. G. 7lorence 0hau"hnessy 0ally :oble )shi @% ##@ #??

:arrative structure of )shi4s -9 0tory of LiHard1 #?E

?. A. @. E. %.

=race >c<ibbin (ancer believed to be Charles Watha5 Willia5 8al"anal Benson, circa #%$A >abel >c<ay, #%@# 8oss 'llis /ith his son

220 2$@ 2A2 $2? $?0 $E? G$% ?0$

#0. >arLa 0olares ##. Mack Mones #2. 0a5 Bat/i, 9lfred L. <roeber, and )shi

+APS
#. 2. $. G. ?. , ;iv , -Wo5en4s Brush (ance 0on",1 3uise+o :otes on :ative California 6ral Literatures 7uneral s eech, *ue%han :otes on :ative California Lan"ua"es >9P0 B)BL)6=89PH+ 9C<:6WL'(=>':*0 67 P'8>)00)6:0 ):('K ?@$ ?@% A0? A0% , ;v , ?## ?#$ ?G$ ?G? Locator California lin"uistic diversity California lin"uistic rehistory Current status of California lan"ua"es ?@$ ?@G ?@A ?@@

California lan"ua"e fa5ilies and stocks ?@?

TA,LES
#. 0elections: =enre 2. 0elections: 8ecordin" 5ethod $. 0elections: (ate of erfor5ance #? #A #@

G. 0elections: Lan"ua"e of narration #E

?.

Lan"ua"e fa5ilies: California ?G@ lan"ua"es and "enetic affiliations , ;vii ,

A -n"('ed%.ent$
)4ve been at /ork on this roNect, o and on, for 5ore than seven yearsOa lon" enou"h stretch of ti5e that ) fear those /ho lent a hand back at the be"innin" /ill no lon"er re5e5ber the occasion. +et ) benefited "reatly back then fro5 for5ative talks /ith <ay 7ineran, 3ictor =olla, Leanne Hinton, >ar"aret Lan"don, >alcol5 >ar"olin, Mudith 8ock, Bill 0hi ley, and Brian 0/ann. *hey hel ed "ive 5e a sense of /hat this volu5e could beco5e and /hat it 5i"ht include. 6n a /ide ran"e of 5ore s ecific &ueries and roble5s, ) a5 indebted to Linda 9"ren, *herese Babineau, *o5 Blackburn, Parris Butler, Catherine Calla"han, 'd5und Car enter, Mi5 Collins, Beverly Cru5, 0cott (eLancey, Me rey 'hrenreich, Mohn Mohnson, 8ichard <eelin", <athryn <lar, 9rnold <ru at, Mulian Lan", 0ally >cLendon, >arian 6livas, :ancy 8ichardson, 9lice 0he herd, >ary 0tieber, and 0uHanne Wash. *he co55unity of California scholars and friends, to /hich 5ost of these eo le belon", is a "ivin" oneOso 5uch like a fa5ily that it4s easy to for"et: no one had to -take 5e in1 /hen ) ca5e callin" for assistanceP but these eo le did, often ti5e and a"ain. By far 5y bi""est debt of "ratitude "oes to Brian 0/ann, /ho had the idea for this book in the first lace. When ) started, ) /as alar5in"ly naive and ne/ to the business of editin" antholo"ies. 'ach ste of the /ay, Brian sho/ed 5e the ro es. Without his atient "uidance, sound advice, and 5oral su ort across the years, this book /ould never have co5e to be. *hree anony5ous revie/ers for the University of California Press "ave 5e valuable in ut on the 5anuscri tOfeedback that ) trust ) have ut , ;viii , to "ood use. ) a5 "rateful for their scrutiny, and ho e that, by actin" on 5ost of their su""estions, ) have "iven the5 so5e 5easure of Nob satisfaction. 9t the University of California Press, )4d like to "ive thanks to t/o eo le /ho roved the5selves true friends of this book: to 0tan Hol/itH, for his encoura"e5ent and unfailin" "ood Nud"5ent /hile ) /as tryin" to ull the 5anuscri t to"ether for final sub5ission and revie/P and to 8achel Berchten, roNect editor for the book, for bein" so erce tive and careful and atient throu"h the "iant rocess of nud"in" all the 5ountains and 5olehills into lace: 5ore than anyone else, she hel ed this s ra/lin" 5anuscri t beco5e a book. 7inally, 5y thanks to Carolyn Hill, /ho co yedited the 5anuscri t brilliantly, i5 rovin" it in a thousand /ays, /ith a keen eye for infelicity and bil"e. Closer to ho5e, ) /ould like to thank Mudy Bo/ser and the other reference librarians at Clarion University for not lockin" 5e out of their offices /hen they sa/ 5e co5in", even after the first hundred interlibrary loan re&uestsP 5y de art5ent secretary, Carole Pas&uarette, for uttin" u /ith a lot of /eird te;t entry and scannin" roNectsP 5y dean4s office for hotoco yin" su ortP and the Colle"e of 9rts and 0ciences for oneB&uarter release ti5e in the fall se5ester of #%%G -to finish the book.1 */o s5all "rants fro5 the Clarion University 7oundation in #%%G and #%%? enabled 5e to travel to conferences and do research at the Bancroft Library and Hearst >useu5 on the University of California, Berkeley, ca5 us.

7inally, )4d like to thank 5y /ife, <ay, for bein"Oal/ays, so5eho/Othere. Without her Q /ell, it4s unsayable. , ;i; ,

Pr"nun i!ti"n Guide

Because this is a book of translations, not bilin"ual te;ts, ronunciation is not as ressin" an issue as it 5i"ht have been. :evertheless, stray /ords and na5es and laces cro u in these a"es, and readers /ho like to 5eet a challen"e headBon, or don4t /ant to have to 5u5ble and s&uint, 5ay a reciate a brief, "eneraliHed "uide to ronouncin" tribal and lin"uistic ortho"ra hies. ) say -"eneraliHed1 because, in a land of such rofound lin"uistic diversity as :ative California, there is no such thin" as a shared ortho"ra hy co55on to all lan"ua"es. *he rou"h outlines of the various syste5s are fairly consistentO 5ost are based on the honetic al habet, after all. But because 5ost conte5 orary ortho"ra hies are hone5ic C5eanin" that it takes a de"ree of -insider kno/led"e1 to inter ret the sy5bols /ith certaintyD, the honolo"ical articulars and eccentricities of the individual lan"ua"es /ork to li5it the consistency of the al habet used. 9t any rate, and for /hat it4s /orth, here are so5e ointers for ronouncin" the nativeBlan"ua"e /ords and na5es that readers /ill encounter in this book. 7ollo/in" the5 /on4t "uarantee that you4ll be ri"ht, Nust that you /on4t be e"re"iously /ron"Oa lausible rendition, if not a erfect one. 7or details on any articular lan"ua"e, consult the -7urther 8eadin"s1 section follo/in" each selection, /hich su lies references to "ra55ars and teachin" aids Cif there are any for the lan"ua"e in &uestionD. >ost acce ted ortho"ra hies for :ative 95erican lan"ua"es are based on the 95ericanist Phonetic 9l habet Ca :orth 95erican variant of the )nternational Phonetic 9l habetD. *herefore the follo/in" su""estions /ill be valid for 5ost of the )ndian /ords you find in this Cor any otherD book. , ;; , *he letterR and the a ostro he both re resent the "lottal sto Cthe catchinBtheBthroat sound s elled by the hy hen in -uhBohS1 or in the Cockney ronunciation of 6ottle; 5ost likely your ronunciation of the /ord a''le$ /hen s oken forcefully in isolation, be"ins /ith this sound as /ellD. *he letters T and INC re resent the sound of the -ch1 in %hea' and the -N1 in 8ee'$ res ectively. *he letter % 5ay be ronounced either as -ch1 or as -ts1 Clike the -HH1 in 'i<<aD, de endin" on the lan"ua"e. C)n old turnBofBtheBcentury transcri tions, such as 0a ir used for +ana, the % /as used to re resent a -sh1 sound.D *he letters '($ t($ %(, T4, #(, and "( are "lottaliHed sto s, ronounced as the base letter lus the si5ultaneous articulation of a "lottal sto P like/ise the letters m($ n($ l($ w(, and y(, althou"h these are so5eti5es /ritten (m$ (n$ (l$ (w, and (y. C)f you say the hrase -U Bu BandBa/ay1 carefully, the first of the t/o ' s you roduce /ill co5e out soundin" so5ethin" like the "lottaliHed '(P like/ise the ne"ative 5ur5ur ->5B551 contains a "lottaliHed m( in the 5iddle.D *hese sounds are not easy to i5a"ine, 5uch less to roduce, /ithout first hearin" so5eone do it. *he letter " stands for a voiceless uvular sto Oso5e/hat like the -k1 sound in 'n"lish %ar$ only farther back. *he letter r is usually ronounced as a fla , like the -r1 in 0 anish 0ar=a.

*he letter > re resents a harsh -h1 sound, like the -ch1 in =er5an ?a%h. 8aised or su erscri t letters can si"nify a variety of thin"s. C#D 9 raised h follo/in" a consonant indicates that a s5all u of air C/hat honeticians call -as iration1D acco5 anies the sound, like the - h1 in 'n"lish 'oor. )n ortho"ra hies /here the h is /ritten, its absence Cfor e;a5 le, lain ' as o osed to 'hD i5 lies an absence of as iration. C2D 9 raised w follo/in" a consonant indicates the resence of li Broundin" or labialiHation, like the -k/1 in 'n"lish "ueen or %oo'. C$D 9 raised y follo/in" a consonant indicates the resence of alataliHation, like the -ky1 in 'n"lish %ute or #een. 9 dot underneath a consonant C ri5arily @tD$ @%D, and @sDD indicates that the sound is retrofle;Othat is, the ton"ue is curled back in a sli"htly rBlike fashion, like the initial consonants of 'n"lish tree and shrew. 6ther consonants should be ronounced 5ore or less as e; ected. , ;;i , >ost vo/els have their continental values: a as in ahaA$ e as in gray$ i as in 6ee$ o as in show$ and u as in 6oo. *here are also three co55only found di hthon"s, or co5 le; vo/els: ay as in %ry$ aw as in %ow$ and oy as in %oy. 0o5e unfa5iliar vo/el sy5bols that you 5ay encounter include the -barred1 letters B and U, both of /hich re resent a hi"h back unrounded vo/el Ctry sayin" moo /hile s5ilin"D, and the u5lauted vo/els 5 and C$ /hich 5ay be ronounced like their 7rench and =er5an counter arts Ctry sayin" -e1 or -a1 /hile roundin" your li s as if to blo/ out a candleD. >any lan"ua"es have a distinction bet/een lon" and short vo/els Ca ter5 that in honetics refers to actual durationOlon" vo/els are held lon"er than short vo/els areD. *here are t/o co55on /ays of indicatin" len"th: a colon or raised dot C6a: nu or 6a. nuD, or si5 ly doublin" the vo/el C6aanuD. C?aanu is the +ana /ord for 6as#et.D 9 fe/ older ortho"ra hies use the 5acron for len"th. 0o5e ortho"ra hies indicate stressed or accented syllables /ith acute accents over the vo/el C $ !$ =$ )$ &$ etc.D or i55ediately follo/in" it C $ !$ =$ )$ &D. 6thers don4t 5ark stress at all, in /hich case you4ll Nust have to "uess, unless you can locate a "ra55ar that e; lains the rules for stress lace5ent. C)n a fe/ lan"ua"es, such as <aruk and 9chu5a/i, the accent 5ark indicates hi"h itch rather than stress.D 9n italiciHed or su erscri t vo/el C'atiD usually indicates that the vo/el is /his ered. ,$,

[S"n%#
0on" fro5 a Juechan 5yth 9braha5 Hal ern -<uku5at Beca5e 0ick1 >y heart, you 5i"ht ierce it and take it, +ou take it, you ierce it, you take it,

+ou 5i"ht ierce it and take it, +ou 5y older brothers here, +ou Bear here, +ou >ountain Lion here, +ou Wildcat here, +ou 5y older brothers, >y heart, you 5i"ht ierce it and take it. ,?,

Gener!' Intr"du ti"n

CALIFORNIA/S ORAL*LITERARY HERITAGE
When this volu5e /as in its lannin" sta"es, ) al/ays described it to collea"ues and editors as a -reader,1 a reader in the field of California )ndian oral literature. )t /as to be a co5 rehensive antholo"y of both classic and conte5 orary /orks in translation, /hose selections /ould feature as 5any of California4s cultures and lan"ua"es as ossible. )ndeed, 5y /orkin" title throu"hout these 5any years of uttin" it to"ether /as si5 ly , California 7ndian Deader. *he book has turned out retty 5uch the /ay ) first sa/ it in 5y 5ind4s eye, but the title itself has since then su ered a de5otion. *he reason /hy is /orth the tellin". )n truth, it /asn4t lon" before ) "re/ uneasy describin" this book as a -reader.1 *he ter5 see5s to ro5ise that the book in hand /ill contain all of the essential readin"s on a "iven to ic. 9nd ) /ill ad5it to believin", /hen Brian 0/ann first su""ested ) think about undertakin" such a roNect, that this book could and /ould do Nust that. ) actually thou"ht ) could e;a5ine and absorb all of /hat there /as and select the essentials fro5 a co5 lete icture of the recorded literature. Lookin" back, be5used, ) can only shake 5y head at such naVvetW. *here is so 5uch 5aterial in so 5any sources, in so 5any di erent for5s and laces, that after 5any years of "oin" throu"h libraries and collections, talkin" to sin"ers and storytellers, lin"uists, and archivists, and /earin" out 5y /elco5e at 5y onceB/illin" interlibrary loan de art5ent, )4ve still seen only a ortion of /hat e;ists. What4s 5ore, )45 thrilled to ad5it it. >y notion that this volu5e could actually 6e a reader, in the 5ost restrictive ,A, sense of the ter5, is "one. )n retros ect, ) see that /hat )4ve really been uttin" to"ether is 5ore of a -sa5 ler1Oand that is the "enre ) have tried to 5ake "ood. *here are several reasons /hy the task roved so over/hel5in". *he first thin" to consider is the astoundin" diversity of lan"ua"e and culture that is :ative California. 7our 5arkedly distinct culture areasOPacific :orth/est, Central California, 0outhern California, and =reat BasinOlie /ithin the carto"ra hic confines of the state. With so5e seventyBfive to one hundred distinct lan"ua"es and tribal "rou s at the ti5e of 'uro ean contact, California /as the sin"le 5ost o ulous and lin"uistically diverse area in all of :orth 95erica. )ndeed, :ative California stands out as one of the richest, 5ost lin"uistically co5 le; areas in the /orld.X#Y *o find a corres ondin" de th and richness in its oral traditions and literatures should not be sur risin". *he sheer nu5ber of traditions alone 5akes any atte5 t at e;haustive covera"e i5 ossible in a sin"le volu5e. 9 look at 5a # C . ?@$D /ill sho/ ho/

5uch of the re"ion has in fact been re resented but /ill also reveal Nust ho/ 5uch has not. 0econd, the University of California at Berkeley has been ho5e to t/o of the 5ost active :ative 95erican research ro"ra5s in the country, in anthro olo"y and lin"uistics. 9. L. <roeber took co55and of the ne/ly founded >useu5 and (e art5ent of 9nthro olo"y in #%0# and, in his fortyB five years as chair5an of anthro olo"y at Berkeley, /rote hundreds of articles and doHens of books and either s onsored or coordinated four decades of research by 5any of the "reat scholars and collectors of his ti5e. )n #%?$, >ary 8. Haas, the "reat 95ericanist, hel ed to found the (e art5ent of Lin"uistics, also at Berkeley. *his ro"ra5 has had a 5aNor i5 act on the study of :ative 95ericanO articularly CalifornianOlan"ua"es. Both these scholars had the "ift to ins ire not Nust one but t/o or even three "enerations of students C5any of /ho5 serve as translators in this bookD and, in the rocess, sent scores of researchers into the field to study California cultures and lan"ua"es. But the /ork on California lan"ua"e and literary traditions has never been an e;clusively acade5ic ursuitP it has co5e fro5 /ithin the :ative co55unity as /ell as /ithout. 'lders throu"hout the state have led fa5ily and tribal e orts to reserve local traditions, revive their lan"ua"es, and tell their histories. 7ro5 Lucy *ho5 son, the aristocratic +urok elder /ho /rote To the ,meri%an 7ndian in #%#AOthe 5ost /idely kno/n e;a5 le of this kind in CaliforniaOto the latterBday e orts of eo le ,@, like the late 8ay Baldy CHu aD, 3illiana Calac Hyde CLuise2oD, =oldie Bryan CWashoeD, and Bun Lucas C<ashayaD, to na5e Nust four out of so 5any littleBsun" heroes, California )ndians have lon" been active in tryin" to sustain and docu5ent their o/n cultural and lin"uistic herita"e.X2Y 9s a result of all this acade5ic and "rassroots activity, 5ost of California4s 5any cultures have received at least so5e docu5entary attention, thou"h so5e to 5uch "reater de"ree than others. CWintu and +urok, for instance, have a rich, varied, and continuin" history of docu5entation "oin" back 5ore than a hundred years, /hereas so little is kno/n of 'sselen and 0aclan that the e;tant 5aterials on these lan"ua"es a5ount to little 5ore than a sheaf of a ers.D 6f course, only so5e of this /ealth of 5aterial concerns traditional storytellin" and son", but that fraction still turns out to be a "reat deal. )n short, if a articular culture is not re resented in this volu5e, it is not usually for /ant of 5aterialO thou"h for all too 5any CHuchno5, 'sselen, *atavia5, and :ortheastern Po5o, to na5e a fe/D the shock of contact destroyed the continuity of lan"ua"e and tradition before anyone took an interest in tryin" to reserve or /rite do/n the literature. *hird, ho/ever lon" the biblio"ra hy of ublished accounts of :ative California anthro olo"y and lin"uistics, still 5ore lies un ublished. 9ctive field/orkers "enerally "ather far 5ore 5aterial than they can ever ho e to /ork u in a lifeti5e. *he ulti5ate case in oint is the le"acy of Mohn Peabody Harrin"ton, /hose fifty years of ceaseless field/ork for the 05ithsonian )nstitution focused al5ost e;clusively on California. Harrin"ton left behind not 5ountains but /hole 5ountain ranges of infor5ation about California )ndian cultures. *he 05ithsonian collection of his California and =reat Basin fieldnotes Cthose that have been found, that is, for he /as secretive and "iven to cachin" his notes in unlikely lacesD runs to 2E$ reels of 5icrofil5Ohundreds of thousands of a"es. 3ery little of this /ork has ever been ublished, even no/, so5e thirtyfive years after his death.X$Y )t is only in the last fe/ years, /ith the inau"uration of the annual M. P. Harrin"ton Conference, that researchers, :ative and other/ise, have be"un to sort throu"h these riceless notes to see /hat they contain. Harrin"ton, of course, /as an e;traordinary case. )n the last fifty years, thou"h, hundreds of 5en and /o5en have done /ork on California cultures, collectin" hoto"ra hs, recordin"s, notes, and artifacts. But scholars are Nust like everybody else. *hey "et busy, or sidetracked, or interested

,E, in other thin"s. *hey "et burned out. *hey "et discoura"ed and &uit the field. *hey "et 5arried, find Nobs in other sectors, or 5ove a/ay. *he archives are overflo/in" /ith recordin"s and hoto"ra hs and cartons of ori"inal fieldnotes "oin" back to the early art of this century, 5uch of /hich has never been ublished. 9nd /ho kno/s ho/ 5uch 5aterial is dustin" a/ay in attics and offices across the country, saved for osterity, for a rainy day that never ca5e, for the illusory free ti5e of retire5entOor Nust lain for"otten. *he sa5e is true on the :ative side of the e&uation. 9 ordable ca5eras have been around for si;ty years at least, ta e recorders for forty, and ca5corders for ten or 5ore. Ho/ 5any sons and dau"hters, ho/ 5any "randchildren, have had the ur"e to docu5ent so5ethin" of their arents4 or "rand arents4 livesO record their stories and son"s, their life histories, hoto"ra h the5 basket/eavin" or leachin" acorns or dancin"R Usually these rivate docu5entations are treasured and saved. 0o5e even "et 5ade into locally distributed a5 hlets or tribal learnin" 5aterials. 6ften, thou"h, hu5an nature bein" /hat it is, the hotos curl in a bo; so5e/here, the ta es "et Nu5bled u /ith the countryB/estern or heavy 5etal or ra , al/ays Nust a ste or t/o a/ay fro5 destruction or loss. 9nd because hu5an life and ti5es are al/ays in a state of assin", all of itOeverythin" /e kno/, everythin" /e have learned or "athered a"ainst the future, everythin" /e are in dan"er of for"ettin"Ois recious, no 5atter /ho /e are. *here is a fourth reason, 5ost i5 ortant by far, /hy this volu5e cannot ho e to dra/ fro5 an e;haustive consultation of the literature: the traditions are still alive$ still growing. (es ite 5ore than t/o centuries of occu ation, assi5ilation, and outri"ht "enocide, they have never been fully sto ed. CHence the choice of title for this volu5e: Surviving Through the Days.D Peo le ada t, and the a earance of thin"s 5ay chan"e, but there4s a dee er current, a continuity of di erence, that the :ative eo les of California have fou"ht hard and aid dearly to reserve. :e/ /ays co5e to 5in"le /ith the old. 9s a "raduate student, ) once attended a conference, the 7ifth 9nnual California )ndian Conference, in 9rcata in the north/estern art of the state. 6n the last evenin" of the conference, the or"aniHers arran"ed a traditionalBstyle +urok sal5on roast at one of the beaches. Perha s a hundred eo le attended, so this /as not a s5all a airOthe +urok 5an Chusband of one of the or"aniHersD /ho ut it on had been fishin" for days ,%, rior to the feast. *he charcoal it /as in fact a trench about fifteen feet lon" and a yard /ide, banked /ith alder lo"s and rin"ed /ith doHens of slender, bladeBlike cedar stakes about ei"ht inches a art around the entire eri5eter of the fire. *he stakes /ere stuck in the sandy "round like the ickets of a fence and s itted /ith hu"e chunks of sal5on and snaky loo s of eel. *here /as har5ony every/here: the redBoran"e "lo/ of the fire 5atched the "lo/ in the sky after sunsetP the surf, and the breeHes co5bin" throu"h the dark bank of ines and red/ood alon" the hill leadin" do/n to the beach, alternately 5atched and 5asked the &uiet siHHle of sal5on Nuices ressed out by the heat of the coals. 6f course, )45 describin" a still life hereOa static scene, /onderfully idyllic for those of us enNoyin" the feast, and one that ) have al/ays re5e5bered. But the reality /as 5ore than a si5 le icture ostcard: it /as a 'erforman%e$ and a 5asterful one at that, 5ade ossible only by a rodi"ious a5ount of labor and traditional skill on the art of the or"aniHer4s husband. But it is this scene that sets the back"round for the art of the story )45 really tryin" to tell. Later, ) /andered a/ay fro5 the arty and /alked alon" the beach. )t /as dark and a bit chilly. (o/n

in a hollo/ bet/een dunes ) ca5e across a little circle of eo le fro5 the conference artyOadults and a fe/ youn"sters, a 5i; of )ndians and /hitesOsittin" around a s5all drift/ood fire. ) sto ed to say hello. 6ne of the /o5en had Nust finished tellin" a story as ) /alked u . 9fter the silence ri ened a"ain, another /o5an, older than the first, be"an tellin" a ne/ story. 9s ) listened, ) realiHed to 5y sur rise that ) kne/ the story she /as tellin": the traditional California tale of the 8ollin" Head. ) reco"niHed it because, by chance, ) /as in the rocess of translatin" a #%0@ version of that tale fro5 +ana, called -8ollin" 0kull.1XGY Hers /as definitely the sa5e story, but di erent fro5 the version ) /as fa5iliar /ith in all sorts of interestin" /ays. =rad student that ) /as, /hen she /as finished ) 5entioned the coincidence and described so5e of the di erences. Before ) kne/ it, ) had been invited to contribute a story of 5y o/n to the circle. Lackin" the skill and e; erience of tellin" a traditional story aloud, ) kne/ ) /ould 5ake a hash of any tale ) 5i"ht try, so /isely but so5e/hat shee ishly, ) declined the invitation. *he oint of all this is that the t/o /o5en in that firelit circle did ossess that skill. )n another ti5e, they /ould have been tellin" their stories in <aruk, say, or +urok, but because of the 5i;ed and 5ostly youn"er audience and the sad course that history took in :orthern , #0 , California, that ni"ht found the5 erfor5in" their re ertoire in 'n"lish. 9nd so the traditions are still bein" carried for/ardOso5eti5es in 'n"lish no/ instead of <aruk or so5e other :ative lan"ua"e, but carried for/ard nonetheless. 0o 5uch of the s irit and articularity of a culture is e5bodied in its lan"ua"e that, /hen lan"ua"e is lost, in 5any and indefinable /ays the atterns of the culture, of its oetics and /orldvie/, are lost as /ell, or transfor5ed. 9t the sa5e ti5e, koanBlike, there is so 5uch that transcends the articularity of lan"ua"e that in 5any and indefinable /ays the culture flo/s on Nust as before. 9s a lin"uist, ) 5ourn the loss of lan"ua"e 5ore than anythin"Obut eo le have to conduct their lives in /hatever lan"ua"e they ha en to share. )f that lan"ua"e is no/ beco5in" 'n"lish, /here once it /as <aruk Cor <a/aiisu, or <onko/, or <itane5ukD, then so be it. 9t least the storiesOtheir e;cite5ent, /isdo5, and s irit intactOare still bein" told. 9s lon" as this re5ains true, as lon" as the recarious fla5e of tradition asses to a ne/ "eneration, the body of :ative California oral literature /ill re5ain o enBended and continue to "ro/. 0o, all thin"s considered, there is a tre5endous /ealth of 5aterial on the oral literatures of :ative California, in libraries, in archives, in attics, and in the livin" 5inds of the eo le /hose reli"ious and literary herita"e it is. +et consider this: ho/ever over/hel5in" this literary /ealth 5ay a ear to an unsus ectin" scholar out to 5aster the field, those sa5e riches see5 to d/indle /hen co5 ared to the body of, say, )rish literature, or Persian or Ma anese. (es ite 5y 5ad, naive ca5 ai"n to read and hear -all there is1 in the oralBliterary fields of :ative California, ) a5 left, in the end, /ith a sudden, keen erce tion of the rarity of 5aterial. 0uch rarity 5akes every scra recious. 9nd every iece of tradition that has been assed on, recorded, or /ritten do/n is 5ade that 5uch 5ore valuable, as it beco5esOin conse&uence, for better or /orseOe5ble5atic of all that /as not.

PRINCIPLES ,EHIND THE SELECTION

Surviving Through the Days resents the reader /ith a solid sa5 lin" of these riches. 9s befittin" a sa5 ler, you /ill find so5ethin" of nearly everythin" in this book. *hou"h it is an i5 ossible task in a collection , ## ,

this siHe, ) have tried 5y best to cover the state "eo"ra hically as thorou"hly as ossibleO atchy thou"h the result 5ay be. 9nd ) have tried to re resent as 5any di erent "enres as ossible, thou"h here ) faced 5y 5ost intractable roble5s. ) have also tried to re resent di erent translational styles, di erent eras and 5ethods of collectionOeven, in so5e cases, di erent versions of the sa5e tale. Lastly, ) have tried to feature at least a fe/ of the bestBkno/n ersonalities in the field of California oral tradition, fro5 its 5ost indefati"able collectors to its 5ost i5 ortant sin"ers and storytellers. C*here /as far fro5 enou"h roo5 on the ark for everyone, thou"h Q D +et all that ) have tried to acco5 lish in 5akin" the selections for this book has been constrained by one overridin" i5 erative: that each iece chosen, /hatever its "enre or translation style, be "rounded in an actual erfor5anceOthat there be an authoritative te;t behind each resentation, backin" it u .X?Y *his 5eans that every translation in this book C/ith t/o rather co5 licated e;ce tionsD is both verifia6le and re'li%a6le.XAY :ot re licable in the scientific, e; eri5ental sense, of course, but re licable in the sense that there is an ori"inal te;t u on /hich to base a ne/ translation, should anyone desire to do so. 9nd verifiable in the sense that serious literary and lin"uistic scholars can e;a5ine the nativeBlan"ua"e te;t to Nud"e the eculiar blend of conservatis5 and liberty in an individual translator4s style, or e;a5ine the ori"inal lan"ua"e underlyin" so5e cru; in a son" or story.X@Y *he reader 5ay therefore be certain that these are honest, authoritative translations of authentic oral erfor5ances.XEY *he sin"ers and storytellers /hose /ork is re resented in these a"es are all kno/led"eable, so5eti5es even reno/ned, ro onents of their cultural traditions, and finely skilled in their art. Like/ise, their translators are all ackno/led"ed e; erts in the lan"ua"e at handOeither native s eakers the5selves or lin"uists /ith a dee insi"ht into its "ra55atical structure. ) had a second i5 erative, /hich /as to follo/ the laudable standard of resentation established in Brian 0/ann4s recent antholo"y, Coming to 3ight C#%%GD. *oo often, :ative 95erican and other oral literatures have been resented /ithout conte;t other than tribe of ori"in. :othin" is "iven of cultural back"round, the identity of sin"ers or storytellers, the circu5stances of collection, the 5ethods of translation or transcri tion, clues as to si"nificance and inter retation, and the like. 'ach selection here is therefore acco5 anied by an introductory essay rovidin" , #2 , back"round and conte;tual infor5ation hel ful for a roachin" and a reciatin" the /ork. 6ddly enou"h, thou"h, this docu5entary re&uire5entO/hich ) think an essential oneOhas led to a crisis in choosin" 5aterials for this book. *he reader /ill notice that, /hile the narrative "enresO5yth, le"end, folktale, and re5iniscenceOare a5 ly re resented, there are only a fe/ selections of son"s, and oratory is not re resented at all by for5al selections. 9lthou"h there is very little authentic e;tended oratory in the California cor us to be"in /ith, /hich e; lains its near absence here, there is a lot of son". 6 en al5ost any ethno"ra hic treat5ent of California tribes, and you /ill find a fe/ scattered son"s and 5aybe even a snatch of oratory acco5 anyin" the descri tion of a cere5ony. *his resents a roble5: it is hard to Nustify s ace for a selection that consists of a fourB a"e introduction follo/ed by one or t/o cou lets of son", yet that is recisely /hat the docu5entary s irit of this volu5e and its for5at re&uires. Unfortunately, there are very fe/ e;tended collections of son", and those that do e;ist are either already /ellBkno/n or /ere so oorly "lossed and conte;tualiHed at the ti5e as to defy reliable translation today.X%Y Until &uite recently, 5ost son"s /ere neither collected nor resented in the e;e5 lary style that 9lice 0he herd and Leanne Hinton have develo ed for the Wintu son"s of =race >c<ibbin CZ#$D. 0o the "enre of son", /hich is scattered every/here in the notes and a"es of California4s 5any ethno"ra hers, does not receive its full for5al due in this volu5e. *he sa5e shortco5in" holds for the bits and ieces of oratory that stud the ethno"ra hic literature.

*o co5 ensate, ) have s rinkled the volu5e /ith son"s and s eeches and &uotations, unannotated e;ce t for the bare essentials of /ho, /hat, /hen, and /here. 9s Beverly Cru5, a /ellBkno/n 0hoshone sin"er and anthro olo"ist, once said to 5e, so5eti5es the beauty of a son" should be a reciated all on its o/n, Nust the sheer oetry of it, /ithout the 5illstone of analysis and inter retationOin short, let the bare /ords s eak for the5selves. *o honor that 5ini5alist i5 ulse in a book that other/ise "oes out of its /ay to conte;tualiHe its selections, as /ell as to increase the resence of these sli"hted "enres in this collection, ) have "athered u handfuls of such "e5s and tucked as 5any as ) could into its nooks and crannies to serve as e i"ra hs, as verbal art/ork. 0o5e final /ords of caution. *he reader should not resu5e that the selections in this volu5e necessarily re resent /hat is ty ical of :ative , #$ , California oral traditions. 0o5e do, so5e do not. Willia5 Benson4s -Creation1 CZ#AD is not a ty ical Central California version of the Be"innin", for instance, thou"h its roots nevertheless reach dee do/n in Po5o cultural tradition. 9nd Ma5es <ni"ht 5akes no bones about ho/ he has chan"ed his tellin" of the /ides read California 6r heus 5yth in -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D. *he 6r heus 5yth is 5uch 5ore conventionally rendered in the Cha/chila +okuts selection, -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 CZ20aD, yet even so, there are ele5ents here Cthe startlin" cause of the youn" bride4s death, for instanceD that si5 ly co5e shinin" out of no/here. 6utstandin" /orks of verbal art 5ay often be hi"hly individualistic, /hile still evokin" the tradition fro5 /hich they e5er"e. :or should the reader resu5e that this book resents -the best1 of California oral literature. )t does not, it could not. 8ather, you /ill find in these a"es only some of the finest son"s and stories that the :ative cultures of California have to o er. 'asily a doHen volu5es of 5aterial could have been selected Cand in ti5e no doubt /ill beD. Ulti5ately, des ite all 5y earnest considerations and constraints, this is 5y o/n very ersonal selection of /orksOstories and son"s that struck 5e, in one /ay or another, /ith their o/er, their subtlety, their hu5or, or their beauty.

A GUIDE TO THE ,OO0

*he order of selections could have follo/ed any nu5ber of di erent or"aniHations: "enre, tribe, the5e, lan"ua"e fa5ily, date, culture area, recordin" 5ethod, and so on. )n the end, thou"h, ) chose to follo/ a "eo"ra hic arran"e5entOnot des ite, but actually because of the artificiality of such an or"aniHation. *hat artificiality has one virtue: that it introduces an a ealin" rando5ness to the se&uence and arran"e5ent of the selections. *he carto"ra hic a roachOthe book runs "enerally fro5 north to south Ois not entirely rando5. :ei"hborin" cultures often, thou"h not al/ays, share cultural atterns and 5otifs, and "eo"ra hic ro;i5ity lends a shared landsca e to assin" sections of the book. )n any case, the book4s division into re"ionsO-:orth/estern,1 -0outhern,1 and the likeOis based 5ore on "eo"ra hy than on culture areas er se.D 8eaders interested in chartin" a di erent ath throu"h the 5aterial 5ay certainly do so.*o that end, tables #FG offer nonrando5 /ays of or"aniHin" the book4s , #G , 5ain selectionsOby "enre, recordin" 5ethod, date of erfor5ance, and lan"ua"e of narration. 0ince fe/ readers /ill actually read this book throu"h consecutively fro5 be"innin" to end, let 5e say a fe/ thin"s about (arryl Babe Wilson4s o enin" contribution, -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World,1 /hich stands se arate fro5 the rest of the selections in t/o key /ays. 7irst, it has no introduction of its

o/n, save this 5ention here. >ore i5 ortant, it is not an oral co5 osition. (arryl, a :ative California /riter of "reat o/er and ability, sent 5e this iece as art of his introduction to the story of -:a onoha1 CZ%D. But ) /as so struck by the selfBcontained ele"ance of this section that ) asked hi5 if ) could use it as a kind of narrative -5ythB reface1 to the body of the collection as a /hole. He a"reed, so that is /here it no/ stands. 9ll readers should enter the collection, /hatever aths they choose to take inside, throu"h this o enin" selection. 9s for su ortin" 5aterials, ) have tried to be "enerous in rovidin" critical, historical, and lin"uistic infor5ation on California lan"ua"es and literatures. )55ediately follo/in" this introduction is an essay, ->akin" *e;ts, 8eadin" *ranslations,1 that e;a5ines the rocesses by /hich oralBliterary te;ts are ty ically collected and roduced and discusses the various schools and hiloso hies of translation that hel sha e the selections you /ill encounter here. *his essay ends /ith a section, desi"ned /ith be"innin" students of oral literature in 5ind, that e; lores so5e of the aesthetic features of :ative 95erican storytellin" that ne/ readers are sure to /onder about. 7ollo/in" the translations the5selves co5es a suite of essays. *he first, -9 Brief History of Collection,1 o ers historical back"round on te;tcollectin" and field/ork in California. *he second, -:otes on :ative California 6ral Literatures,1 rovides an overvie/ of the distribution and stylistic characteristics of California oral literatures, includin" sections on "enres of narrative, oratory, and son". *he third, -:otes on :ative California Lan"ua"es,1 o ers infor5ation on California lan"ua"e fa5ilies, rovides a historical ers ective on the tra"edy that has befallen California lan"ua"es and their s eakers in the years since 'uro ean contact, and revie/s conte5 orary e orts to/ard lan"ua"e revival. 9fter the essays co5es a section containin" 5a s of California tribal territories, lin"uistic diversity, lan"ua"e fa5ilies, and lan"ua"e endan"er5ent. *he biblio"ra hy section contains an article, -0elected 8esources for 7urther 0tudy,1 , #? , *able #. 0elections: =enre XaY 6ther selections involvin" Coyote as an incidental or su ortin" character include nu5bers #, $ C-*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1D, #?, 20 C-Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1D, and 2$. Erigins -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World1 CZ#D -*estBch4as C*he *idal WaveD1 CZ2D -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"1 CZAaD -Creation1 CZ#AD -*he Creation1 CZ2$D -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CZ2@D 0yths -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 CZ$cD -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 CZ%D -Loon Wo5an1 CZ#2D ->ad Bat1 CZ#?D -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CZ#@D -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 CZ20aD -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 CZ20bD -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/kB7eather\1 CZ2?D

Coyote storiesXaY -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 CZGD -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 CZ2#D Tales -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 CZ?D -*he 0tolen Wo5an1 CZAcD -)t Was 0cratchin"1 CZAdD -*he Bear =irl1 CZ@D -9 0tory of LiHard1 CZ#0D -*he (o" =irl1 CZ22D Songs -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 CZ##D -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 CZ#$D -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde1 CZ2GD 2ersonal -?lind ?ill and the EwlF 9GHa: reminis%en%es -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 CZ$bD -=randfather4s 6rdeal1 CZAbD -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer1 CZED -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er1 CZ#GD -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 CZ#ED -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D .istori%al e'i% -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a1 CZ2AD , #A , *able 2. 0elections: 8ecordin" >ethod Ta'e re%ording -Blind Bill and the 6/l1 CZ$aD -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 CZ$bD -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 CZ$cD -[*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"\ and 6ther 0tories1 CZAD -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer1 CZED -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 CZ#$D -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 CZ#ED

-*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D -*he Creation1 CZ2$D -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde1 CZ2GD -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/kB 7eather,\ Part #1 CZ2?aD 2honeti% or -Coyote and ver6atim 6ld Wo5an di%tation Bullhead1 CZGD -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 CZ?D -*he Bear =irl1 CZ@D -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 CZ%D -9 0tory of LiHard1 CZ#0D -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 CZ##D -Loon Wo5an1 CZ#2D -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er1 CZ#GD ->ad Bat1 CZ#?D -Creation1 CZ#AD -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CZ#@D -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 CZ20aD -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 CZ20bD -*he Contest

bet/een >en and Wo5en1 CZ2#D -*he (o" =irl1 CZ22D -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/kB 7eather,\ Part 21 CZ2?bD -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CZ2@D 7nter'reter translation -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a1 CZ2AD /ritten %om'osition -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World1 CZ#D X'n"lishY -*estBch4as C*he *idal WaveD1 CZ2D X*olo/aY , #@ , *able $. 0elections: (ate of Perfor5ance #%00s ->ad Bat1 CZ#?D -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a1 CZ2AD -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CZ2@D #%#0s -*he (o" =irl1 CZ22D -9 0tory of LiHard1 CZ#0D #%20s -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/kB 7eather,\ Part 21 CZ2?bD -*he Bear =irl1 CZ@D -Loon Wo5an1 CZ#2D -9 0election of

Wintu 0on"s1 CZ##D #%$0s -Creation1 CZ#AD -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 CZGD -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 CZ20bD -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 CZ%D -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 CZ20aD -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 CZ2#D -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er1 CZ#GD #%G0s -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CZ#@D #%?0s -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 CZ?D -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 CZ$cD #%A0s -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/kB 7eather,\ Part #1 CZ2?aD -*he Creation1 CZ2$D -[*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"\ and 6ther 0tories1 CZAD #%@0s -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound

the (eer1 CZED #%E0s -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 CZ#$D -*estBch4as C*he *idal WaveD1 CZ2D -Blind Bill and the 6/l1 CZ$aD -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 CZ$bD -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 CZ#ED #%%0s -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde1 CZ2GD -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World1 CZ#D , #E , *able G. 0elections: Lan"ua"e of :arration ,%humawi -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer1 CZED Chimari#o -*he Bear =irl1 CZ@D Cu'e+o -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/k 7eather\1 CZ2?D 1nglish -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World1 C9tsu"e/iD CZ#D -Blind Bill and the 6/l1 C+urokD CZ$aD -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 C+urokD CZ$bD -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 C9tsu"e/iD CZ%D -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 CWintuD CZ#$D -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er1 C:o5lakiD CZ#GD -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 CCache Creek Po5oD CZ#ED -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 C*]batulabalD CZ2#D .u'a -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"1 CZAaD -=randfather4s 6rdeal1 CZAbD -*he 0tolen Wo5an1 CZAcD -)t Was 0cratchin"1 CZAdD Karu# -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 CZGD

-*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 CZ?D 3a#e 0iwo# -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D 3uise+o -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde1 CZ2GD 0aidu ->ad Bat1 CZ#?D 0o8ave -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a1 CZ2AD 2omoan -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD CZ#AD -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD CZ#@D *ue%han -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CZ2@D Serrano -*he Creation1 CZ2$D Tolowa -*estBch4as C*he *idal WaveD1 CZ2D , #% , /intu -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 CZ##D -Loon Wo5an1 CZ#2D -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 CZ#$D -ahi -9 0tory of LiHard1 CZ#0D -o#utsan -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 CCha/chilaD CZ20aD -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5niD CZ20bD -uro# -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 CZ$cD /here interested readers 5ay find an annotated list of i5 ortant books, articles, /ebsites, and other resources on California lan"ua"es and literatures. *his list refaces the reference section, /hich collects full citations for all the /orks referred to in the essays and individual selections of the book.

NOTES
#. Mohanna :ichols4s 3inguisti% Diversity in Time and S'a%e C#%%2D de5onstrates this observation in "reat technical detail. 2. :or is it Nust the elders /ho "ive their ener"ies to rescuin" their native lan"ua"es and traditions. Parris Butler C>oNaveD, :ancy 8ichardson C<arukD, *erry and 0arah 0u ahan C<arukD, the late >att 3era C+o/lu5niD, and Linda +a5ane C8u5sienD are only so5e of a "ro/in" youn"er "eneration /orkin" hard to revive their lan"ua"es and sustain their cultural traditions. $. Harrin"ton4s Chu5ash notes alone run to nearly half a 5illion a"es, by 5ost esti5ates. 0ee <athryn <lar4s introduction to -*he (o" =irl1 CZ22D for 5ore infor5ation on Harrin"ton4s life and /ork. G. *his translation a eared alon" /ith another +ana tale in Brian 0/ann4s Coming to 3ight C#%%GD. ?. ) very 5uch /ould have liked this book to have been in a bilin"ual for5at, /ith the 'n"lish and nativeBlan"ua"e te;ts on facin" a"es, but the realities of ublishin" and 5arketin" such a volu5eO consider that its siHe /ould , 20 ,

have been nearly doubledO5ade that o tion i5 ossible. ) ho e to see bilin"ual for5ats beco5e the nor5 in this field so5eday. A. *he e;ce tions are selections Z2A, -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a,1 and Z2@, -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins,1 /hich /ere inter reted fro5 >oNave and Juechan, res ectively, but recorded only in 'n"lish. @. >any of the stories here have been reviously ublished, and their nativeBlan"ua"e te;ts are accessible or are stored in archives, as noted in their res ective introductions. Ho/ever, 5any of the ne/ly co55issioned translations are based on un ublished te;ts. 0cholars /ishin" to e;a5ine the ori"inals in these cases /ill have to "et in touch /ith the individual translators to see if interlinear versions of the te;ts are available. 9s for the handful of stories narrated ori"inally in 'n"lish Csee table GD, the version resented here is the te;t, for all ractical ur oses. E. )t 5ust be ke t in 5ind, thou"h, that stories are rarely recorded -live1 at actual cere5onies or storytellin" sessions /here the resence of a lin"uist /ith a ta e recorder tends to be intrusive or even un/elco5e, but instead are "enerally recorded -in the studio,1 as it /ere, /here the researcher can better control sound &uality and focus the intervie/. :ot all storytellers can deliver livin", natural erfor5ances under such circu5stances, but 5any do rise to the occasion, as evidenced by the erfor5ances in this book. C7or scholarly discussions of the di erences bet/een -live1 and -studio1 erfor5ances, see Hy5es #%E#, 0herHer #%E@, and *edlock #%E$.D %. 9n e;a5 le of the for5er case /ould be the fa5ous Wintu (rea5 son"s collected by (orothy (e5etraco oulou and e;cer ted here as selection Z##P an e;a5 le of the latter C/hich ) o/e to >ar"aret Lan"donD /ould be the (ie"ue2o 'a"le Cere5ony son"s ublished by *. *. Water5an in #%#0, /hich do not a ear here as a selection for recisely this reason. , 2# ,

+!-in% Te1t$2 Re!din% Tr!n$'!ti"n$

FRO+ PERFOR+ANCE INTO PRINT
)n books like the one in handO5onolin"ual in for5at, /ithout the resence of an ori"inal nativeB lan"ua"e te;t on each facin" a"e as a re5inderOit is entirely too easy for readers to for"et that they are readin" translations, that the erfor5ances behind 5ost of the stories and son"s they are readin" /ere "iven first in another lan"ua"e, and that therefore the /ords they are readin" are not the actual /ords of the sin"ers and storytellers but a ro;i5ations of the5 created by scholars /ho ha en to s eak or study those lan"ua"es and /ho are resentin" or - acka"in"1 the /orks for their erusal. Must /hat and ho/ 5uch is inevitably lost in the rocess of translation is difficult even to i5a"ine. )t4s not so 5uch that infor5ation is lostOthe Nournalistic facts of -/ho, /hat, /here, and /hen1 co5e throu"h in any translationObut sound is lost, nuan%e is lost, the very substance of verbal art "oes 5issin". )f, as Po e once said, -*he 0ound 5ust see5 an 'cho to the 0ense,1 ointin" to the interde endence of sound and 5eanin" in a /ork of art, then /hen the sounds and connotations of 'n"lish /ords re lace the sounds and connotations of Chu5ash /ords or Po5o /ords or <aruk /ords, the -sense1 in 'n"lish can never be &uite the sa5e as it /as in the ori"inal lan"ua"e, no 5atter ho/ "ood the translation. (i erent sounds and rhyth5s and nuances take the lace of the ori"inal. 7or a translator, thou"h, that is the challen"e and the real leasure in doin" the /ork: learnin" ho/ to carry into 'n"lish the fullest ossible share of /hat is resent in the te;t. But that "oal resu5es bein" able to

, 22 , reco"niHe /hat is there in the first laceO/hat is said and /hat is unsaid, ho/ it is said or unsaid, and /hy it all han"s to"ether. 9nd so the rocess of translation is al/ays a voya"e of discovery. 'ach /ord is a ste alon" a trail that leads dee er and dee er into the une; lored country of the lan"ua"e and the culture that cradles it. *ranslation, therefore, 5akes an e;cellent discovery rocedure for all as ects of lin"uistic study, as all the facets and resources of a lan"ua"e are brou"ht to bear in 5akin" verbal art. *he act of translation, then, forces the translator to "ra le /ith the entire ran"e of these resources and often leads to a dee er understandin" of the lin"uistic atterns of the source lan"ua"e itself. 9t the sa5e ti5e, translation stretches the li5its of the 'n"lish lan"ua"e to e5brace the resources of that other lin"uistic /orldOso it4s a voya"e of discovery into 'n"lish, 5y o/n beloved lan"ua"e, as /ell. *ranslations "et 5ade in a nu5ber of di erent /ays, and in this collection ) have tried to re resent the 5ost i5 ortant of the5. Perha s the 5ost ri5itive of these 5ethods, fro5 the oint of vie/ of accuracy, is /hat ) /ill call inter'reter translation. Co55on in the days before ta e recordin", this 5ethod /as e5 loyed by collectors /ho either lacked the honetic skill to take do/n te;ts in dictation, or /ho /ere too ressed for ti5e C honetic dictation /as an e;haustin" and laborious rocessD to do so. *hree arties are involved: the narrator and the collector Coften 5onolin"ual s eakers of their res ective lan"ua"esD, and a bilin"ual inter reter /ho 5ediates bet/een the t/o. Mere5iah Curtin4s early collection of +ana and Wintu narratives, Creation 0yths of 2rimitive ,meri%a C#E%ED, /as 5ade in this fashion. )n this volu5e, the >oNave 5i"ration e ic, e;cer ted as the e isode -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a1 CZ2AD, /as collected this /ay, too, as /as -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CZ2@D. 9lfred <roeber, /ho 5ade the hand/ritten record of the for5er, is &uite frank about the li5itations of the rocess in his co55entary C9. <roeber #%?#:#$$D: )n s ite of 5y best e orts to record the full translation of the story, it is evident that ) did not alto"ether succeed. )t no/ contains bet/een thirty and forty thousand /ords, /hereas )nyoBkutav^re in si; halfB days 5ust have s oken the e&uivalent of a hundred to a hundred and fifty thousand 'n"lish /ords. ) have already 5entioned Xsee <roeber4s introduction to Z2A, this volu5eY that so5e of the shrinka"e is due to 5y o5ittin" verbal re etitions and other/ise tri55in" redundancy, ri5arily in selfBdefense , 2$ , in tryin" to kee u /ith the inter reterO) /rote only in abbreviated lon"hand. Perha s a fair esti5ate /ould be that the other half /as a re"rettable loss of vividness, concrete detail, and nuance. )n short, condensation co5 acted the 5anner of tellin", but also di5inished so5ethin" of such virtues of &uality as it ossessed. 3erbal style in articular had little chance of enetratin" throu"h the double screen of 'n"lishin" and of condensed recordin". )n this rocess, it is actually the :ative inter reterOMohn Mones in this case, /orkin" on the fly /ithout the o ortunity for reflection or refine5entO/ho should really be credited for the translation. )t is the inter reter /ho does the hardest /ork, and /hose lin"uistic and 5ne5onic skills ri5arily deter5ine the inte"rity of the finished roduct. *he collector 5erely /rites it all do/n as best he can and edits the transcri t later. Because the ori"inal te;t has thus had to ass throu"h t/o di erent filters on the /ay fro5 erfor5ance into rint, narratives recorded by this 5ethod have to be a raised carefully. )n addition, because no record of the ori"inal lan"ua"e is 5ade or ke tOit vanishes i55ediately, re laced by the inter reter4s 'n"lish renderin"Osuch te;ts are unfit for all but the coarsest sorts of stylistic studies, ho/ever i5 ressive and culturally sound they 5ay be in other res ects. 9l5ost any 5ethod of recordin" oral literature Csave hearsay, ) su ose, or haHy recollectionD is

referable to inter reter translation, at least as far as the study of oetics is concerned. *e;ts taken do/n by 'honeti% di%tationCor -verbati51 dictation if the te;t is "iven in 'n"lishD are 5uch 5ore desirable, because they reserve the e;act /ords of the ori"inal erfor5ance, in the e;act order in /hich they /ere s oken. Before ta e recorders beca5e /idely available, this /as the referred 5ethod for collectin" te;ts. 6nce the story had been dictated and an accurate honetic transcri t 5ade, the collector /ould read it back to the narrator, /ord by /ord or hrase by hrase, verify it, and obtain a runnin" "loss of the 5eanin".X#Y :eedless to say, this second sta"e of the rocess could take even lon"er than the firstOso5eti5es several days or /eeks for a lon" story. *he translation itself Cand a "reat deal of lin"uistic analysis as a by roductD is roduced by /orkin" back and forth bet/een the honetic te;t and this initial "loss. 8ou"hly half of the stories and son"s in this collection /ere taken do/n this /ay Csee table 2 in the -=eneral )ntroduction1 for a co5 lete list of selections cate"oriHed by 5ethod of recordin"D. , 2G , *he e5er"ence of ta'e re%ording in the latter half of the century as the ne/ Cand stillD ri5ary 5ethod of docu5entation chan"ed so5e as ects of the collection rocess drastically, and others not at all. 6nce the ta ed record of a erfor5ance has been 5ade, the rocess of /orkin" it u as a te;t is lar"ely si5ilar to that of honetic dictation. 9 honetic transcri tion is 5ade by listenin" Cendlessly, endlesslySD to the ta e, usually /ith the hel of the narrator or another native s eaker. :e;t, a runnin" "loss of the te;t is 5ade, this ti5e /ith the crucial hel of a native s eaker, by layin" the ta e back a hrase or sentence at a ti5e. C*hese t/o ste s 5ay, of course, be co5bined.D *he rocess of translation itself /orks Nust the sa5e as it did /ith the older 5ethod, e;ce t that in recent years it has beco5e 5ore co55on for conte5 orary sin"ers and storytellers to take an active or collaborative role in roducin" the final literary translation of their /ork.X2Y >arianne >ithun4s obituary re5e5brance of 7rances Mack, a Central Po5o elder /ho died in #%%$, /hile canted 5ore to/ard the lin"uistic side of field/ork, reveals so5ethin" of /hat this kind of /ork is like and the closeness and /ar5th that can develo bet/een eo le involved in the rocess of docu5entation C>ithun #%%$D: Her kno/led"e of her traditional lan"ua"e, Central Po5o, /as rich and vast. 0he /as an e;&uisitely skilled s eakerP her style could be dra5atic and s ellbindin", as she told of events fro5 the ast, or &uick and full of /it, as she conversed /ith friends. 6ver the ast nine years, as /e /orked to"ether on a "ra55ar and dictionary of the lan"ua"e, /e certainly never ca5e to the end of /hat she kne/. Her 5e5ory /as astoundin". 0he easily ca5e u /ith /ords that no one had used for decades. 9t the sa5e ti5e, she /as hi"hly articulate in 'n"lish, able to e; lain intricacies of the Central Po5o lan"ua"e in /ays that fe/ others could. 0he /as a/are not Nust of /hat could be said in her lan"ua"e, but also of /hat had been said, and under /hat circu5stances. 6ne day /e /ere discussin" a suffi;, Iway$ /hose 5eanin" is so5ethin" like [arrive.\ *his suffi; a ears /ith the verb root m)I [cra/l\ in the verb m)Iway$ for e;a5 le, to 5ean literally [cra/lBarrive.\ 9s she e; lained the 5eanin" of that /ord, ho/ever, she /ent /ell beyond that definition, as usual, notin" it /ould be used if so5eone feels sorry and cra/ls over to you like a do", in a itiful /ay. 0he e; lained that J Iway$ literally [runBarrive,\ /ould be used if a "ust of /ind hit you, or a child ran into you. *he /ord hl=Iway$ literally [several

, 2? , "oBarrive,\ /ould be used for 5ovin" in on so5eone, as /hen a /o5an sees a 5an sittin" on a bench, sits do/n ne;t to hi5, and 5oves in on hi5. 0he /as dedicated to creatin" as full a record as ossible of her lan"ua"e. We found /e /orked best by stayin" to"ether for four or five days at a stretch every fe/ /eeks, /orkin" steadily. What a tireless /orker she /asS 7irst thin" in the 5ornin" she /ould be ea"er to be"in, bri55in" over /ith thin"s she had thou"ht of durin" the ni"ht. We /ould /ork late into the ni"ht, sto in" only /hen ) could no lon"er hold a en. *he best /orkin" relationshi s have al/ays been based on 5utual res ect and ad5iration, and that "oes for lin"uistic field/ork as /ell as anythin" else. But ) think /hat shines throu"h here 5ost of all is the "enuine love of the /ork itself, and the i55ense sense of co55it5ent and ur"ency that both /orkers brou"ht to this selfBa ointed task of docu5entationOthe drive, not so 5uch to -"et it all1 for osterity, /hich can never be done, but to "et as 5uch as hu5anly ossible, and then to "et it ri"ht, before it4s "one. 9fter reservin" life itself and assin" the seed of culture and lan"ua"e on to the ne;t "eneration, no /ork is 5ore i5 ortant than this for :ative 95erican cultures at the be"innin" of the t/entyBfirst century. )t de5ands "reat kno/led"e and "reat skill to be"in /ith, but ends as a labor of love.

SCHOOLS OF PRESENTATION
6f course, there is a bi" di erence bet/een the literal translations roduced for lin"uistic ublications and the literary translations created for a /ider audience. )n the earliest days of te;t ublishin" in California, in volu5es of the old Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in ,meri%an ,r%haeology and 1thnology series, the for5at /as an interlinear one, /here the nativeBlan"ua"e te;t /as acco5 anied by a runnin" /ordBforB/ord "loss. *he follo/in" e;a5 le fro5 the story -=riHHly Bear and (eer1 in 0a ir4s -ana Te>ts C#%#0D, taken do/n by honetic dictation, serves to illustrate this for5at.X$Y ba5.du /./i t[PWnna 5ikS.ii dN_tcS ilai5.dN (eer lace ` house. ` =riHHly Bear ` she /as an"ry. ` -Cut it o for 5e , 2A , 5IoCayau dNIoCatcS il aitc4it atdLnt4i the your ` flesh. ` ) shall eat it.1 ` :o/ she cut it

aidNu ri"ht o, 5IoCacitdi nt4^a 5IoCatdinbt4 dNLkithLs 4itdNih.5 no/ she roasted it, ` no/ she ate it. ` -)t tastes "ood.1 ` -) looked for your lice.1 au/LtdLnt4 dNLna 5uitcS il.uatdi n t4 bar_ll c dNi nt4 :o/ she "ot hold of it ` louse ` :o/ she bit her ` neck, ` she killed her. dNIoCatS alditdi nt4 5IoCaba nt4 5IoCaba nt4i dan5.un :o/ she s lit her u , ` she ate u all, ` she ate u all ` bein" 5uch. c dNiba nt4 0he killed all. Because the "losses are not, strictly s eakin", -readable1 /ith any fluency or certitude C5uch less enNoy5entD, te;ts resented in this 5anner /ere "enerally also acco5 anied by a -free1 translation, /herein considerable liberties 5i"ht be taken to brin" the story into conventional 'n"lish storytellin" rose. Here is 0a ir4s turnBofBtheBcentury free translation of the recedin" assa"e:

b.ci

*here /as a house in /hich d/elt (eer. =riHHly Bear /as an"ry. -Cut o so5e of your flesh for 5e,1 Cshe said to (eerD. -) a5 "oin" to eat it.1 *hen C(eerD cut so5e of it ri"ht o and roasted it. C=riHHly BearD ate it. -)t tastes "ood,1 Cshe said. 0o5e ti5e after this, she /as lousin" (eer, and scratched her. (eer rotestedP but =riHHly Bear said,D -) /as lousin" you.1 :o/ she cau"ht hold of a louseP no/ she bit C(eer4sD neck and killed her. *hen she cut u her belly and ate her u , ate u 5uch. 9ll Cthe (eer eo leD she killed. 0o5e of the liberties are obvious: the first sentence has been considerably conte;tualiHed, as has the clause d8@oCLtA alditdin t([no/ she s lit her u , it is said\P and near the end, the e;act re etition of m@oCL 6an t( 9iD [she ate her all u , it is said\ has been obscured, thanks to a 5isreadin" of rosodic Nunctures Cthe /ord dan 5. un "oes /ith ) 'd8i6an t($ not with m@oCL6an t( iD. *he re5oteB ast &uotative ele5ent In t( 9i: [it is said\ has not been translated at all, either in the translation or in the "loss line. 0till, these liberties, "ood or bad, are a orded recisely because the nativelan"ua"e , 2@ , te;t has been resented in this fashionOit4s there to check the translation a"ainst, since the interlinear resentation rovides a runnin" "loss of the for5s and their 5eanin"s.XGY *e;ts 5ade and resented this /ay are often referred to as ethnolinguisti% te;ts. *heir ractitioners, fro5 <roeber and his early Californianist collea"ues all the /ay throu"h to resentBday scholars, all share the central Boasian belief in the ri5acy of the nativeBlan"ua"e te;t. 9lon" /ith that insistence, ho/ever, often ca5e a corres ondin" lack of interest in the translation of the te;t as an entity in itselfO e;ce t insofar as it should reflect accurately the se5antic and syntactic structures of the ori"inal. )n short, the translation is Nust there as a -crib,1 a convenient key to the nativeBlan"ua"e te;t. 9nd because Boasian ethnolin"uistics focused on the ethno"ra hic and lin"uistic as ects of the te;ts collected, not so 5uch on their aesthetic or oetic as ects, the aesthetic and oetic di5ensions are only indirectly reflected in the translations of ethnolin"uistic te;ts.X?Y 6ver the last cou le of decades, there has been a chan"eOso5e say a revolution, others 5erely an evolutionOin the /ay scholars "o about collectin", translatin", and resentin" :ative 95erican te;ts. *oday, /e refer to this ne/ a roach as ethno'oeti%s$ in e; licit contrast to the 5ore classically oriented school of ethnolin"uistics. Pioneered by (ell Hy5es and (ennis *edlock in the #%A0s and #%@0s, ethno oetics brin"s to"ether the overla in" interests of lin"uistics, literary criticis5, folklore, and anthro olo"y. )t 5akes the clai5 that a disci lined understandin" of the aesthetic ro erties of an oral te;t, be it son" or story or re5iniscence, is essential to 5akin" a ro er analysisOthat there is an inter lay bet/een for5 and 5eanin" that is i"nored only at the risk of 5isinter retation, 5isre resentation, or both.XAY 0uch clai5s are taken for "ranted /ith /ritten literary traditions. )t should not be sur risin" to learn that these 5atters are Nust as relevant to oral literary traditions. (es ite vast di erences, both 5odes, /ritten and oral, fall /ithin the broad do5ain of verbal art.X@Y *he criticis5 raised a"ainst older ethnolin"uistic treat5ents is that they tend to i"nore oeticsOthose as ects of structure, style, and erfor5ance that 5ake a te;t a /ork of verbal art. 'thno oetic a roaches seek to reverse this tendency. CConte5 orary ethnolin"uistic translators, of course, are 5uch 5ore conscious of the aesthetic and rhetorical di5ensions of their te;ts.D *o illustrate so5e of the characteristics of an , 2E , ethno oetic a roach, let4s return to 8ound >ountain Mack4s version of -=riHHly Bear and (eer.1 *his

ti5e, the translation is 5y o/n and roceeds fro5 Hy5esian rinci les of ethno oetic resentation and analysis. C*o rovide 5ore in the /ay of illustration, ) have "one beyond the short assa"e of interlinear "losses and translated the entire o enin" scene of the story. *he ri"htB5ar"in notes su ly inter retive infor5ation that is not resent in the nativeBlan"ua"e te;t.D # *here /as a house at (eer4s lace. =riHHly Bear, she /as an"ry: -Cut 5e o a iece of your fleshO Gri<<ly said to Deer )45 "oin" to eat it.1 :o/ ri"ht a/ay she cut o a iece, they say. 2 Deer did :o/ she roasted it. Gri<<ly did :o/ she ate it. -)t tastes "oBoB dS1 -) /as Nust "roo5in" youS1 Gri<<ly 'rotested$ when Deer %om'lained of roughness :o/ she lucked u a louse. :o/ she bit her throu"h the neck O Deer(s ne%# she killed her. :o/ she carved her u . A Gri<<ly did 0he ate her all u , she ate her all u , they say. *here bein" so 5any, she killed the5 all.

G ?

so many Deer 'eo'le 0he /ent o lookin" for the5. E for (eer4s t/o children 0he didn4t see the5. 0he ca5e back. 0he /ent do/n into the % south. 0he killed everythin". 0he ca5e back north. 6 in the /est she ate u all of the #0 deer. 0he ca5e back east. , 2% , 6 to the north she ate u all the elk. 0he ate the5 all u , she killed the5 all. 0he headed back, they say, into the #2 east. 0he killed all of the deer. 0he stood still, they say. #$ 0he looked around. -) have killed the5 all,1 she said. -:o/ thenS1 she said. *hen she /ent back ho5e, they #G say. *he 5ost obvious di erence, of course, is the ty o"ra hical for5at: this translation is resented in broken linesOakin to oetry, not to rose. 7urther5ore, 5any of the lines are "rou ed into units that look like stanHas or verses, 5akin" the result su erficially even 5ore like oetry. ) /ill have 5ore to say about the nature of this rese5blance later onP for no/, ) 5erely /ant to oint out a fe/ of the oralB literary features of the +ana story that are reflected in this e;cer t. ## )n 5akin" the translation above, ) used syntactic constituency as 5y 5ain criterion for dividin" the te;t into lines. 'ach line of translation, therefore, re resents a clause or redication in the ori"inal +ana. When ) then looked 5ore closely at the se&uence of lines, ) noticed that so5e of the5 see5ed to be 5ore ti"htly linked to"ether than others in ter5s of the5atic unity. *o reflect that observation, ) used blank lines to re resent the e;istence of these "rou s of lines Cnu5bered in the left 5ar"in to facilitate discussionD on the a"e. =rou s ? and E, for instance, for5 units on the basis of related action: in ?, it4s the ti"ht actionBse&uence of luckin", bitin", and killin" that defines these lines as a sin"le rhetorical entityP in E, it4s the se&uence of "oin", lookin" around, and returnin" that defines the5 as a unit.XEY )n fact, all of the lineB"rou s in this e;cer t are defined by atterns of action or s eech, as e;a5ination /ill reveal. What is interestin" is ho/ fre&uently these units see5 to co5e in tri lets. 'i"ht of the fourteen lineB"rou s in this assa"e contain three clauses eachOa hi"h enou"h ro ortion to s eculate

that this attern re resents so5e kind of rhetorical ideal, one that the narrator actually strove for in his oral co5 osition of the /ork. C)ndeed, a reli5inary , $0 , e;a5ination of the entire te;t su""ests that the overall ro ortion of tri let lineB"rou s is even hi"her than in this e;cer t.D 7urther5ore, the four -sin"let1 "rou s C$, G, @, #GD see5 all to carry a s ecial rhetorical force: by virtue of their brevity, their sin"ularity, they tend to unctuate the rhyth5 and add dra5atic hi"hli"ht to the infor5ation they convey. )n contrast, the lone -doublet1 "rou C#0D si5 ly see5s underdevelo ed, in that it fails to realiHe the threeBfold rhetorical attern established in "rou E, of "oin", doin" so5ethin", and co5in" back. =rou s % and #2 fulfill this te5 late Cthou"h in #2, -standin" still1 takes the lace of -co5in" back1D, /hile "rou ## a ears to be an inco5 lete variant of the basic desi"n, erha s deliberate, erha s not. 0o5eti5es this latent trinary atternin" even lays out at hi"her levels than the lineB"rou , as in this assa"e translated fro5 the 5iddle of the story: -Where are theyR1 she said. # Gri<<ly loo#ing for deer( %hildren

2a 0he asked a okerP it didn4t ans/er. 2b 0he asked a stoneP it didn4t ans/er. 0he asked the 2c earth, she asked the stick, she asked the fire. 0he asked the $a coals: $b -+es, indeed,1 they said. -*hey have run south,1 they said. -9haS1 she $c said. 0he bit the stone, G an"ry. 0he bit the stick. 0he bit the fire. 0he /ent ri"ht ? out. 6nly t/o of the nine se arate sets of lineB"rou s in this assa"e C2c and GD are actually tri lets in their o/n ri"ht, but it is easy to see the /ay the overarchin" structure of the assa"e involves a threeBfold or"aniHation

, $# , of lineB"rou s. 0et 2 is defined by a threeBsta"e actionBse&uence Cthe interro"ation of various nonres ondent obNectsD, Nust as set $ is defined by the threeBsta"e interro"ation of the res ondin" coals Cthe three sta"es bein" =riHHly4s &uestion in $a, the coals4 ans/er in $b, and =riHHly4s res onse in $cD. 0i5ilar co5 le; hierarchical or"aniHations 5ay be found throu"hout the story.X%Y *his ty e of or"anic literary atternin", /hich Hy5es C#%@AD has ter5ed measured verse$ is obscured in the ty ical roseBfor5at resentations of the ethnolin"uistic school but is nicely revealed by the brokenline resentations of the ethno oetic school. 6n the /hole, ethno oetic te;ts and translations are 5ore a5enable or accessible to stylistic analysis than the ty ical ethnolin"uistic te;tOin art because considerable rhetorical analysis has "one into /orkin" u the te;t in the first lace. While so5e ethno oetic resentations try to 5ake e; licit the underlyin" rhetorical and co5 ositional atterns of the te;t, others try instead to ca ture various -live1 as ects of the erfor5ance itselfOsuch dyna5ic features of the livin" hu5an voice as intonation, vocal &uality Cshoutin", /his erin", and the likeD, and auseB hrasin". Hy5es is 5ost often associated /ith the for5er, *edlock /ith the latter. ) often refer to these t/o di erent ethno oetic styles, res ectively, as the stru%tural and 'rosodi% a roaches to the oetics of oral literature. 0tructural a roaches focus on the rhetorical architecture of the narrative and are 5ost co55on /ith te;ts taken do/n earlier in the century by the 5ethod of honetic dictation, /hereas rosodic a roaches focus on the voice and necessarily re&uire te;ts that have been ta eBrecorded or videota ed, because only ta ed erfor5ances can ca ture and hold the sound of the voice itself in delivery.X#0Y 9s it ha ened, the first scholar to try for a synthesis of these t/o 5ethods, Willia5 Bri"ht, /as hi5self a Californianist, /orkin" /ith <aruk 5yths. *oday 5ost ethno oetic ractitioners /ho have the lu;ury of /orkin" /ith ta eBrecorded te;ts ai5 for so5e co5bination of the t/o a roaches. *he follo/in" translation, the 5iddle section CBri"ht calls the5 -acts1D of a threeB art 5yth, illustrates an inte"rated a roach. *he ori"inal /as told in <aruk by Mulia 0tarritt and translated by Bri"ht. *he story is a /ides read 5yth, /ellBkno/n in California and else/here in :orth 95erica, called -Coyote 0teals 7ire.1 )n this resentation, Bri"ht uses a nu5ber of ty o"ra hical conventions to re resent as ects of his ethno oetic analysis C#%@%:%GF%?D. Ca itals, for instance, re resent -e;traBloud , $2 , 5aterial,1 and italics re resent -e;traBsoft 5aterial.1 'ach line"rou C-verse1 in Bri"ht4s ter5inolo"yD starts at the left 5ar"in, /ith each succeedin" line indented. )ntonation contours are indicated by unctuation: fallin" final intonation by a eriod, 5arkin" the end of a verseP fallin" but nonfinal intonation by a co55a or dashP final hi"h or 5id itch intonation by a colon. )n act #, Coyote devised a lan for "ettin" back the fire the -u river eo le1 had stolen. Here, in act 2, he uts his lan into action: 06 *H': *H9*40 H6W *H'+ W':* UP8)3'8. 9nd Coyote arrived u river. 9nd he sa/ it /as e5 ty. 9nd in the 5ountains he sa/ there /ere fires, there were forest fires$ u in the 5ountain country. 9nd he /ent in a house. 9nd he sa/ only children /ere there. 9nd he said: -Where have they "oneR

-Where have the 5en "oneR1 9nd the children said: -*hey4re huntin" in the 5ountains.1 9nd he said: -)45 lyin" do/n ri"ht here, )45 tired.1 9nd he said to the children: -)4ll aint your facesS -Let 5e aint your faces. -+ou4ll look retty that /ay.1 9nd the children said: -0ay6e he(s Coyote.F *hey /ere sayin" that to each other. 9nd they said to hi5, to Coyote: ->aybe you4re Coyote,1 ,nd he said: MNo. -) don4t even kno/ /here that Coyote is. -) don4t hear, 7 don(t #now$ , $$ , the 'la%e where he is.F 9nd he said: -Let 5e aint your facesS1 9nd /hen he ainted all the children4s faces, then he said: -0'', )43' 0'* W9*'8 (6W: 8)=H* H'8', 06 +6U C9: L66< ):*6 )*. -+our faces /ill look rettyS -BU* )4> L+):= (6W: 8)=H* H'8', )4> *)8'(.1 )n fact, he had stuck fir bark into his toes. 9nd then he stuck his foot in the fire. 9nd then finally it cau"ht fire /ell, it beca5e a coal, it turned into a coal. 9nd then he Nu5 ed u a"ain. 9nd he Nu5 ed out of the house. ,nd he ran 6a%# downriver. 9nd /hen he "ot tired, then he "ave the fire to the ne;t erson. ,nd he too started running. 9nd in the 5ountain country, /here there had been fires, then they all /ere e;tin"uished. 9nd then eo le said,

-Why, they4ve taken it back fro5 us, our fireS1 )n an ethno oetic resentation, the ty o"ra hical layout of the te;t on the a"e Cline breaks, indentations, font e ects, and the likeD is used to convey lin"uistic infor5ation Cintonation boundaries, syntactic structure, auses, voice &uality, and so onDOinfor5ation that is ri5arily of interest to the s ecialist. 9t the sa5e ti5e, thou"h, it o ers the nons ecialist a visually intuitive /ay into the flo/ and structure of the te;t as a verbal erfor5ance. :otice ho/ the brokenBline for5at of Bri"ht4s resentation /orks to slo/ the eye as it follo/s do/n the a"e and hel s to reBcreate the ace or rhyth5 of the ori"inal. *he vocal cues si"naled by italics and ca s add te;ture to the result. *he notion that oral storytellin" is delivered in linesO/hich in turn , $G , are or"aniHed into units rese5blin" verses or stanHas, /hich in turn 5ay be or"aniHed into lar"er and lar"er units rese5blin" -scenes1 and -acts1Ois one of the foundational insi"hts of 5odern ethno oetics. )t is also one of the 5ost /idely 5isunderstood. )n ethno oetic theory, the line is the basic unit of oralBliterary co5 osition, co5 arable in 5ost res ects to the co"nitiveB rosodic units of ordinary s eech roduction Cbreath "rou s, intonation units, ause "rou s, idea units, and so onD that have been identified by lin"uists doin" discourse analysis on conversational s eech 5ore "enerally Csee Chafe #%E0, #%%GD.X##Y )f you listen closely to the sound of eo le tellin" stories, lecturin", or Nust lain talkin", you /ill notice that their s eech doesn4t co5e forth in a lon", s5ooth, unbroken flo/, like a river. )nstead, it co5es in ulses, risin" and fallin" like /aves on a shore, /ith each ne/ s urt or - arcel1 of infor5ation ridin" in on the crest of its o/n /ave. *he lines in ethno oetic te;ts are 5eant to re resent these /aves or ulses of lan"ua"e.X#2Y *he 5isunderstandin" co5es about because, /hen these lines are delineated ty o"ra hically by line breaks and further "rou ed into -stanHas1 by 5eans of blank lines or indentation, the resultin" te;t looks like 5odern /ritten oetry. Lookin" at a story resented in this fashion, it4s easy to Nu5 to the conclusion that :ative 95erican 5yths and stories are not rose but oetry. But in fact they are neither. Prose is a /ritten cate"ory, as is our default conce tion of oetry. Whatever 'oetry Cor 'rose, for that 5atterD 5i"ht 5ean in the conte;t of oral storytellin", it is si5 ly not the sa5e as /hat it 5eans in the conte;t of Western /ritten literary tradition. 9ll this is not to say that :ative 95erican storytellin" is not oeticOit 5ost certainly is, often densely and intricately so. But ) articularly /ish to avert the conclusion, i5 lied by the brokenBline for5ats of 5ost ethno oetic resentations, that it is oetry in the sense that literate 'uro eans and their cultural descendants ty ically understand that ter5. *he ur ose of resentin" te;ts and translations in brokenline for5at is to hi"hli"ht the oetic and rhetorical structures or"anic to the ori"inal lan"ua"e and erfor5ance atterns of the te;tOnot to su""est otentially 5isleadin" cultural arallels bet/een oral and Western /ritten traditions. 9nd yet, over the years there has been considerable, so5eti5es even acri5onious, disa"ree5ent over these ideas, and ethno oetics re5ains so5e/hat controversial even to this day.X#$Y Both aradi"5s continue to sti5ulate useful contributions to the disci line. 7or that reason, in addition , $? , to resentin" classic e;a5 les of ethnolin"uistic /ork fro5 the ast, ) have 5ade it a oint to re resent a ran"e of conte5 orary a roaches, both ethnolin"uistic and ethno oetic in orientation, in the selections for this volu5e. )n these a"es, (ell Hy5es4s retranslation of the Wintu -Loon Wo5an1 5yth CZ#2D is a ri5e e;a5 le of a structural ethno oetic resentation. *here are also t/o essentially

rosodic resentations: <en Hill4s 0errano -Creation1 CZ2$D, and the second of Mane Hill4s t/o Cu e2o e isodes in -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/k 7eather\1 CZ2?bD. 6ther ethno oetic treat5ents here include Willia5 Bri"ht4s -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 CZ?D and Leanne Hinton4s -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 CZ#$D. 6n the ethnolin"uistic side of the e&uation, /e have 3ictor =olla4s resentation of -[*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"\ and 6ther 0tories1 CZAD, 8obert 6s/alt4s -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1CZ#@D, Catherine Calla"han4s -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D, Bruce :evin4s -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer1 CZED, and (arryl Wilson4s -:a onoha1 CZ%D. *he other conte5 orary translations in this volu5e steer 5ore to/ards Bri"ht4s synthetic 5iddle "roundOfor e;a5 le, Luthin and Hinton4s -9 0tory of LiHard1 CZ#0D, Willia5 0hi ley4s ->ad Bat1 CZ#?D, 8ichard 9 le"ate4s -*he (o" =irl1 CZ22D, and 'r5ine Wheeler 3oe"elin4s -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 CZ2#D. *ranslations 5ade rior to the #%@0s, before the real advent of the ethno oetics 5ove5ent, are by definition ethnolin"uistic resentations. Both 5odes of translation are in active use today. 8eaders interested in co5 arin" these t/o a roaches /ill find that the di erence bet/een the t/o ca5 s has nothin" to do /ith their literary &uality. 9ll the translations in this volu5e are literary translations, after allOcarefully crafted /ith the intent of reBcreatin" as far as ossible in 'n"lish the style and artistry of the ori"inal son"s and stories.

WHEN AESTHETIC WORLDS COLLIDE

7irstBti5e readers of :ative 95erican oral literature often feel confused, even alienated, by the narrative /orlds they have entered. Without "uidance and re aration, they 5ay even turn a/ay in be/ilder5ent. *he 5otivations for behavior 5ay see5 o a&ueP the ti5in" of stories 5ay see5 -o1P their sense of outco5e, of dra5atic resolution, 5ay see5 to be 5issin" entirely. By and lar"e, these roble5s are si5 ly due to a di erent , $A , style of storytellin"Oso si5ilar in so5e /ays to the fantastical 5yths /e kno/ fro5 the Bible, or to the 'uro ean folktales 5ost of us kno/ fro5 childhood, yet so very di erent in others. 0o5eti5es the initial stran"eness can obscure the co55on "round. )n )shi4s -9 0tory of LiHard1 CZ#0D, /hen LiHard cuts o en =riHHly Bear4s sto5ach to rescue the "obbledBu Lon"B*ailed LiHard, try thinkin" of -Little 8ed 8idin" Hood.1 6r a"ain, in the story behind -0a a"ay4s 0on"1 Csee a"es ?$$F $GD, /hen 0a a"ay dives do/n into a ool to discover a sha5an4s under"round real5, try thinkin" of Beo/ulf divin" into the lake to confront =rendel4s 5other. 9t other ti5es, the sensation of fa5iliarity can obscure /hat is truly di erent. 7or instance, the avera"e 95erican reader /ill take the endin" of the +urok story -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 CZ$cD ri"ht in stride: 9nd so for this /e say that it is not "ood if a erson thinks too 5uch, -) /ill have everythin".1 But a 5an lives ha ily if so5e/here he has lenty of friends, and has his 5oneyP then he does not "o around thinkin" that he should have everythin" that does not belon" to hi5, and /ishin" it /ere his o/n. >ost /ill auto5atically absorb this 5oral thanks to its fa5iliar rin", so con"ruent /ith 'uro ean folk /isdo5 re"ardin" /ealth and a5bition. 9nd in truth there is 5uch here that can be taken at face value fro5 +urok into 'n"lish tradition. But the idea and function of 5oney, of ersonal /ealth, in +urok culture is ulti5ately &uite di erent fro5 its Western counter art, and so this feelin" of trans arency is artly an illusion. 6ther difficulties readers 5ay encounter are caused by the nature of oral literature itself.X#GY *rue oral storytellin"Oas o osed to readin" aloud or actin" out a story one has 5e5oriHed Cthe usual fare at

-story hour1 in libraries and schools across the countryDOis so5ethin" that 5ost of us in 95erica today are co5 letely unfa5iliar /ith. When a child hears the story of -=oldilocks1 or -0no/ White1 over and over a"ain at bedti5e, it4s the sa5e every ti5e. (i erent readers 5ay have di erent voices, so5e 5ore ani5ated than others, but the /ords /ritten do/n are al/ays the sa5e. *rue oral storytellin" very seldo5 involves the redaction of a fi;ed te;t, but rather, involves the reBcreation of a livin" one. While so5e storytellers can roduce versions of their stories that re5ain re5arkably , $@ , constant even /hen 5any years se arate the tellin"s, others 5ay dra5atically alter the structure and even substance of their stories fro5 one occasion to the ne;t. (e endin" on factors such as audience, 5ood, settin", and ersonal style, oral narrators tailor their erfor5ances to suit the 5o5ent, e; andin" an e isode here, truncatin" an e isode there, hi"hli"htin" this or that as ect to reflect /hat4s "oin" on in the here and no/. *hus, in a livin" oral culture, there could never be Nust one -=oldilocks.1 )nstead, there /ould be a di erent -=oldilocks1 for every storytellerO/ith a "reat deal of consensus a5on" the versions, to be sure, but /ith diver"ent versions as /ell. 6n to of that, each version /ill have its o/n variations, sli"ht di erences each ti5e the story is told. )n a sense, there is an ecolo"y to /hat /e find here, for in this very diversity lies the health of an oral tradition. :ative 95erican stories /ill strike readers in 5any di erent /ays. When you think about it, thou"h, these stories should feel di erent. :ative 95erican traditions and cultures are as 5uch a art of the "rand "ala;y of /orld hu5an culture as any other "rou . But :ative 95erican cultures have also been "ro/in" inde endently on the 95erican soil for at least fifteen thousand years. CBy /ay of ers ective, that4s seventyfive thousand "enerationsOat least ten ti5es lon"er than the 5ere fifteen hundred years the 'n"lish have d/elled in Britain.D )n that /ash of ti5e, they have found their o/n aths of custo5 and hiloso hy, 5ade their o/n /orlds, alike yet unlike any other. 0o /e 5ust e; ect to encounter di erences alon"side the si5ilarities. *herein lies /hat is s ecial about :ative 95erican cultures and traditions. 6f course, :ative 95erican cultures are di erent enou"h fro5 each other, let alone fro5 other cultures around the "lobe. 'ven /hile /e 5ay s eak of -'uro ean1 culture, /e are 5indful of the di erences bet/een =er5any and 7rance, Hun"ary and 0 ain. 0o, too, /ith 0iou; and Ho i, :ootka and Cherokee. )f you, as a reader, co5e fro5 so5e other traditionO'uro ean, 9sian, 9fricanOand :ative 95erican stories don(t see5 Nust a little stran"e and di erent, then you should /onder /hether the translator has "one too far in translatin" the stories into 'n"lish. *he contributions to this book strike a balance bet/een the need of the "eneral reader to connect /ith the stories and the ri"hts of the storytellers to be heard in their o/n voices. Here, then, are a fe/ of the stylistic hi"hli"hts that novice readers 5ay look for/ard to /hen encounterin" :ative 95erican oral literature for the first ti5e. , $E ,

Anthr"3"."r3hi$.
9nthro o5or his5, /here ani5als and even inani5ate obNects take on characteristics and ca abilities of hu5an bein"s, is robably the easiest feature of )ndian 5yths for conte5 orary 95ericans to adNust to. 9fter all, anthro o5or his5 is nearly ubi&uitous in our o/n culture today, fro5 children4s books and fairy tales to 5ovies and advertisin" ca5 ai"ns on *3. But it is i5 ortant to understand the nature

of :ative 95erican anthro o5or his5, /hich is si"nificantly di erent fro5 /hat 'uro ean descendants are accusto5ed to. )n Western cultures, so very lon" se arated fro5 their 5ythic, ani5istic asts, anthro o5or his5 carries lar"ely an alle"orical value, and today it erfor5s the function of entertain5ent 5ore than anythin" else. )n the oldBti5e :ative 95erican traditions, thou"h, anthro o5or his5 is 5uch 5ore: it is also a conse&uence of cos5olo"y and reli"ion. >ost :ative cultures look back to a re5ote ti5e /hen the di erence bet/een eo le and ani5als /as blurred, before hu5ans e5er"ed as a distinct race of bein"s on earth. 9ni5als Cor -ani5al eo le1D /ere thus our forerunners on this earth. *he hard dichoto5y bet/een >an and Beast that characteriHes Western /orldvie/s is lar"ely absent in :ative 95erica. Peo le are distinct fro5 ani5als, to be sure, but there is still an ancient kinshi bet/een the5P the relationshi is not one of alienation and do5inion. 9nnie Burke4s /ay of o enin" her 0outhern Po5o story, -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CZ#@D, su5s u the situation /ith a 5ini5u5 of fuss: -9 "rou of s5all birds and ani5als, /ho /ere all also eo le, used to live to"ether in a bi" co55unity,1 she be"ins. *hat4s /hy, in so 5any 5yths and stories, it can be difficult to decide /hether a character is an ani5al /ith hu5an characteristics or a erson /ith ani5al characteristicsOor both, or each in alternation. )n the end, the distinction is so5e/hat 5eanin"lessP at best, it is a slidin" scale. *raditions, even individual narrators /ithin local traditions, vary on ho/ -hu5an1 or -ani5al1 their characters a ear to be. )n -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k,1 for instance, the characters are fairly concrete, re5ainin" close to their ani5al natures. *hus +oun" Ha/k has a - erch1 hi"h in his older brother4s earthlod"e, and the beaver brothers -"na/1 ne/ eyes for hi5, and the field5ouse sisters -nibble1 o his hair. C:ote that +oun" Ha/k has hair, thou"h, not feathers.D But in other stories, there is often little that is s ecifically -ani5al1 about the characters, beyond their na5es, ersonalities, and a , $% , tendency to d/ell in surroundin"s a ro riate to the natural habitats of their na5esakes, like 6uHel at the end of the >aidu story ->ad Bat1 CZ#?D. *here is erha s a tendency for 5inor characters to dis lay 5ore ani5alBlike traits than do 5ain characters, ossibly because of the "reater ran"e of actions 5ain characters are called on to erfor5, /ith the conse&uent drain that 5aintainin" such restrictions Clack of hands, articularlyD tends to lace on the task of narration. *he core ersonalities of anthro o5or hic characters are often dra/n at least tan"entially fro5 the Book of :ature. :ot sur risin"ly, there are arallels to be 5ade bet/een :ative 95erican folklore and the folklore of ancient and 5edieval 6ld World fables and beast tales Cthe 2an%hatantra$ for instance, or closer to ho5e, the fables of 9eso and a variety of >iddle 'n"lish oe5s, like The Ewl and the Nightingale$ -*he 7o; and the Wolf,1 and Chaucer4s -Parlia5ent of 7o/ls1D. Must as, in a 'uro ean folktale, /hen a fo; or a ni"htin"ale co5es on the scene, /e already kno/ /hat to e; ect fro5 that character in ter5s of behavior and ersonality, so it is in :ative 95erican stories /hen Coyote or 'a"le or BlueNay co5es on the scene. Coyote 5akes a su erb e;a5 le of a character /hose behaviorOcurious, tricky, insatiable, and by turns noble and foolishOis based in art on close observations of the natural /orld. *he Bear =irl in the Chi5ariko story CZ@D is another e;a5 leOshe is crabby, un redictable, and violent, Nust like a real bear. 0till, di erent cultures can read the Book of :ature di erently. *here4s a de"ree of arbitrariness in all bodies of folklore, so /hat /e kno/ about ani5al fi"ures in one tradition is not al/ays transferable to another. 7or instance, the loon is a "iddy 5inor character, little 5ore than a /alkBon, in 95erican folklore. C9s our sayin" "oes, -craHy as a loon.1D But in the native folklore of :orthern California, Loon is a 5uch darker, 5uch 5ore serious characterOa heavy. 9nd the /olf, far fro5 bein" the evil, ra acious killer that salivates its /ay throu"h 'uro ean folklore, is a stal/art, de endable characterOa

stron" leader and "ood rovider, 5aybe even a bit dull and uni5a"inativeOin 5uch 0outhern California 5ytholo"y. 8eaders should look for both si5ilarities and di erences in the ani5al characters they 5eet in these stories. 9ll cultures, and es ecially oral cultures, 5ake use of anthro o5or his5. *he 5ytholo"ies of ani5istic huntin"BandB"atherin" societies in articular are often heavily and crucially anthro o5or hic. 9s the anthro olo"ist , G0 , Claude LWviB0trauss once ointed out, ani5als are -"ood to think /ith.1 )n :ative California, ani5als have lon" been used, throu"h syste5atic anthro o5or his5 in 5ytholo"y, folklore, art, and reli"ious cere5ony, to e; ress dee atterns of thinkin" about the /orld. )t4s a co55on 5istakeOand one the reader should "uard a"ainstOto inter ret anthro o5or hic 5yths and stories as 5erely -children4s fare1P they are not. *hese narratives are a5enable to 5ulti le levels of inter retation, at any de"ree of so histication their audiencesOtraditional or 5odernOcare to a roach the5 /ith. )n truth, anthro o5or his5 has al/ays rovided hu5ankind a ri5ary 5eans for e; lorin" one of the 5ost endurin"ly i5 ortant the5es of in&uiry and s irituality: the relationshi bet/een ourselves and the natural universe.

Re3etiti"n !nd P!r!''e'i$.

0o5e/here alon" the road to /ritten culture, in beco5in" readers rather than listeners, /e have lost our atience for re etition, or at least think /e have. +et so5e of our oldest and 5ost funda5ental literary te;tsOthe books of the 6ld *esta5ent Bible, for e;a5 leOare alive /ith re etition, at all levels of rhetorical structure. *hat4s because the /ritin"s of the Bible, like Ho5er, like =il"a5esh, are inti5ately "rounded in oral traditionOand re etition is a cornerstone of oral co5 osition. )n cases of e'isodi% re'etition$ entire scenes or lot 5otifs "et re eated, /holesale or iece5eal, so5eti5es /ith only 5ini5al variation. 9nyone raised on the Brothers =ri55 kno/s all about e isodic re etition. )n -Cinderella,1 /hen the Prince takes the "lass sli er on the road, searchin" for the foot that /ore it, there4s a scene at Cinderella4s house /here he tries it on the eldest sister4s foot to no avail. *his -7oot *rial1 e isode is re eated t/ice 5ore. *he first re etition, /ith the second sister, is virtually identical to that of the eldest sister4s trialOe;ce t that /here the eldest sister a5 utates her toe to 5ake the sli er fit, the second sister a5 utates her heel. Both ti5es, the sli er fills u /ith blood, and the Prince returns the i5 ostor to her fa5ily. *he third ti5e around, of course, it4s Cinderella4s turn, and the outco5e and content of this e isode is si"nificantly di erent fro5 the first t/o Oindeed, the third trial 5arks the cul5ination of the /hole se&uence and leads to the resolution of the tale. But this is often ho/ e isodic re etitions /ork: a se&uence , G# , of 5oreBorBless arallel e isodes cul5inates in a final e isode /here it -all /orks out,1 /here the tensions "enerated by the recedin" e isodes are resolved and their e; ectations "ratified. *he Cinderella e;a5 le oints to an i5 ortant in"redient of e isodic re etition, na5ely, 'attern num6er. )n 'uro ean and 5any other traditions, thin"s ha en in threes: three /ishes, three obstacles, three 5a"ical hel ers, and so on. *he influence of the attern nu5ber ervades not Nust our literature but also all as ects of our sy5bolic life, fro5 s orts Cthree strikes, three outsP the "old, silver, and bronHeD to folk su erstition C-third ti5e4s a char5,1 -three on a 5atch,1 -disasters co5e in threes1D to

reli"ion and oetry Cthe *rinity, (ante4s ter<a rimaD, and all oints in bet/een.X#?Y Pattern nu5bers 5ay be found in all the /orld4s cultures, a redis osition that ste5s, erha s, fro5 a still 5ore funda5ental nu5eric ca acityO art of our innate hu5an co"nitive endo/5ent. 9fter the 5anner of lan"ua"e itself, nu5bers rovide hu5an bein"s /ith an instru5ent for erceivin" and controllin" their /orldOfor structurin" and hence 5ani ulatin" it. )ndeed, the old Whorfian ar"u5ents concernin" lin"uistic relativity and universalis5 5ay be Nust as a t Cor Nust as overstatedD /here basic nu5erical erce tion is concerned.X#AY But even thou"h all cultures a ear to ossess a do5inant attern nu5ber, that nu5ber varies fro5 culture to cultureOthat is, it is ac&uired throu"h cultural trans5ission. )n the 95ericas, fours and fives are 5ore revalent than threes, and this is true in :ative California, too. ';a5 les of e isodic re etition are every/here in this volu5e. >yths like )shi4s -9 0tory of LiHard1 CZ#0D and Willia5 Benson4s -Creation1 CZ#AD involve re etition at the 5acro level, /ith entire cha terB like structures re eated /ith either very 5inor or very 5aNor variation, res ectively. 9nnie Burke4s -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CZ#@D is another story /here e isodic re etition for5s a ro5inent feature of the narrative landsca e. But really, this i5 ortant rhetorical device is resent at least in so5e 5easure, on lar"e scales or s5all, in al5ost all the selections. 0o5eti5es the atterns are layed out in full, very strictlyP other ti5es, narrators choose 5erely to su55ariHe so5e of the se&uences. )n this assa"e fro5 Mo Bender4s -Loon Wo5an1 CZ#2, lines ?2FE%D, the re eated e isode be"ins /ith the 5other4s &uestion about /hich brother to take for a co5 anion and concludes /ith Loon Wo5an4s reNection Cor final acce tanceD of the 5other4s su""estion: , G2 , *hinkin" of the 5an, -*his 5ornin" ) shall "o /est,1 so says that /o5an. -) /ant to take so5eone alon" to "uide 5e. -) a5 "oin" to "o,1 so she tells her 5other. -) a5 "oin" to "o /est,1 so she says, thinkin" of the 5an, so she s oke. -H5,1 Xher 5otherY says. -Who5 do you /ant to take /ith youR1 she says. Nfirst suggestionO 0he /ill not tell /ho5. *he old /o5an, -Well, surely take this little one, your youn"er brother.1 :o/ that /o5an says, -) don4t /ant to take hi5.1 -Who5 /ill you take /ith youR1 so she says. Nse%ond suggestionO -) /ant to take another one /ith 5e.1 -*ake this one then.1 -) /on4t,1 so said that /o5an. 0he does this for a lon" ti5e,

Nthird and fourth suggestions$ %onflatedO she "oes throu"h the5 all. HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful alone is left, HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful. *he little old /o5an sits, sits onderin" it all, the old /o5an. *hat /o5an 5easures that hair like that. *he hair of the rest does not 5atch. *he one hair she had found is lon"er. *he old /o5an sits, sits onderin" it all. 0uddenly, Nfourth suggestionsO -+es, surely take this one,1 so she says, -HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful,1 her son. -+es,1 so she said. *he /o5an is ha y she is "oin" to take hi5 alon". 0he 5easures the hair, , G$ , that hair 5atches. -)45 "oin" to take this one,1 she says. 7ro5 other evidence, the Wintu attern nu5ber a ears to be five, but here the full otential run of five e isodic re etitionsOfour reNections ca ed by the final selection of HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautifulOhas, for one reason or another, been truncated in this tellin".X#@Y C0ee (ell Hy5es4s introduction to the 5yth for a 5ore detailed discussion of the nu5erical atterns o eratin" in this co5 le; narration.D 9s is often the case, the final e isode here is considerably 5ore elaborated than the leadBu e isodes. )n the hands of a skilled narrator like Mo Bender, e isodic re etitions are far fro5 5echanical. 7or readers co5in" fro5 a 'uro ean or 'uro eaniHed back"round, attern nu5ber is a co55on stu5blin" block.X#EY 0tories can see5 re etitious si5 ly because they are layin" out a di erent attern, a attern based on fours or fives instead of threes. We are seldo5 consciously a/are of the /ays in /hich our sense of ti5in", of sus ense and e; ectation, is in thrall to these dee Bseated rhetorical atterns. 7ore/arned, thou"h, readers can take an interest in lookin" for these cyclical atterns in 5yths and stories. 0o5e of the translators have ointed out the resence of these atterns, /here they are kno/n or understood, in their introductions. 6ften, thou"h, this as ect of lin"uistic structure hasn4t even been studied yet for the narrative traditions in &uestion. 9n astute reader 5ay /ell s ot rhetorical atterns in these translations that no one has yet described or docu5ented.X#%Y 9nother attern, formulai% re'etition$ is found /here a sin"le hrase or line "ets re eated several ti5es, /ith or /ithout sli"ht variation. 9 ty ical e;a5 le is this one fro5 a Central +ana story ) translated several years a"o, called -8ollin" 0kull1 CLuthin #%%GD. )n the story this assa"e is taken fro5, Wildcat is u in a tree knockin" ine cones do/n to his /ife: He knocked one loose do/n to the east,

he knocked one loose do/n to the /est, he knocked one loose do/n to the north, he knocked one loose do/n to the south. 7or5ulaic re etitions fre&uently involve an action re eated, as here, to each of the cardinal directions. *he re etition su""ests al5ost a cere5onial , GG , &uality and often see5s to 5ark the event it hi"hli"hts as havin" s ecial si"nificance. CHere it foreshado/s another action still to co5e, the real turnin" oint in the story.D )n art, this hi"hli"htin" e ect is a conse&uence of the si5 le, te5 oral - hysics1 of re etition itself: an action re eated t/ice for5ulaically is ke t before the listener4s consciousness t/ice as lon"P an action re eated four ti5es, four ti5es as lon"P and so on. *he rhetorical device of re etition thus rovides the narrator /ith a strai"ht for/ard 5eans of d/ellin" on the event in &uestionOof slo/in" the action, and the story, do/n. Ho/ever, it is not only strict for5ulaic re etitions that have this -lin"erin"1 e ect. Under the headin" of 'oeti% re'etitionOa rather loose and deliberately "eneral ter5Oco5e atterns of re etition that, throu"h a variety of e ects, see5 es ecially to increase or enhance the lin"uistic resonance of the assa"es they adorn. )n the -Loon Wo5an1 assa"e cited reviously, there4s a "reat deal of such oetic re etition "oin" on, even a art fro5 the basic e isodic atterns. 8i"ht at the outset, t/o lines, -*hinkin" of the 5an1 and -*his 5ornin" ) shall "o /est,1 are re eated, but in reversed orderOab Q baOa si5 le chias5us. 9 little later, the na5e -HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful1 is re eated, urely for the oetic and rhetorical e ect of the echo. *he ne;t air of lines, -*he old /o5an sits, ! sits onderin" it all,1 is also re eated, /ith sli"ht variations, the t/o occurrences se arated only by the i5a"e of Loon Wo5an 5easurin" the telltale hairOan i5a"e that is itself re eated at the end of the scene. *hese re etitions serve to enrich the tellin"O honetically, of course, since all these echoes 5ake the lan"ua"e reverberate, but also in other /ays. *here is a cyclical, re lay e ect created by these re eated lines, as if the narrator /ere forcin" us to lin"er in the scene by circlin" back throu"h it a"ain and a"ain, visualiHin" and revisualiHin" key i5a"es, like the 5easurin" of the hair, or the old /o5an sittin". )t4s a hauntin", al5ost cine5atic e ectOthou"h one that can be confusin" to readers /ho aren4t yet sensitiHed to the value of re etition in oral storytellin". 9kin to re etition, or a subset of it, is the literary device of 'arallelism. 9lthou"h arallelis5 necessarily also involves so5e ele5ent of re etition, /hat )45 referrin" to here has 5ore to do /ith iterated syntactic and se5antic atterns than /ith e;actly dittoed hrases or e isodes. *he e5 hasis is 5ore on the variation than on the identity. *his assa"e fro5 0ally :oble4s Chi5ariko story, -*he Bear =irl1 CZ@D, 5akes for a "ood illustration: , G? , Her 5other hired a "ood )ndian doctor to ask /hat /as the 5atter /ith the "irl. 0he /as not like eo le. 0he /as not like our flesh. 0he /as not a erson.

0he /as not a hu5an /o5an. 0he /as "oin" to turn out to be a bear. *hat4s /hat the 5atter /as. *he arallelis5 of these four 5iddle lines is strai"ht for/ard, unco5 licated by other heno5enaOin e ect, a s5all litany. But thin"s are not al/ays so clearly laid out. *he follo/in" assa"e, taken fro5 >arLa 0olares4s tellin" of the Chu5ash -(o" =irl1 CZ22D, is one of the 5ost co5 le; and richly orna5ented assa"es in this collection: 9s for the do" "irl: she had a bracelet, a bracelet of fine beadsP she had a necklace, a endant, a endant of a' B beads, of a' B beadsP a nose stickP a basket hatP she had 5any orna5ents. Her hair /as all fi;ed u in a braid /ra O she had braid /ra sO and her a ron, her a ron /as of otterskin. His /ife /as /ell dressed, she /as adorned. :otice ho/ 5uch of all this sheer oetic re etition is contained and or"aniHed /ithin the fra5e/ork of a sin"le syntactic atternOthe te5 late -she had ddddddddd1 that introduces the various adorn5ents in the (o" =irl4s ossession. *his syntactic fra5e leads internally to a run of arallel obNect noun hrases in the se&uence -she had a necklace, ! a endant Q ! a nose stickP ! a basket hat.1 *hou"h so5e storytellers and stylistic traditions e5 loy 5ore of this ty e of arallelis5 than , GA , others, there are nu5erous e;a5 les to be found in this volu5e4s selections. 7inally, in this sa5e -(o" =irl1 assa"e, there4s another attern, in%remental re'etition$ that has been e; loited here by >arLa 0olares three se arate ti5es. 7irst, -she had a bracelet, ! a bracelet of fine beads1P then, -a endant, ! a endant of a' B beads1P and lastly, -and her a ron, ! her a ron /as of otterskin.1 'ach of these re etitions takes the incre5ental for5 -K ! K b +,1 /here the second line of the air re eats the key ele5ent of the first and e; ands it /ith additional detail. )ncre5ental re etition is a co55on feature of oral storytellin", and, alon" /ith for5ulaic re etitions, is often found in son" as /ell. C7or a 5ore e;tended discussion of son" aesthetics, see the -:otes on :ative California 6ral Literatures.1D ) have tried to be indicative, rather than e;haustive, in this thu5bnail sketch of re etition and arallelis5 in oral oetics. Certainly, there4s no sin"le function that re etitions and arallelis5s serve. But /ith close attention and a bit of literary sensibilityOa feel for rhyth5, scene, and oetryOthe careful reader can robably fi"ure out so5e of the dra5atic and rhetorical e ects that the narrators are strivin" for in their erfor5ances. 0uffice it to say that oral oetics can indeed be e;tre5ely intricate and that re etition is an i5 ortant device in the narrator4s toolkit.

9s to /hy this 5i"ht be so, /hy re etition, arallelis5, and nu5erical atternin" are so ervasive in oral literatures the /orld over, there is no si5 le, sin"le reason. *heir revalence sty5ied nineteenthB century critics of :ative 95erican son" and narrative, /ho ty ically sa/ these ele5ents as si"ns of - ri5itivis51 and inferiority. 'ven ioneerin" earlyt/entiethBcentury critics like :ellie Barnes lacked a sufficiently so histicated theory of oetics to see the5 ro erly. )t /asn4t really until the #%?0s, /ith 9lfred Lord4s /ork on the oral co5 osition of e ic oetry CThe Singer of Tales$ #%A0D, later au"5ented by develo 5ents in erfor5ance theory and ethno oetics led by Hy5es and others, that /e have finally co5e to a reciate the si"nificance of these devices, to understand their dyna5ic role in the rocess of oral co5 osition itself.X20Y 7or clearly one of the key functions of re etition, es ecially /hen abetted by nu5erical atternin", is to assist narrators in 5aintainin" the structure of their co5 ositions, in ter5s of both stora"e in 5e5ory and delivery in erfor5ance. *his is 5ost obviously true of the lar"erB scale e isodic atterns, /here the coarse 5echanics of lot se&uencin" co5e into lay, , G@ , but scholars are increasin"ly a5aHed at ho/ fineB"rained the rhetorical atterns of oral co5 osition really are. 9t least so5e of the s5allerscale re etitionsOthe oetic and for5ulaic re etitions, the syntactic arallelis5sO5ay actually be 5otivated by subtle structural atterns o eratin" at considerably 5ore local levels, in kee in" /ith /hat Hy5es has called measured verse.X2#Y *his ossibility, thou"h, does not di5inish the other roles that re etition laysOin controllin" flo/, in hei"htenin" dra5atic e ect, in hi"hli"htin" actions, and in elevatin" the sheer oetic resonance of the narrative lan"ua"e. )s it art or architectureR )5 rovisation or desi"nR Poetry or techni&ueR 9t so5e oint, in the hands of a skilled narrator, the &uestion beco5es one of the chicken or the e"". 8e etition and arallelis5 add di5ensions of both beauty and intricacy to the erfor5ance of verbal art.

+"ti4!ti"n !nd Ch!r! teri5!ti"n

>otives for behavior are often taken for "ranted, because they are obvious /ithin the culture. 9fter all, /hen Mack "rabs the "olden "oose and hi"htails it out the door, the story doesn4t sto to e; lain /hy he does so. 9 'uro ean audience already kno/s it4s because "old is valuable in that societyP the audience shares the everB resent drea5 of "ettin" rich. *he sa5e is true in :ative 95erican stories: storytellers don4t bother to e; lain /hat is lainly understood by all. )n fact, /hen /e encounter stories that do rovide this kind of e; lanatory infor5ation, it can so5eti5es be a clue that the story /as erfor5ed in front of a 5i;ed or nonnative audience, or before native listeners /ho /eren4t raised traditionallyOor even before a solitary lin"uist. 6ne of the ur oses of rovidin" an introductory essay for each story is to antici ate such confusions and fill in so5e of the cultural "a s. 0o5eti5es even the storytellers the5selves try to do this. Loren Bo55elyn added the o enin" section of his *olo/a story, -*estBch4as C*he *idal WaveD1 CZ2D, to re5ind eo le /hat reci itated the events he tells about. 6ver the hone one day, as /e /ere talkin" throu"h details of his translation, Loren suddenly realiHed ) had been 5isinter retin" a key assa"e of dialo"ue. 9s a result, he decided to back the story u a bit, in order to fra5e the 5yth 5ore for5ally. 9 arently, the oldBti5e narrators Loren learned it fro5, countin" on other *olo/as4 fa5iliarity /ith the 5yth, icked u the storyline a bit further alon", be"innin" in 5edias , GE , res. But no/, thanks to his additions, /e can kno/ /hat ha ened: the i5 ro er behavior of so5e artyin" villa"ers tri""ered a cataclys5ic i5balance of nature, in the for5 of an earth&uake and tidal

/ave. *he arrival of the /ido/, /ho should have been in 5ournin", /as the last stra/, scandaliHin" even the do". 0o characteriHation is often assu5ed, or -referred to,1 rather than bein" e; licitly develo ed as it /ould be in a novel. Where traditional 5yths and stories are concerned, the audiences by and lar"e already kno/ /hat ha ens and are /ell ac&uainted /ith the &uirks and 5otives of the characters takin" art in the5Oa factor that "ives narrators a "reat deal of latitude in sha in" their erfor5ances. 6ne conse&uence of stories bein" so fa5iliar and oftBtold is that characters can see5 to behave as they do si5 ly because they are destined to do so, bein" eternally in the rocess of actin" out the events of the story they are in. 6ften they see5 to have an eerie forekno/led"e of their o/n fates, as if they already -kne/ their o/n stories.1 *his &uality robably ste5s fro5 the nature of oral literature itself. )n the end, the stories and son"s are Nust the ti of the iceber". >any son"s are s ecific to certain dances or cere5onies, erfor5ed only at the a ro riate oint of that one cere5ony, /henever it 5i"ht be held in the annual cycle. 9nd storytellin", articularly of 5yths, is ty ically restricted by "eneral cultural rohibition to certain seasons of the yearOthe rainy /inter 5onths in 5ost California cultures. But there is a kind of runnin", ethnocritical discussion that4s carried on by the eo le in the culture at lar"eOa /hole 5etaliterary conversationOthat constantly e; lores and ree; lores the the5es of its "reat stories and the 5eanin"s that are to be taken fro5 the5. 6ral storytellers dra/ and de end on this on"oin" conversation at least as 5uch as they contribute to it. 0o hu5an is this tendency to d/ell on and in our stories, that it is even ossible, /ith faith, i5a"ination, and hard /ork, to revive that conversation once the fla5e has "one out. 6hlone culture, its lan"ua"e and oral literature alon" /ith it, /as an early casualty of the Contact eriod in California. )ts stories no/ are kno/n only throu"h the archived fieldnotes of collector M. P. Harrin"ton and a handful of others. Linda +a5ane, a 8u5sien 6hlone artist, storyteller, and /riter livin" in the Bay 9rea, s eaks 5ovin"ly about ho/ those scratchy a"es have be"un to , G% , co5e alive for her, enrichin" not Nust her erce tions of nature, but her sense of lace in the universe: X22Y 7indin" these stories has chan"ed the /ay ) see the /orld. ) can see it like a icture in 5y 5ind Q X:Yo/ /hen ) "o hikin" and see Cro/, it4s not Nust a cro/, it4s Cro/ erson fro5 the story, /ho did these thin"s fro5 our history. )t4s the sa5e /ith Ha/kOit4s not a ha/k fro5 a natural history field "uide, but Ha/k, /ho /ith 'a"le4s hel lanted the feather in the earth at the botto5 of the flood/aters, causin" the /aters to recede. ) recently sa/ =olden 'a"le for the first ti5e, very close u , near 5y ancestral villa"e site. ) could see 'a"le and it /as Nust ho/ ) ictured hi5 savin" the /orld. *he sa5e /ith Hu55in"bird, it4s all a art of our history. )t4s a connection to the ancestors and to this lace, to this land /here ) live and /here 5y ancestors lived. )n the course of the /ork ) have been doin" X/ith Harrin"ton4s fieldnotesY, /hat feels 5ost i5 ortant to 5e is that these stories can no/ be out in the /orld for other 6hlone eo le, so that they can have the sa5e e; erience. )t stren"thens our sense of cultural co55unity. Q ) think in a si5ilar /ay the stories hel nonB)ndiansX, tooY. )t4s not e;actly the sa5e, because there is not the ancestral connection, but it4s si5ilar in that the stories can hel eo le to feel 5ore connected to the lace /here they live. 7eelin" 5ore connected to a lace "ives the5 a better understandin"Onot Nust a 5ental understandin", but an e5otional

understandin". 9n e5otional understandin" and connection hel s eo le to feel they are 5ore a art of thin"s and to care for a lace. )t4s easier not to care /hen you don4t have a connection to a lace. )n the final analysis, stories 5ust have a lace in eo le4s hearts and 5inds, not Nust on their li s or in the a"es of their books, to be truly art of a livin" tradition. 0tories are al/ays 5ore than Nust entertain5ent. >uch of the conscience and hiloso hy of a culture is e; ressed, either directly or indirectly, in the 5yths of its eo le. )t4s no di erent than /ith the stories and characters of the Bible, the <oran, the *orah: if you are a Christian or a >usli5 or a Me/, you have robably heard 5uch 5ore about the central events and charactersOabout Mose h or >ary >a"dalen, 9daa5 or =ibreel, 've or :oah, their thou"hts, their feelin"sOthan is /ritten in the a"es of the holy books the5selves. 9l5ost anyone raised in , ?0 , a Christian, )sla5ic, or Me/ish culture could rovide a 5ore e5bellished account of the 7lood than is actually "iven in =enesis. *he sa5e is true of as ects in Hindu tradition, or any other. :o 5atter ho/ rich the literary canon of a culture 5ay be, the oral tradition that it "re/ out of, and that e5beds it still, is richer by far. 9nd the oral tradition surroundin" an oralBliterary canon is no di erent than that of a literary one in this res ect. 9s you read the translations in this book, then, re5e5ber: these are traditional son"s and stories, 5ost of the5, heard ti5e and ti5e a"ain in the course of a lifeti5e. ';ce t /hen visitors fro5 afar 5i"ht be invited to "ive a tellin" in the roundhouse or s/eat lod"e Cor in later days, around the kitchen table at ho5eD, 5ost traditional stories /ere not ne/ to their audiences, only ne/ly told. 9nd everybodyO e;ce t for children, to /ho5 everythin" is ne/, and for those readers encounterin" )ndian stories here for the first ti5eOeverybody already #nows /hat4s "oin" to ha en, and /ho does /hat, and /hy. *he eo le these stories /ere ori"inally intended for /ere /holly i55ersed in their /orld, at ho5e /ith their o/n traditions. 8eaders should not fi"ure they can lay catchBu /ith California culturesO not really, any/ay, and 5aybe not ever.X2$Y 'ven cultural outsiders, thou"h, can listen in on the son"s and stories as they are translated hereOenNoy the5 and learn fro5 the5. *he introductions /ill hel readers throu"h the rou"hest atches, and the notes on su""ested readin"s /ill carry the5 further /here roble5s na" or an interest is kindled. )n the 5eanti5e, Mai5e de 9n"ulo4s trade5ark advice to his readers 5ay rove indis ensable: -When you find yourself searchin" for so5e 5echanical e; lanation, if you don4t kno/ the ans/er, invent one. When you ick out so5e inconsistency or 5arvelous i5 robability, satisfy your curiosity like the old )ndian folk: [Well, that4s the /ay they tell that story. ) didn4t 5ake it u 5yselfS\1 0ure, he4s bein" a 6it disin"enuous. 9fter reflection, you /ill /ant to kno/ if your "uess, the sense you have 5ade of so5ethin" uHHlin", /as on the 5ark. When that ha ens, you suddenly find yourself ri"ht back /here you started fro5Obut /ith one i5 ortant di erence: /hile you /ere onderin", you 5oved on. <ee readin", and after a /hile, you4ll start to "et the han" of it. 9nd then, bit by bit, these /orlds of son" and story /ill o en u for you. , ?# ,

NOTES
#. 9ctually, "ood storytellers often don4t have the atience for the /ork of analysis and translation that co5es after the dictation is finishedP in such cases, the collector usually /orks /ith a friend or relative

of the narrator to 5ake the translation. 2. Certainly this is true, in this volu5e, of 3illiana Hyde4s collaboration /ith 'ric 'lliott, fro5 /hich is dra/n her -Harvest of 0on"s1 CZ2GD. )ndeed, /e have finally reached a 5ilestone sta"e of develo 5ent Olon" overdueOin California, /here so5e erfor5ers CMulian Lan" and Loren Bo55elyn s rin" to 5indD have be"un to translate the5selves. $. )n 0a ir4s early 95ericanist ortho"ra hy, % and 8 re resent -sh1 and -Hh1 sounds, res ectivelyP the P re resents a "lottal sto P aS Ce;cla5ation 5arkD "lottaliHes the recedin" sto or a ricateP and the [Co en sin"le &uoteD indicates as iration. Both 5acron and circu5fle; indicate vo/el len"th, and su erscri t vo/els are -/his ered.1 With the e;ce tion of the first t/o lines, all the narrative verbs in this e;cer t contain a &uotative suffi;, -they say1 or -it is said.1 *his ele5ent has been translated only in those lines /here it a ears to receive a s ecial e5 hasis. G. )n later years, /hen ty esettin" costs be"an to chi a/ay at the bud"ets of ublication series like the KC2,,1 and others, editors s/itched to another desi"n for5at, that of facin" a"es. *his for5at beca5e the standard for subse&uent te;t series, like KC2,,1( s successor, UCPL. )n conse&uence, the translation ortion /as constrained to beco5e 5uch 5ore literal, because the loss of the interlinear ele5ent of the oldBstyle for5at 5eant that the sin"le, facin" a"e translation no/ beca5e the only avenue to an accurate inter retation of the ori"inal. *he result /as the rise of a series of urely technical ublications that /ere drastically less accessible and a ealin" to the casual reader or the student of literature than the interlinear ublications of old Cnot that the latter /ere not technical and arcaneBlookin" as /ellD. *heir volu5es no/ contained only lin"uistic translations, not literary ones, des ite the best e orts of 5ost authors to serve both 5asters. 9s Willia5 0hi ley says in the introduction to his #%A$ 0aidu Te>ts and Di%tionary CUCPL $$D, -9lthou"h ) have done 5y best to ractice the art of translation, Q ) have subordinated such e orts to 5y res onsibility as a lin"uistOto the rovidin" of a key for the for5s of the ori"inal1 CED. )n the end, the need for ut5ost fidelity to/ard the source lan"ua"e /ill al/ays out/ei"h considerations of aesthetics and felicity in the tar"et lan"ua"eOand ri"htly so, /here that choice 5ust be 5ade. But a rice is al/ays aid. ?. )ndeed, so5e have clai5ed CHy5es #%E#, *edlock #%E$D that such translations can actually i5 ede our understandin" of :ative 95erican son"s and stories as /orks of verbal art. , ?2 , A. Hy5es ar"ues this case very stron"ly in his book [7n vain 7 tried to tell youQ: 1ssays in Native ,meri%an 1thno'oeti%s C#%E#D, as does *edlock in The S'o#en /ord and the /or# of 7nter'retation C#%E$D, thou"h the t/o /riters co5e at the roble5 fro5 very di erent directions. *here are several i5 ortant antholo"ies of ethno oetic /ritin"s and translations: Brian 0/ann4s En the Translation of Native ,meri%an 3iteratures C#%%2D and Smoothing the Ground: 1ssays in Native ,meri%an Eral 3iteratureC#%E$D, 0/ann and 9rnold <ru at4s De%overing the /ord: 1ssays on Native ,meri%an 3iterature C#%E@D, <arl <roeber4s Traditional ,meri%an 7ndian 3iteratures: Te>ts and 7nter'retations C#%E#D, and Moel 0herHer and 9nthony Woodbury4s Native ,meri%an Dis%ourse: 2oeti%s and Dhetori% C#%E@D. @. )n short, the literary value of a te;t is ine;tricably intert/ined /ith its for5al oetic structure, /hich is in turn intert/ined /ith the circu5stances of its erfor5ance. 9ny treat5ent of a son" or story that does not be"in /ith the reco"nition that it is a /ork of verbal art, and does not reco"niHe the e ect of erfor5ance dyna5ics on for5, and does not try in so5e /ay to reflect erfor5ance features in ter5s of resentational for5, is bound to 5isre resent the te;t on those levels.

E. Both these units, and 5any of the others besides, e;e5 lify a co55on 95erican )ndian rhetorical attern that (ell Hy5es C#%@@D refers to abstractly as -6nsetO6n"oin"O6utco5e.1 )n "rou ?, the luckin" is the 6nset Cit4s the action that ushes =riHHly Bear over the ed"eD, the bitin" is the 6n"oin" Cthe action of the "rou as a /hole, seen in ro"ressD, and the killin" is the 6utco5e. 0uch rhetorical -te5 lates1 hel oral erfor5ers structure their co5 ositions. %. (ell Hy5es4s hy othesis C#%E#D that the /orld4s oralBliterary traditions tend to refer rhetorical atterns based on "rou in"s of threes and fives, for so5e, and t/os and fours, for others, has been tested 5any ti5es by 5any di erent scholars Cfor instance, Bri"ht #%E2 and <inkade #%E@D. *he evidence for +ana, to 5y 5ind, is so5e/hat a5bi"uous, thou"h a tendency to/ard threes and fives Cas in the assa"es under discussion hereD is fre&uently a arent. #0. Ho/ever, Luthin C#%%#D resents a 5ethodolo"y for recoverin" or reconstructin" at least so5e live rosodic infor5ation fro5 dictated te;ts. ##. (ierent ractitioners have di erent criteria for definin" lines, so this state5ent is 5eant to be a "eneral one. *edlock, for instance, ty ically /orks /ith a auseBbased line defined by silence, /hereas Hy5es /orks /ith a syntactically based line defined lar"ely by clause boundary. 6thers CWoodbury #%E@, >cLendon #%E2D /ork /ith intonationally defined lines. Woodbury C#%E@D oints out that all three of these heno5ena Cand others besidesD are in fact interlockin" co5 onents of a lan"ua"e4s overall rhetorical syste5 and that any ethno oetic analysis of a te;t that does not take all such as ects into account is bound to be inade&uate. , ?$ , #2. )n the case of ethno oetic analyses done on te;ts taken do/n by honetic dictation, the lines are technically only reconstructions of /hat the actual lines of the ori"inal erfor5ance 5ust have been, based on syntactic and structural clues such as re etition, article lace5ent, and the like. #$. 7or an e;tended discussion of so5e of the ara5eters of this disa"ree5ent and of the develo 5ent of the ethno oetics 5ove5ent in "eneral, see 5y Destoring the 4oi%e in -anan Traditional Narrative C#%%#D. #G. We are not used to seein" "enuine s oken lan"ua"e in rint. >ost intervie/s in books and 5a"aHines are either heavily edited or are "iven by eo leO oliticians, actors, novelists, acade5icsO /ho are rofessional /riters or s eakers the5selves, /hose s eech is very -/ritten1 to be"in /ith. 6f course, storytellers are rofessional talkers, too, but their craft is entirely an oral one, not channeled into /ritten "rooves. #?. )t4s not that /e don4t have other si"nificant nu5bersOsevens, fours, fives, t/os, tens, and doHens all have roles to lay in Western sy5bolis5. )t4s Nust that the nu5ber three has re5ier cultural do5inanceP other nu5bers are subordinate to it. #A. ) refer here to the dialectic bet/een the Cho5skyan theory of lin"uistic universalis5 and the earlier theory of lin"uistic relativity, also kno/n as the -0a irBWhorf Hy othesis1Osurely t/o of the 5ost e;citin" intellectual conNectures in the history of hu5an thou"ht, even "iven the ulti5ate failure of relativity in its stron" for5. #@. 6ur lon"Bstandin" literary tradition has 5ade us fairly i5 atient /ith fullBblo/n e isodic re etition, and there is a stron" tendency in /ritten literature for the second and third e isodes in a se&uence to be ro"ressively truncated or even dro ed entirely. *he e;a5 le here sho/s that the sa5e thin" can ha en in oral erfor5ance. But /hether the choice to do so ste5s fro5 an intrinsic i5 atience C erha s the 5ood of the storyteller or the attentiveness of the audience controls thisD or

5arks a concession to resu5ed 'uro ean narrative tastes Clin"uists and anthro olo"ists 5ust often see5 to :ative storytellers to be "lancin" at their /atchesOand they even ay hourly ratesSD, it is difficult to kno/. #E. >ore recisely, /hat /e4re talkin" about here is glo6al formR%ontent 'arallelism$ in current ethno oetic ter5inolo"y Csee Hy5es #%E# and 0herHer and Woodbury #%E@ for further discussions of this and related conce tsD. #%. <ee in 5ind, thou"h, that you4re Nust dealin" /ith translations in this volu5eP if you really think you are on to so5ethin", the only ulti5ate arbiter is the ori"inalBlan"ua"e te;t. 20. *hese in turn built on Pro the Fol#tale C#%AE X#%2EYD. 4s earlier codification of e isodic and 5otif atternin", 0or'hology of

2#. *he best sin"le source for treat5ent of this notion is Hy5es4s [7n vain 7 , ST U tried to tell youQ: 1ssays in Native ,meri%an 1thno'oeti%s C#%E#D. 0herHer and Woodbury4s Native ,meri%an Dis%ourse: 2oeti%s and Dhetori% C#%E@D 5akes a "ood source as /ell. 22. Linda +a5ane, &uoted in e;cer t fro5 Lauren 0. *ei;eira, -Like the 9ir We Breathe,1 News from Native California %.G C#%%?D: ?0. 2$. 9s Bill Bevis C#%@GD has rather fa5ously said, -We /on4t "et )ndian culture as chea ly as /e "ot >anhattan.1 , ?? ,

&. SELECTIONS
:isenan rayer 8al h Beals, -'thnolo"y of the :isenan1 Who is tendin" this sun, XthisY 5oonR Who 5oves the5 aroundR *here 5ust be so5ebody to look after this /orld Q , ?@ ,

CREATION SONGS
&A (eserted it /as, (eserted it /as, (eserted, the earth. 7irst they a eared, 7irst they ca5e

out, 7irst >ukat, 7irst *a5ayo/et, 7irst the chiefs, 7irst the ancients. &, His heart roared, His heart thundered, Water and 5ud roared. *hen outside, to/ard the door, *he5selves they lay do/n, >ukat outside, *a5ayo/et then, *he5selves they lay do/n: Cu e2o son", 0alvadora 3alenHuela, #%20 Paul 7aye, collector Where it /as bare, /here it /as lonely, *he5selves they laid do/n, Where dust /as, /here 5ist /as. , ?% ,

&. 0(!( L!b"r$ t" F"r. ! W"r'd

At$u%e(i &667 D!rr8' ,!be Wi'$"n )t is said by the old ones that a thou"ht /as floatin" in the vastness. *hou"ht 5anifested itself into a voice. 3oice 5atured into +eNa, an everlastin" 5edicine son". 0on" san" itself into bein" as </a/, 0ilver =ray 7o;. By continuin" the son", </a/ created all that /e kno/. He san" the universe into bein". His sin"in" s a/ned 8eason, but not sufficiently, so /e shall never kno/ all that 5oves /ithin this universe. )t /as 0on", infusin" itself /ith both beauty and o/er, that caused the outer /orld to tre5ble and the inner /orld to &uake, and instructed the stars to beco5e one /ith the vastness and the vastness to beco5e one /ith the stars. *he -ne/1 universe created a ne/ kind of e5 tiness, /ithin /hich </a/ "re/ loneso5eO/antin" so5ebody to talk /ith. Laborin" over /hat to do /ith so 5uch nothin"ness, he decided to 5ake another bein", 5uch like hi5self. 0o5e haste on </a/4s art caused that bein" to be created /ith a defect: vanity. *hat bein" ca5e to 5y eo le as >a4kat4da, 6ld Coyote. </a/ instructed >a4kat4da to slee /hile he busied hi5self /ith 5akin" -so5ethin" shiny.1 </a/ san" for a 5illion years or 5ore, and in

, A0 , the distance so5ethin" shiny a eared, a 5ist. >ist contained no voice and no son", but it ossessed a 5a"ic. </a/ kicked >a4kat4da a/ake, sho/in" hi5 the shiny 5ist. *hey san" to"ether and >ist 5oved ever to the5. )t a roached silently, like a soa bubble on a su55er afternoon, floatin" u on the breeHe. </a/ cau"ht it in his hands and it rested there. >a4kat4da thou"ht that </a/ could not ossibly kno/ /hat to do /ith >ist, so he "rabbed for it. *here /as a stru""le. )n the conflict, </a/ dro ed the 5ist. >a4kat4da and </a/ /restled over the ossession of >ist for eons. >ean/hile, >ist dro ed slo/ly do/n, ever do/n. 9nd, Nust before >ist struck :othin"ness, </a/ broke free fro5 >a4kat4da, reached under it, and "ently nud"ed it back into the safety of his hands. Here, then, if there ever /as one, is -the be"innin",1 accordin" to the kee ers of our ancestral kno/led"e. 7or it /as fro5 the birth of the 5ist sun" into bein" that all of the stars and 5oons of the universe /ere createdP earth, also. 6ur earth, they say, is an infant, bein" fulfilled after all of the rest of the universe. )t is said that >ist took on substance, for5in" into so5ethin" 5uch 5ore solid. )t beca5e 5ore liable, like bread dou"h, and they kneaded it and stretched it as they san" and danced. *hey danced harder and fra"5ents se arated fro5 the 5istB"el and 5oved out in a vast circle, tu5blin" ever a/ay. *hese beca5e the stars and the >ilky Way. </a/ labored to for5 a /orld. But everythin" he created, >a4kat4da chan"ed. 3anity caused >a4kat4da to think that he kne/ best. </a/ created, >a4kat4da chan"ed. *hen >a4kat4da "re/ an"ry because all he could acco5 lish /as -chan"e.1 He beca5e destructive. 0eein" that he could not teach >a4kat4da, </a/ decided to re5ove hi5self. He entered his %hemaIha$ his s/eat lod"e, lifted the center ost, and dro ed do/n throu"h into this /orld, carefully re lacin" the center ost so >a4kat4da /ould not see /here it /as disturbed. When he arrived here, there /as only /ater. </a/ san" land into bein", then san" a %hemaIha to rest u on the land. He created hi5self a fresh ho5e u on ne/ earthO/ith no >a4kat4daS *hen </a/ set about 5akin" the /orld as /e kno/ it today, thinkin" that >a4kat4da /ould be satisfied /ith the /orld beyond the sky and /ould never co5e to this one. He 5ade all that /e kno/: the "eese and , A# , sal5on, the 5ornin"s and the 5ountains, the rivers and strea5s, the seasons and the son"s of all the birds. He 5ade it /onderful and, it is said, he 5ade it "ood. >a4kat4da searched for </a/ in the /orld beyond the sky and could not find hi5. 0o >a4kat4da, /hose best o/er is fire, found a little basket in </a/4s abandoned %hemaIha and threatened it /ith cre5ation if it did not tell. Little Willo/ Basket, not /antin" to erish in fla5es, said, -He /ent throu"h there,1 ointin" to the center ost of the %hemaIha. 0o >a4kat4da, e5 loyin" his o/n 5a"ic, ca5e to this /orld like </a/ after all Q *his e; lanation ca5e to 5e throu"h 8a5sey Bone Blake, /ho received it fro5 White Horse Bob. White Horse Bob /as "iven the son" that </a/ san" u on the ince tion of Life. *he son" /as his damagoomi$ his s irit hel er. 8a5sey couldn4t re5e5ber the /hole son", but often recalled fra"5ents of it. Ho/ever, he /as not allo/ed to sin" it, for the son" already belon"ed to White Horse Bob. Within this 5a"ic 5y eo le d/elled Nust a short ti5e a"o. >ore recently, our ho5e has beco5e the le"al ossession of stran"ers. We have been restricted fro5 a roachin" our laces of o/er and s irit.

We have beco5e 5ute /itnesses /hile others des oil the air, the land, the /ildlife, the rivers, and the ocean /aters. )t is said that </a/ created this /orld for ori"inal native eo le, not for /anderers. But it is the /anderers /ho have brou"ht a di erent rule, sayin" that our ancient la/s are of no value. *his 5ay be one of the reasons /hy /e are in a s iritual &uandary: not kno/in" ho/ to beco5e a functionin" art of the invadin" 95erican society, not re5e5berin" ho/ to sustain a strict connection /ith the -kno/in"1 that is our ori"inOand tre5blin" in the resence of both. With these thou"hts in 5ind, then, roceed throu"h the follo/in" -lessonBle"ends1 realiHin" that it /as not lon" a"o that there /as "reat 5a"ic in the land of 5y eo leOof all our :ative eo le. *hat there /as a /onder in the atterns of everyday life, and that there /as 5uch sin"in" and dancin". 7or these /ere our instructions /hen the earth be"an turnin" around the sun, and the sun be"an 5ovin" /ith the universe, to a destination that 5ay never be kno/n to any of us but </a/. , A$ ,

NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA
+urok, 7lorence 0hau"hnessy, at 8e&ua Peter >atthiessen, -0to the =6 8oad1 +ou co5e u on a lace you4ve never seen before, and it has a/eso5e beauty. 'verythin" above you, belo/ you, and around you is so ureO that is the beauty /e call merwer#sergerh$ and the ure erson is also merwer#sergerh. , A? ,

SONG
+urok doctor dance son" 8.H. 8obins and :or5a >cCloud -7ive +urok 0on"s: 9 >usical and *e;tual 9nalysis1 Why is the /ater rou"h, by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outhR Why is the /ater rou"h, by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outhR By 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outh, that is /hy they /atch it, by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outh. :ear the houses the surf runs further u , by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outh. Why is the /ater rou"h,

by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outhR :ear the houses the surf runs further u , by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outh. Why is the /ater rou"h, by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outhR :ear the houses the /aves break further u , by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outh. Hi"h in the air by 8ek4/ oy, that is /hy they /atch it, by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outh. :ear the houses the surf runs further u , by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outh. Why is the /ater rou"h, by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outhR :ear the houses the /aves break further u , by 8ek4/ oy at the river 5outh. , A@ ,

9. Te$t* h/!$ :The Tid!' W!4e;

T"'"(! &6<= L"ren ,"..e'8n2 !uth"r !nd tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y LOREN ,O++ELYN

*he *olo/a are a Pacific Coast 9thabascanBs eakin" eo le of :orthern California and 0outhern 6re"on. *heir terrain is heavily /ooded /ith cli5a; red/ood and (ou"las fir forests and accusto5ed to heavy rainfall. *he rivers of the ast /ere choked /ith trout, steelhead, and several s ecies of sal5on. *he ocean rovided /hale, sea lion, and innu5erable s ecies of fish. *he coastal tideB ools roduced a rich diversity of crustacea and bivalves. *he land, too, yielded its lenty: the annual harvest of fruits, nuts, and herbs. *he controlBburned forests and rairies of the hills ran /ith "reat herds of elk and deer. 9nd the skies /ere blackened /ith hundreds of thousands of fo/l fro5 the Pacific fly/ay. *he rich food su ly a orded the *olo/a a heavy o ulation and encoura"ed the develo 5ent of hi"h custo5s, elaborate rotocol, and a co5 le; le"al syste5. *hey built their ho5es fro5 handBs lit and handhe/ed red/ood lanks. *he *olo/a sea"oin" canoes /ere fa5ous u and do/n the coast. *heir e;o"a5ous 5arria"e custo5s resulted in a 5ultilin"ual society /ith a diverse syste5 of reli"ious ractices. *he Head5en , AE , controlled and rotected their villa"e districts, /here dentalia currency ranked su re5e in decidin" all le"al 5attersOtorts, da5a"es, 5arria"es, and all the rest of it. *hese 5en /ere res onsible for i5 le5entin" and carryin" out the hi"h cere5onies surroundin" our fore5ost res onsibility: for 5en

and /o5en alike to /alk in balance /ith creation. But the life of the *olo/a chan"ed forever in the #E?0s /ith the arrival of the 'uro eans. *heir ra acious assions and disease destroyed the *olo/a and their nei"hbors. *housands of eo le erished. *he 'uro eans ushed and drove the *olo/a o ulation into t/o se arate concentration ca5 s, one at 0iletH, 6re"on, and the other at Hoo a, California. *he *ututni and Chetco eo le are our northern divisions. *he residual o ulationOof no 5ore than t/o hundred individuals /ho esca ed the ca5 s and returned to their ho5elandOestablished the basis for the current *olo/a o ulation. 6ut of this ainful ast the *olo/a have survived. >y "reatB"rand arents survived the sevenByear holocaust that be"an in #E?$. *heir children /ere born at the end of the nineteenth century, their children4s children C5y arentsD in the #%20s and #%$0s. ) /as born in #%?A. 9unt Laura /as nineteen years older than 5y 5other and served as 5y "rand5a. 9untie and >o5 did everythin" to"ether. *he annual food cycles follo/ed one after another. 7irst /as the s rin" routine of "ardenin", sea/eed dryin", beef fattenin", and sal5onberry and thi5bleberry ickin". :e;t /as the su55er routine of s5elt dryin", cla55in", stra/berry and blackberry ickin", and each, a ricot, and ear cannin". 9nd last ca5e the fall routine of acorn and herb "atherin", the 5akin" of deer Nerky, huckleberry ickin", and the nettin" of steelhead and Chinook sal5on. 'very day after school, /e /ould run do/n to 9untie4s house. 0he fed us, and /e layed continental ru55y and cribba"e. *hen 9untie /ould tell us stories. ) could envision ho/ our villa"e looked durin" her youth. ) could see ho/ our villa"e looked /hen =rand5a 9lice /as youn" and /hen =reatB"rand5a (eliliah /as alive. >any ti5es it /ould "et dark, and /e /ould slee at 9untie4s. *he fall ni"hts /ere "illnetBsettin" ti5e. *he 0tate of California had lon" since ille"aliHed our livelihood, but this 5ade no di erence to us. -Paddle &uietly. :ever s5oke out on the /ater: the "a5e /arden can see , A% , the red cherry fro5 a lon" /ay o. Wear a s/eatshirt: the buttons of a shirt /ill han" u in the net and dro/n you. Club the fish /ith a &uiet sock to the head.1 :o one could "ut and fillet a sal5on /ith the skill and finesse that 9untie and >o5 had. 'ach sal5on /as carefully /ashed and scaled. *he sto5ach /as s lit o en e;actly, and the entrails and black blood re5oved /ith recision. *he sal5on4s head and fins /ere re5oved, and then it /as filleted. *hey stri ed the fillets /ith care. 'ach Nar /as acked to erfection. *hey hun" lon" stri s of sal5on in the s5okehouse. 9 s5all, cool alderB/ood fire sent the curin" s5oke /aftin" throu"h the sal5on stri s. >y favorite dish at fishBcleanin" ti5e /as sal5onB head and e"" cho/der. *he /inter rains of (el :orte County /ere e;tre5ely 5arked durin" 5y youth. *he rain /ould elt out of the skies for ten days and ni"hts fro5 its hi"h ceilin"s, /hile o/erful /inds and clouds cloaked the coastal lain. *hese /inds ounded the to of >ilichundun >ountain across the 05ith 8iver fro5 our ho5e lace, :elechundun. *he air /as /ar5 and 5a"ical, astir and /ild. Back in the eastern 5ountains at the head/aters of the river, the annual rainfall could reach t/elve feet at Bear Basin 0u55it. *hese rains /ould send us scurryin" over 5ountains, throu"h red/ood forests, fields, and the ri arian habitats of the river and estuaries. 0oaked to the bone, /e anted, cheeks flushed and red, lost in ti5e, lost to the eternity of our ancestors. 9unt Laura counted the days of rain and the s/ift sla in" /aves of the river to redict if it /ould flood. -=ee, 5aybe /e4ll have the =reat 7lood a"ain,1 she 5i"ht say. -6ne ti5e the eo le be"an to "o a"ainst the la/s of the Creator. *hat /as the ti5e /hen (o" s oke to the eo le. *his is /hy in =rand5a (eliliah4s ti5e you did not talk to do"s. )f they /ere to ans/er you, the /orld 5i"ht co5e to

an end.1 +ou see, a do" s eakin" to hu5ans is an indication of catastro hic destruction. 9 fe/ years a"o, so5eone had recorded the Christ5as carol -Min"le Bells1 /ith a do" barkin" out the tune of the son". *he radio station o/ner, Bill 0ta5 s, layed it over the air. 'lla :orris, one of our elders, called hi5 u and che/ed hi5 out. -What are you tryin" to do, 5ake the /orld co5e to an endR1 C*his belief had chan"ed in 5y fa5ily durin" =rand a Billie Henry4s ti5e, thou"h. He , @0 , and =rand5a 9lice al/ays used to -do" talk1 /ith the do"s. 9nd /e still -do" talk1 /ith our o/n do"s today.D *he follo/in" account of *estBch4as is an illustration of the o/erful ethical values of the traditional *olo/a. *he outside ressures of 5odern 95erican socialiHation and reli"ions are erodin" these values. But the traditionalists have a stron" sense of /hat livin" ri"ht 5eans. -)f you can4t do it ri"ht, don4t do itS1 'ach activity of daily life is resided over by the -6ne Who Watches 6ver Us.1 9t the ti5e of our "enesis, <[/an\Bleeshv5 laid out the universe and the la/s /e are to live by. *o live correctly brin"s us blessin"s. *o live outside these la/s is to invite strife and trouble into one4s life. *he *estBch4as account is a testi5ony and a /arnin" to us of /hat ha ens /hen /e fall outside the balance of the universe.X#Y *he *estBch4as account is a te5 late of ins iration and re lenish5ent. 7ro5 the nearly co5 lete annihilation of the *olo/as fro5 the face of the earth durin" the #E?0s, our o ulation has no/ reached 5ore than one thousand 5e5bers. )t has ha ened a"ain as it did in *estBch4as: that a 5an and his /ife live to"ether.

NOTES
#. *he o enin" section of this story, set in italics, co5es fro5 a di erent version of the 5yth than that on /hich the rest of the translation is based. Because the 5ain version of the story resented here be"ins /ith the disaster itself, leavin" the -/hy1 uns oken, Bo55elyn added this scene onto the be"innin" to e; lain the events that reci itated the disaster. *he *olo/a laceBna5e 1nmai C[Bi" >ountain\P rhy5es /ith -HenB5y1D corres onds to the eak kno/n as >ount '5ily on 5a s of the re"ion. C-'5ily1 is an 9n"liciHation of the ori"inal *olo/a for5.D *he /ord ChitIdvn is ronounced -CheatBdone.1Oh/l

FURTHER READING
Phili (rucker roduced an e;cellent ethno"ra hy of the *olo/a, The Tolowa and Their Southwest Eregon Kin. 8ichard =ould4s article, , @# , -*olo/a,1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo# resents a useful su55ary. Mack :orton4s Geno%ide in Northwestern California rovides infor5ation on ho/ the *olo/a fared in the ostContact eriod. Bo55elyn has t/o books of lan"ua"eBteachin" 5aterials, Now -ou(re S'ea#ing Tolowa, and Vus /eI-oQ: Tolowa 3anguage C/ith Berneice Hu5 hreyD. C*he latter contains the "lossed *olo/alan"ua"e version of the story translated here.D 9llo"an 0la"le4s article, -*he :ative 95erican *radition and Le"al 0tatus: *olo/a *ales and *olo/a Places,1 e; lores the le"al standin" of territorial references contained in traditional tales. 7inally, Bo55elyn 5ay be heard sin"in" *olo/a son"s on a

recordin" 5ade by Charlotte Heth, Songs of 3ove$ 3u%#$ ,nimals$ and 0agi%.

Te$t* h/!$ :The Tid!' W!4e;

,t ChitIdvn 4illage$ all the young men and young women$ they were 'artying there$ at the %enter of town. ,t dus# they had 'artied. Ene alone of all of them told his sister$ MEur grandmother tea%hes us$ WDon(t you go outside at dus#.QF , widow also 8oined with them$ then. She$ too$ started laughing around with them there. Truthfully$ then$ a dog sat u' and s'o#e out loud: M-ou all will see what(s going to ha''enAF The young man and the young woman$ they ran to their home. -GramA , dog has s'o#en hereAF -7 #new it was going to ha''en this way$F their grandmother said. M-ou two go to 0ount 1nmai now. Gra6 some dentalia$ and a smelt net also. To 1nmai you must go"ui%#ly$ 6oth of youA /ait for no one.F -Gram$ what are you going to doXF , @2 , -7 am old. 7 am going to die. -ou must go "ui%#ly now$ 6oth of you F )t /as durin" the fall /hen the "round shook. */ice the "round had shaken. -Well no/S 0o5ethin" bad is "oin" to ha en. +ou had better "o look no/,1 the 5an said. *hen the "round shook a"ain. -+ou t/o run to the beach,1 he told the boys. -+ou t/o addle the boat out to sea. 0hould the boat run a"round on the sand, the ocean tidal /ave /ill co5e that /ay. )f it ha ens like that, you t/o return a"ain &uickly to this side. *hen /e /ill kno/ /hat is "oin" to ha en.1 *he ocean /as e;tre5ely s5ooth. :ot a bit of /ind ble/. When those t/o addled to/ard the beach, it ha ened Nust that /ay. -We ran ashore al5ost to the sand,1 they said. *hen they ut all the canoes in a safe lace. *hen the "round shook a"ain. -)f it shakes the "round fro5 east and /est, the ocean /ill rise u .1 *hen the "round shook fro5 the /est. 'verythin" standin" on the "round fell over. *he /ater be"an to rise in the rivers. *he river ran over its banks. 6ne teena"e "irl a5on"st the5 /as havin" her ti5e of the 5onth. With her brother, she ran u into the 5ountains. *hey ke t lookin" behind the5 as they /ere runnin". 9s they ran, the ocean nearly cau"ht the5. 'verythin" that lived there turned into snakes. *he snakes all slithered into the ocean. , @$ , *hese t/o eo le ran u on to of a rid"e. *he /ater, risin" u in a tide, nearly ran the5 over. 'veryone /ho lived u on the earth ran to/ard the 5ountains. *he /ater, too, rose u the 5ountain fro5 the eastOall the rivers /ere runnin" over, is /hy. 'verythin" alive /as floatin" alon"side the

5ountain. When the /ater ran over the5, they all turned into snakes. -Let4s run alon" the rid"e no/,1 he told his sister. *hen they ran to the to of >ount 'n5ai, and sa/ that the /ater had flooded over the 'arth. *hen all this /ater be"an to boil. When the /ater had run al5ost over the to of >ount 'n5ai, the boy told his sister, -0tick your nose orna5ent into the "round. *he /ater /ill rise u no further than there.1 *hen she stuck her flicker feather in the "round. 8eally, the /ater rose u no furtherS *he youn" 5an built a fire. *hen all /ho did not dro/n stood on the 5ountainto . *he 'astern eo le, the Western eo le, all erished. 'very/here the fo" ca5e in. :o/here could land be seen. 9ll ni"ht they could not slee . 9ll ni"ht they ke t the fire "oin". When it /as 5ornin" every/here, they looked around. 6nly 5ountainto s /ere stickin" out of the /ater. >ount 'n5ai4s eak floated south/ard. *hese t/o stayed there ten ni"hts. 9ll those dan"erous ones /ho live in the forest, they, too, /ere standin" on >ount 'n5ai4s eak. 9ll of the5 /ere afraidOthey didn4t /ant to "o do/n to the foot of the 5ountain. *en days assed by. *he youn" 5an /ent to the foot of the 5ountain. When he returned, he told his sister, ->any lar"e creatures and s5all creatures are lyin" around every/here.1 *he ocean had left the5 there. , @G , -+ou and ) /ill "o do/n the 5ountain.1 His sister told hi5, -9ll ri"ht.1 *hey descended to the valley. *he "irl /as afraid, until her brother told her, -:othin" /ill har5 you. 9ll of the5 every/here are lyin" dead. (o not be afraid of it. Let4s seek out our ho5e.1 When those t/o found their /ay back there, everythin" /as nothin" there. *heir house /as also "one. 'very/here only sand /as lyin". *hey reco"niHed nothin". *here, /here they used to live, there /as nothin". 'very/here they /ent, the dead ones had started to stink. -Where /ill /e liveR1 one asked. *he other said, -9ny/here /e live is "oin" to be "ood.1 *hen this teena"er told his sister, -+ou sit here. Wait for 5e. ) a5 "oin" to the botto5 to see /hat ) can see. Perha s so5e eo le are livin" there.1 Before he /ent, he re ared food. He took it there to a safe lace. *hey found a iece of fresh /hale tail. *he /hale 5eat /as cut u for dryin". -*his 5eat /ill be "ood for you,1 he said. *hen the youn" 5an /alked to the south. He looked for eo le every/here. 9s he /as /alkin", he sa/ only dead ones. He /alked far into the south. He sa/ not a soul still alive. *hen he /alked to the east. He /alked all ni"ht and all day. He sa/ only s5all lakes. *hen the lakes beca5e a "ully in there. )n the east, he /alked alon" the border of his land. *here, also, he found not a soul alive. He also sa/ no deer tracks. He /alked far to the north there. He sa/ coyote tracks there. *hen he thou"ht, -) su ose another 5ountain oked out. (i erent eo le 5ust still be alive. )t /ill be "ood if ) see so5e eo le.1

, @? , He sa/ nothin". *hen he /alked to the beach. *he beach /as covered only /ith sand. 9s he /alked south/ard, nothin" stood. :ot a fir tree stood. 7inally he found one tree, a craba le. )t alone had not beco5e a snake /hen the ocean /ashed over it. *hen a"ain he /alked south/ard. He had /alked al5ost to his ho5e /hen the ocean be"an to look like blood. 7inally, he returned there to /here his sister /as livin". He told her, -:o/here did ) see a 5an. 'very/here all of the5 /ere dro/ned, ) su ose. ) /alked ten days and ten ni"hts. ) /alked continually. 9ll the /ater runnin" do/n is not "ood. 6n the tenth ni"ht ) thou"ht, [) /anted to find a 5an alive for you to 5arry. 9lso, ) /anted to find a /o5an alive for 5e to 5arry. *hat is the reason ) /alked over the /hole earth.\ 0o let us 5arry each other. *here is no one else any/here still alive for us to 5arry.1 *hey du" a round de ression in the "round for a house. *here they lived, those t/o, to"ether. )n ti5e she "ave birth to a son. -We shall 5ake a better house. Let4s "o do/n to the beach,1 the 5an said. 0o5ethin" /as floatin" out on the ocean. 9ll day they /atched it. When it /as about sunset they could still see it. *hen they /ent to"ether to their house. -Let us look a"ain,1 the 5an said. When it /as "ro/in" dayli"ht outside, they /ent to"ether. 8eally, there /as a red/ood lo" thereS *hey /ent to"ether to the ed"e of the shore. *here /ere /hale ribs and body bones iled there. -Let4s s lit the lo",1 the 5an said. *hey s lit the lo" into boards /ith the /hale bones. *hey ounded the , @A , /ed"es /ith rocks. *hey 5ade 5any lanks. *hey acked the boards to the bank. *here they built a house, a "ood one. 6ne day, he di ed for s5elts there. 9nother /o5an ca5e addlin" alon" fro5 the south in a canoe. *hey too 5arried. When a"ain another year had assed, the head /ife "ave birth to another one. 0he "ave birth to a "irl child. When these t/o in turn beca5e 5an and /o5an, they 5arried. When it ha ened a"ain and a"ain this /ay, there ca5e to be a "reat nu5ber of eo le. *hey scattered all over, every/here. )n every lace, all the 5en lived to"ether /ith their /ives. , @@ ,

>. ?The Y"un% +!n )r". Ser3er@ !nd Other St"rie$

Yur"- &6=&2 &6<=A&6<< F'"ren e Sh!u%hne$$82 n!rr!t"r R. H. R"bin$2 "''e t"r !nd tr!n$'!t"r Be!n Perr82 "''e t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y BEAN PERRY

*hese three stories co5e fro5 the +urok )ndians, /ho still inhabit their ancestral ho5eland alon" the lo/er forty 5iles of the <la5ath 8iver and the surroundin" coastline in :orth/est California, near the 6re"on border. Here they continue to harvest sal5on, eels, and /inter steelhead, to hunt deer and elk, and to follo/ 5any of the old life/ays and traditions alon" /ith other 5ore 5odern ursuits. 9ll of these stories /ere told by >rs. 7lorence 0hau"hnessy, a +urok elder /ho /as born in #%02 and lived in 8e&ua, near the 5outh of the <la5ath. )n #%?# 8obert H. 8obins /as recruited as a youn" Ph.(. by the 0urvey of California )ndian Lan"ua"es at the University of California at Berkeley to co5e fro5 London and do field/ork on a California )ndian lan"ua"e. >ary Haas assi"ned hi5 to do a "ra55ar, le;icon, and collection of te;ts of the +urok lan"ua"e. He ca5e to the , @E , <la5ath and /orked /ith >rs. 0hau"hnessy durin" the /inter and s rin" of #%?#, left for a ti5e, then returned in the late su55er, durin" the hei"ht of the sal5on run, to finish his /ork. )n #%?E he ublished The -uro# 3anguage. When ) 5et hi5 in #%EA and talked to hi5 about his field/ork, he still re5e5bered the lace, the eo le, and 5uch of the lan"ua"e in detail and /ith "reat fondness. He told 5e 5any thin"s about the circu5stances of his /ork that yearOthat he s ent art of his ti5e in >ichi"an at the Lin"uistic 0ociety of 95erica4s 0u55er )nstitute /orkin" u the "ra55ar, le;icon, and te;ts, and that he used his return visit to check the details and fill in the "a s in his data. (urin" that year the 0urvey /as able to urchase its first ta e recorder, /hich /as shared a5on" all the researchers in the field. He said that he Calon" /ith Bill Bri"ht, /ho /as then /orkin" on <aruk Nust u riverD /as able to kee the recorder for t/o /eeks, rather than the usual one. He told 5e that on his return visit, >rs. 0hau"hnessy /as very busy /orkin" on the 9rk, her floatin" restaurant, and that he /as /orried that he 5i"ht be botherin" her, so he tried to 5ini5iHe the bother. C)ronically, she once told 5e that 8obins /as so5eti5es in too 5uch of a hurry to take do/n detailed e; lanations, that he /ould run into the kitchen and say, -What4s the /ord for soBandBsoR1 and then run back out a"ain.D -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 is one of the stories that 8obins recorded /ith that ta e recorder in the +urok lan"ua"e and translated into 'n"lish. ), too, /orked /ith >rs. 0hau"hnessy, althou"h 5uch later in her life, fro5 the end of #%E? until she assed a/ay in #%EE. ), too, /as /orkin" for the 0urvey /hen ) first ca5e to +urok country. *he first "oal of our /ork to"ether /as to record stories. *he t/o stories ) have selected here are re5iniscences fro5 her childhood, in contrast to the old, for5al, and 5ythical -+oun" >an fro5 0er er.1 *hou"h she told the5 to 5e in both +urok and 'n"lish, ) have decided to use the 'n"lish versions here, because they directly reflect her voice and storytellin" style in 'n"lish, /ithout the 5ediation of a translator. *hey are transcribed verbati5, /ith only 5inor editin". When she told 5e the story about Blind Bill, /e /ere sittin" in her roo5, lookin" out the /indo/ at the hillside /here it ha ened, and she /as ointin" out /here the buildin"s once stood C5ost of the5 are "one no/D. 0o this story has al/ays held a sense of i55ediate reality for

, @% ,

FIGURE &. F'"ren e Sh!u%hne$$8. C"38ri%ht &6<< Be!n Perr8. 5e, and conveys a feelin" of 8e&ua in its boo5to/n days /hen the canneries /ere still in o eration, /ith the old )ndian /ay of life 5in"lin" /ith that of the ne/co5ers. *he o/l in the story, of course, foretells death, and one /ay to circu5vent that 5essa"e is to -kill the 5essen"er,1 the o/l. -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 is a stee 5ountainside leadin" do/n to the beach south of Crescent City, California. *he na5e is derived fro5 the e; erience of a settler in the #EA0s. Wa"on drivers /ould usually tie a lo" to the /a"on to hold it back. *he resent Hi"h/ay #0# is sli"htly east of the /a"on road described in this story but is still &uite stee . :o/adays as ) drive throu"h that area, ) think of 5y dau"hter, /ho is >rs. 0hau"hnessy4s niece and /ho is about the sa5e a"e as >rs. 0hau"hnessy /as then, and ) /onder ho/ she /ould 5ana"e such a tri . *hese stories sho/ ho/ ra idONust a fe/ "enerationsOthe transition fro5 the old /ays to the frontier to 5odern ti5es has been in this re"ion of California, one of the last areas of the Continental United 0tates to be settled. -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 /as one of >rs. 0hau"hnessy4s favorite stories. Her 5other /as fro5 0er er, and this story /as handed do/n /ithin her fa5ily. ) believe >rs. 0hau"hnessy learned it fro5 her "randB5other, , E0 , /ho s oke only +urok. )t is a 5ythical tale, a Nourney across a 5ythical "eo"ra hy durin" the ti5e lon" a"o /hen ani5als /ere like eo le and the idealiHed /orld that arallels this one on earth /as 5ore readily accessible than it is no/. 0uch Nourneys often rovide the fra5e/ork for +urok 5yths. )n the 5yth, the notion of the /hite deer is hi"hly si"nificant, because the +urok re"arded the5 as sacred. Like/ise, the /hite sand on the other shore si"nals that it is a s ecial lace, since our local beaches have sand that is dark "ray to black. 6re"os is a tall, u ri"ht rock that stands at the 5outh of the <la5ath 8iver. )t is considered to have once been a erson, a very lon" ti5e a"o, and there are stories about it as /ell. =oin" out the 5outh on the eleventh breaker is not a case of nu5ber sy5bolis5P the eleventh breaker is si5 ly said to be the s5allest one, the one on /hich it is easiest to ass throu"h the rou"h lace /here the river current and the surf collide. 6ddly enou"h, >rs. 0hau"hnessy /as not entirely satisfied /ith the version of this story as it a ears here, as she told it into 8obins4s ta e recorder. Her 5ain criticis5 /as that arts of the story had been left out. 'arly in our /ork to"ether, she told 5e a very di erent version of it in 'n"lish. )t see5s that /hen the youn" 5an /as leavin" to return ho5e, a fe/ of the eo le there /anted to rescue Coyote, so -all the ani5als /ith teeth1 /ent and che/ed holes in their boats so that Coyote /ould be sure to leave. 9nd /hen the youn" 5an returned ho5e, his "rand5other Cand a "randfatherD /ere still alive. *he 5oral of the story as she told it to 5e /as that it is "ood to take care of the old eo leOvery di erent fro5 the 5oral of the 8obins version, /hich is that one should not /ant too 5uch. We continued to /ork on this story on and o durin" our ti5e to"ether but never really co5 leted a definitive version. )t is clear to 5e that >rs. 0hau"hnessy kne/ several di erent versions of this story. *hese three stories are but a very s5all sa5 le of the /ealth and variety of >rs. 0hau"hnessy4s re ertoire. 0he, in turn, /as but one of a nu5ber of valued +urok storytellers fro5 her "eneration.

9lthou"h the +urok oral tradition continues on in various /ays, the +urok lan"ua"e is severely endan"ered today, because only the oldest eo le s eak it fluently. 9nd as the lan"ua"e is endan"ered, so this re ertoire of storiesOindeed, a /hole /ay of telling storiesOis endan"ered, too. , E# , 7or a cultural overvie/, start /ith 9rnold Pillin"4s article -+urok1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#. 8.H. 8obins co5bines "ra55ar, ei"ht te;ts Cincludin" -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1D, and a +urokB'n"lish vocabulary in The -uro# 3anguage: Grammar$ Te>ts$ 3e>i%on. 9lfred L. <roeber4s -uro# 0yths$ ublished osthu5ously, is a rich and i5 ortant collection of traditional narratives, 5ostly told in 'n"lish, dra/n fro5 a /ide variety of +urok storytellersP it includes so5e stylistic and folkloristic analysis of the te;ts.

?The Y"un% +!n )r". Ser3er@ !nd Other St"rie$

,LIND ,ILL AND THE OWL )n the old days, ri"ht u there, there used to be a flat. BriHHard4s used to have a store there. 9bove there they have a salt house, and then above that they had a bi" hall house /here eo le /ould dance. *hey ut on Christ5as lays and everythin" in there. 9nd a little above that /as a Nail house. When an o/l co5es and starts 5akin" noise around your ho5e, it4s bad luck. >a5a4s cousin /as Blind Bill, 0tar/en Bill. He lived /ith us. 0he ca5e and "ot hi5. 0he says, -*here4s an o/l, no/, 5akin" noise ri"ht out here.1 , E2 , 9nd he says, -Pick 5e u so5e flat rocks, like that. ) /ant three, three rocks.1 0o she /ent out /ith the lantern and icked u the rocks.

He said, -(on4t brin" the5 in the house. =ive the5 to 5e /hen ) "et out there, and then you sho/ 5e the direction,1 because he /as blind. -0ho/ 5e the direction.1 While he /as "ettin" his directions this o/l 5ade noise a"ain, so he kne/ ri"ht /here. ) "uess he had already said so5ethin" to those rocks, blessed the5 or /hatever. He thre/ the5 do/n there, and then there /as not another sound. 'arly in the 5ornin", as soon as he "ot u , he told >o5, -=et those kids u . ) /ant the5 to "et that o/l.1 9nd so /e "ot u and /ent around there. We looked in the hall there, and /e looked around by the Nail, all around. 9nd /e found it, /e sa/ it. By "olly, he killed that o/lS *hat blind 5an killed that o/l in the ni"htti5e. RAGGED ASS HILL With us, /e lived here, , E$ , and it /as only to/ard the last that /e had hard ti5es. But at first (ad used to "o out and "a5ble. 0o5eti5es he4d "o to Crescent City and stay three or four ni"hts layin" )ndian cards. He4d take his dru5, and he /as a "ood sin"er. He4d take his tea5. *hey4d "o u there and lay the 05ith 8ivers. *here /ere t/o or three di erent tribes of )ndians u there all in the sa5e area, but they s oke their o/n di erent dialect. *hey4d "o u there and lay the5. 0o5eti5es they4d lose and co5e ho5e retty oor. But then (ad had a lot of friends in Crescent City.

He al/ays took his /a"on and the tea5 /hen he /ent. 0o then he4d sto and borro/ 5oney fro5 the friends, and then sto the /a"on and 5ake all the friends /alk u . 6hS +ou don4t kno/ /hat they /ould call it O 8a""ed 9ss HillS Boy, to brin" frei"ht u that hillS 6h 5y "oodnessS +ou al5ost had to "et out and hel the horses. ) 5ust have been ei"ht or nine years old, because ) /as al/ays a bi" "irl for 5y a"e. 0o5ethin" /ent /ron" /ith (ad4s eyes. 9nd there /as nobody that could drive. We had a little bu""y, one /ith those little to s like you see in ictures no/, a little black bu""y. Well, they said, -7lorence is the only one that can drive,1 because ) used to drive the tea5 "ettin" the hay in. -0he can drive.1 Well, (ad said, , EG , -What about 8a""ed 9ss HillR1 *hey said, -7lorence /ill drive,1 and he had to take 5e because there /as no one else. His eyes /ere blind then, they /ere hurt so bad. 0o so5ebody said, -Mi55y, /hy don4t you cut do/n a "oodBsiHed ine tree u at the to thereR *ake your sa/ and your a;e and yank the ro e and tie that in the back. *hen the horses /ill have to ull that.1 0o that4s ho/, usin" the brakes, ) "ot do/n that hill. We "ot do/n to Cushin" Creek, and even then /e had )ndians livin" there. *here used to be three little huts there, and there /ere three )ndians, one old 5an and t/o /o5en.

*hey looked like they /ere blind to 5e. But (ad talked to the5P they kne/ Mi55y. 9nd they blessed hi5 and /ished hi5 luck. We still has five 5iles to "o. *hey say that beach is five 5iles lon". +ou see, /e had to 5ake that beach /hile the tide /as out. Because at hi"h tide you had to seek the sand roads in the back, and so5eti5es they /eren4t even assable. +ou4d "et stuck. 0o /e had to hurry across there. But /e 5ade it. ) "ot to the stable. 9ll ) kno/ is that they called that hill 8a""ed 9ss Hill. , E? , )t see5s that so5e 5en ca5e do/n throu"h there, and it /as so brushy that they Nust tore their ants to shreds by the ti5e they "ot do/n to the botto5 of the hill. *hat4s /hy they na5ed it 8a""ed 9ss Hill. )t /as a bad one. )t4s still there. THE YOUNG +AN FRO+ SERPER 6nce u on a ti5e an old /o5an lived u the river, and she had her "randson there /ith her. )t /as difficult for her to look after her "randson. *he boy /as very s5all, but as he be"an to "ro/ u it turned out that all he /ould do /as to "o do/n to the /ater4s ed"e and /as never done /ith fishin" for troutP /hatever he cau"ht he "ave to his "rand5other. 9nd then the old /o5an be"an to live better because the boy /as al/ays catchin" so5ethin" in his fishin". He be"an to "et bi""er and then he /ould catch all sorts of birds, and the old /o5an /ould say, -Child, this one4s feather is rettyP you /ill 5ake so5ethin" /ith thisP /e /ill ut it a/ay.1 *hen he &uite "re/ u and beca5e a youn" 5an, and it so turned out that all he did /as to hunt. 9nd once it see5ed as if so5ethin" said to hi5, -=o /ay u into the hills,1 and he sa/ lyin" there a tiny /hite fa/n. He took it and carried it a/ay and felt very leased. He said, -Look, "rand5other, ) have cau"ht this and /ill 5ake it a et.1 *he old /o5an /as very "lad. )t so turned out that his et ran around thereP /henever the youn" 5an /ent any/here his et /ould often run ri"ht on ahead of hi5. *he et "re/ u and it often ha ened that it disa eared in these runs. He /ould look for it and fre&uently found it hi"h u in the hills. 6nce the youn" 5an /oke u , looked, and searched in vain for his et. )t /as not there. *hen he ran strai"ht o to look /here else it could have "one. He also asked his "rand5other, -Haven4t you seen 5y et, =rand5otherR1 0he said, -:o, child, ) have not seen anythin" here this 5ornin".1 *hen he ran o P and he had a friend, and so he /ent to hi5. He said, -Let us both "o to"ether and lookP 5y et has disa eared.1

, EA , 9nd for a lon" ti5e they looked every/here, and they ca5e back and lay do/n. )n the evenin" he thou"ht, -) believe that 5aybe it /ill co5e back no/.1 *he follo/in" 5ornin" they looked for it a"ainP but no, there /as nothin" 5ovin" about there. 0o it /ent on, and the youn" 5an 5ourned its loss and ca5e to ine for his et. *hen one ni"ht it see5s he /as not slee in" soundly, and he heard so5ethin" a arently talkin" to hi5. He /as told, -Wake your friend u , and both of you "o do/n to the /ater. +our friend is to sit in the front of the boat, and you stand behind. (on4t touch your addleP you are Nust to stand there.1 0o he did Nust as he /as told. His friend /oke u , and they /ent do/n to the /ater. His friend sat in the boat in front and /atchedP they did not s eak. *hen the boat 5oved and slid do/n into the /ater, and then s ed alon". *he boat assed throu"h atches of very rou"h /ater as thou"h it /as &uite s5ooth as it see5ed to 5ove alon" on to of the /ater. *hen he sa/ that it /as bein" taken do/n the river. 7ro5 u in the hills Coyote had seen /here so5ethin" /as 5ovin" alon" and had heard tell that the t/o youn" 5en /ere bein" carried do/n fro5 across the river. Coyote thou"ht, -Well ) /ill not be left behind. *here is bound to be lenty 5ore to eat /herever they are "oin". 0houldn4t ) "o tooR1 He ran alon" the bank, and /henever he "ot to any oint on the riverside the boat /as assin" near hi5. 9nd in this /ay Coyote Nu5 ed alon" and sa/ the boat floatin" do/n and 5ovin" to/ard the 5outh of the river. *hen Coyote ran and ca5e alon" the bank to Ho 4e/ X<la5athYP he Nu5 ed and sa/ the boat already 5ovin" far do/n strea5. *hen Coyote ran for all his 5i"ht alon" the bank to ass it and chased after the boat. *hen he lea ed on to the rock 6re"os as the boat /as first breastin" the breakers. )t /as Nust "oin" to ass the rock, and Coyote Nu5 ed in and ca5e crashin" do/n fro5 hi"h u into it. *hen he said, -+es, 5y "randchildren, ) /ill co5e /ith you /herever you are "oin", for ) think you /ill not "et on /ell if there is no one /ho /ill s eak on your behalf /herever you 5ay "o.1 , E@ , *hen the boat s ed onP eleven ti5es it broke throu"h the /aves at the 5outh of the river, and then /ent on its /ay. 0o it /as that it s ed onP it s ed on to/ard the /est. *hen it /as dark for a lon" ti5e, and the boat still s ed on. *he ne;t 5ornin" they looked and fancied they sa/ so5e thin"s s/i55in" ahead of the5. 'ven Coyote /as no/ afraid and did not talk, because he had been chatterin" and at last had felt dro/sy /here he /as sittin", and /as not the first to see that it looked like land in si"ht. *hen they sa/ that it really /as land lyin" ri"ht out in the ocean. 9nd the sand /as all /hite, and a cro/d of eo le /ere standin" on the shore to /atch the boat boundin" in there. *hen they landed. When they landed they sa/ that there /ere seals "oin" ashore, and that it /as they that had to/ed the boat. 9nd then t/o "irls arrived there and one said, -Co5e to our houseP /e /ill be "oin". ) a5 sure you are tired, for your voya"e here has been lon".1 Coyote /ent on ahead and ran to see ho/ the eo le lived /ho lived there. *he t/o youn" 5en /ent u to the house and entered, and there stood another youn" 5an. *hen he said, -) a5 "lad that you have co5e, BrotherBinBla/,1 and then he said, -Let us "o and bathe ourselves.1 *hey /ent outside and /ere all to"ether at the youn" 5an4s d/ellin". *hen Coyote thou"ht, -Ho/ very retty that "irl is. ) think ) /ill "et ac&uainted a little /ith her.1 *hey

/ere sittin" by the fire /hen the cookin" /as finished, and Coyote sat do/n ri"ht in the 5iddle. :o notice /hatever /as taken of hi5 /here he sat. *he t/o /ho had arrived had a 5eal /hen they ca5e in. *hey could not but feel stran"e /onderin" /here on earth they had co5e to at this lace, for the sand /as all /hite, and they had never seen eo le livin" like this. *hen one of the "irls said, -:o/ ) /ill tell you in full /hy you have co5e here. ) a5 your for5er et. 7or a lon" ti5e ) stayed outside, and then ) sa/ ho/ you lived. ) sa/ that you /ere "ood and loved you for it. )t /as ) /ho en"a"ed the seals, sayin" to each of the5 [=o and fetch hi5.\ ) have a sister. ) thou"ht too that you /ould be lonely here , EE , if you did not brin" your friendP and 5y sister 5ay be his /ife.1 He thou"ht, -Well,1 and then he thou"ht, -0o this "irl is 5y for5er et, and that is /hy ) loved her so 5uch.1 *hen they loved one another /ell, and /ere 5arried, and lived lon" and ha ily, and had children. *hen "radually the /o5an noticed that it ha ened that her husband /ould "o far u in the hills and sit so5e/here there. 7or a lon" ti5e he /ould "aHe out over the /ater. 9nd one day the /o5an follo/ed hi5 and said, -9las, 5y husband, you see5 to have so5ethin" on your 5ind.1 He said, -:o, ) sit here, but ) have nothin" on 5y 5ind.1 *hen his /ife said, -) think, no ) kno/, ho/ you areP you kee sittin" here and "aHin". ) think you are ho5esick here. (o you /ant to "o back ho5eR1 9"ain he said, -:o.1 0he said, -Well, ) kno/ that really you are ho5esick. 9nd ) /ill tell you that if you decide to "o ho5e, ) /ill arran"e it that you shall "o ho5e.1 *hen he thou"ht, -) /ill "o and tell 5y friend, and ) shall "o ho5e.1 He /ent in /here his friend lived and said, -Let us both "o ho5e. 9rran"e5ents can be 5ade for us to "o ho5e.1 *hen his friend thou"ht, -:o, friend, ) /ill not "o /ith you. ) no/ like livin" hereP ) have 5y children and ) /ill not leave the5.1 *he other said, -Well, ) shall "o ho5eP ) shall return. 9las, alas that 5y "rand5other4s life is a burden to her, as ) fear she does not kno/ /here ) have disa eared to.1 9nd so it ca5e about that the boat /as launched. 9nd then they sa/ there /as a cro/d and that so5ethin" /as bein" dra""ed alon" there. )t /as Coyote bein" dra""ed alon"P he /as all tied u , and thro/n into the boat, because eo le /ere fed u /ith Coyote ever since he had been there. Whenever anyone /as at ho5e he lea ed into the house and said, -=rand5other, isn4t there anythin" lyin" here for 5e to eatR1 9nd he /as told, -Be o outsideS Who are you and /hat on earth are you doin" hereR1 Coyote ran u a"ainP -9ha,1 he said. -)t see5s there is so5e sou in the ot here. ) think ) /ill have so5e.1 *hen he "obbled it all u and heard the old /o5an ick u her stick. -Be o S +ou are Nust "oin" to steal a"ain. U"hS ) hate you. (on4t co5e here a"ainS (on4t co5e to the house a"ain to steal so5ethin"S1 0o he /as no/ hated by everyone, and , E% , therefore he /as thro/n into the boat. 9fter a shout the boat /as thrust out into the sea. *hen the youn" 5an ca5e back a"ain to this art of the /orld. 9t once he /ent u the river, and /hen he arrived there he sa/ that it /as no/ a lon" ti5e since his "rand5other had died. His house /as no 5oreP it had fallen do/n, and nothin" re5ained. *hen he thou"ht, -What a terrible thin" has befallen 5eS :o/ ) have co5e to be here alone. Ho/ ha ily ) /as livin" across the /ater, and ) have left it all.1 9nd so for this /e say that it is not "ood if a erson thinks too 5uch -) /ill have everythin".1 But a 5an lives ha ily if so5e/here he has lenty of friends, and has his 5oneyP then he does not "o

around thinkin" that he should have everythin" that does not belon" to hi5, and /ishin" it /ere his o/n. , %0 ,

C. C"8"te !nd O'd W".!n ,u''he!d

0!ru- ir ! &6>D +!r%!ret H!rrie2 n!rr!t"r H!n$ BEr%en U'd!''2 "''e t"r Bu'i!n L!n%2 tr!n$'!t"r 9 <aruk elder4s co55entary, #%20s S'ringtime %omes more "ui%#ly when we re%ite our %reation stories. We lay do/n to"ether for a lon" ti5e and recite the stories to each other in turn. /e answer ea%h telling with a telling. 9nd /hen /e recite creation stories lon" into the ni"ht, daylight %omes more "ui%#ly.

INTRODUCTION ,Y BULIAN LANG

*he <aruk are a HokanBs eakin" eo le livin" in 5ountainous :orth/estern California. *raditionally, they lived alon" the <la5ath 8iver bet/een their territorial boundary /ith the +urok and the CaliforniaB6re"on border. *hey lived by huntin", "atherin", and es ecially fishin". 0al5on and acorns /ere the sta les of life, because these /ere /hat the land "ave in abundance, as every/here in :orthern California. *hey /ere closely allied in social structure and /orldvie/Othou"h not in lin"uistic affiliationO/ith the Hu a and +urok. , %# , *hen ca5e the 'uro eans. *he 95erican -"old fever1 of #E?0 ended nearly as &uickly as it be"an. )t left behind /ides read disru tion of <aruk culture, destruction of 5any villa"e sites and other lands, and death for 5any. 9s the lacer 5ines etered out, the 5iners left in droves, leavin" behind the <aruk to resu5e their lives, in relative eace, and still livin" /ithin their abori"inal ho5elands. *oday there are about t/entyBei"ht hundred tribal 5e5bers. )5 ortant reli"ious and healin" cere5onies continue to be held annually at the sa5e sites ordained by the s irit race kno/n throu"h the tribal creation stories. )n reBContact ti5es C rior to #EG%D a <aruk creation story ossessed a uni&ue o/er to trans ort the teller and the listener fro5 their resent into 5ythBti5e. *he /ord u#n@iCii /as a si"nal that a 'i#va, or creation story, /as about to be told, and that the resent /as about to beco5e one /ith the creation. *he a/eso5e o/er and ener"y of the )k;arWeyav, the s irit inhabitants of 5ythBti5e, /as unleashed /ith the tellin". Cultural rotocol insisted u on silence /hile the story /as recited. 6ften recitations lasted /ell into the ni"ht. When s ecial "uests visited, the best 'i#va /ere recited: the stories of )thyaruk Lhriiv C[9crossBtheBWaterBWidBo/er\D, )k5ahachra54Lshii 3eek;arWeyav C[0acredB 0/eathouseB0 irit\D, and <ahthu;rivishk_rutihan C[6neBU riverBWhoBCarriesBtheB:et/ork0ack\D. *he

best 'i#va /ere rarely told in 5i;ed co5 any, bein" considered the hi"hest for5 of tribal kno/led"e. 6nly the /ealthiest and 5ost s iritually endo/ed fa5ilies ossessed such stories. *here are very fe/ 'i#v haan$ or storytellers, today, in the reBContact sense. 8arely used to invoke the creation, today the 'i#va have beco5e "rist for ele5entary school education. 7or instance, in California the study of California :ative eo les occurs durin" the fourth "rade C/hen students are ten years of a"eD, and only at that ti5e. 9n arbitrary and distinctly nonB)ndian educational fra5e/ork forces the confor5ity of 'i#va$ trivialiHin" 5edicine for5ulas and other i5 ortant, orally trans5itted cultural kno/led"e. *he very ori"in and desi"n of the <aruk /orldvie/ is delineated by the 'i#va. *hey are the verbal chronicle of the rehu5an era of the )k;arWeyav, the )55ortals, and their /orld, the Pikv.hahirak C[PlaceBofBtheBCreationB0tories\D. 9s +aas4.ra, or Hu5anity, /as about to co5e into e;istence, the )55ortals /ere instructed to transfor5 the5selves into /hat is no/ the diversity of the <aruk natural /orld. )ndividually na5ed and 5otivated, each )k;arWeyav 5eta5or hosed into an ani5al, a bird, , %2 , a lant, a 5ountain, a constellation. 0o5eti5es an )k;arWeyav fa5ily transfor5ed to"ether. Whether alone or as a "rou , the )k;arWeyav left behind their -story1 Cthat is, their insi"hts and instructionsD for the benefit of Hu5anity. *he initial reli"ious <aruk cere5ony of the year, the 7irst 0al5on Cere5ony, ro5inently featured 'i#va storytellin". )n 9 ril of each year a s rin" sal5on /as ritually cau"ht and cre5ated. *he risin" s5oke of the fire served as Hu5anity4s si"nal to the Heavens re&uestin" that all eatin" and huntin" taboos be erased, and that "ood fortune and "ood health descend u on the 'arth. *he 0al5on Cere5ony ritual /as receded by a 5onthBlon" eriod durin" /hich the adolescent boys stayed in the sacred 95eeky.araa5 C[WhereB*heyB>akeBtheB0al5on\D 0/eat House, learnin" the 'i#va of Hookbill 0al5on, 0 rin" 0al5on, 0teelhead, La5 rey 'el, 0u55er 0al5on, 7all 0al5on, *rout, 0ucker, the 6ld 0 insters, BuHHard, =riHHly Bear, and 5any others. 6f these s/eat house stories it /as said, -K)ovura vaa #oo#a '=#va$ as va(avaha'=#va1 [all that kind of stories, stories of food fro5 the river.\ *he story included here concerns the no/Bfa5iliar fi"ure of Pihn^efich, Coyote. )n :orth/estern California, Coyote /as re"arded as -the craHiest and nastiest 5an.1 Usually the stories told about hi5 reveal his bu oonery and lascivious nature. *his story is uni&ue because it resents Coyote4s darkest side. When recited, the story invariably causes both :ative and nonB:ative audiences to s&uir5 unco5fortably in their seats as their /ellBkno/n, funny, craHy Coyote 5urders a child in cold blood, "reedily eats the child4s food, and hysically and verbally abuses an old /o5an /ho has co5e to aven"e the 5urder of her "randson. When finally she overco5es Coyote, she transfor5s. *his 'i#va /as recited by >ar"aret Harrie, kno/n as >IaCakich Ca di5inutive of the 'n"lish ->a""ie1D. 0he /as fro5 the villa"e site of 9s.naa5karak C)ke4s 7latD on the <la5ath 8iver, /hich /as the site of the 7irst 0al5on Cere5ony. Her son, Benonie Harrie, beca5e a hi"hly res ected YemO a sha5an. *he (anish lin"uist Hans Mer"en Uldall recorded the story in the early #%$0s at Harrie4s ho5e in the JuartH 3alley near 7t. Mones, California Csee Lan" #%%GD. Uldall, a noted honetician of the day, /as invited by 9lfred <roeber, the head of the anthro olo"y de art5ent at U.C. Berkeley, to study California )ndian lan"ua"es and, incidentally, to trace the footste s of the 0 anish hysicianBlin"uist Mai5e de 9n"ulo, /ho had transcribed several creation stories fro5 >ar"aret , %$ ,

Harrie and te;ts fro5 her son. ) translated Uldall4s honetic transcri tions after findin" the5O hand/ritten, in encil, on lined -filler1 a erOin the archives of the 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es in #%E%. 'ach 'i#va o ens /ith the /ord u#n@iCii$ its only functional usa"e. *he /ord 5eans [a story fro5 the ti5e of creation is about to be recited\. 6nce uttered, there should be no talkin" a5on" the listeners, and no interru tions, because the 'i#v haan$ the 'i#vaBteller, 5ust render the story verbati5, Nust as it /as reviously tau"ht to hi5 or her. 9ll creation stories take lace durin" the era kno/n as Pikv.hahirak C[PlaceBofBtheBCreationB0tories\D. *he /ord #u' na#ana#ana Cits only functional usa"eD ends the creation story and alerts the listeners that they have been returned to the resent ti5e. 9fter brin"in" us back, the teller usually re5inds us of the 5ost si"nificant deed of the story4s rota"onist. 7inally, the teller recites a kind of /ordB5edicine /hich she or he 5ust s eak after every recitation in order to hasten forth the s rin"ti5e Cstories are reserved for the /inter 5onths, as is the case /ith 5any tribesD, by beckonin" forth 0 rin" 0al5on and the brodiaea lants. *he recitation also attests that the teller has been unctilious in his or her tellin" of the story. 9 slo y tellin" 5i"ht result in the teller havin" a vas=h#uun Ca crooked backD in old a"e, or so5e other bad luck, such as a snake bite or broken le". 0o5e tellers elaborate their recitation Cin funD by sayin" that their -asses are /rinkled and shriveled1 fro5 lack of food. *he conventional recitation: Chee5yIaCach ik )shyIaCat i5shirLhraavishS 0 rin" 0al5on, you 5ust shine u river &uicklyS :.yaavheesh ikS +ou 5ust hurry to 5eS Chee5yIaCach ik 9taych_kinach i4uun_ raveeshS Brodiaea, you 5ust s rout u river &uicklyS :.yaavheesh ikS +ou 5ust hurry to 5eS :aniv.si v_ra veekin.yaachS >y back is strai"htS , %G , *he selfB5ockin" coda: 9fu ch_ra; tanee5chit.tkooS >y ass is all /rinkled and shriveledS

FURTHER READING
7or a concise anthro olo"ical orientation to <aruk culture, the reader should consult Willia5 Bri"ht4s -<arok1 article in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#. C-<arok1 is an older s ellin" of the tribal desi"nation.D Bri"ht also has /ritten a "ra55ar, The Karo# 3anguage$ and translated several <aruk stories into 'n"lish, includin" -Coyote =ives 0al5on and 9corns to Hu5ans,1 -Coyote4s

Mourney,1 and -Coyote 0teals 7ire.1 Harvey Pitkin resents a Wintu version of -Coyote and Bullhead1 that is strikin"ly di erent fro5 this one yet is not /ithout arallels. >ore te;ts 5ay be found in 9. L. <roeber and 'd/ard =i ord4s Karo# 0yths. Mulian Lan"4s book, ,rara'=#va: Creation Stories of the 2eo'le$ contains an introduction discussin" <aruk culture and storytellin" traditions, a ronunciation "uide and notes on <aruk "ra55ar, a "lossary, and interlinear translations of si; traditional stories and ersonal re5iniscences.

C"8"te !nd O'd W".!n ,u''he!d

K#n@iCii 9 erson lived there. He thou"ht, -)45 "oin" u river. )45 tired of livin" hereS ) feel loneso5e.1 0o, he left. He /ent a lon" /ays u river, to /here a bi" creek flo/ed do/n. He looked u the creek, /hen suddenly he sa/ a boy /alkin" about. *he boy carried lots and lots of trout. *he 5an looked at the boy and said, -=eeH, ) like eatin" trout, ) /ish ) /as eatin" so5e of his.1 *he 5an /ent over to the boy. , %? , -Where did you find that troutR1 *he boy said, -) cau"ht the5.1 -+ou couldn4t have cau"ht that 5any fishS ) bet you4ve been travelin" /ith so5eone elseS1 *he boy said, -:oBoBo. ) have a /illo/ seine. ) /as Nust there to see it. *hat4s /here ) cau"ht the trout.1 *hen the 5an said, -9re you tellin" 5e the truthR1 *he 5an /as thinkin" to hi5self, -)45 "oin" to 5urder hi5.1 9nd then he killed the boy. -HoorayS )45 "onna eat troutS1 *he 5an built a fire, a bi" fire. *hen he hid the one he had Nust 5urdered. *here /as a lo"Na5 nearby, and he hid the body under a lo". *hen he /ent back to his fire, and he roasted the trout. He icked so5e herbs, and added the5 to his cookin". *hen he ate, finally devourin" all the trout. *hen he thou"ht, -HoorayS )45 Nust fullS :o/ ) can travel a lon" /ays u riverS1 He said to hi5self, -)45 "oin" to aint 5yself.1 He sa/ s5oke risin" /hen he looked u river. -Hey, )45 about to arrive at a villa"eS1 0o he ainted hi5self u "ood /ith redBearth aint. *hen he decorated his buckskin shoes. He ainted red stri es runnin" do/n his leather le""in"s, and he ainted his buckskin blanket co5 letely red /ith the earth aint. He ut on an )ndianB5oney necklace, and then he ut on a ne/ 5an4s basketry ca . *hen he /alked u river. 9fter /alkin" Nust a little /ays, he looked u river and sa/ an old /o5an standin" in the trail. 0he /as cryin". , %A , *he 5an arrived /here she stood, and asked her, -+ou4re cryin" here, in the athR1

*he old /o5an refused to ans/er hi5. -Why don4t you ans/er 5eS1 the 5an asked. *he old /o5an Nust ke t on cryin". *hen he said, -you can4t beat 5e u S1 *he 5an started to /alk u river. He barely assed her by, /hen she "rabbed hi5 around the /aist. -Hey, let 5e "oS Why did you "rab 5eR1 He tried hard to ry a art her "ras Bhold, but he couldn4t do it. 0he /as sli ery. He "ave it his all, but she still held onto hi5. 0uddenly there /ere dark cloudsS Before too lon" it /as rainin". *he rain Nust flo/ed do/n. When he looked do/nhill to/ard the river, the /ater /as risin". 9nd Coyote thou"ht, -)t4s all ri"ht no/S 0he4ll let 5e "o no/, as soon as the river rises u to us here. 0he4s so shortS )t4s all ri"ht no/.1 7inally, the river rose ri"ht u to /here they stood. *he 5an said, -HeyS >y nice shoes are "ettin" /etS >y little le""in"s are "ettin" /etS Let 5e "oS1 0he refused to ans/erP the /ater hit the5. -)t4s all ri"ht no/S1 the 5an thou"ht. -0he4ll let 5e "o /hen she disa ears under the /aterS1 7inally the /ater /as u to her knees. He ke t thinkin", -) /ish she4d let 5e "o.1 He tried hard to ry her hands a art a"ain. )t /as no use. 7inally the /ater /as u to his /aist. -9ll ri"htS 0he4ll be under /ater any 5o5entS1 *hen she disa eared under the /ater. Coyote started cryin" thenOstill she held onto hi5. 7inally both of the5 disa eared under the /ater. *he river rose to u hill of /here they /ere. Then$ she let hi5 "o. *he old /o5an oked her head out of the /ater. -Let it be so, that ) beco5e , %@ , transfor5ed here in the /aterS1 9nd then she turned into Bullhead 7ish. 9s for Coyote, he drifted far do/nriver. *he old /o5an found hi5 stuck in a5on" so5e /illo/s. When the hi"h /ater receded, the old /o5an hauled hi5 out of there. 9s for the old 0 irit Wo5an, she ca5e back to this /orld. XfY *hat is, she ca5e back to this 5ortal /orld, transfor5ed as Bullhead. 9nd Coyote, he ca5e back to life a"ainS Ku' na#ana#ana. Coyote did that. He killed the old /o5an4s "randson Q S'ring Salmon$ you must shine u'river "ui%#lyA -ou must hurry to meA ?rodiaea$ you must s'rout u'river "ui%#lyA -ou must hurry to meA 0y 6a%# is straightA , %E ,

=. The De4i' Wh" Died L!u%hin%

0!ru- &6=D +!.ie O))ie'd2 n!rr!t"r Wi''i!. ,ri%ht2 "''e t"r !nd tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y WILLIA+ ,RIGHT

>y rinci al field/ork on the <aruk lan"ua"e C reviously called -<arok1D /as done in the s rin" of #%G% and the su55er of #%?0. (urin" the latter eriod, in search of <aruk s eakers /ho could tell traditional stories, ) visited >rs. >a5ie 6ffield, an elderly /o5an livin" at her su55er ho5e on the slo e of >ount 6ffield, near 0o5es Bar, in 0iskiyou County. C(urin" the /inters, she lived in Los 9n"eles.D 0o5e years before, she had served as a translator and consultant for the ethno"ra hic field/ork of Professor 'd/ard W. =i ord, of BerkeleyP eo le told 5e that she kne/ a lot, but that she /as -kinda 5ean1Othat is, unfriendly or uncoo erative. ) /as a rehensive, but in fact she roved to be kno/led"eable, friendly, and very coo erative. (urin" that su55er she dictated ei"hteen stories and hel ed 5e translate the5. >ost /ere 5yths, about the deeds of Coyote and the other )k;arWeyavsOthe 7irst Peo le /ho inhabited the earth before hu5ans ca5e into e;istence. But others /ere stories /ith hu5an charactersOso5eti5es involvin" , %% , su ernatural occurrences, but believed to have ha ened in -5odern1 ti5es. 95on" these, the anecdote that ) have called -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 has al/ays been one of 5y favorites. )t involves no su erhu5an characters and no 5oral lesson: it4s si5 ly a funny story, /hich ) have enNoyed retellin", and 5y <aruk friends have enNoyed hearin", for the last forty years. +ears a"o, ) ublished the te;t CBri"ht #%?@:2@GF@?P there is a hoto of >rs. 6ffield on a"e #??D in a technical transcri tion syste5 for lin"uists and other s ecialists. *he s ellin" for <aruk used in this introduction is a 5ore ractical syste5, /hich ) have recently develo ed for the <aruk tribe4s lan"ua"e ro"ra5. *o understand the story, one needs to kno/ /hat the )ndians of :orth/estern California 5ean by a -devil1 C<aruk a'ur&vaanD. *he ter5 has nothin" to do /ith de5ons fro5 Hell, but rather refers to sorcerers: hu5an bein"s, 5ale or fe5ale, /ho ractice 5alicious 5a"ic. C6ne could use the ter5 -/itch1 e;ce t for the fe5ale connotation of the 'n"lish /ord.D (evils "et their o/er fro5 5a"ical obNects called 'uroon W devil 5achines\P ar5ed /ith these, they ro/l around hu5an d/ellin"s at ni"ht, so5eti5es e5ittin" ma%hnat$ or s5all flashes of li"ht C/illBo4BtheB/is sRD, s yin" on the inhabitants and choosin" their victi5s. )n >a5ie 6ffield4s story, a air of devils co5e to s y on a 5an and his /ife, /ho are occu yin" a te5 orary house in an acornB"atherin" area. But the devils "et a sur rise and never have a chance to ractice their sorcery. 0tories in /hich devils are th/arted see5 to be a reco"niHed "enreP >rs. 6ffield told 5e three such stories on a su55er afternoon in #%?0 Csee Bri"ht #%?@:2@GF@@D. *he hu5or of such stories is erha s enhanced by bein" at the e; ense of a hated and feared class of eo leP /e 5i"ht i5a"ine a si5ilar 5odern story in /hich the ro/lers /ere ta; collectors. )n s ite of its secular nature, the story sho/s an ethno oetic structure si5ilar to that of <aruk 5yths and other narratives. )t consists of fourteen -verses,1 5ost of /hich be"in /ith a sentenceBinitial article constructionOusually # ri > s [and then\, indicatin" se&uentiality. 9s is ty ical in <aruk storytellin", the initial verse lacks this ele5ent. *he follo/in" central assa"e sho/s a variation in the use of initial articles: verses ##F#2, at the cli5a; of the action, be"in not /ith # ri > s$ but /ith the

/ord h=nu'a indicatin" a sur rise, translatable as [and there Q S\ *his , #00 , initiates a kind of freeHeBfra5e e ect: the se&uence of actions is sus ended and reviously unkno/n features of the situation are revealed. ? <.ri ;.s ch.5u;ich _Bykar. 9nd then sucker he cau"ht it. 9nd then Cthe husbandD cau"ht a sucker. <.ri ;.s aBasikt.vaan uB ii , -ChL5i kanBthi5nIuCu B A i.1 9nd then the /o5an she said, -CintentionD )4ll roast it.1 9nd then the /o5an said, -)45 "oin" to roast it.1 <.ri ;.s uBthL5nu , aB @ ch.5u;ich. 9nd then she roasted it, the sucker. 9nd then she roasted it, that sucker. E <.ri ;.s .Bfaan uByh_kuBrishuk. 9nd then the "uts she ri ed the5 out. 9nd then she ri ed out the "uts. % <.ri ;.s aB5ukunBikrLvraa5 uBs_ruBru rinBahiBti, yLthaBkan. 9nd then their house there /as a hole throu"h, at one lace. :o/ then, there /as a hole throu"h their houseB/all, at a certain lace. #0 <.ri ;.s vaa kaan uB.kithBru ri, .Bfaan. 9nd then that there she flun" the5 throu"h, the "uts. 9nd then she flun" the5 throu"h that hole, those "uts. ## HLnu a vaa k.an uBtBnIuCu rihBti, yLtha aBa ur_vaan. 9nd there that there he /as eekin" throu"h, one the devil. 9nd there he /as eekin" throu"h that hole, a certain devilS #2 HLnu a y_ Byaach tBuB.kithBtir. 9nd there s5ack in the eye she had flun" the5. 9nd there she had flun" the5 ri"ht s5ack in his eyeS 9 art fro5 the initial article constructions, features of ethno oetic structure in this assa"e include the follo/in": , #0# ,

W"rd Order
*here is re"ular alternation of reverbal and ostverbal osition for nouns to indicate ne/ and old infor5ation, res ectively. *hus /e have, in verses ?F@, -He cau"ht a sucker Xne/YO9nd then she roasted it, that sucker XoldY1P then, in verses EF#0, -0he ri ed out the "uts Xne/YO9nd then she flun" the5 throu"h that hole, those "uts XoldY.1 9lon" /ith the re eated # ri > s$ this attern su""ests an at5os here of routine activity or -business as usual,1 servin" as a back"round to the sur rise that co5es in verses #0F##.

Re etition
*here is re etition of the verbal suffi; 5eanin" [throu"h a hole\, /ith the three variants Iru'rin g Iru'ri g In@uCu'rih: C%D -*here /as a hole throu"h their houseB/all1P C#0D -0he flun" the5 throu"h that hole, those "uts1P C##D -He /as eekin" throu"h that hole.1 9 art fro5 the oetic echo e ect of the artial honetic re etition, the reiterated se5antic ele5ent "ives e;tra cohesion to the narrative at this oint of cli5a;. 7or a translation of this te;t, ) /ould have liked to resent >rs. 6ffield4s o/n 'n"lish version, but unfortunately, ) have not reserved thatOeither in a verbati5 transcri t, or in an audio recordin"Oso )4ve done 5y best to re roduce features of her collo&uial storytellin" style, as ) re5e5ber it: short sentences, infor5al but totally clear vocabulary and synta;, and certain <aruk stylistic devices such as the 5ove5ent of oldBinfor5ation noun hrases to the end of the sentence C-9nd then she roasted it, that sucker1D. Where the <aruk te;t uses re etition, )4ve tried to re roduce that faithfully in 'n"lish. 7inally, at several oints /here the <aruk uses vocabulary ite5s that are hi"hly distinctive, se5antically or honolo"ically, )4ve atte5 ted to find corres ondin"ly colorful 'n"lish vocabulary. *hus, in verse E, the verbBfor5 uyh&#urishu# 5eans [she ulled Cso5ethin"D out\ but can refer only to the "uts of an ani5alP ) translate -she ri ed out the "uts.1 )n verses #0 and #2, the verb ste5 #ith 5eans not si5 ly [to thro/\ but [to thro/ so5ethin" soft\Osuch as 5ud, dou"h, or Cin this caseD fish "utsP ) ro ose the translation , #02 , -to flin".1 )n verse #2, the alliterative y&'Iyaa%h$ literally [eyeBe;Bactly\, su""ests not Nust [ri"ht in the eye\ but the 5ore vivid -s5ack in the eye.1

FURTHER READING
7or an overvie/ of <aruk culture, see Willia5 Bri"ht4s article -<arok1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#. Concernin" sorcery in :ative :orth/est California, see Willia5 M. Wallace and M.0. *aylor4s article, -Hu a 0orcery.1 9 <aruk "ra55ar, te;t collection, and dictionary are resented by Bri"ht4s The Karo# 3anguage. 7or ethno oetic analyses of <aruk narrative, see Bri"ht4s -9 <aruk >yth in [>easured 3erse\1 and -Coyote4s Mourney,1 both collected in ,meri%an 7ndian 3inguisti%s and 3iterature; see also (ell Hy5es4s -Particle, Pause, and Pattern in 95erican )ndian :arrative 3erse.1 THE DEVIL WHO DIED LAUGHING 9 lot of eo le /ere "atherin" acorns, u in the 5ountains,

in acorn season. 9nd then they had "one ho5e, all those eo le. 6nly one 5an /as left, he and his /ife. 9nd then he said, -) think )4ll "o s ear so5e fish.1 9nd then he cau"ht a sucker. 9nd then the /o5an said, -)45 "oin" to roast it.1 9nd then she roasted it, that sucker. , #0$ , 9nd then she ri ed out the "uts. :o/ then, there /as a hole in their houseB /all, at a certain lace. 9nd then she flun" the5 throu"h that hole, those "uts. 9nd there he /as eekin" throu"h that hole, a certain devilS 9nd there she had flun" the5 ri"ht s5ack in his eyeS 9nd then that other devil burst out lau"hin". 9nd then he Nust lau"hed hi5self to deathP the ne;t day his friend sa/ hi5, he /as lyin" there, he /as still lau"hin", even thou"h he /as dead. 0o then the other one told /hat ha ened. , #0G ,

7. ?The ,"8 Wh" Gre( U3 !t T!/-/i.i ' din%@ !nd Other St"rie$
Hu3! &67>A&67C +innie Ree4e$ !nd L"ui$! B! -$"n2 n!rr!t"r$ Vi t"r G"''!2 "''e t"r !nd tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y VICTOR GOLLA

*o"ether /ith their close nei"hbors the +urok on the lo/er <la5ath 8iver, and the <aruk further u strea5 on the <la5ath, the abori"inal Hu a of the lo/er *rinity 8iver subsisted Cand subsisted /ellD on the abundant s rin" and fall runs of sal5on, /hich they su le5ented by "atherin" acorns and berries, tra in" eels, and huntin" deer and s5all "a5e. *he 5odern Hu a eo le have been able to reserve a close attach5ent to this rich environ5ent, since they are fortunate to ossess a lar"e reservation that includes the center of their traditional territory, Hoo a 3alley. *his s ectacularly beautiful ei"htB5ileBlon" stretch of botto5land, studded /ith oaks, is located on the *rinity a fe/ 5iles above its confluence /ith the <la5ath. )n the Hu a lan"ua"e it is called na: tini>w [/here the trail "oes back\, and its "eo"ra hy is closely inter/oven /ith traditional Hu a reli"ion and story. , #0? , )n addition to the eo le of Hoo a 3alley Cna: tini>we [those of na: tini>w\D, there /ere several Hu aB s eakin" tribelets, all virtually identical in lan"ua"e. */o of these tribelets Ckno/n ethno"ra hically as the Chilula and the WhilkutD /ere located on 8ed/ood Creek, /est of Hoo a 3alley. *here /as at least one tribelet u strea5 on the *rinity 8iver, centered on the villa"e of Le: ldin" /here the *rinity and 0outh 7ork Noin. 0hortly before the turn of the century, Pliny 'arle =oddard ca5e to Hoo a as an interdeno5inational 5issionary. He built a church, /hich still stands, and learned Hu a sufficiently /ell to be able to reach in it. )n #%00, ho/ever, he abandoned reli"ious /ork to beco5e an anthro olo"ist. His ethno"ra hic sketch -Life and Culture of the Hu a1 is a classic, and he also ublished an i5 ortant volu5e of traditional Hu a narratives, -Hu a *e;ts.1 *hese studies, to"ether /ith =oddard4s nu5erous ublications on the lan"ua"e, 5ade the Hu a one of the best described )ndian cultures of California in the early decades of this century. )n #%2@ the "reat anthro olo"ical lin"uist 'd/ard 0a ir added even 5ore to the docu5entation of Hu a traditional culture in a field study that focused on lan"ua"e and literature. He collected seventyBsi; narratives, so5e of the5 &uite lon" and 5ost of the5 full of cultural detail. *his i5 ortant collection is no/ bein" readied for ublication in a forthco5in" volu5e of The Colle%ted /or#s of 1dward Sa'ir. ) be"an 5y o/n /ork /ith the Hu a in the #%A0s. >y /ork /as ri5arily lin"uistic, but ) also collected a nu5ber of narrative te;ts. *he four Hu a stories included here are translations of narratives collected on ta e in #%A$ and #%AG fro5 >rs. >innie 8eeves and her youn"er sister, >rs. Louisa Mackson. >innie 8eeves C#EE0F#%@2D /as /ell ast ei"hty at the ti5e, and Louisa Mackson C#EEEF #%%#D /as in her late seventies. 9lthou"h 5arried into Hoo a 3alley fa5ilies, >innie and Louisa /ere actually fro5 the Chilula tribelet. *heir father, (an Hill, and "randfather *o5 Hill had refused to resettle the fa5ily on the Hoo a 3alley 8eservation after its establish5ent in #EAGP they continued to live in the traditional villa"e of :olehdin" C[/aterfall lace\D on lo/er 8ed/ood Creek, a fe/ 5iles north/est of the reservation boundary. *he fa5ily 5oved to Hoo a in #EEE, and both sisters attended the boardin" school there.

>innie 8eeves /as a talented narrator, and her carefully told stories , #0A , s an several "enres. Her sister Louisa Mackson had a s5aller re ertoire, but a vivacious style. -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"1 is the sacred charter of the t/o rinci al World 8ene/al dances. *hese cere5onies, the Hu a ter5 for /hich is %h(idilye$ are uni&ue to the traditional cultures of the +urok<arukBHu a area and continue to be erfor5ed today. *hey focus on 5aintainin" the e&uilibriu5 of the hysical and social /orld throu"h son"s and dances leasin" to the #(i>inay$ the su ernatural inhabitants of the /orld before hu5ans arrived /ho still e;ert influence on hu5an a airs fro5 a Heaven beyond the sky. *he cere5onies are erfor5ed in t/o tenBday cycles, the White (eerskin (ance C>onsi l %h(idilye [su55er World 8ene/al\D and the Mu5 (ance C>ay %h(idilye[/inter World 8eBne/al\D. *he White (eerskin (ance takes lace in 9u"ust or early 0e te5ber at a series of dance"rounds in Hoo a 3alley. *he Mu5 (ance is erfor5ed in late 0e te5ber at a sin"le site about one hundred yards u strea5 fro5 the villa"e of *a4k4i5ildin" C[acorn cookin" lace\D. 7or5erly the t/o dances 5ay have been annual eventsP today they are biennial, held in oddBnu5bered years. *he story that >innie relates is not in the strict sense a 5yth. Hu a 5yths relate events that ha ened in the days /hen the #(i>inay /ere still on earth, /hereas this story has the character of a reli"ious le"end set in hu5an ti5es. )n it the World 8ene/al dances are said to be the ins iration of a s ecific youn" boy, a child of the fa5ily that o/ns the >ontah ni#ya: w C[bi" house\D, the lar"est and 5ost resti"ious house in the rinci al Hoo a 3alley villa"e, *a4k4i5ildin". *his boy is /ellBbehaved and -sin"s all the ti5e,1 an indication that he has been chosen by the #(i>inay as a vehicle of s iritual o/er. *hen one day he disa ears in a cloud to Noin the #(i>inay beyond the sky. 9fter a lon" absence he briefly rea ears to his father to convey to the Hu a eo le ho/ and /here the #(i>inay /ant the World 8ene/al dances to be erfor5ed. -) /ill al/ays co5e back. Q) /ill al/ays be /atchin",1 he both ro5ises and /arns. >innie 8eeves4s tellin" of this sacred story /as a ro riately sole5n and serious. 9lthou"h her version /as abbreviated and broken here and there by a hesitation or "ro in" for /ords, it /as clear that she /as recitin" /ellBkno/n lines and hrasesOa sacred te;t in the 5ost real sense. C0ee the -Hu a Lan"ua"e 0a5 le1 at the end of this introduction for a closer look at the lan"ua"e behind the translation.D , #0@ , *he incident that >innie 8eeves relates in -=randfather4s 6rdeal1 robably occurred in the #E?0s or early #EA0s, /hen hostilities bet/een /hite settlers and Hu asO articularly the ChilulasO/ere at their /orst. >innie4s 5aternal "randfather and the )ndian doctor he /as escortin" /ere by no 5eans the only )ndians "ratuitously killed or /ounded by /hites on the trails bet/een Hoo a 3alley and the coast. *he need to i5 ort a sha5an fro5 Hoo a 3alley underscores the eri heral status of the Chilula tribelet. -*he 0tolen Wo5an1 is one of 5any le"ends /hose the5e is a raid on a eaceful Hu a villa"e by -/ild )ndians1 fro5 the south. *here is undoubtedly a historical kernel to these stories, and the raiders Cusually called mining(wilta%h( [their facesBtattooed\D 5ay be either the +uki of 8ound 3alley or the Hayfork Wintu. 9 articular t/ist to this story is the i5 lication that the /ealth of >e4dildin", the leadin" villa"e of the u river CsouthernD half of Hoo a 3alley, is based on stolen treasure. :ot sur risin"ly, >innie4s connections /ere lar"ely to *a4k4i5ildin" and the do/nriver CnorthernD half of

the valley. -)t Was 0cratchin"1 /as told to 5e by Louisa Mackson. )t belon"s to a o ular "enre of -)ndian (evil1 stories, based on a /ides read belief in /itchcraft ractices C#(ido: ng>weD. (evils are said to sneak around houses and "raveyards in the ni"ht, eerin" throu"h /indo/s or catchin" eo le /hen they venture outside alone. *hey insert - ains1 into eo le, causin" illness, bad luck, and even death. :ote ho/ the /o5an in the story accuses the devil of havin" killed o her entire fa5ily C%h(e(whine l ya: n [he ate 5e u \ is the Hu a idio5D. )n traditional ti5es, sus icions and accusations of devilin" /ere &uite co55on, "ivin" social life a distinctly aranoid tin"e.

Hu3! L!n%u!%e S!.3'e

*he follo/in" lines of Hu a, /ith their "losses and translations, co5e fro5 the be"innin" of the first story resented here, -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin".1 *a4k4i5ildin" nat4tehldich/e: n, at *a4k4i5ildin" he "re/ u He "re/ u at *a4k4i5ildin"P , #0E , ;ontah nikya: / 5e4 ts4isla: nOkile: ;ich. House Bi" in he /as born a boy he /as born in the Bi" HouseOa boy. Haya: l an"4 lah;/ na4k4i/in"4ah /ehst4e\P then it /as only!nothin" but he san" continually He /ould do nothin" but sin" all the ti5eP na4k4e4a4a/. he /ould kee sin"in" he Nust ke t sin"in". Haya: l hay diydi [a:ya:;olch4ide4ine\, then /hatever they /ould tell hi5 *hen, /hatever they /ould tell hi5, 4aht4in"&4a4ant4e: 5ida4 &4eh na4a4a4. everythin" its /ord!5outh after he carried it about he 5inded it. 4e4il/il na4ky4a4ah4;/, it /ould "et dark as he san", He /ould sin" all day lon", ;ontah nikya:/ 5e4, *a4k4i5ildin". House Bi" in at *a4k4i5ildin" in the Bi" House at *a4k4i5ildin".

FURTHER READING
8eaders should consult Willia5 M. Wallace4s entry, -Hu a, Chilula and Whilkut,1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#. 7or a 5ore inBde th ethno"ra hy, there is Pliny 'arle =oddard4s classic -Life and Culture of the Hu a.1 =oddard4s -Hu a *e;ts1 is also an i5 ortant collection of Hu a oral literature. *he stories resented here are taken fro5 .u'a Stories$ ,ne%dotes$ and Conversations$ a booklet re ared by =olla for the Hoo a 3alley tribe in #%EG. , #0% ,

?The ,"8 Wh" Gre( U3 !t T!/-/i.i din%@ !nd Other St"rie$ THE ,OY WHO GREW UP AT TA/0/I+I LDING +innie Ree4e$ *here once /as a boy /ho "re/ u at *a4k4i5ildin"Oborn into the Bi" House there. He did nothin" but sin" all the ti5e. He /ould al/ays be sin"in". He /as a "ood boy and did /hat he /as told, but he /ould stay there in the Bi" House at *a4k4i5ildin", sin"in" all day lon". 6ne day his 5other /ent do/n to the river to fetch /ater, leavin" the boy sin"in" in the house. 0he di ed u so5e /ater, and /as on her /ay back u to the house /hen a sound sto ed her. )t sounded like so5eone /as sin"in" inside a cloud that hovered over her house. 0he ut her /ater basket do/n and listened. 0he could hear it clearly: so5eone /as sin"in" there inside the hoverin" cloud. 9fter a /hile the cloud lifted u into the air. 0he could still hear the sin"in". 'ventually it vanished into the sky. 0he /ent on back to the house. When she /ent inside, the boy /as "one. )t /as clear that he had "one o inside the hoverin" cloud. When her husband returned fro5 huntin" she told hi5 /hat had ha ened. *hey had loved hi5 very 5uch, and they cried and cried. 9 lon" ti5e assed and there /as no si"n of the boy. *hen, one day, 5any years later, the 5an /ent u the hill to hunt. 9fter huntin" for a /hile he "ot tired and decided to rest under a bi" tan oak. 9s he sat there s5okin" his i e he /as suddenly a/are of a youn" 5an /alkin" to/ard hi5 out of the forest. Lookin" 5ore closely he sa/ that it /as the boy, no/ "ro/n u . He lea t to his feet and ran to e5brace his son. -0to there, 7atherS (on4t co5e to/ard 5e,1 the youn" 5an said. -(on4t try to touch 5e. ) can4t bear the scent of hu5an bein"s any 5ore.1 , ##0 , *hen he continued, -*he only reason ) have co5e back is to tell eo le the /ay thin"s should be done in the future. When ) /ent o to Heaven in that cloud, ) found the5 dancin" there, dancin" /ithout ever sto in", dancin" the /hole day lon". -9nd that is /hy ) have returnedO/hy you see 5e no/. ) have co5e to tell you about the dances. ) a5 here to tell you the /ays they should be danced, and the laces /here they should ha en. -+ou /ill dance do/nstrea5 throu"h Hoo a 3alley, you /ill finish the dance over there on Bald Hill: that is /here the White (eerskin (ance is to be danced. -*en days after the White (eerskin (ance is finished, you /ill dance the Mu5 (ance for another ten days. *here behind the Mu5 (ance fence ) /ill al/ays be lookin" on. ) /ill al/ays co5e back for the Mu5 (ance, althou"h you /on4t ever see 5e. Because ) /ill be lookin" on fro5 there, invisible thou"h ) a5, don4t let anyone "o back of the fence, don4t even let a do" "o back there. -) /ill al/ays be /atchin".1 *hat is the end of the story.

GRANDFATHER/S ORDEAL +innie Ree4e$ ) /ill tell you no/ about ho/ 5y "randfatherO5y 5other4s fatherO"ot shot, a lon" ti5e a"o. His 5other had "otten sick. *he Chilula )ndian doctors /ho /ere treatin" her told hi5 that she robably /ouldn4t ull throu"h. *hey told hi5 that he should "o "et this )ndian doctor fro5 Hoo a /ho had a "ood re utation. 0he 5i"ht be able to save his 5other. >y "randfather i55ediately set out on foot for Hoo a 3alley. He found the )ndian doctor and the t/o of the5 started back to/ard the Bald Hills. , ### , *he )ndian doctor carried a lot of stu in a ack basket, and 5y "randfather carried another ack basket. *hey crossed Pine Creek at the ford called 0oa root C"osIdingD and /ent u the Bald Hills ast Birds 8oost C#(iya:whInondi l dingD. 9s they /ere headin" do/n the far slo e, 5y "randfather ha ened to look back alon" the trail and cau"ht si"ht of a arty of /hites on horseback. *he /hites had seen the t/o of the5 and /ere ointin" their rifles at the5. >y "randfather tried to raise his handsOhe raised the5 strai"ht u Obut it did no "ood: the /hites shot at the5 any/ay. 9 bullet hit the )ndian doctor and she fell do/n dead. 9nother bullet tore throu"h the u er art of 5y "randfather4s back. )t didn4t kill hi5, but his le"s "ot cau"ht in so5e berry vines and he too fell to the "round. *hinkin" that they had killed both of the )ndians, the /hites /ent o do/nstrea5. >y "randfather dra""ed hi5self back u the trail to/ard the rid"e. He re5e5bered that there /as a cedarBbark huntin" shelter u there. He finally found it and cra/led inside, /here he colla sed and fainted. >ean/hile, the eo le back at ho5e /ere "ettin" /orried. -*hey should have "otten back lon" before no/,1 they thou"ht. ->aybe so5ethin" has ha ened. 0o5ebody should "o out lookin" for the5.1 0o a arty /ent o to search for the5. When they "ot to the huntin" shelter, they sa/ 5y "randfather lyin" inside. )t looked like he had been dead for so5e ti5e. *hey took a iece of bark fro5 the shelter and /ere "oin" to lay hi5 out on it, like a cor se, to carry hi5 ho5e for burial. But /hen they started to handle hi5, he Nu5 ed u . *he 5o5ent he lea t u , blood and 5atter s urted out of his /ound and he started "as in" for breath. He had been in a dee co5a, near death, but he had seen a vision of a /hite "riHHly bear ouncin" on hi5 and tearin" o en his infected /ound. He had trained for o/er and had ac&uired a lot of itOhe /as a stron" believer in all of those thin"s. 9 vision ca5e to hi5 fro5 Heaven, and he survived. *hey carried hi5 back ho5e, /here he recovered. 9nd that is the end of the story. , ##2 ,

THE STOLEN WO+AN +innie Ree4e$ 9 lon" ti5e a"o, they /ere havin" a Brush (ance at the villa"e of >e4dildin". )n the 5iddle of the ni"ht, /hen the dance /as "oin" stron", an e;traordinarily handso5e 5an sho/ed u , carryin" t/o valuable fisher hides. He /ent ri"ht into the it and danced bet/een t/o "irls. 9s they filed out of the it at the end of the set of dances, he cau"ht hold of one of the "irls and ran a/ay /ith her. He took her far o. 0he had been kidna ed. He took her alon" /ith hi5 fro5 lace to lace, across the 5ountains. 9fter a lon" /hile they arrived back at his ho5eOa bark house, located at the base of a lar"e rock. *hey lived there to"ether, and eventually she had a childOa little boy. When the 5an /ent out huntin" he /ould take the /o5an /ith hi5. When he sa/ a "oodBsiHed deer, he /ould oint a 5a"ic Mu5 (ance basket Cna(weh%hD at it and /i""le it around, and instantly the deer /ould fall over dead. He /as al/ays careful to kee the /o5an /ith hi5 and /ould never let the 5a"ic basket out of his si"ht. *hey /ould then "o back ho5e. 9fter the venison /as all eaten u they /ould "o out huntin" a"ain. 6ne ti5e /hen they /ere doin" this, the 5an incautiously ut the 5a"ic basket do/n /hile he /ent to ick u a fallen deer. *he unha y /o5an thou"ht that she sa/ a /ay of "ettin" ho5e to >e4dildin". 0he icked u the 5a"ic basket and ointed it to/ard hi5, /i""lin" it around the /ay he did /hen he /as killin" a deer. He didn4t see her do this, and they /ent back ho5e. *hat evenin" he co5 lained of a headache, and before the first li"ht of da/n a eared he /as dead. *he /o5an searched the 5an4s house. 0he found her child, no/ "ro/n to be a fairBsiHed youn" 5an. 0he also found that the 5an had a lar"e nu5ber of valuable thin"s that he had stolen fro5 eo le. 0he fi;ed u a ack basket full of such thin"s and then she and the boy set o for ho5e. , ##$ , 0he thou"ht hard about ho/ they had co5e /hen she had been kidna ed, and the t/o of the5 traveled for several days. 7inally they reached >e4dildin". *he boy had never seen so 5any eo le before. )t scared hi5, and he /ould run and hide behind the houses. *his is ho/ there ca5e to be rich eo le at >e4dildin". *he kidna ed /o5an had brou"ht back all sorts of valuable thin"s. *his is the end of the story. IT WAS SCRATCHING L"ui$! B! -$"n 6nce, a lon" ti5e a"o, /hen the harvest season ca5e, a "rou of /o5en /ent o to "ather acorns. *hey ca5 ed in a bark hut at the lace called >ortar Lies *here Cme(istIsitangI>wD. *hey had "athered lots of acorns, and /hen it ca5e ti5e to ack the5 ho5e they decided it /ould be best to fetch a 5an to hel . 0o they /ent back for so5eone, leavin" one /o5an to stay /ith the acorns. 0he s ent the ni"ht alone in the bark hut. )n the 5iddle of the ni"ht she heard so5ethin" 5akin" a noise, like an ani5al scratchin" the outside of the hut. 0he didn4t "et concerned about it. But /hen she

"ot u in the 5ornin" she thou"ht she4d look, and discovered scratch 5arks outside the hut ne;t to /here she had been slee in". )n s ite of this she /ent out and s ent the day "atherin" 5ore acorns. *hat evenin" she "ot ready to s end another ni"ht in the hut. *hinkin" that erha s so5eone /as tryin" to devil her, she laced a lo" /here she had sle t before. 0he covered it /ith a blanket and sat do/n beside it. )n the 5iddle of the ni"ht she a"ain heard the noise of so5ethin" scratchin". 9s she /atched, she sa/ so5eone ut his hand into the hut. He ke t ushin" it in until his ar5 reached the lo" that /as lyin" there like a erson in the blanket. 9t that instant, the /o5an cau"ht hi5 around the /rist, held his ar5 do/n, and sa/ed it o /ith a knife. When it /as severed, she hurled it aside. , ##G , When she "ot u in the 5ornin" she decided to "o back to the villa"e. 0he "athered so5e ferns and stu ed the5 in her ack basket. *hro/in" the severed ar5 on to of the ferns, she set o for ho5e. 9s she /as co5in" do/n the rid"e ast the villa"e of Konsahdin", she heard the sound of eo le cryin". 0he /ondered /hat /as "oin" on and decided to "o do/n and see. When she "ot there she found a 5an laid out for burial and eo le 5ournin" hi5. 0he asked /hat had ha ened. -*hat oor 5an 5et /ith a "reat 5isfortune,1 they told her. C*hey also 5entioned his na5e, but ) /on4t re eat it here.D -9 tree li5b fell on hi5 out in the /oods.1 -+es,1 she said. -6f course. 9 tree li5b fell on hi5.1 0he took her ack basket do/n, felt around in it, and ulled out the severed ar5. 0he thre/ it on to of the body. -*his too,1 she said. -*his too is his. He /as the one /ho /as co5in" after 5e, tryin" to devil 5e. :o/ ) kno/ /ho it /as /ho killed o 5y fa5ilyS1 9nd suddenly the 5ourners /ere silent. , ##? ,

F. The ,e!r Gir'

Chi.!ri-" &69& S!''8 N"b'e2 n!rr!t"r B. P. H!rrin%t"n2 "''e t"r 0!therine Turner2 tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y 0ATHERINE TURNER

*he Chi5ariko lan"ua"e /as once s oken on the *rinity 8iver in :orth/estern California, a heavily forested and 5ountainous country. Chi5ariko is classified by lin"uists as a Hokan lan"ua"e, but it is only distantly related to so5e of the other lan"ua"es s oken in rehistoric California. *o the /est and north/est their nei"hbors /ere the 9thabascan Whilkut and Hu a. *heir nei"hbors to the south and east /ere PenutianBs eakin" Wintu eo le. 0ally :oble /as the last kno/n fluent s eaker of the Chi5ariko lan"ua"e. 0he told the story of -*he Bear =irl1 to Mohn Peabody Harrin"ton in #%2#. >rs. :oble told Harrin"ton several Chi5ariko stories as /ell as recountin" historical events, describin" custo5s such as tattooin" and doctorin", and "ivin" her ersonal re5iniscences. *here is no lace in Harrin"ton4s notes of his /ork /ith her /here she told a sin"le story fro5

, ##A , start to finish. 0ally :oble /as re5e5berin" these stories fro5 lon" before she told the5 to Harrin"ton, and each ti5e she told a story she /ould re5e5ber another detail or e isode. 9lthou"h she kne/ Chi5ariko, she had seldo5 s oken the lan"ua"e as an adult. By the ti5e she told this story, she had not s oken Chi5ariko for 5any years, so she told it in 5any overla in" fra"5ents. *his story /as ieced to"ether fro5 those fra"5ents. M. P. Harrin"ton a5assed 5ore data about :orth 95erican lan"ua"es and cultures than any other erson. 9n ethno"ra her and lin"uist, he /as e5 loyed by the Bureau of 95erican 'thno"ra hy. He recorded his notes on the Chi5ariko lan"ua"e fro5 0ally :oble bet/een 0e te5ber #%2# and Manuary #%22. His notes are stored in the 05ithsonian )nstitution in Washin"ton, (.C. *hey have been hoto"ra hed and 5icrofil5ed, 5akin" the5 5ore accessible to libraries around the /orld. By Manuary #%22 Harrin"ton had co5 iled several thousand a"es of notes on Chi5ariko, and he lanned to return to his /ork /ith 0ally :oble in >ay. >rs. :oble died in 7ebruary #%22. *he story of -*he Bear =irl1 told here is 5y translation of >rs. :oble4s Chi5ariko, not her 'n"lish versions of the story. 0he s oke in 'n"lish at first, then in both Chi5ariko and 'n"lish, and, finally, in Chi5ariko /ith an occasional 'n"lish /ord or hrase. When she s oke 'n"lish, Harrin"ton /rote it do/n in 'n"lish, and /hen she s oke Chi5ariko, he /rote it do/n honetically because there is no al habet for Chi5ariko. 9s 0ally :oble "ot into the story of -*he Bear =irl1 in her o/n lan"ua"e, she added a /ealth of detail absent fro5 her 'n"lish tellin"s. )n Chi5ariko the story is lyrical throu"h its use of re etition to unfold the lot "radually. *here is a 5aNestic beauty in the re etitions. 7or 5ost of the story, >rs. :oble s eaks one hrase and then artially restates it, addin" Nust a little 5ore detail before 5ovin" on to the ne;t sentence. *his is such a ro5inent feature that it is &uite noticeable /hen >rs. :oble does not e; loit this device but 5oves strai"ht ahead /ith her story, addin" ne/ infor5ation /ith each ne/ sentence. 7or instance, in the scene /here the Bear =irl abandons civiliHation for "ood Clines A0F@$D, there is very little re etition, and its absence underscores one of the cli5a;es of the story. We find the sa5e attern a"ain near the end of the story Clines %AF#0GD at another dra5atic 5o5ent, the scene /here her brother shoots the Bear =irl. , ##@ ,

FIGURE 9. S!''8 N"b'e. C"urte$8 ") the ,!n r")t Libr!r82 Uni4er$it8 ") C!'i)"rni!2 ,er-e'e8. 9 fe/ additional notes about the translation of Chi5ariko 5ay be in order. 7irst, there is no di erence bet/een he and she in Chi5ariko, so ) have su lied the distinction for 'n"lishBs eakin" readersP it /ould look and sound odd had ) translated the Chi5ariko ronouns as it. 0econd, ) have chan"ed the order of the /ords fro5 Chi5ariko /ord order to that of 'n"lish and 5oved descri tive /ords to /here they /ould occur in an 'n"lish sentence. , ##E , *his story "ives us a "li5 se of Chi5ariko culture and beliefs, as in the conce t that there /as a ti5e

lon" a"o /hen a erson could "ro/ u or -turn out1 to be an ani5al. )n translatin" this story into 'n"lish, ) have tried to reflect the style and hrasin" as 0ally :oble told it in Chi5ariko. *he line breaks are an atte5 t to su""est the controlled, rhyth5ic ace of delivery that see5s i5 licit in the lan"ua"e of the ori"inal. ) have not elaborated or filled in blanks, because that /ould alter the story told and add nothin" of si"nificance. *his story s eaks for itself.

FURTHER READING
Little is kno/n about the Chi5ariko. */o articles in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#, 0hirley 0ilver4s -Chi5ariko1 and Willia5 Wallace4s -Hu a, Chilula and Whilkut,1 su ly the 5ost u toBdate infor5ation /e have about the Chi5ariko eo le, their lan"ua"e, and their culture. 8oland (i;on4s -*he Chi5ariko )ndians and Lan"ua"e1 rovides an earlier but 5ore e;tensive ethno"ra hy. C. Hart >erria54s -*he :e/ 8iver )ndians *olBho5BtahBhoi1 5ay also be of interest. Ma5es Bau5an4s -Chi5ariko Placena5es and the Boundaries of Chi5ariko *erritory1 takes an interestin" look at Chi5ariko ethno"eo"ra hy. )n addition to the fe/ ublished sources, the Bancroft Library at the University of California at Berkeley has t/o s5all notebooks of fieldnotes on the Chi5ariko lan"ua"e recorded by 9. L. <roeber in #%0#F#%02. *he 95erican Philoso hical 0ociety in Philadel hia has the s5all a5ount of Chi5ariko lin"uistic data recorded by 'd/ard 0a ir in #%2@.

THE ,EAR GIRL

Lon" a"o there /as a cross )ndian "irl. 0he /as cross and an"ry all the ti5e. 0he did not like eo le. 0he had no a etite for food. 0he did not like the food her 5other fed her. 0he did not eat the food she /as "iven.

, ##% , *hey /ere afraid of her. *hey could do nothin" /ith her. *hey /ondered /hat she /ould a5ount to. 'verybody /ondered ho/ she /ould turn #0 out. Her 5other hired a "ood )ndian doctor to ask /hat /as the 5atter /ith the "irl. 0he /as not like eo le. 0he /as not like our flesh. 0he /as not a erson. #? 0he /as not a hu5an /o5an. 0he /as "oin" to turn out to be a bear. *hat4s /hat the 5atter /as. 'verybody /as afraid of her because she /as so cross. 0he /as al/ays sla in". 20 0he did not use a stick, not ever. 0he al/ays sla ed /ith her hand.

0he /as not like the other children. 0he al/ays sla ed. When "ood children lay, 2? they do not sla /ith their hands but use a stick. *heir 5other told the children: -(on4t hit her. ) a5 "oin" to unish you if you hit the bear "irl.1 But they /ould so5eti5es hit her /ith a rock because she /as so 5ean. When she /as still a little "irl, $0 she already sle t alone in a little house, because everybody /as afraid of her because she /as so cross. When the haHelnuts and berries "ot ri e, she "athered /ild blackberries, but she did not eat the5 in the house. $? 0he had only one brother. Her brother /atched his sister as she "ot a little bi""er and crosser every year. 'verybody ke t a /atch on her. 'very year she "ot /orse and /orse. , #20 , When the old /o5en /ent to "ather haHelnuts, she /ent /ith the5. 'ach ti5e she /ent a little further. 0he /atched other eo le crackin" the haHelnuts and learned ho/ to crack the5 too, thou"h she had been told not to. 0he "athered lots of haHelnuts and cracked the5, but she did not eat the5 in the house. >aybe she ate the5 out in the /oods. )n the house she thre/ everythin" around. 0he "ot /orse and /orse every yearObi""er and crosser. When the /o5en /ent out to "ather haHelnuts, the "irl /ent to "et a drink further u strea5. When it /as ti5e to "o ho5e, the /o5en called out: -We are "oin" ho5e.1 *hey called to her and hollered, -Co5e on, let4s "o.1 *hey hollered but she did not ans/er. 0he /ent a little further every ti5e. 0he /ent further into the brush. 7inally she set the basket do/n on the trail and Nust ke t "oin".

G0

G?

?0

??

A0 *hey say her brother follo/ed her throu"h the thick brush, and found the basket. 0he ke t "oin", u into the 5ountains, and she thre/ a/ay her a ron. But she /ore a nice fancy dress, /ell fi;ed u . Her brother found the a ron and ut it in the basket. 0he ke t "oin", cli5bin" hi"her and hi"her. Her brother found her nice fancy dress. He ut it in the basket, layin" it across her a ron. *hen he found her hat. Her brother ke t follo/in" her u strea5 throu"h the @0 brush. 7inally he cau"ht u /ith her. 0he had already chan"ed into a bear. 0he looked back. 0he said: , #2# , @? ->y brother, ) thou"ht ) /as a natural born erson, but ) a5 a bi" bear. :o/ ) "et /here ) /ant to "o, no/ ) turn out to be a bear, E0 so that4s ho/ ) turn out. ) have turned out to be a bear, a cross fe5ale bear. 8e5e5ber /hat ) say: +ou /ill see 5e in a clover atch /ith lots of other bears. E? ) /ill be the bi""est black bear. ) /on4t run. *hat /ill be 5e. (on4t shoot.1 0he had beco5e a bear, she ran a/ay as a bear. *hat is the reason /hy the little "irl /as so %0 5ean. Her brother returned to the villa"e and told the eo le /hat she said. -) a5 "oin" to be bi" and black, don4t shoot 5e,1 she told hi5. *hen, after a /hile, that boy "ot to be an old 5an. %? 9ll the 5en /ent bear huntin". *he old 5an sa/ a bi" atch of clover and /ent to look at it. He sa/ lots of bears. He shot one. He shot a black bear t/ice. #00 *hen he heard her:

-(on4t you recollectR ) told 5y brother not to shoot 5eS1 *he bear "ot a/ay throu"h the sno/ hi"h u on the 5ountain. *he 5an looked for her, #0? but he never kne/ /hether the bear died or not. But that bear could talk )ndian. 7inally, the 5an /ent ho5e. 9t su er ti5e he /ouldn4t eat or say anythin". , #22 , He looked like he4d been cryin". He /ouldn4t say anythin". He lay in bed for t/o days lookin" sick but sayin" nothin". His /ife asked hi5, -What4s the 5atterR 9re you sickR1 But he /ouldn4t say anythin". 9fter a /hile he told his /ife, -) shot her. ) shot her t/ice.1 9nd his /ife said, -(on4t tell the old folks. (on4t tell the5.1 His /ife said, -Well, /hat4s the use to cry, you can4t hel it, that art of it is done already, that art of it is "one,1 she said. -0he is alive and that4s all.1 0o, he never told any eo le at all. He told nobody else. He told only his /ife. , #2$ ,

##0

##?

#20

#2?

NORTH*CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
Winter 5os&uitos "o, 0u55er 5os&uitos co5eO 0 rin", hurry u S *raditional storyBclosin" for5ula, Wintu (orothy (e5etraco oulou and Cora (u Bois, -9 0tudy of Wintu >ytholo"y1

, #2? ,

SPELL SAID ,Y A GIRL DESIROUS OF GETTING A HUS,AND

0hu/.S >ay you think about 5e to yourselfS >ay you turn back to lookS Would that ) 5i"ht stand before his faceS ) Nust cry to 5yself. Would that ) 5i"ht see hi5 every dayS ) do Nust as you do. 0o5eti5es ) drea5 of hi5, and ) rise /hen it is dayli"ht, and ) look about. :o/, as ) see hi5, 5y heart flutters. ) look at hi5 /ithout raisin" 5y eyes. He "ives 5e trinkets, and ) take the5, and ) /ear the5 for so5e ti5e, until they are /orn out. :orthern +ana, Betty Bro/n, #%0@ 'd/ard 0a ir, -ana Te>ts

, #2@ ,

<. H"( +8 F!ther F"und the Deer

A hu.!(i &6FD Le'! Rh"!de$2 n!rr!t"r ,ru e Ne4in2 "''e t"r !nd tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y ,RUCE NEVIN

Probably they ou"ht to be called the )s, or the )sh, their /ord for - eo le.1 9nthro olo"ists call the5 the 9chu5a/i, fro5 their /ord a8&m: :w=$ 5eanin" d/ellers on the a8&m: or [river\, thou"h the eo le the5selves a lied that ter5 only to fa5ilies /ho lived in the valley 5id/ay u the Pit 8iver /here the 7all 8iver flo/s into it fro5 the north. We /ill call the5 the Pit 8iver eo le, for that is /hat they call the5selves today. *heir territory overla s t/o ecolo"ical Hones. *ravelin" u the Pit 8iver, one asses fro5 dee ly /ooded inter5ountain declivities throu"h valleys that are ro"ressively hi"her, broader, and drier. (o/nriver fro5 the lace called w=n=(ha:(l=(wa [/here it Xthe sal5onY turns back\, belo/ the Nunction of the 7all 8iver, one finds ty ically Californian deer and sal5on, ine and oak. U river fro5 that oint, the land o ens out to the hi"h lateau ecolo"y of sa"ebrush and Nuni er, Nackrabbit and elk that one associates /ith :evada and 'astern 6re"on. *he eo le tra ed ani5als in its, hence the na5e. 'uro ean e; lorers surely sa/ too the eo le4s se5isubterranean, earthBcovered ho5es. , #2E , *he ancestors of the Pit 8iver eo le /ere evidently a5on" the earliest settled inhabitants of California, s eakers of Hokan lan"ua"es /hose descendants include +ana to the south, 0hasta, Chi5ariko, and <aruk to the /est, and others /hich are no/ se arated fro5 this northern "rou by intervenin" o ulations, such as the Po5o and +u5an "rou s of lan"ua"es. 7ro5 ancient ti5es they have 5aintained an annual cycle of land use: descendin" to the "reat rivers to fish for sal5on in the s rin"P scatterin" to s5all fa5ily ca5 s in the cooler foothills and 5ountains in the su55er and autu5n to hunt and to harvest cro s lanted for the5, as they sa/ it, by the hand of =odP retirin" for the /inter Cas8&yD to se arated villa"es of er5anent earthBcovered ho5es Cas8&yD in sheltered 5ountain valleysP then returnin" to the riverside for the sal5on run, cycle after yearly cycle

of life in the =arden. 9fter centuries, or erha s 5illennia, s eakers of Penutian lan"ua"es, /hose descendants include the Wintu and the >aidu, brou"ht di erent for5s of land use and social affiliation. *hey occu ied their riverside villa"es throu"hout the year, 5akin" e; editions for huntin" and for the "atherin" of articular foods or craft su lies. When the Hokan eo le returnin" in the s rin" found a s5all Penutian settle5ent at so5e choice fishin" s ot, they shifted to another Nust as "ood, or al5ost as "ood. But the ne/co5ers s read alon" the river into chains of villa"es /hose inhabitants res onded /ith &uick alle"iance to ties of blood and 5arria"e if conflict arose /ith returnin" Hokan fisher5en. *he autono5ous fa5ilies and bands of Hokan s eakers could not co5 ete. =radually, but /ith no evidence of settled /arfare so far as /e can tell today, the Hokan eo le retreated fro5 the "reat 0acra5ento 3alley to its eri hery and outlyin" re"ions, /here they continued their /ay of life, ada tin" to chan"ed ecolo"ical conditions /here they needed to.X#Y *he annual reunions for the s rin" sal5on run, in /hich no/ both eo les /ere re resented, continued to be the occasion of celebration, /ith feastin", dancin", sin"in", and "a5blin" at the stick "a5es. 9t such a -bi" ti5e1 5uch tradin" /as acco5 lished, and 5uch courtshi , for these /ere e;o"a5ous co55unities, roscribin" 5arria"e to relations calculated to a de"ree of re5oteness that concerns only "enealo"ists a5on" us today. )t /as not unco55on for one of these s5all Pit 8iver co55unities to include >odoc or >aidu or Wintu inBla/s, and indeed one of these inBla/s has an i5 ortant role in our story. *he , #2% , fabric of co55unal life is /oven of a thousand e; ectations and co55it5ents that are as i5 ortant to survival as the i5 le5ents of hunt and harvest are for a s5all, hi"hly interde endent co55unity such as the one in /hich our story is set. 0o lon" as these 5utual e; ectations are 5et, they scarcely rise to a/areness. But this fabric is easily torn, and rifts ut all arties at risk of rivation and even death. 9s /e shall see, the healin" of relationshi s, the 5endin" of reliability and reliance, /as one of the res onsibilities of a doctor or sha5an. >rs. Lela 8hoades, /ho5 it /as 5y rivile"e and deli"ht to call -=rand5a,1 told 5e this story about her father4s /ork as a sha5an on :ove5ber 2E, #%@0, at her ho5e in 8eddin", California, /hen she /as about ei"htyBseven years of a"e. ) had 5et her that su55er, not lon" after the be"innin" of 5y first e; erience of lin"uistic field/ork. 0he lived alone in a lar"e trailer ho5e south of to/n. ) say -alone,1 thou"h her dau"hter and "randdau"hter /ere 5uch resent, her t/o sons lived nearby and visited, and before lon" her "reatB"randdau"hter4s cradle /as often at her feet as /e sat and /orked at her kitchen tableO) /ith 5y ta e recorder and notebook, she /ith her see5in"ly endless fund of stories and son"s re5e5bered fro5 childhood. 6nce, she /as sin"in" 5e a son", re5e5berin" it, /ith her eyes closed, and she sto ed suddenly and /ould not "o on. -0o5ethin"4s lookin" at 5e,1 she saidOa s irit ani5al, such as her father /orked /ith. -) don4t /ant to catch it.1 0he e; lained that she could have been a doctor too, but she didn4t /ant it, because it /as an allBconsu5in" rofession. -Peo le al/ays /ant so5ethin" fro5 you,1 she told 5e, -or bla5e you for so5ethin".1 Her father, 0a5son =rant, /as of the 9tsu"e/i or Hat Creek tribe.X2Y *hese are close relatives of the Pit 8iver eo le, livin" i55ediately to the south of the5. Like 5any 9tsu"e/i, he s oke both lan"ua"es. 9round #E?2, /hen he /as only a youn" boy, the 5aNority of the Pit 8iver and Hat Creek eo le /ere forceB5arched by soldiers to the concentration ca5 in 8ound 3alley, >endocino County. )ndians fro5 all over the state /ere confined there. 9fter his arents died in the ca5 , he 5ade his livin" by huntin" and fishin" for an elderly /ido/, /ho in turn cooked and rovided a ho5e of sorts. )n his early teens he /orked in various laces around the 0acra5ento 3alley as a ranch hand.

He kne/ that not all of his eo le had been ca tured. 9fter a fe/ years he returned to Pit 8iver country. He found Buckskin Mack, the Hat Creek chief, /ho later arran"ed his 5arria"e to Lela4s 5other. Her fa5ily , #$0 , had hidden the5selves at WW:4l.:5u"L:4/a [it "ets shado/y early\, a re5ote lace near =oose 3alley, north of Burney. *o the north and /est of this valley stands +Wt, "reat >ount 0hastaO-Lonely as =od,1 in the celebrated /ords of Moa&uin >iller, -and /hite as a /inter 5oon.1 0outh/ard, beyond lesser hei"hts, stands its co5 anion +e:dL:Nana [the other +Wt\ C>ount LassenD. ';ce t for the re5oteness of their valley, and the fact that they /ere there yearBround, they /ere 5uch like other Pit 8iver fa5ily "rou s that had d/elt under the /atchful "uardian s irits of the 5ountains for 5ore than ten thousand /inters ast. When =rand5a Lela told the story to 5e in the Pit 8iver lan"ua"e, it /as so5e/hat as it 5i"ht be told to one /ho kne/ the artici ants and their 5otivations, /ho /as fa5iliar /ith the custo5s and e; ectations of the co55unityOthe easiest and 5ost natural /ay to tell it in Pit 8iver. But /hen she retold the story in 'n"lish, she rovided back"round infor5ation inter retin" one culture to the otherO the easiest and 5ost natural /ay to tell it in 'n"lish. 7or e;a5 le, in 'n"lish she had to e; lain ho/ Uncle Mack called 0a5son his sonBinBla/. )n Pit 8iver, she 5erely used a kinshi ter5 that, like 5any in the lan"ua"e, ha ens to a ly reci rocally to both the elder and youn"er 5e5ber of a relationshi . *his sort of di erence of rendition is one of the thorniest and 5ost dis uted of the translator4s roble5s. *o resent a story that is 5eanin"ful for 'n"lish s eakers, yet still reflects faithfully the teller4s intentions and narrative skill, ) have be"un /ith her 'n"lish rendition and have 5ade it confor5 5ore closely to her Pit 8iver rendition. Where ne/ artici ants or ne/ the5es are introduced, the 'n"lish version interNects 5ore detail, so5e of /hich ) have ke t. *his is es ecially obvious at the very be"innin" of the story. Here are the first fe/ sentences, for co5 arison:X$Y H.nW4". tcl ch"L4/.:luNan t/iNL:nL *hence for lon" doctor he /as &a it_ /a4y:L:/Llco. the 5y late father 9 lon" ti5e a"o 5y late father /as a doctor. WLy:_5Ni t/iNL:nL. 6ne /ho d/elt he /as X9n old Wintun 5anY /as livin" there. , #$# , 495&h."a5 &a dc:si dWt4/i, dL:&.:la5i, When a deer kill carry ho5e 4l.:sa4ch duNi. ha y to do When so5eone killed a deer, acked it ho5e, he /as ha y. *he /ord w=y:&m8i [one /ho XcharacteristicallyY d/elt\ has erha s a bit of the sense of a -roo5er1 or -boarder1 in 'n"lish. *he old Wintun doctor /as around seventy years old. *he elderly /ere de endent on relatives for sustenance. )n the o enin" t/o ara"ra hs of the 'n"lish rendition /e are told 5uch 5ore about hi5, about Uncle Mack, and about their relationshi . *he e;a5 le sho/s the characteristic verbBsubNectBobNect /ord order of this lan"ua"e, but scarcely any of the co5 le;ity of rono5inal, adverbial, and other refi;es and suffi;es that Pit 8iver verbs fre&uently have Cfor instance, twi8=:n=$ tB[evidential\, /B[$rd erson\, BNLB[be, do\, Bn [durative ast\D, and only hints of the sound syste5, /ith its tones, its laryn"ealiHed consonants, and its uvular C&D sounds ronounced at the back of the throatP but these are after all 5atters for another kind of discussion. 9 articular roble5 for translation is a5bi"uity as to the reference of ronouns. )n this narration, >rs. 8hoades 5akes fre&uent use of a narrative infinitive construction, /ith no ronouns at

all. *his a5bi"uity /as also a characteristic of the 'n"lish rendition, /hich ) have tried to re5edy /ithout disturbin" the vernacular tone of the ori"inal. *hree details in the story 5ay re&uire clarification. 7irst, /hen 0a5son =rant acce ts and s5okes the tobacco, it seals a contractual a"ree5ent. )n earlier days, it /ould robably have been in a i e Cs("oy(D, but this /as a rolled ci"arette. Havin" served its cere5onial function, the tobacco cannot be used further, so the "randfather returns it to the earth. 0econd, in the 5atter of /ho is at faultOthe uncle or his /ifeOfor ne"lectin" the old 5an4s ortions, ) /ould acce t at face value the uncle4s clai5s about res onsibility for the distribution of 5eatP he had resu5ably e; ressed his feelin"s to his /ife about their elderly nei"hbor, and she 5ay /ell have shared those feelin"s. *hird, a doctor co55only /orked /ith an assistant /ho -inter reted1 the /ords of his son", but 0a5son =rant did this for hi5self. >rs. 8hoades4s "ifts as a storyteller, lon" /hetted on the 5yths and , #$2 , traditional stories of her eo le, are a lied here to a iece of fa5ily history /ith "race and skill. 8e"ardless of /hether these events could be roven or dis roven to have ha ened e;actly as told, her narration is a true and vivid re resentation of the concerns and values of the co55unity in /hich it arose.

NOTES
#. *his account, /hich see5s entirely lausible to 5e, is based on the /ork of Christo her ChaseB(unn of Mohns Ho kins University and 0. 'd/ard Cle/ett and 'laine 0undahl of 0hasta Colle"e in 8eddin". 2. -9tsu"e/i1 is the anthro olo"ists4 ter5 for this tribe, on analo"y /ith the na5e -9chu5a/i.1 *he actual Hat Creek /ord is a%ug:e, or -9tsu"e.1 $. *he 9chu5a/i for5s cited in this article are "iven in a ractical ortho"ra hy, not a lin"uistic one.

FURTHER READING
9 brief account of 5ostly hysical as ects of Pit 8iver culture is "iven in 9lfred L. <roeber4s .and6oo# of the 7ndians of California. Mai5e de 9n"ulo4s o ular 7ndians in Everalls retells stories of his youthful encounters /ith a society in tra"ic disarray. He /as ri5arily a raconteur, and his tales are colored by his ersonal reoccu ations and his notions of - ri5itive sycholo"y.1 *he "ra55atical sketch of the lan"ua"e that he re ared /ith the hel of L. 0. 7reeland C-*he 9chu5a/i Lan"ua"e1D is not reliable. (avid 6l5sted4s ,%humawi Di%tionary is a co5 ilation of earlier records, 5ostly de 9n"ulo4s, /ith ele5ents of at least one other lan"ua"e 5istakenly inters ersed. :evin treats the 9chu5a/i sound syste5 in his dissertation, -9s ects of Pit 8iver Phonolo"y.1 Ma5es Bau5an4s 2it Diver Tea%hing Di%tionary re resents u river dialects.

HOW +Y FATHER FOUND THE DEER

9 lon" ti5e a"o 5y late father /as a doctor. *here /as an old Wintun 5an /ho lived /ith us. He /as 5arried to 5y "randfather4s sister. He , #$$ , didn4t kno/ ho/ to talk Pit 8iver, Nust a fe/ broken /ords, but /hen he /ould sin" for so5ebody, his

/ords /ere Nust clear. He used to live aside of 5y uncle, 5y 5other4s brother, /ho had a lot of children. >y uncle used to be a "ood deerhunter. He didn4t like this old fello/ because he /as a doctor. 9 doctor can do thin"s to you, by Nust lookin" at you. He kno/s /hat you4re "oin" to do to5orro/, and /ho you did so5ethin" to yesterday. He4d sin" first, and his o/er /ould look back, trace you back. *hen he4d tell you /hat you did and did and did, he4d ick u the tracks. He could see ahead too, 5aybe four or five years ahead, /hat you4re "oin" to do. But they don4t do that until they sin". 0o 5y uncle /ent out and killed a bi" deer. 9nd the old 5an /as ha y, he /as so ha y. -We4ll eat so5e 5eat toni"ht, they4re "oin" to "ive us a iece of 5eat.1 But no one ca5e, they never "ave hi5 any 5eat. -He has to feed a lot of kids,1 he thou"ht, so he didn4t say anythin", he didn4t think anythin" about it, he didn4t have bad thou"hts. )n a /eek or so, 5y uncle brou"ht in another deer. *he old 5an /as feelin" very ha y a"ain. -*his ti5e he4ll "ive us a iece of 5eat,1 he thou"ht. 9nd he /as lookin" for/ard to sundo/n, for the evenin" 5eal. -)45 "oin" to eat "ood toni"htS1 he thou"ht. But he /ent to slee /ithout eatin" deer 5eat. 9nd then in the 5ornin" no one ca5e. *hat ni"ht, and ne;t 5ornin", no one ca5e, and he didn4t have any to eat. )t /ent that /ay three ti5es. 9nd he thou"ht, -Why does he do thatR What4s the 5atter, that he doesn4t "ive 5e any 5eatR1 9nd it "rieved his heart, and then he cried. -+ou /on4t eat, you /on4t eat deer 5eat,1 he thou"ht. 9nd then he san", that ni"ht he san". He called the (m #(m :ga$ the ileated /ood ecker. He san", -(rive a/ay these deer and hide the5S He didn4t "ive 5e any,1 he san", as thou"h talkin" to the /ood ecker. 9nd then the /ood ecker drove all the deer a/ay and hid the5. 9fter that, /hen 5y uncle /ent out, he didn4t kill a deer. He didn4t kill any deer all /inter lon". *hey /ent out, and none of the5 could find a deer. >y father /ent out to hunt, 5y "randfather /ent out to hunt, they couldn4t find even a track. 9nd 5y uncles /ent out, but they couldn4t , #$G , find a track. 7or al5ost t/o years /e never "ot any deer 5eat, /e didn4t eat any deer 5eat. >y uncle Mack4s father, he kne/ so5ethin" /as the 5atter. -0o5ethin" is /ron",1 he said. -0o5ethin" is /ron" so5e lace. )4ll "o and see 5y sonBinBla/.1 He called 5y father -sonBinBla/1 because it /as his brother4s sonBinBla/. 6f course, he kne/ 5y father /as a doctor. Must after dark he ca5e, and he ca5e in /here /e /ere all sittin" around. He didn4t co5e ri"ht in and sit do/n, he ca5e in and stood. He rushed ri"ht in, talkin", /ithout sto in" he talked. When he ulled out his tobacco, /e kne/ so5ethin" /as /ron". He rolled so5e tobacco. He took Nust three u s. XfY Here, >rs. 8hoades u s three ti5es. *hen -BiS1 he said, -HereS1 holdin" out his hand. >y father looked at hi5. -What forR1 he said. -+ou kno/ /hat forS1 he said. -*here isn4t any food, there isn4t any 5eat, there isn4t anythin". *here4s no si"n of a track,1 said 5y "randfather. -We haven4t had any 5eatS What4s /ron"R1 he said. -What4s /ron" /ith our country,1 he said, -that /e don4t have any 5eatR We4ve been huntin" all /inter, all this su55er, and no/ /e haven4t "ot any 5eat, /e can4t find any 5eat. What4s /ron"R Look for it,1 he said. -) /ant you to have it searched for. *hat4s /hy )4ve co5e in the evenin",1 he said. 9nd then he held out the tobacco a"ain. *his ti5e 5y father took the tobacco. He only dre/ three u s, and he "ave it back to hi5. 9fter 5y father tasted it 5y "randfather didn4t s5oke it, he destroyed it. >y "randfather never even sat do/n.

9nd 5y father says, -+ou sit do/n and eat before sundo/n,1 he said. -)4ll hel sin" ri"ht here,1 he said, -in 5y o/n house. Must before sundo/n )4ll sit do/n. But don4t invite anybody,1 he said. -Must you and your son and his t/o brothers, that4s all.1 9nd that4s all that ca5e. But they didn4t invite this old 5an, because he /as a 5edicine 5an. -Before sundo/n, you eat. *hen Nust before the sun touches the 5ountain, )4ll sit do/n.1 9nd then /ithout sittin" do/n 5y "randfather /ent out and /ent ho5e. *he ne;t day in the evenin" they all ca5e, they ca5e to our house. 9nd then, /hen the sun /as Nust strikin" the 5ountain, 5y father /ent out. When he ste ed out, they all ca5e in, the three brothers, and sat , #$? , do/n. We already had /ood iled u inside, and itch /ood already s lit u and ready for us to useP 5y father had a chi5ney. *hey didn4t allo/ a la5 to be lit, Nust the itch. *hen 5y father /ent out. ) don4t kno/ /here he /ent to. He Nust /ent out in the ti5ber. 9nd then /hen the sun /as Nust about to disa ear behind the 5ountain, he ca5e in and sat do/n. 'verythin" had to be very &uiet. We /ere all to sit and be &uiet, /e couldn4t even /his er. We children all sat in bed and /atched. *hen he san". *hen he said, -)45 asha5ed to say it. )45 asha5ed to tell about it. ) don4t kno/,1 he said. 9nd 5y "randfather said, -(on4t be asha5ed to tell us,1 he said. -*ell us,1 he said. -*ell us, tell us, tell us. We /ant to kno/,1 he said. -Well,1 5y father said, -6<, there4s that old 5an, he /as your brotherBinBla/, lives ri"ht there by you.1 He said, -He /as sittin" outside there, and he sa/ your son. *his 5an,1 he said, -brou"ht in a deer. 9nd that old fello/ /as so ha y that he /as "oin" to have so5e deer 5eat too. He thou"ht 5aybe you4d "ive hi5 a little of the ribs or so5ethin". But you didn4t "ive it to hi5. +ou didn4t take hi5 over a iece of 5eat that evenin", or the ne;t day, or the ne;t day. +ou didn4t "ive hi5 any. *hen he thou"ht, [Well, he4s "ot a bi" fa5ily, he4s "ot lots of kids to feed. 9nd of course, 5e, )45 nothin". 0o ) "uess that4s /hy he didn4t have any 5eat left over to "ive 5e any,\ he thou"ht. 0o he never thou"ht any 5ore about it. He for"ot about it,1 he said. -He didn4t think any 5ore about it,1 he said. -*hen the ne;t /eek, you killed another deer,1 he said. -+ou brou"ht it in. He /as ha y /hen he sa/ you co5e in, he lau"hed to hi5self, he /as so ha y inside,1 he said. -9nd he thou"ht he /as "oin" to "et a iece of 5eat. But the sa5e thin" ha ened. +ou didn4t "ive it to hi5. *hree ti5es you killed 5eat and he sa/ you. 9nd you never "ave any to hi5. 9nd he cried,1 he said, -that ni"ht he cried. 9nd he san" a son",1 he said. -He san" a son" /ith (m #(m :ga. He san" this son",1 he said, -and this (m #(m :ga drove all the deer a/ay and hid the5. He4s hidin" the5,1 he said, -and /e can4t find the5.1 9nd 5y uncle Mack said, -+es, ) did that. But ) "uess 5y /ife never "ave , #$A , hi5 anythin",1 he said. -) have "ot nothin" to do /ith it after ) co5e ho5e /ith that deer,1 he said. -0he4s the boss of the 5eat,1 he said. *hen 5y "randfather ca5e a"ain ne;t ni"ht. *hey /ent ho5e that ni"ht, and he ca5e a"ain, the sa5e /ay. 9nd then they kne/ so5ethin" ha ened a"ain, so5ethin" /as /ron" a"ain. >y 5other "ot kind of scared. >aybe he /anted 5y father to kill that old 5an, or 5aybe Uncle Mack killed hi5, or so5ethin". 9nd he ca5e a"ain and he rolled that tobacco. 9nd he "ave it to 5y father. 9nd 5y father says, -What forR1 -Well,1 he said, -) /ant you to look for that 5eat and brin" it back,1 he said. -Brin" it backS1 he said. -Where did he hide itR +ou look for itS1 he said. -+ou, you4re that kind too,1 he said. -*rack that (m #(m :ga$1 he said. 0o 5y father took the tobacco, and he tasted it. -+eah,1 he said. -*he

deer are still alive,1 he said. -*hey4re still alive,1 he said. -*hey4re not dead. He4s Nust hidin" it.1 9nd he "ave the tobacco back, and 5y "randfather destroyed it. *hen, the sa5e /ay, he had to sit do/n the sa5e ti5e. *he sa5e /ay, and that4s /hy /e had su er early, and they ca5e a"ain. *hey didn4t invite the old Wintun 5an. 9nd he san" that son" a"ain. 9nd he couldn4t find it. He hired this little screech o/l s irit. -(id you see it "oR1 he asked, and he sent it out, and this little screech o/l /ent out and looked for /hat /as hidin" the deer. 9nd he said that the little screech o/l said, -) can4t find it.1 )n Nust a short /hile, he ca5e back. He says, -) can4t find it. ) can4t even see the tracks,1 he said. *hen he "ot another ani5al, ) can4t re5e5ber /hat. 9nd that one ca5e back ri"ht a/ay, and said he couldn4t find it either. 0o then he sent out this little burro/in" snake. )t travels under the earth, like a 5ole burro/in", hu5 in" u the earth. He told it to "o alon" under the earth. -:o/ "o look for hi5, you "o look for hi5 in your earth,1 he said. 9nd that little snake /ent alon", and before lon" he ca5e back. -)t4s there, ) found it,1 he said. He found the deer bones. -But it4s hot,1 he said. 9 bi" 5an /as roastin" all the deer bones in his as8&y$ his /inter house, that4s ho/ he ke t the s irit of the deer there. -He4s "ot it roasted,1 he said. -He4s "ot it so hot that ) can4t ull it do/n,1 he said. -9nd this 5an /as /atchin", and he had his bo/ ready and an arro/ half dra/n, ready to shoot anybody that looked do/n, lookin" for that , #$@ , deer 5eat. He /as ready for hi5 /ith his bo/. He /as ready to shoot,1 he said. -) Nust eeked in there, but it4s too hot,1 he said. -) Nust eeked and ) burned one of 5y eyes,1 he said. -)45 blinded in one eye.1 Blinded fro5 the heat. -=o a"ain,1 5y father said, -and take ice alon" /ith you. 9nd as soon as he4s not lookin" do/n,1 he said, -you look first, be very careful, don4t 5ake any noise,1 he said. -Look those bones over "ood, and you ull that one,1 he said, -you ull that bone do/n in the "round.1 He na5ed a 5ain bone in the deer4s body, a s ecial bone, but ) don4t re5e5ber /hat it is. -*ake that bone fro5 the fire /ith your 5outh, holdin" it in your 5outh,1 he said. 0o this little fello/ /ent back a"ain. He san" the son" a"ain, and it sounded like he /ent, that little snake. ) heard that he /ent. *his little snake s irit /ent, he /ent under the "round. *hen he eeked u /ith one eye, and he sa/ that 5an /as lookin" ri"ht strai"ht u there. While he /as lookin", he sa/ those bones, and /ith his one eye he sa/ that bone, the one to take. 0o he /ent out there and, holdin" ice in his 5outh, he ulled it out fro5 the fire and dre/ it do/n. He sli ed the bone do/n under the "round, and that 5an never noticed it. He brou"ht it back under the "round, thou"h it /as burnin" hi5, even as 5y father /as sin"in". 9nd he danced, he danced around the fire lace. *hey lit a stick of itch. He had no shirt on, Nust his ants, barefooted, and he /as dancin" ri"ht by the chi5ney there. When that little snake /as "oin" to ull the bone do/n, 5y father had to be in that hot lace there too. *hen blood "ushed out of 5y father4s 5outh, it Nust strea5ed do/n his 5outh. *he little snake /as the one that /as burned, that /as /hat 5ade blood co5e u . *hat4s /hen the snake burned his 5outh, that4s /hy he did that. *hen it looked like he ca5e back. When he brou"ht that bone back, -HereS1 he said, and he "ave it to 5y father. 9nd he reached out and took it, it looked like he reached out and "ras ed so5ethin". >y father took it. We couldn4t see it. 9nd he fainted, 5y father fainted. *hey had a bucket of /ater there, and they stuck that ar5 in the /ater, and they ut /ater on his face, and he ca5e to. 9nd then he san" and talked to the snake. 9nd he said, -:o/ he brou"ht back the deer.1 *hen he said, -*reat that 5an "ood. :e;t ti5e you kill 5eat, even a s5all one, don4t be stin"y, "ive hi5 a ha5. 'ven a ha5, "oin"

, #$E , to hi5 /ith it, say [Have so5e for breakfast,\1 he said. *hat4s /hat he said /hen he san". 9nd then he told it, he /as the one /ho told about it, he didn4t have an assistant to inter ret for hi5. 9nd he said, -(on4t think anythin" bad, but doin" in the ri"ht /ay, have co5 assion, treat hi5 /ell. +ou should "ive so5e to hi5 first,1 he said. -:ot to us,1 he said. -We4re youn" 5en yet, /e can still hunt for ourselves, so don4t think about "ivin" 5eat to us. *hat one, you t/o "ive to that one,1 he said. -Well,1 said 5y uncle, -)4ll tell 5y /ife.1 9nd ) "uess he did. *he /ood ecker /as the one /ho drove all the deer a/ay and hid the5, iled the bones u in a rin" of fire, iled the bones inside the fire so nothin" /as able to touch the5. 9nd he /as /aitin" for so5eone to look do/n throu"h the door/ay in the roof of the as8&y$ ready to shoot hi5 in the heart, /atchin", deter5ined not to "ive u the deer bones. *hat4s /hy the screech o/l /as afraid, and the other one also /as afraid, so he ca5e back. But this little snake, burro/in" throu"h the earth, he4s the one that brou"ht back the deer. 9nd then /e ate deer 5eat a"ain. -7or three days, you /ait, and then you "o huntin",1 said 5y father, -and you4ll "et your deer.1 0o Uncle Mack /ent out there and he "ot his deer, and Uncle Mi5 /ent out there, and they all "ot deer. >y father killed one deer. 9nd so they "ave the old Wintun 5an 5eat, and he /as ha y. 0o ) sa/ this, ) sa/ it /hile ) /as still retty youn", but old enou"h to understand, and that4s ho/ it /as that ) listened. *hat4s ho/ 5y father used to do. , #$% ,

6. N!3"n"h! :C" ""n +!n;

At$u%e(i &6>&B"hn L!+!rr :Di1ie V!''e8;2 NARRATORSu$!n ,r!nden$tein P!r-2 COLLECTORD!rr8' ,!be Wi'$"n2 EDITOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y DARRYL ,A,E WILSON

)n #%$#, 0usan Brandenstein Park had Nust "raduated fro5 the University of California, in Berkeley4s anthro olo"y ro"ra5, and had a lied to be a art of an e; edition to the 7iNi )slands. 0he laced her na5e on the si"nBu sheet, -so5e/here near the botto5, but not o of the roster by any 5eans /hatsoever.1X#Y *hen she, alon" /ith all the others, an;iously a/aited its ostin". (aily she rushed to the anthro olo"y de art5ent. 7inally, the roster /as han"in" on the door. -*here /as a crooked line throu"h 5y na5e. )t /as as if so5ebody had cut 5e across the heart /ith a knife. ) never &uite fully recovered.1 9lthou"h slashed, 0usan /as not defeated. (r. <roeber and her advisor, 8obert Lo/ie, had stron"ly hinted that, if she first could acco5 lish so5e field/ork, she /ould then have a "ood chance at the ne;t 7iNian e; edition. 0he drea5ed of 7iNi. 6f the erfu5e fro5 the Nun"le flo/ers in the 5ornin" sun, and the /aves rushin" in and s5oothin" back out. 6f birds , #G0 , of every color flittin" throu"h the sunlit forest /hile she /alked in the silver sand huntin" seashells. 6f

listenin" to the dru55in" and sin"in" in the ni"ht and /atchin" the stars 5ove softly across the o/dery, /ar5 heavens. But (r. <roeber had advised her to cut her teeth on a -si5 ler culture1 and directed her to the 5ountains of :ortheastern California to /ork /ith the 9tsu"e/i, 5y father4s eo le, /ith the ad5onition that infor5ation that is not ublished -is /orthless.1 0o she acked her little cou e and headed north fro5 0an 7rancisco. *he 9tsu"e/i C[Peo le Who Live in the Pine 7orest\D live alon" Hat Creek, east of >ount Lassen and south of >ount 0hasta, about si;ty 5iles east of 8eddin". 0usan found herself in very /ild country, /ith lava beds, rattlesnakes, bears, 5ountain lions, and coyotes. -*o 5e, it /as like "oin" to the 5oon,1 she said. *his /as because there /as such dis arity bet/een 95erican society and the 9tsu"e/i culture. 0he /as surrounded by hu"e 5ountains, rushin" rivers, /ild ani5als, so5e notsoB ta5e natives, and so5e notBsoBciviliHed /hites. 0he rented a shack so the 9tsu"e/i /ould not think of her as needin" too 5any co5forts. *hen, after learnin" that the Cassel Post 6ffice /as the lace to find -)ndians,1 she /alked there in the 5ornin". -*here /ere 5any )ndians there, sittin" around. :ot talkin", Nust sittin". ) do not kno/ /hat they /ere /aitin" for, they never see5ed to "et any 5ail,1 0usan told 5e. 0he did not kno/ that the ost office /as the local -(e art5ent of '5 loy5ent1 and a lace for eo le to e;chan"e ne/s and infor5ation. Whenever a far5er /anted a fence built, he icked u an -)ndian1 fro5 the ost office. Lo""ers, ranchers, and construction co5 anies all did the sa5e. 0usan -did not kno/ /here to be"in,1 so she si5 ly talked /ith the first erson /ho see5ed to be friendly, Lee Bone. 0he failed to record her first conversation, but /ord "ot out &uickly that she /as ayin" a dollar a day for infor5ationOthe sa5e as the 9tsu"e/i received for hard labor. Contrary to the o inion of her advisor, 0usan had discovered that the 9tsu"e/i /ere -not such a si5 le culture, after all.1 9lthou"h so5e eo le /ondered about bein" aid -Nust for talk,1 0usan received 5any res onses, recordin" over t/o thousand a"es /ith her :u5ber */o encil and hardbacked note ads, fro5 the eo le of Hat Creek, (i;ie 3alley, and =oose 3alley. , #G# , 6ne evenin" she decided to 5ove out of her shack. -) returned to discover that a friendly rattlesnake had taken u do5icile under 5y cotS1 0he ro5 tly 5oved to 8isin" 8iver Lod"e and continued her research fro5 there. )n #%E%, ) 5et 0usan throu"h News from Native California$ a &uarterly roduced by >alcol5 >ar"olin in Berkeley, California. 0usan had been readin" the 5a"aHine and had seen 5y na5e and 5y tribal identity, 9BNu5aB/i!9tsu"eB/i. -[9tsu"e/i\ Nust lea ed out of the a"e at 5eOthe very eo le ) had studied lon" a"o,1 she stated. 0oon ) /as visitin" her in Carson City, :evada. We looked over the old narratives. *here /ere 5y elders, eerin" back at 5e throu"h the a"es and throu"h ti5e. )t /as e;citin" to read the transcri tions of the old stories ) had heard /hen ) /as Nust a child holdin" on to 5y father4s le"s in the 5idst of a "atherin" of "rand5others and "randfathers, in the darkness of /inter evenin"s, lon" a"o. ) asked her one day in #%%2 if she had ever 5ade it to 7iNi. -:o,1 she said, -) never did, but ) ho e to. 0o5e day in the future, erha s.1 0usan Park /as born in #%0E and /as in fra"ile health /hen /e first 5et in #%E%. 0he often said that she /ould not 5ake it throu"h the /inter of #%%$. 0he did not: she died Nust before *hanks"ivin" #%%2. )f she had lived Nust one 5ore year, she 5i"ht have seen her /ork ublished at last, in 5y 5aster4s thesis, -oIKenaswi Ks8i 9Ne%#la%e of .earts:.

A ccordin" to the le"ends of 5y eo le, :a onoha CCocoon >anD chan"ed into :i"htB7lyin" Butterfly durin" the -"reat transfor5ation.1 *his butterfly is not to be confused /ith the 5oth, but is the hu"e butterfly that a ears to be a 5oth. U close, it has all the 5arkin"s of a 5onarch butterfly. )t could be co5 ared to the black Na"uar: u on closer e;a5ination, the fur of the black anther reveals all of the atterns and 5arkin"s of the -re"ular1 Na"uar, but black is very do5inant. *he :i"htB7lyin" Butterfly is beautiful. When vie/ed in the sunli"ht, it shines /ith the 5ost recious colors of ca5oufla"ed shado/s. *he o/der on its body is thick, like fur, and it 5oves so softlyS >y boy 0onny, /hen he /as five years old, once asked 5e, -(ad, do you kno/ /hat ha ens to butterflies /hen they "et oldR ) 5ean, /hen they "et really oldR1 9nd then he ans/ered his o/n &uestion: -*hey turn into 5oths.1 , #G2 , 0o, :a onoha 5ay be the /ise and creative butterfly that turned into so5ethin" like a 5oth. But :a onoha is also 5uch 5ore than that, accordin" to our le"ends. He also hel ed create 5uch of the /orld and the universe. Lela 8hoades, one of the very old /isdo5Bkee ers of our history, "ave our nation a son": 9boniBkaBha, 5eB5ooBischiBee 9boniBkaBha, 5eB5ooBischiBee 9boniBkaBha, 5eB5ooBischiBee 0he san" the 5elody three ti5es in a variety of te5 os. *hen she e; lained that it 5eant, -in 95erican,1 =reat Wonder, /e are your children, =reat Po/er, /e are your children, =reat 0 irit, /e are your children. )t should not be sur risin", then, that :a onoha ossesses all of the abilities to drea5 and to have his drea5s fulfilled. He can see all of the /orld around hi5. His vision "oes throu"h the 5ountains, dee into the universe, and far into the thou"hts of his eo le. :a onoha is a ro het, a drea5er, a creator, a /onder. )n this narrative, :a onoha takes the for5 of a leader of his eo leOa /arrior. L ato/ni is the cere5onial roundhouse at Pittville around /hich the eo le lived. *he >ice brothers stay a/ake all ni"ht, "et into the food, and cache or scatter it. *hey are 5ischievous. )t is their -/ay1 to stay a/ake at ni"ht and to slee durin" the day. Weasel intends to scold the boys for their nocturnal trouble5akin". What Weasel does not kno/ is that :a onoha has a 5ission for the boys. *he <la5ath eo le C6re"on, Nust north of the >odocsD have stolen three articles: the Pestle, used for "rindin" seeds and dried foods, and re resentin" the labor of the eo leP the 0ky <nife, a lon" s/ord 5ade fro5 clear obsidian, and re resentin" the rotection of the nationP and the (ia5ond, a lucky stone that contains a rainbo/ and brin"s "oodness to those /ho honor its o/er. C:a onoha later uses the 0ky <nife , #G$ , /hile ridin" his do" durin" the /ar, tauntin" the ene5y.D :a onoha tells the >ice brothers that they should "o north to the <la5ath eo le and retrieve the tribal 5aterials, /hich they do. When the >ice brothers have co5 leted their 5ission, they return ho5e, 5ake a lot of noise in ca5 at ni"ht, then slee durin" the day. *heir father is Coyote. *he >ice frolic around, lay /ar by shootin" at

each other, and /ind u shootin" their father in the ear. *hey think they are retty tou"h. 9 fe/ days later, a <la5ath 5an arrives at Lato/ni and says there is "oin" to be a /ar to re"ain the articles. :a onoha sends for 7ro" to inter ret his 5essa"e, but 7ro" "ets it /ron". When the 5essen"er returns, :a onoha this ti5e asks Lark to translate, /hich she does. 9fter dis layin" the recovered articles, :a onoha a"rees to have a /ar to settle the issue. 0o the (i;ie 3alley eo le and the <la5ath eo le 5eet. *he /ar lines are dra/n in the 7all 8iver valley. */ins do the inter retin" for each side, carryin" 5essa"es back and forth. 'ach side constructs rock fortifications in the forest and Nust beyond the rid"e, but they actually 5eet faceBtoface in the valley, the (i;ie 3alley /arriors facin" the <la5aths in a lon" line /ithin arro/ ran"e. :a onoha has a hu"e do" that he rides like a horse, and he has the 0ky <nife, /hich flashes in the sunli"ht, and his lon" hair shines. *he <la5aths are be/ildered. 9nd so the /ar be"ins. *he <la5ath eo le have a -/itch1 /ith the5. 'very ti5e the arro/ hits the /itch, it "lances o. 7inally, the /itch tells ho/ he can be killed, and the (i;ie 3alley )ndians use this infor5ation to kill hi5. *he /itch turns out to be a turtle, all the <la5aths are killed, and the /ar is over. *urtle, /ho is a o/erful -doctor,1 revives. He takes a stick and brin"s all the <la5aths back to life. *he <la5ath eo le a"ree to abandon their /ar over the (ia5ond. Both sides s5oke to seal the -/ord.1 :a onoha then declares that the ti5ber line /ill al/ays be a re5inder that there /as once a /ar bet/een the <la5ath eo le and (i;ie 3alley. He also decides that he and the t/in inter reters should stay beside the river for a /hile, tellin" the story, so the history 5i"ht be told ro erly. *urtle and so5e of the other <la5aths /ant to stay in the 7all 8iver valley, /hich :a onoha decides to allo/. 0o *urtle and so5e of the <la5ath eo le re5ain in the Pit 8iver country, /hich is ho/ the turtle ca5e to be in the 7all 8iver valley. )t 5ust have been the first ti5e any of the (i;ie 3alley eo le had seen a turtle. )n the end, all of the (i;ie 3alley eo le return ho5e to have a bi" , #GG , s/eat in their s/eat house. 'verybody "athers to"ether and :a onoha 5akes a bi" s5oke of 5any colors and 5any sha es. )t is so beautiful that the eo le a"ree that, if there is ever any 5ore trouble, there should be a bi" fire and a bi" s5oke announcin" the event, and all /ill asse5ble &uickly. 9ll this /as recorded to reserve the history of the conflict bet/een the (i;ie 3alley and <la5ath eo le and to sho/ that it is not ri"ht to steal or clai5 so5ethin" that belon"s to another. *he ti5ber has lon" since been cut, and the rock fortifications re5oved by settlersObut the history, like the s irit of the eo le, re5ains.

n"te
#. 9ll &uotes attributed to 0usan Park in this introduction are dra/n fro5 conversations ) had /ith her durin" the years #%E%F#%%2.

FURTHER READING
0ee *ho5as =arth4s -9tsu"e/i 'thno"ra hy1 and his -9tsu"e/i1 article in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#. 0ee also (avid 6l5stead4s , 3e>i%on of ,tsugewi. (iane Walters resents an 9tsu"e/i story, -Coyote and >oon Wo5an C9 /arukeyiD,1 in 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver4s Northern California Te>ts. (arryl Wilson has edited a collection of so5e fortyBfive narratives recorded by 0usan Brandenstein Park fro5 9tsu"e/i and 9chu5a/i storytellers: see his -oIKenaswi Ks8i 9Ne%#la%e of .earts:. He has also /ritten an autobio"ra hy, The 0orning the Sun /ent Down.

N!3"n"h!
:a onoha said this: -*he >ice in Lato/ni, /hatever "rub they had, they chan"ed it around all ni"ht. :e;t 5ornin", +as, the Weasel, "ot 5ad because they took their "rub to another lace.1 9nd :a onoha said, -Leave these boys alone. (on4t scold the5.1 , #G? , *hat ni"ht :a onoha said to the >ice, -+ou t/o ou"ht to "o north, "et the (ia5ond and the Pestle. )f you could "et that Q 1 9nd they listened and they /his ered to one another, -What does he 5eanR1 9nd, he said, -+ou 5i"ht, too, "et the 0ky <nife at the sa5e ti5e. )t4s back north.1 9nd XtheY >ice said, -Where about does he 5ean, any/ayR1 *hey did the sa5e thin" that ni"htO5ade lots of noise, chan"ed the "rub a"ain. 9lon" to/ard dayli"ht they /ent, and everythin" /as &uiet after they left. 9nd they /ent north, the t/o little >ice. *hey /ere brothers. *hey ke t "oin" till they "ot there. *hey sto ed overni"ht and then /ould kee "oin". *hey "ot to a "reat bi" river and they sa/ a lot of eo le on the other side, and the t/o little >ice said, ->aybe that4s the lace :a onoha 5eant. >aybe that4s the lace. 9nd ho/ are /e "oin" to "et acrossR1 the t/o little >ice said. 9nd they said, -We4ll /ait till dark co5es and 5aybe so5eone /ill cross /ith a canoe and 5aybe /e4ll "et across that /ay. 9nd all ni"ht /e4ll do that.1 9nd so5e eo le /ere /aitin", and so5eone ca5e across, and the >ice hid in the tules, and so5eone called to the 5an to co5e across and he /ent across. )t /as darkBti5e and he ca5e u to shore. -*here4s a chance, there4s a chance,1 one 5ouse said. -:o/, "et readyS1 9nd the 5an "ot in the canoe and the >ice Nu5 ed in under the 5an and they /ent across, and /hen they "ot to the shore on the other side, as soon as they hit shore, the t/o little >ice Nu5 ed out, and these t/o 5en didn4t kno/ that the >ice /ere in the canoe. 9nd the <la5ath chief said, -Well, /e better have a Bi" *i5e toni"ht. We4ll look at the (ia5ond and the Pestle and the <nife. We better sho/ the5,1 he said. -:o/ /e "ot the ri"ht lace,1 XtheY >ice said /hen they heard it. Little >ice said, -*here4s our chance no/, /e 5ust be sure no/.1 9nd everybody ca5e all to one lace in the %hemaIha$ the s/eat house, and they "ot ready and sho/ed the (ia5ond and the Pestle and the <nife. , #GA , 9nd the t/o >ice /ere behind the le"s of the eo le. *hey hid and no one kne/ they /ere there. *hey /atched /hile the (ia5ond and Pestle and <nife /ere bein" sho/n. 6hS there /as a bi" li"ht over the s/eat house /hen they sho/ed the (ia5ond. 9nd then everybody "ot throu"h sho/in" it and they ut the (ia5ond and Pestle and <nife a/ay, and the >ice /ondered /here they ut the5 a/ay. :obody /ent to slee that ni"ht and the >ice be"an takin" the "rub that ni"ht the sa5e as they did at ho5e. 9nd they /ent to look for the (ia5ond and the Pestle and the <nife. *hey found the5 and they took the5 outside and they /ent all over the ca5 , all over /here the eo le /ere livin". *hey ran across PiBNko, the Lark, /ho had a <la5ath )ndian for a husband.

*hey said, -Hello,1 and they inched her and that /o5an said, -What4s botherin" 5e so 5uchR1 9nd XtheY >ice said, -*hat4s us t/o,1 and they /ent u and they talked to her, and she said, -*/o bad brothers. Ho/ did you "et over hereR1 Well, they said, -Put us across. We /ant to "o ho5e.1 *hey told PiNko, and she did, she ut the5 across, and they let her kno/ /hat they took a/ay, and they /ent to /here the canoe /as and all "ot in and /ent to the other side. 9nd they said, -=oodBbye,1 to PiBNko and they ca5e back, the t/o little >ice, and she /ent back to the other side in the dark. 9nd she called, -Brothers, be sure and "et back.1 9nd the little >ice said, -9ll ri"ht,1 and they ca5e back. *hey sto ed over ni"ht, and they ca5e and sto ed and ca5e, and they "ot ho5e /ay in the 5iddle of the ni"ht, and /hen they "ot back they 5ade a noise and the Bi" *i5e chief felt everyone in Lato/ni /as sorry. :a onoha /as sorry for the5, and they 5ade the sa5e noise, and /hen dayli"ht ca5e they sle t. *hey had a bo/ and arro/ a iece, and they shot one another and then they shot Coyote in the ear. Coyote /as >ice4s father. , #G@ , -6hS1 said Coyote. -+ou4re hurtin" 5e.1 9nd >ice said, -*hat4s /hat )45 "oin" to do /hen ) fi"ht.1 4Course they /ent to slee , the5 t/o. 6h, a fe/ days after that he says, -7riends, sheImeIwolol$ sheImeIwolol.1 *hat ti5e the <la5ath )ndian ca5e over to tell the5 they /ere "oin" to have a /ar because the >ice stole the (ia5ond. 9nd the <la5ath )ndian said, -SheImeIwolol$ sheImeIwolol.1 9nd he said this throu"h the s5oke hole of Lato/ni. 9nd :a onoha asked 9liBye5, 7ro", /ho s oke all lan"ua"es, /hat /as 5eant by this. 9nd +as ran over there to 9liBye5 to tell her that :a onoha /anted her to co5e over and say /hat the <la5ath )ndian 5eant. 0o, she ca5e there inside, and the <la5ath )ndian said, -ShemeIwolol$ sheImeIwolol.1 9nd :a onoha said to 9liBye5, -What does he 5eanR1 -6h,1 she said, -*hey are "oin" to have a dance do/n here, that4s /hat he 5eans.1 9nd, of course, after she said this the <la5ath )ndian /ent back, and after he /ent back the <la5ath eo le asked hi5, -What did they sayR1 9nd he said, -*hey didn4t say anythin" to 5e.1 *hey sent hi5 back a"ain to :a onoha4s lace. He ca5e a"ain to the sa5e lace and he said, -SheImeI wolol$ sheImeIwolol1 a"ain. 9nd :a onoha said, -What does he 5eanR +ou said he /as sayin" they are "oin" to have a dance. What did he co5e back forR1 0o, :a onoha said, -+ou "et PiBNko no/,1 and +as /ent over to let her kno/ a"ain. 0o she ca5e over, and the <la5ath )ndian said, -SheImewolol.1 9nd PiBNko said, -He says the t/o >ice stole the (ia5ond, the Pestle, and the <nife. 9nd he says there is "oin" to be a /ar. *hat4s /hat he4s sayin". *hey /ant the (ia5ond ri"ht backP other/ise there /ill be a /ar.1 9nd the t/o little >ice /ere slee in" all the ti5e. *hey /ould not "et u . 9nd then the <la5ath )ndian /ent back, and :a onoha said, -+ou t/o better "et u . What did you do /ith the (ia5ond and Pestle and <nifeR +ou stole the5. We used to lose those thin"s. )t4s a "ood thin" , #GE , you have the5 back. We4re "oin" to have a /ar /ith the <la5ath )ndians,1 he said.

*he t/o little >ice Nu5 ed u and they shot their father, Coyote, in the ear a"ain, the sa5e /ay, and they said, -+es, sir, ri"ht over there.1 -=o "et the5 then,1 :a onoha said. -Where are theyR1 *hey /ent and "ot the5 and "ave the (ia5ond and Pestle and <nife to :a onoha, and they untied and untied and held the (ia5ond u and it /as Nust like li"htnin". 9nd the <la5ath )ndian sa/ it. 6h, the <la5ath )ndian sa/ that li"ht, and they sent that sa5e )ndian over a"ain, and he said, -SheImeIwolol$ sheImeIwolol.1 9nd PiBNko said, -+ou better "et ready to fi"ht. Hurry and "et ready. )f you ain4t "oin" to "ive the (ia5ond u , there is "oin" to be a /arS1 -9ll ri"ht,1 :a onoha said. PiBNko can talk any lan"ua"e. 9nd :a onoha, he told PiBNko, -9ll ri"ht. We are "oin" to have a /ar.1 9nd the )ndian /ent back and he said, -+es, they are /illin" to fi"ht, and ri"ht a/ay.1 *hat4s /hat the <la5ath )ndian told his o/n eo le, and :a onoha4s eo le "ot ready and they /ent do/n on the side of 7all 8iver. :a onoha4s eo le /ere in that ed"e of ti5ber there, and the <la5ath )ndians /ere on the other side of that rid"e of ti5ber, and each side "ot inter reters half/ay bet/een the <la5ath )ndians and :a onoha4s )ndians. *here /ere t/o t/ins there and those /ere the inter reters for the t/o sides, and they /ent forth and back /ith /hat they said. *he <la5ath )ndians sent over a 5an /ho said, -)f you don4t "ive u that (ia5ond, /e are "oin" to have a /ar.1 0o then :a onoha4s inter reter /ent back and told :a onoha, and he said, -*hey said for you to "ive u the (ia5ond, other/ise they4re "oin" to have a /ar.1 :a onoha sent hi5 back. -*ell hi5 )45 not "oin" to "ive it u . *ell hi5 /e4ll have a /ar.1 , #G% , 9nd the inter reter told the <la5ath inter reter, -*hey ain4t "oin" to "ive u . *hey are "oin" to have a /ar.1 0o the <la5ath )ndians said, -9ll ri"ht, /e4ll have a /ar and /e4ll fi"ht ri"ht a/ay.1 9nd they all "ot ready and they fou"ht. *hey fou"ht. *hey shot one another and :a onoha had a "reat bi" do" that hunted around, and he used it as a horse and he rode it /ith his hair flyin" Cand :a onoha had "reat lon" hair, bri"ht hairD, and he had a "reat lon" knife in his hand, and /hen the <la5ath )ndians sa/ hi5 they didn4t kno/ /hat to do. 9nd he told his eo le, -=o ahead and fi"htS1 9nd they killed all the <la5ath )ndians. *hey killed every one of the5. But they couldn4t kill *oBkaBNisa, the /itch. *hey didn4t kno/ ho/ to. *hey shot hi5 and the arro/s Nust "lanced o. 9nd *oBkaBNisa said like this to :a onoha: -) like this country.1 9nd he said to :a onoha, -)f ) stand strai"ht u and you shoot do/n at 5e, that4s the only /ay you can kill 5e.1 0o, he stood strai"ht u , and they shot do/n into his 5outh, and that /as the only /ay they could kill hi5. -) don4t like to "o back to <la5ath. ) like this country, that4s /hy ) told you ho/ to kill 5e. )f ) didn4t tell you, ) could clean you all u .1 9nd *oBkaBNisa took a stick and he hit the <la5ath )ndians, and they all ca5e back to life. 9nd :a onoha said, -+ou eo le better "o back.1 9nd the <la5ath )ndians said, -9ll ri"ht. We "ive u . +ou /hi ed us all ri"ht.1 0o he said, -When you /ere XinY the /ar lines, Xthat /asY "ood. *hat is our ti5ber. )t sho/s that you

/ere <la5ath )ndians on that side. 0o it /ill be on 5y side, the sa5e /ay.1 *hat4s /hat :a onoha told the5 and that inter reter. -*hose t/o t/in inter reters /ill be there alon" on the river. 0o the eo le /ould kno/ /hat /e did. 0o they can tell about it in history, , #?0 , /hat trouble /e had, and it /ill settle it ri"ht.1 *hat4s /hat :a onoha said. 9nd the <la5ath )ndian said, -9ll ri"ht.1 9nd he said, the <la5ath )ndian said, -)45 sorry, but ) can4t hel it. ) /ould not think about it any5ore. +ou can have the (ia5ond and Pestle and <nife for "ood.1 -Ho/ about it,1 :a onoha said to *oBkaBNisa. -Why are you "oin" to stay here in this countryR1 9nd the <la5ath chief said, -What can ) do if they /ant to stay hereR ) cannot kick over the5 because you /hi ed us and asked 5e, that4s the reason ) have to let 5y 5an stay. ) can4t kick,1 he said. -Well, let the5 stay here,1 :a onoha said. 9nd that4s the reason that Ha BeN, the *urtle, is in the 7all 8iver valley. Ha BeN belon"ed to the <la5ath and he s read all the /ay do/n the 0acra5ento 3alley. 9nd they scattered all over. *hat /as the <la5ath )ndians. *here Ha BeN /as, and they scattered hi5. *hey sat do/n and s5oked, and then they said, -Well, ) "o.1 9nd the <la5ath )ndian /ent back. 0o, :a onoha ca5e back /here he belon"ed, and they "ot ho5e, all on both sides. 0o they had a Bi" *i5e, :a onoha4s eo le. 9nd he let all his eo le see the (ia5ond and the Pestle and the <nife. He said, -We used to have this and /e "ot it back.1 9nd :a onoha told his eo le, -We4ve "ot it back.1 9nd it /as all ri"ht. 'verythin" /as settled fine and dandy, and :a onoha /as in the %hemaIha$ everybody /as in the %hemaIha. )t /as a "reat bi" s/eat house. :a onoha told his eo le, -)4ll sho/ you /hat ) can do.1 9nd he filled his i e /ith tobacco, :a onoha did, and he s5oked and he s5oked like a cloud inside the s/eat house. )t /as so retty, and they all looked, and all the )ndians said, -9in4t that rettyR1 )t /as a retty color and all kinds of sha es, rin"s. 9nd all the )ndians said, -We4ll all have to "o back /here /e belon", and if anythin" ha ens let us kno/.1 0o he said, -Whenever you have anythin" ha en, build a bi" s5oke so /e /ill kno/.1 , #?# , *hat4s /hat :a onoha told his eo le. 9nd the eo le said, -9ll ri"ht.1 9nd they all scattered and /ent back. *hat4s /hat it is, :a onoha4s history. )t sho/s lainly ri"ht no/ in the ti5ber. *hat /as all. , #?2 ,

&D. A St"r8 ") Li5!rd

Y!hi &6&=I$hi2 n!rr!t"rEd(!rd S!3ir2 "''e t"rHerbert W. Luthin !nd Le!nne Hint"n2 tr!n$'!t"r$

INTRODUCTION ,Y HER,ERT W. LUTHIN

)shi, the narrator of this story, is so5ethin" of a le"end in the history of ostBContact :ative 95erica and is a touchstone fi"ure in California anthro olo"y. His story is /ellBkno/nOit4s been told in books, articles, and fil5sOso ) /on4t do 5uch 5ore than su55ariHe it here. But it4s only fair to say that the -le"end1 of )shi is nothin" if not a conflicted one. *he subtitle to *heodora <roeber4s celebrated )shi source book, 7shi in Two /orlds$ rovides us /ith a "ood startin" oint in this re"ard: , ?iogra'hy of the 3ast /ild 7ndian in North ,meri%a. Whatever he 5ay have been to hi5self, for nonB)ndians )shi, &uite si5 ly, stood as an icon of the natural 5an, a latterBday re5nant of reBContact :ative 95erica. *he irony, of course, is that )shi lived anythin" but a natural hu5an life, /as anythin" but a reBContact -natural 5an.1 )shi /as the last +ahi. His tribe Cthe southern5ost division of the +ana "rou D, after decades of conflict /ith settlers and ros ectors, skir5ishes , #?$ , /ith the U.0. 9r5y, and /hat can only be called the /anton - oachin"1 of /hite vi"ilantes /ho killed for s ort, /as all but /i ed out alon" /ith the rest of the +ana in a concerted ca5 ai"n of "enocide carried out by local 5ilitia "rou s. )shi /as born into this shattered /orldO robably in #EA2Oabout t/o years before these -final solution1 5assacres took lace. )shi survived because his band survived, deci5ated but intact, only to be sur rised a year later by vi"ilantes in their >ill Creek ca5 and deci5ated once 5ore. 6nly a handful, erha s as 5any as a doHen, esca edOa5on" the5 the little boy )shi, his 5other, and an older sister. *his s5all "rou then /ent into dee hidin", vanishin" al5ost /ithout trace for forty years. ';ce t for a fe/ scattered incidents, as far as anyone kne/, by #E@2 the +ahi /ere functionally e;tinct. But life /ent on for )shi4s eo le in hidin". With no births, thou"h Cthere /ere no 5arria"eable children in the "rou /hen it sli ed -under"round1D, the old Nust "re/ older, and the "rou "radually d/indled. By the ti5e )shi reached the a"e of forty, after nearly four decades of hidin", the last 5e5ber of his "rou , his o/n a"ed 5other, had died. *hat year /as #%0E. 6n 9u"ust 2%, #%##, naked and starvin", hair still sin"ed o in 5ournin" three years after the death of his last hu5an co5 anion, )shi "ave hi5self u outside a slau"hterhouse in 6roville. Until he /alked out of hidin" and into the history of t/entiethBcentury California, )shi4s entire life, fro5 infancy to 5iddle a"e, /as s ent in hidin"Oa sort of backcountry version of 9nne 7rank4s conceal5ent. *he stress of that e;istence, a life of constant hardshi and fear of discovery, is difficult for us even to i5a"ine. )shi /as +ahi, all ri"htO urely, dee ly, fully so. But the +ahi life he kne/ /as not the free, selfB ossessin", traditional e;istence of his ancestorsP and it is a 5istake to think that )shi can re resent for usOfor anyoneOso5e ani5istic -free s irit1 or serve as a s okes5an of untra55eled :ative 95erican life and culture. U on his discovery, )shi beca5e an overni"ht 5edia sensation: a -/ild )ndian,1 a livin" 0tone 9"e 5an Oca tured in the backcountry of 5odern CaliforniaS When the ne/s hit the stands in 0an 7rancisco, 9lfred <roeber, head of anthro olo"y at the University of California, dis atched the lin"uistB

anthro olo"ist *. *. Water5an to 6roville to establish co55unication and brin" hi5 to the university. *o rotect hi5 fro5 e; loitation Cthou"h let4s not for"et that )shi /as also the anthro olo"ical -find1 of a lifeti5eD, <roeber "ave hi5 li"ht e5 loy5ent as a liveBin caretaker at the university4s ne/ >useu5 of 9rt and 9nthro olo"y, as a /ay , #?G , of rovidin" hi5 /ith ocket 5oney and safe lod"in". His days /ere often filled /ith lin"uistic and ethno"ra hic /ork, for there /as an endless strea5 of scholars co5in" to /ork /ith hi5, and other interested visitors seekin" audience. 9nd on 0unday afternoons, he a eared as a kind of -livin" e;hibit1 in the 5useu5 itself, chi in" arro/heads, drillin" fire, and de5onstratin" other native +ahi crafts and techni&ues for the ublic. *hus did )shi live out the last five years of his lifeOin truth, in relative content5ent and ease, unlikely thou"h this 5ay see5. *hose /ho kne/ hi5 and beca5e his friends ca5e to love hi5. He died of tuberculosis in >arch of #%#A. =iven this e;traordinary life, it should co5e as no sur rise to learn that )shi4s storiesO/hich only no/, ei"hty years after their narration, are finally bein" 5ade available to scholars and the ublic alikeOare strikin"ly unlike anythin" else kno/n in California oral literature. )n so5e res ects, they are of a iece /ith kno/n +ana traditionP in others, they are eccentric to an a5aHin" de"ree. +et /e are e;tre5ely fortunate to have the5, for they tell us a "reat deal about +ahi life and custo5 and even 5ore about )shi hi5self. T he story resented here /as taken do/n by the "reat lin"uist 'd/ard 0a ir, /ho ca5e to California in the su55er of #%#? to /ork /ith )shi in /hat /as to be his last year. )shi /as robably already ill by the ti5e 0a ir arrived, but in 9u"ust, after 5any /eeks of steady /ork, his illness "re/ too ronounced to i"nore, and he /as laced in the hos ital, /here he died about si; 5onths later. )shi4s unti5ely death /as no doubt the 5ain reason 0a ir never returned to his notebooks and /orked u these te;ts for ublication. 9nd in truth, it /ould have been a dauntin" task, for 5uch of the /ork of translation and verification /as inco5 lete at the ti5e )shi /as hos italiHed. 0a ir called his /ork /ith )shi -the 5ost ti5eBconsu5in" and nerveB/rackin" that ) have ever undertaken,1 notin" that -)shi4s i5 erturbable "ood hu5or alone 5ade the /ork ossible1 C=olla #%EGb:#%GD. 0a ir recorded )shi4s stories the hard /ay: by hand, in detailed honetic transcri tion. 9ll told, he recorded at least si; stories, fillin" five notebooksO5ore than t/o hundred a"es of te;t. >ost of the a"es are only s arsely "lossed at best Cindeed, t/o entire notebooks contain only un"lossed +ahi te;tD, and this oses a challen"e for lin"uists of the +ahi *ranslation , #?? ,

FIGURE >. I$hi. C"urte$8 Ph"ebe A33er$"n He!r$t +u$eu. ") Anthr"3"'"%8 !nd the Re%ent$ ") the Uni4er$it8 ") C!'i)"rni!. ProNect, /ho are tryin" to reconstruct their 5eanin".X#Y ) resent here the bestB/orked, bestB"lossed te;t, -9 0tory of LiHard.1 'ven so, there are laces Cduly 5arkedD /here /e are still not sure e;actly /hat is "oin" on. I shi4s narrative style is often de5andin", at least for those co5in" fro5 a Western literary tradition. 8eaders 5ay /ell find this to be the 5ost difficult of all the selections in this volu5e, thanks to )shi4s

stri edBdo/n, elli tical a roach to tellin" a story, even a lon" one, and the short, bulletlike bursts of his delivery. Co5 ositionally, -9 0tory of LiHard1 is 5ore of a suite than a story. 8ather than a sin"le overarchin" lot, it contains a series of e isodes and situations, each /ith its o/n interior for5, all of /hich co5bine to for5 the lar"er /hole. 0o5e of these e isodes and situations recur cyclically a nu5ber of ti5es. 7or instance, the +a4/i, or -PineBnuttin",1 e isode occurs three ti5es, in arts verbati5P and there are four se arate -9rro/B5akin"1 e isodes, so5e &uite elaborately detailed. *he re5ainin" t/o e isodes are uni&ue: one, a -=riHHly Bear1 adventure, is essentially a storyB/ithinBaB storyP the second is a -:i"ht (ance1 , #?A , e isode that is not 5atched by other ele5ents /ithin the tale. 8ather than recountin" the story se&uentially, ) /ill briefly describe the individual e isodes, then e; lain ho/ they are ieced to"ether to co5 rise the /hole.

Arr"(*.!-in%
)shi o ens his tale /ith a "li5 se of LiHard 5akin" arro/s, an activity that rovides the back"round for the entire story. )n so5e sense it is LiHard4s unfla""in" industry that serves as the story4s the5atic center. 6ther adventuresOthe various alar5s and e;cursions that 5ake u the - lot1O5ay co5e and "o, but the arro/B5akin" is al/ays there.X2Y C)t is so5ethin" of a Noke a5on" those of us /orkin" on these stories, that the real reason LiHard al/ays see5s to be 5akin" arro/s is because he kee s losin" the5 all in his fi"hts /ith the +a4/i.D )shi /as hi5self a 5aster arro/B5aker, and re ortedly loved to flake arro/heads, e; eri5entin" /ith all sorts of 5aterials. )ndeed, the arro/heads he 5ade durin" his brief tenure at the old >useu5 of 9nthro olo"y in 0an 7rancisco are a5on" the finest in the Lo/ie >useu54s collection of artifacts. 6ne can al5ost learn ho/ to 5ake arro/s fro5 )shi4s descri tions of the rocess in the four 9rro/B5akin" e isodes.X$Y

Pine*nuttin%
*he -+a4/i1 is /hat the +ahi called the Wintun eo le to the /estOene5ies in ancient ti5es. LiHard ventures into hostile territory to collect ineBnuts for his eo le, and is attacked by a band of +a4/i /arriors. He kee s his cool, retendin" their /arB/hoo s are -nothin" but the /ind,1 and shoots his arro/s -strai"ht into their faces.1 )n the end, he 5akes it back ho5e /ith a fresh su ly of ineBnuts. *he oralBfor5ulaic style of atterned re etitions is very ro5inent /ithin these sections, based ri5arily on the variation of +ahi directional ele5ents C[to the /est\, [to the east\, [across a strea5\, [u a 5ountain\, and so onD a"ainst a co55on ste5, es ecially moo8aI [to shoot\ and niI g neI [to "o\.

Gri55'8 ,e!r !nd L"n%*T!i'ed Li5!rd

*his is the 5ost co5 le; e isode of the storyOa fully develo ed narrative in its o/n ri"ht. LiHard runs out of 6aiwa#(i sticks for 5akin" the , #?@ , foreshafts of his arro/s. He sends Lon"B*ailed LiHard to collect so5e 5ore. Lon"B*ail is sur rised by =riHHly Bear, /ho s/allo/s hi5 u and -"ro/s re"nant.1 When Lon"B*ail fails to return, LiHard sets out after hi5. He finds the 6aiwa#(i all scattered around, and =riHHly4s tracks, and "uesses the rest. =atherin" u the sticks, he returns ho5e. 9s a token of 5ournin", the sticks are not used, but burned.

9t daybreak, after cuttin" o his hair and s5earin" his face /ith itch Cfurther tokens of 5ournin"D, LiHard sets out to find the bear. What ha ens ne;t is unclear, because there are so5e thorny roble5s /ith the inter retation of 0a ir4s te;t and "losses throu"hout this section. But it a ears as if LiHard travels to =riHHly Bear4s favorite feedin" "round and cli5bs u into a convenient tree to/ard evenin" to have a s5oke and /ait for her. )n the 5ornin" she co5es, as she see5s destined to do, to feed on the #(asna vines Cidentified only va"uely as a vine "ro/in" near /aterD. LiHard has re ared hi5self by dra in" one of the vines around his neck and lettin" it dan"le do/n, the idea bein" C/e thinkD that /hen =riHHly arrives and be"ins to feed, she /ill tu" on the vine and alert hi5. )n the 5ornin" she co5es and starts to feed. LiHard uts a loo into his bo/strin" and lets =riHHly ull hi5 do/n onto her back, /hereu on he sli s the loo around her neck and lets the strun" bo/ stran"le her. 9fter "ou"in" out her eyes Cthe reven"e a"ainst a 5aneatin" bear is al/ays harshD, he slits her o en and recovers Lon"B*ailed LiHard. C9s Leanne Hinton oints out, this is a fa5iliar 5otif in folklore: 'uro eans kno/ it fro5 -Little 8ed 8idin" Hood.1D )n the 5ornin" it4s back to 5akin" arro/s.

The Ni%ht D!n e

6ne day, as LiHard is -busy /ith his arro/B5akin",1 he breaks a shaft. *he break in the shaft foretells a break in the routine: so5e nei"hborin" eo le are havin" a dance. 7or the ne;t three days, the do5estic rhyth5s of the ca5 are inverted, as LiHard4s eo le dance all ni"ht andOe;ce t for one atte5 t at "atherin" food, abandoned the ne;t ti5e around as too 5uch hassleOslee all day. We si5 ly have no idea /hat all the -e;cre5ent1 is about: the /ay the te;t reads, at the be"innin" of the (ance e isode, LiHard4s eo le are "iven so5e e;cre5ent Cthe ste5 wa#(iI [shit\ is una5bi"uous on this ointD, /hich they s5ear all over the5selves. 9fter , #?E , the last ni"ht of dancin", LiHard scolds the5 for bein" slu"BaBbeds, /hereu on they all bathe the5selves clean and "et back to /ork. Life returns to nor5al, and LiHard resu5es his arro/B5akin". W hen /e ut all these e isodes to"ether, ayin" careful attention to their cycles of re etition, an overall attern reveals itselfOthe true architecture of this fascinatin" tale. )f /e take the four 9rro/B 5akin" e isodes to be the the5atic baseline or rhyth5ic - ulse1 of the narrative, vie/ the PineBnuttin" e isodes /ith their +a4/i attacks as inter5ittent events that unctuate that baseline, and reco"niHe the uni&ue =riHHly Bear and :i"ht (ance e isodes as e;traordinary ha enin"s that stand far out a"ainst that back"round -hu5,1 /e 5i"ht re resent the narrative structure sche5atically as in fi"ure G:

FIGURE C. N!rr!ti4e $tru ture ") I$hi/$ ?A St"r8 ") Li5!rd.@:I G Intr"du ti"nH P G Pine*nuttin%H A G Arr"(*.!-in%H G, G Gri55'8 ,e!rH ND G Ni%ht D!n eH C G C"n 'u$i"n.; What see5s at first a ho eless dWNi vu of 5otifs and situations roves no/ to be &uite the o carefully controlled narration of "reat balance and di"nity. osite: a

W hen ) first /ent to /ork on this story, nearly a decade a"o, ) felt it to be one of the bleakest accounts of survival ) had ever seenOa relentless tale of re etitive drud"ery and dan"er. :o/, lookin" at it ane/, ) see it in a di erent li"ht. Like a Beo/ulf or a 8oland in 'uro ean tradition, LiHard re resents the essence of a +ahi cultureBhero. LiHard rovides for his eo leOunfailin"ly. )nstead of des air, there

is reassurance in these unvaryin" routines and in LiHard4s unfla able reliability in a crisis. , #?% , 9nd in truth, ) think )shi, as the only ableBbodied 5an a5on" his lost band of survivors for all those lon", lean years of hidin", 5ust have been so5ethin" of a LiHard hi5self.

A NOTE ON THE TRANSLATION

Because so 5uch has been said for and about )shi, and so little has ever co5e forth fro5 )shi hi5self, /e have felt a s ecial ur"ency, in dealin" /ith the records he left behind, to let )shi be heard in his o/n voice and /ords at last. =ranted, rocla5ations like this have a hollo/ rin" /hen the endBresult is a translation. 9fter all, /hat )shi a%tually said in -9 0tory of LiHard1 Cas in these lines fro5 the very be"innin" of the 5ythD /as this:XGY HLri4, hWebil4 kh hLri45a/na Q <4_llil4. :i/LlNi4, ? /Lsdu4 "i i/Llchi. :ilco Ni4. (o5Na/.ldi4 kh dLitella CHcok4a/dubal"u4 "i /Weyu5 haP dco/ayalcidibil4 /Weyu5 haD. #0 Bcot4an4 ch /Lshi. M_s Na4, Ncst4al4i. Me/co4 ch ycnbal4i. MWh du/oo4 kh b.anu. #? BusdL54 ch +.a4/iS 0ince there is no one left alive /ho can s eak or understand this lan"ua"e, the need for translation is uni5 eachable. 0till, /e have /anted to 5ini5iHe the de"ree to /hich the voices of translation 5in"le /ith )shi4s o/n. 0o /here, in 5ost other literary translations, obscure or a5bi"uous sentences are silently clarifiedO/ith the addition of a hrase or transition here, a -she said1 thereO/e have chosen another tack. *hou"h this is still a literaryOnot a literalOtranslation, /e have nonetheless tried to convey only /hat is resent in the +ahi te;t, Nust as )shi dictated it to , #A0 , 0a ir in #%#?. *hat 5eans that /e have had to e; lore other 5ethods of rovidin" readers /ith the inter retive and te;tual infor5ation they need in order to follo/ the story. We have settled on t/o devices, footnotes and sidenotes, to hel us -buy1 this de"ree of fidelity. *he sidenotes Cset in the ri"ht 5ar"in, in s ace fortuitously 5ade available by the brokenBline for5at of the translationD are used 5ostly to su ly key 5issin" infor5ationO ri5arily ro er na5es or s ecific nouns that are referred to only by ronoun in the ori"inal, and /hich the reader 5i"ht have trouble intuitin". LessBcritical infor5ationOof a conte;tual, inter retive, lin"uistic, or hilolo"ical natureOhas

been consi"ned to footnotes. *o illustrate the /ay the sidenotes /ork Cthe footnotes should need no e; lanationD, let4s take a look at an e;cer t Clines #$EF#G%D fro5 the translation: He 5ade hi5self arro/s in the 5ornin". He rubbed the5 and s5oothed the5. the cane shafts of the arro/s He /as busy at it all dayO finished. 9s he turned the5 on the "round, he ainted on the bands. He finished uttin" on the ainted bands. He soaked the5 in /ater, the feathers /ra ed the5 on /ith sine/O finished. He tri55ed the featherBvanesO /ith a flint blade finished. 9t line #$%, /hile the reader can certainly deduce that the ronoun -the51 refers "enerally to the arro/s of the recedin" line, the sidenote allo/s us to rovide a bit 5ore s ecificity: it4s the cane shafts of the arro/s that LiHard is s5oothin", as 0a ir4s fieldnotes indicate. 9t line #G?, the reader 5ay be for"iven for bein" uHHled as to the referent for the ronoun -the5.1 But a &uick "lance to the side su lies that infor5ation ri"ht /hen it4s needed, and saves us fro5 havin" to falsify the te;t by inter olatin" the 5issin" referent Ceither /ith distractin" brackets, or, /orse, /ithoutD into the line: that is, -He soaked the feathers in /ater.1 6ur une5bellished translation 5akes it clear that )shi hi5self, to /ho5 the rocess of arro/B5akin" /as second nature, thou"ht the circu5stances too obvious to s ell out usin" the concrete noun. 7inally, at line #GE, , #A# , 0a ir4s o/n "loss for the +ahi sentence DeeIwuniiI(Cliterally, [cut so5ethin"BfeatherBnarrative tense\D reads -He cut o vanes /ith flint,1 but in fact the infor5ation about the flint blade is not there in the +ahiOit4s only i5 lied by conte;t and cultural kno/led"eP the sidenote here allo/s us to rovide this infor5ation Cuseful for hel in" readers visualiHe the actionD /ithout e5bellishin" the translation itself. X?Y

NOTES
#. *he +ahi *ranslation ProNect /as constituted at Berkeley in #%EA, s ecifically to re are 0a ir4s un ublished +ahi 5aterials for ublication. 3ictor =olla /as the roNect director, and Leanne Hinton coordinated the Berkeley se5inar that kicked o the roNect. Bruce :evin and <en Whistler served as s ecial consultants. 6ther researchers /ho have ke t involved in the roNect over the years include Mean

Perry and this author. 2. )n other of )shi4s stories, di erent sets of do5estic activities such as leachin" acorns and "oin" for /ater take the lace of arro/B5akin" yet serve the sa5e narrative function. $. )n order to deter5ine the co5 lete se&uence of ste s in arro/B5akin", it is necessary to build a co5 osite se&uence based on a collation of ste s fro5 the various e isodes, because no one e isode contains all the ste s in the rocess. G. *his assa"e is cast in an infor5al ractical ortho"ra hy devised for the +anan lan"ua"esP it balances lin"uistic needs /ith the desire to be hel ful /ith re"ard to ronunciation. (oubled characters re resent len"th, stress is indicated /ith an acute accent over the vo/el, and su erscri t letters are voiceless. Certain honetic rocesses involved /ith rosody Cfinal as iration, devoicin", secondary and e5 hatic ri5ary stressD are reserved in the transcri tion. ?. *he te;t has been arsed into lines ri5arily on the basis of redication units Cone er lineD, au"5ented by reference to rosodic features like finalBsyllable retention and 0a ir4s o/n field unctuation Csee Luthin #%%# for a detailed discussion of these issuesD.

FURTHER READING
7or an account of )shi4s t/o lives, *heodora <roeber4s 7shi in Two /orlds is indis ensable as /ell as "ood readin"P she covers the brutal years of e;ter5ination in "reat historical detail, as /ell as /hat is kno/n of )shi4s , #A2 , life in hidin", and describes his last years at the 5useu5. 7or those interested in )shi4s arro/B5akin", 0a;ton Po e4s -+ahi 9rchery1 "ives a thorou"h descri tion of the rocess CPo e /as )shi4s doctor and closest friend at the universityD. *he )shi te;ts /ill eventually be ublished as volu5e % of The Colle%ted /or#s of 1dward Sa'ir C0a ir, forthco5in"D. Leanne Hinton, /ith artist 0usan 8oth, has e;cer ted this story in a stunnin"ly illustrated children4s book called 7shi(s Tale of 3i<ard. 7inally, there have been t/o recent fil5s 5ade about )shi: the HB6 roduction, The 3ast of .is Tri6eCHook #%%2D, starrin" =raha5 =reen as )shi, and the +ahi 7il5 ProNect4s e;cellent docu5entary, 7shi$ the 3ast -ahi C8i e and 8oberts #%%GD. 9 fair a5ount of )shi collectanea is on 5oreBorBless er5anent dis lay at the Hearst CnWe Lo/ieD >useu5 in Berkeley. A St"r8 ") Li5!rd He 5ade arro/s, he /as busy /ith his arro/B5akin" Q ). He /anted to start back. to use as a Juiver ? He /ent /est/ard across a strea5, /ent to "ather ineBnuts /est across a strea5. He /ent /est/ard u a 5ountain. He ut his &uiver do/n on the "round.

CHe had Nust "one and "otten so5e old deer antlersP to use as a Juiver he carried the antlers around on his shoulders.D #0 *he one ineBnuttin" cracked the cones /ith a rock. He /as "ettin" out the nuts, "ot the5 broken o en. 9nd then he scoo ed the5 u in his hands. He took u his stora"e basket a"ain. #? *he +a4/i shouted their /arB/hoo sS He took u his &uiver a"ain. *he +a4/i /hoo ed. He dre/ his bo/ fro5 his &uiver. -*he /ind is blo/in",1 he said, , #A$ , 20 -)t is stor5in",1 he said. *hey rushed a"ainst hi5. XfY Literally, -He /as rushed at.1 :o/ he shot o his arro/s, hit the5 strai"ht in the face. He /ent back east do/n the hill. 2? He shot o arro/s to the north, shot o arro/s to the south, shot o arro/s to the east, hit the5 strai"ht in the face. He /ent back into the /ater at the river, $0 /ent back east across the /ater, ca5e out of the /ater at the river. *he +a4/i scattered out of si"ht. :o/ he ste ed alon" the trail. He "ot back ho5e durin" the ni"ht. He ut his stora"e baskets a/ay $? a"ain. )). X9886W >9<):= #Y 'arly in the 5ornin" he s5ooths the5 do/n.

the arro/ shaft canes Xarro/ 5akin" #Y He 5ade arro/s, rubbed the shafts s5ooth, /orked at his arro/B5akin"O G0 finished. He fitted the cane shafts ti"ht around the arro/ shafts O finished. He socketed the foreshafts. *urnin" the5 on the "round, he ainted the bands. G? on the arro/ butts

:o/ he /as busy all the day. He fletched the arro/sO finished. 9nd then he tri55ed the feathersO ?0 finished. He charred the feathers black, , #AG , bound the shafts to"ether /ith sine/ O finished. :o/ he s5oothed the foreshafts. /ith a scourin" ?? He finished and ut the5 aside for the ni"ht. ))). X=8)jjL+ B'98 'P)06('Y -)t see5s there aren4t enou"h to eat,1 he said. C'nou"h ineBnuts, for those co5in" to hi5 for food.D *he /o5an shared the5 out. A0 -*here are no 5ore of 5y foreshaft sticks,1 he said. -Let4s have Lon"B*ail "et so5e for 5e,1 he said.

XfY 8eferrin" to ' at(elwalla$ a lon"Btailed liHard. -Let4s see you "o "et 6 iwa#(iA1 he said to hi5. XkY 9 ty e of /ood for 5akin" foreshaft sticks. 9nd then the one "ettin" 6 iwa#(i$ no/ he /ent o. A? He t/isted the 6 iwa#(i shoots out of the "round, broke the5 o at the roots. He laid the shafts do/n on the "round. -*here are lenty of sticksS1 said Lon"B*ail. U Nu5 ed =riHHly BearS @0 9nd then she eats hi5S =riHHly Bear s/allo/ed hi5 do/n and "re/ re"nant. 0he turned around, lu5bered back do/n the 5iddle of the trail. When it /as Nust too dark for "atherin" 6 iwa#(i$ LiHard took u his &uiver. @? to "o find out /hat ha ened 0ure enou"h, there /as the 6 iwa#(iO it /as lyin" on the "round. :o/ he looked around all over. 0ure enou"h, there /as the "riHHly bear, E0 her tracks. -Little one, did you "et eatenR1 he said. , #A? , He "athered u the 6 iwa#(i$ carried it back to the house in his ar5s, laced the 6 iwa#(i in the fire. E? XfY Because of the death associated /ith it, the /ood is no/ tainted and 5ust be destroyed. )n the 5ornin", -What shall ) doR1 he said.

9nd then he cut o his hair. in 5ornin" He took so5e itch, finished s5earin" his face /ith %0 itch. -:o/ ho/ lon" /ill it take before you returnR1 he said. said LiHard, to absent Bear -(on4t let it be lon",1 he said. XkY *his is Nust a /ild "uess as to the 5eanin" of this difficult line. -9ren4t you "ettin" hun"ryR1 he said. He strun" a #(asna vine around his neck. XlY 0a ir identifies #(asna as -/ild "ra e. asa necklace %? He s5oked, then filled his i e: -)45 havin" 5yself a s5okeS Ho/ lon" before your returnR (on4t let it be lon",1 he said. -*hese are your feedin" "roundsS1 he said. #00 -*his is the one, all ri"htS1 he said. He cli5bed u the #(asna tree, settled hi5self u in the "ra e vines as the sun /ent do/n. When the sun ca5e u , -) /ant to "o back /est,1 she said. #0? "riHHly bear -He 5ay be slee in" there,1 she said. at the #(asna 'la%e :o/ =riHHly Bear /ent back /est, re"nant /ith Lon"B*ail. LiHard heard her to the east:

##0 -)t 5ust be her,1 he said. :o/ she ca5e addin" fro5 the east after #(asna. *he #(asna vine /as han"in" do/n fro5 the tree, the one /ra ed around his neck. , #AA , 0he ulled do/n on the vine. ##? -Pull hard at 5e, you /ho bereaved 5eS )t /ould be "ood if you /ould die,1 he said. -Pull 5e do/n on your backS1 he said. He loosened his bo/strin". -Let it be 5e /ho "ets acked on your back,1 he said. #20 *he re"nant one started to cli5b u . He tied his bo/strin" into a noose, loo ed it back onto itself. He /as ulled back do/n fro5 above. onto her ne%# =riHHly Bear cli5bed do/n a"ain, #2? tu5bled back do/n to the "round. =riHHly Bear4s head fell o, stran"led in t/o by the bo/strin". He took his stone knife, "ou"ed out her eyes. #$0 He icked u his Lon"B*ail, laced hi5 in /ater, bathed hi5. He icked u his &uiver a"ainO ut Lon"B*ail into his &uiver. #$? He "ot back ho5e. He thre/ a/ay the 5akeshift -necklace.1 He "ot back ho5e. )3. X9886W >9<):= 2Y He 5ade hi5self arro/s in the 5ornin". He rubbed the5 and s5oothed the5. the %ane shafts of the arrows He /as busy at it all dayO finished. 9s he turned the5 on the "round,

XfY *hat is, /hile holdin" the brush stationary, he rotates the arro/s to a bands. he ainted on the bands. He finished uttin" on the ainted bands. He soaked the5 in /ater, #G? the feather /ra ed the5 on /ith sine/O finished. , #A@ , He tri55ed the featherBvanes O with a flint 6lade finished. :o/ he charred the featherBvanes, #?0 XfY With a hot stick, to -seal1 the5. finished uttin" the5 a/ay. :o/ he bound the Noins /ith sine/O XkY Where the shaft fits into the foreshaft. finished. He ut the arro/s in his &uiver. 'arly in the 5ornin", ZSS she took u her fireB 5akin", the /o5an. :o/ he rubbed the5O the arrow finished. :o/ he /as busy /ith it. He finished socketin" the arro/ shafts.

ly the aint

#A? the feathers 9nd then he ainted on the bands. He ut the5 a/ay finished. He soaked the feathers in /ater. :o/ he fletched the arro/s, /ra ed the5 on /ith sine/ O #@0 finished. :o/ he /as busy tri55in" the feathersO finished. He charred the vanes, ut the5 a/ay finished. :o/ he /ent ahead /ith uttin" on red aint. :o/ he /orked at it, ut on the red aint, ut the5 a/ay #@? finished. 'arly in the 5ornin", as he turned the5 on the "round, XlY Here, the action see5s to refer to ointin" arro/heads. he flaked arro/heads. made of o6sidian

, #AE , :o/ he chi ed o flakes. #E0 He finished at sundo/n. 'arly in the 5ornin", as he turned the5 on the "round, he attached the oints to the foreshaftsO finished. His deerBhorn &uiver /as slun" over his #E? shoulder. He finished, ut the arro/s into it. 9t ni"ht, he finished /orkin". #%0 'arly in the 5ornin", he /ent after 5ore foreshaft sticks. He acked ho5e the ne/ 6aiwa#(i and ut it do/n. :o/ he started scra in" the bark

o: with a stone s%ar'r he scra ed o the 6aiwa#(i. He finished at sundo/n. :o/ he /as busy /ith itO he finished /orkin" in the dark. 3. X*H' :)=H* (9:C'Y 'arly in the 5ornin", he took his arro/ shafts, s read the5 out in front of 200 hi5. :o/ he rubbed the arro/ shafts s5ooth. -What4s the 5atterR1 he said. He broke it on the "round, broke it in t/o on the "round. the arrow he was smoothing 20? :o/ he Nust sat there, /aitin". -*he /o5en are dancin" to"ether,1 she said. XfY UnclearP 0a ir4s notes say, -not "irls but [story\ creatures,1 /hatever that 5eans -*he 5en are dancin" to"ether,1 he /as told. -9aah, and you /ould s read the ne/s, too,1 he said. -*hat s5oothin" /ork of 5ine Nust broke for no reason.1 , #A% , -*hey are "oin" out there to dance,1 she 2#0 said. He ut a/ay his arro/B5akin" thin"s. 9t sundo/n: -0o5e funny kind of itchO it s5ells like that,1 he said. XfY *he s5ell is co5in" fro5 /here they are dancin". 2#? -*hey 5ust be dancin",1 he said. 9nd then the itchO it /as "iven to hi5, the itch.

-What4s the 5atterR 220 9aah, so that4s /hat this is,1 he saidO -so5e funny kind of itch.1 'vidently /hat it is, is e;cre5ent,1 a 5an said. XkY )t4s not clear /ho4s s eakin" here. He "ave hi5 the e;cre5ent. gave li<ard LiHard s5eared it all over, 22? s5eared the e;cre5ent s5oothly over hi5selfO finished. -Build a fireS )45 "oin" to dance and layS1 he said. :o/ they danced: the youn" /o5en danced, it is 2$0 said, the youn" /o5en rested, it is said. :o/ he san" out, li<ard did he /ent to sin" the lead. He called out the dance. XlY 6r [acco5 anied his danceBson" /ith /his ered shouts 2$? :o/ he san" alon". *hey danced. -)45 Nust "oin" to let it do/n, childrenS1 he said. i.e.$ Wsto' dan%ingQ -(ance and layS1 he said. -0ay itS1 he saidO 2G0 -your layBdancin" son"S1 , #@0 , *he layBdancers san". XfY 6r [*hey san" and danced\. -:o/ the /o5en shall dance,1 he said.

-.en!!yah$ 'aney h$ NsingingO .en!!yah$ hen!!yah$ hiiyaaA1 2G? -0ay itS1 He called for a dance: -ChildrenS 0ay your son"S1 he said. :o/ they /ere dancin", dancin". 2?0 -0ay itS1 he said. -ChildrenS1 *hey4re dancin" to the south, they4re dancin" to the north, they4re dancin" to the south, 2?? they4re dancin" to the north. -.iiyaaA1 he said. He called for a dance: -0ay it, childrenS1 he said, -your layBdancin" son",1 he said. -)45 Nust "oin" to let it do/n,1 he said. 2A0 i.e.$ Wsto' dan%ingQ 'arly in the 5ornin": -'verybody "o o to the /oodsS1 he saidP to gather food they all /ent o and headed into the /oods. 9t ni"ht: 2A? -(ance, childrenS (anceS1 he said. X*hen:Y -*o slee , all of youS1 he said. -ChildrenS Let it do/n,1 he said. 2@0 'arly in the 5ornin", they "ot u . -=uess )4ll Nust stay

ho5e.1 said li<ard *he youn" /o5en danced. , #@# , 9t sundo/n: 2@? -(ance and lay, childrenS1 he said. 9"ain the dancers danced. 'arly in the 5ornin", they "ot u . -9ll this slee in" is a bad thin",1 he said, 2E0 -it4s not "ood,1 said LiHard. *he /o5an /ent back ho5e. XfY 3i<ard and the woman the feathers *hey bathed the5selves. He took u his arro/B5akin" a"ain. 3). X9886WB>9<):= $Y He rubbed the arro/s s5ooth all on his o/n. 2E? He socketed shafts throu"hout the dayO finished. :o/ he ainted on the bands durin" the day, ut the5 a/ay /hen they /ere finished. He soaked the5 in /ater. the feather :o/ he fletched the arro/sO 2%0 XkY By attachin" the feathers /ith stri s of sine/. no/, /hile he /as busy at it, he fletched the arro/sO finished.

He turns the5 on the "round. 2%? He tri55ed the vanesO finished. He charred the feathersO finished. He ut the5 a/ay /hen they /ere finished. He carried the deer antlers slun" over his $00 shoulder. C*hat4s /hat 5ade his &uiver: he Nust cut deer antlers o at the stu5 .D He laced the arro/s inside. -6 to the /oods, childrenS1 for food

, #@2 , He took u his flints, $0? XfY Va#a [flint\ robably re resents chert or obsidian. chi ed o a iece. :o/ he flaked a/ay durin" the day. He scoo s the loose flakes into a basket. -'at, childrenS1 he said at ni"ht. :o/ they be"an eatin" their $#0 5eal: they ate it, they finished eatin". -6 to the /oods, childrenS1 he said. for food *hey /ent o and "athered food. He inserted the arro/headsO $#? 7nto the foreshafts finished. He ut his finished ointed shafts a/ay. -'at, childrenS1

3)). XP):'B:U**):= 2Y 'arly in the 5ornin", $20 he took u his &uiver, he took u his net ba". :o/ he /ent /est/ard, /ent /est across the /ater. He ut his &uiver do/n on the "round. $2? He cli5bed u after ineBnuts, cli5bed back do/n. 9nd then he ounded out the cones. :o/ he ke t on oundin"O finished. He took u his net ba" and scoo ed the5 in. $$0 hit net 6ag 9nd he filled one u O finished. 9nd then his other ba"O finished. , #@$ , :o/, as they /ere s illin", he scoo ed the5 u fro5 the "round. $$? the 'ineInuts

*hey 5ade a sound like the /ind there, and the sound ca5e do/n: the +a4/i, they ho/led their /arB/hoo s at hi5. $G0 -)4ll resu5e you4re not Nust the /ind blo/in",1 he said. He icked u his net ba"s, tied both his net ba"s to"ether to carry ho5e. He reached for his bo/. :o/ he ste ed alon" the trail. $G? He shot o arro/sO shot to the north, shot to the east, hit the5 strai"ht in the face.

:o/ he ste ed alon" the trail, $?0 fired his bo/ do/n into the5. -+ou are Nust barely visible, scattered all around 5e,1 he said. He shot to the south, shot to the eastO $?? he killed the5 o, these +a4/i. He /ent back ho5e throu"h the /ater. :o/ he ste ed alon" the trail. He arrived back ho5e at sundo/n. -Here is lenty to eat, it see5s,1 he said, $A0 as he /as asked for food. -)t looks like it4s really rainin" do/n out there, /ith the /ind,1 he said. 3))). X9886WB>9<):= GY 'arly in the 5ornin", XfY Line inserted by translator. -6 to the /oods, childrenS1 he said. togather food :o/ he /as busy tri55in" feathers all day. , #@G , $A? 9t sundo/n he finished it, his featherBtri55in". 'arly in the 5ornin": -6 to the /oods, childrenS1 He took u his cane shafts, $@0 s read out the canes. :o/ he rubbed the5 s5ooth O finished. (rillin" out the cane shafts, $@? he bored into the5O finsihed. :o/ he socketed the foreshafts O finished.

He ainted on the bands, ut the5 a/ay, finished. $E0 He fletched the arro/s, soaked the feathers in /aterO finished. 9t sundo/n, he tri55ed the featherB vanes. $E?wiht a flint :o/ he /as busy /ith it: he charred the feathers, ut the5 a/ay finished. -'at, childrenS1 he said. 'arly in the 5ornin", he took u his sine/Bbindin", $%0 XfY Bindin" the Nuncture of the cane shaft and foreshaft /ith sine/. ut the5 a/ay finished. :o/ he /as busy /ith it: he s5oothed the foreshaftsO with a sour%ing rush finished. He slun" the &uiver over his shoulder $%? O finished. , #@? , 9t sundo/n, those /ho had "one to the /oods ca5e ho5e. -'at, childrenS1 he said. G00 :o/ they started eatin" their 5eal. 'arly in the 5ornin", as he turns his arro/s on the "round, he flaked arro/heads. He finished at sundo/n. G0? :o/ he /as busy /ith it. 'arly in the 5ornin": -6 to the /oods, childrenS1 he said. to gather food

G#0

G#?

G20

G2?

-) /on4t be doin" like the rest of you, as for 5yself,1 he said. 9nd he s5oothed the arro/ shafts: early in the 5ornin", as he turns the5 on the "round, he s5oothed the arro/ shafts. :o/ he rubbed the5 s5ooth. He finished durin" the day. :o/ he /as busy, he bored holes into the cane shafts O finished. He socketed the foreshafts, ut the5 a/ay, finished. :o/ he /as busy /ith itP he finished /ith the ainted bands. He soaked feathers in /ater. :o/ he /as busy /ith it: he finished and tri55ed the feathers. He ut do/n his arro/sO finished. :o/ he charred the feathers. , #@A , -'at, childrenS1 he said. 'arly in the 5ornin",

G$0

to gather food

-6 to the /oods, childrenS1 he said. -) /on4t be doin" like the rest of you, as for 5yself,1 he said. He finished his sine/Bbindin". :o/ he /as busy insertin" the flaked G$? arro/heads. He ut the5 a/ay finished. )K. XP):'B:U*):= $Y 'arly in the 5ornin", he took u his net ba". :o/ he /ent /est/ard, /ent /est across the /ater,

GG0 /ent /est/ard u a 5ountain. He ut his &uiver do/n on the "round. He cli5bed u after ineBnuts, cli5bed do/n a"ain. 9nd then he iled inecones all around the GG? fire. :o/ he /as busy /ith it, no/ he started oundin". He ounded out the nutsO finished. G?0 He took u his net ba", he took u his other net ba". CNot yet Q D XfY Perha s a foreshadin" device: LiHard Cand )shiD antic atin" the +a4/i rush. :o/, as they /ere s illin", the 'ine nuts he scoo ed the5 u fro5 the "round. *hey 5ade a sound like the /ind there, and the sound ca5e G?? do/n: the +a4/i, they ho/led their /arB/hoo s at hi5. -Ho, )4ll resu5e you4re not Nust the /indS1 he said. -)t really looks like it4s rainin" do/n, no/O , #@@ , GA0 5aybe )4ll sit and shell so5e ineBnuts,1 he said. He took u his net ba"s. -) have Nust seen you, every/here do/n on the "round,1 he said. He slun" the ba"s over his shoulder a"ain. He took u his bo/. :o/ he ste ed alon" the GA? trail. :o/ he shot at the5: he shot to the east, he shot to the south, he shot to the north. :o/ he ste ed alon" the G@0 trail. He fired his bo/ at the5, hit the5 strai"ht in the face.

He /ent into the /ater a"ain, ca5e back out of the /ater. G@? *he +a4/i scattered a/ay. :o/ he ste ed alon" the trail at sundo/n. He ca5e into the clearin". where his %am' was -Here is lenty to eat, it see5s,1 he said. -)t really looks like rain, co5in" do/n out there on the /ind,1 he said. XTo Sa'ir:Y GE0 -Be "one, no/S1 as they say. :o/ he has finished talkin" Q , #@E ,

&&. A Se'e ti"n ") Wintu S"n%$

WINTU &696A&6>&FANNY ,ROWN2 BENNIE CURL2 HARRY +ARSH2 SADIE +ARSH2 AND EDO THO+AS2 SINGERSDOROTHY DE+ETRACOPOULOU2 COLLECTOR AND TRANSLATOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y DOROTHY DE+ETRACOPOULOU

*he son"s resented here /ere collected in the su55ers of #%2%, #%$0, and #%$#, durin" three field tri s that /ere conducted under the aus ices of the (e art5ent of 9nthro olo"y of the University of California.X#Y ) recorded the5 inter5ittently, chiefly as an e; ression of literary art, artly for their ethno"ra hic value, artly for lin"uistic ur oses. ) secured the5 in te;t and translated the5 as literally as the discre ancy bet/een Wintu and 'n"lish /ould er5it. *he Wintu /ho sin" the5 live in California, alon" the northern reaches of the 0acra5ento, the Pit, and the >cCloud. *hese rivers are in reality only 5ountain strea5s, s/ift and narro/, for5in" stee little canyons in the 5ountains. *he 5ountainous country a ords al5ost no valleys and only a fe/ -flats1 /here the eo le could build their brush houses. *he draina"e runs north and south, and erha s because of this, , #@% , directional ter5s are indis ensable to the Wintu /hen any ur oseful "oin" is to be described. 6ne "oes north alon" the river, south, east u hill, /est alon" the rid"eP or one Nust /alks. *he son"s that are sun" 5ost by the Wintu today are the soBcalled drea5 son"s. 9t one ti5e they for5ed the chief feature of the (rea5 (ance cult that /as introduced circa #E@2 and held s/ay for about forty years. (rea5 son"s /ere "iven to 5en and /o5en in their slee by the s irit of so5e dead relative or friend. )n the 5ornin" the drea5er san" the son" and danced to it. *he son" then beca5e

co55on ro erty, thou"h the na5e of the drea5er /as usually re5e5bered. 9 s litBstick rattle, struck a"ainst the thi"h, acco5 anied the son" and dance. *he rattle, the dance, and the son" each follo/ed its o/n di erent rhyth5. 0ince drea5in" a orded such an e;cellent o ortunity for e;hibitionis5, the Wintu see5 to have indul"ed in it, des ite the revalent belief that it brou"ht bad luck and erha s death to the drea5er. (rea5in" sto ed about forty years a"o, but 5any son"s are still re5e5bered and danced to /hen Bi" *i5es are held. *he 5ost recent sti5ulus to the revival and reservation of the drea5 son"s ca5e /hen >iss Cora (u Bois and ) be"an collectin" the5. *he dances of the (rea5 (ance cult sho/ a /ide ran"e of variation, but the son"s rou"hly follo/ certain set rulesP this, des ite the fact that they /ere "enuinely ac&uired in a drea5. *he /ords treat of the land of the dead, as for e;a5 le, the above, the /est, the 5ythical earthlod"e of the flo/ers, the >ilky Way alon" /hich the s irits of the dead /ent to their final restin" lace. 7lo/ers for5 an i5 ortant the5e. *he references to nature are not lyrical e; ressions but si5 ly an un&uestioned confor5ation to the re&uire5ents of the son". *he arran"e5ent of the verses as /ell as the tune follo/ a so5e/hat set attern. =enerally there is the introductory art, consistin" of one or t/o verses that are re eated several ti5es in a lo/ key. *hen the first verse /ith erha s a ne/ verse is sun" in a variation of the the5e in a hi"her key once, and a final verse, the co5 letion or cli5a;, is sun" in the ori"inal lo/ key. *he follo/in" son" /ill serve as an illustration. 7irst co5e t/o alternatin" verses in a lo/ tone: )t is above that you and ) shall "oP 9lon" the >ilky Way you and ) shall "oP , #E0 , )t is above that you and ) shall "oP 9lon" the >ilky Way you and ) shall "o. *hen /e have a variation of the the5e in a hi"her key: )t is above that you and ) shall "oP 9lon" the flo/er trail you and ) shall "o. *hen /e "o back to the tune of the first verse: Pickin" flo/ers on our /ay, you and ) shall "o. *his tune attern see5s to derive fro5 the 0outhland (ance cult.X2Y *he only son" that is re5e5bered fro5 the 0outhland (ance cult is one /hich is co5 osed of the 5eanin"less syllables heyoyohene$ sun" accordin" to the tune attern found in the drea5 son"s.X$Y Whether this tune attern ori"inated /ith the 0outhland (ance cult or /as already resent a5on" the Wintu /hen this cult entered the territory, /e do not kno/. Must no/ it occurs only in the sin"in" of drea5 son"s. )ndividual variation is to be found in the articular arran"e5ent of the verses /ithin the tune attern. )t is not kno/n ho/ 5uch unconscious revision of the /ords took lace. Unfortunately, only one son" /as secured fro5 t/o di erent infor5ants. *he t/o versions sho/ a di erence in the tune attern as /ell as in the /ords. >iss (u Bois re orts a case /here the tune of a son" /as revised consciously. 9 sin"er of so5e note altered the tune to suit his taste, and it is his version that is kno/n and sun" no/.

*he /ords of the son"s are i5 ortant in the5selves. >y infor5ants so5eti5es re eated the5 to 5e, e;clai5in" over their beautyP this, in s ite of the oetic license that allo/s the drea5er to break fro5 the ordinary Wintu hrasin" and 5akes the 5eanin" often hard to "ras . >iss (u Bois has even recorded a son" /hose /ords are re5e5bered and liked althou"h the tune has been for"otten.

NOTES
#. *his selection is based on (e5etraco oulou4s fa5ous #%$? article, -Wintu 0on"s1 C,nthro'os $0: GE$FG%GD. *he te;t of her introduction and son" notes , #E# , has been e;cer ted, rearran"ed, and edited Cfor continuityD for inclusion in this volu5e. 6f the fortyB nine son"s included in the ori"inal article, t/entyBnine have been selected here. *he son"s retain their ori"inal nu5berin", for the sake of reference. )n her ublication of these son"s, (e5etraco oulou rinted only the -"ist1 of each son", /ith notes indicatin" ho/ 5any ti5es each se arate line /as sun", and in /hat order. ) have reconstructed the ori"inal order fro5 her annotations and resent the son"s here in their full erfor5ance order.Oh/l 2. *his cult /as introduced into Wintu territory circa #E@# and held s/ay for about a year. 0ee Cora (u Bois, -Wintu 'thno"ra hy,1 for a fuller descri tion. >ost of the infor5ation about the ethno"ra hic as ect of the son"s contained in this essay has been su lied by >iss (u Bois. $. *hese syllables 5ay be si5 ly a variation of heninoiheni$ the introductory and final refrain of the "irls4 uberty son"s, /hich is sun" /ith sli"ht variations by di erent sin"ers.

FURTHER READING
Cora (u Bois4s -Wintu 'thno"ra hy1 and (u Bois and (e5etraco oulou4s -Wintu >yths1 are i5 ortant sources of infor5ation, as is (e5etraco oulou and (u Bois4s -9 0tudy of Wintu >ytholo"y.1 (e5etraco oulou4s -9 Wintu =irls4 Puberty Cere5ony1 CLee #%G0D 5i"ht be useful for conte;tualiHin" the uberty son"s selected here. Harvey Pitkin has ublished a /intu Grammar and /intu Di%tionary.

A SELECTION OF WINTU SONGS

DREA+ SONGS #. Harry >arsh, drea5erP sun" by Harry >arsh, #%2% XfY Harry >arsh uses the inclusive dual that is found in ractically all the drea5 son"s /here an address for5 is used. *he son" is considered to contain an a5orous or at least a ro5antic flavor. )t is above that you and ) shall "o, 9lon" the >ilky Way you and ) shall "o, , #E2 , )t is above that you and ) shall "o, 9lon" the >ilky Way you and ) shall

"o, )t is above that you and ) shall "o, 9lon" the flo/er trail you and ) shall "o, Pickin" flo/ers on our /ay, you and ) shall "o. 2. 9nony5ous drea5erP sun" by Harry >arsh, #%2% 9bove the lace /here the 5inno/ 5aiden slee s /hile her fins 5ove "ently in the /ater, 7lo/ers droo , 7lo/ers rise back Xu Y a"ain. $. 9nony5ous drea5erP sun" by Harry >arsh, #%2% Where (i'' 8"u !nd I $'ee3I Where /ill you and ) slee R Where /ill you and ) slee R Where /ill you and ) slee R Where /ill you and ) slee R 9t the do/nBturned Na""ed ri5 of the sky you and ) /ill slee . G. Mi5 *ho5as, drea5erP sun" by Harry >arsh, #%2% XfY *he /ord used for -s/ayin" rhyth5ically1 is a lied to /o5en s/ayin" /ith bent elbo/s and forear5s ointin" for/ard, as an acco5 ani5ent to the dancin" of the 5en. (urin" a erfor5ance of the (rea5 (ance, the 5en danced in a circle around a fire, /hile the /o5en stood in t/o lines on either side, s/ayin" and /avin" flo/ers or handkerchiefs in their outstretched hands. Mi5 *ho5as, a sha5an, introduced in his son" the dandelion u s as re resentin" s irits that float a/ay. *his conce tion /as liked so "enerally that the son" /as dedicated to funerals. *he artici ants s/ay, holdin" dandelion u s, and then /ith one accord, blo/ on the5 and 5ake the5 float a/ay. 0in"in" at funerals is an innovation and robably /as initiated /ith the first use of this son", at the death of Bill Po eNoy, so5e t/elve years a"o. 9bove XtheyY shall "o, *he s irits of the eo le, s/ayin" rhyth5ically, 9bove XtheyY shall "o, *he s irits of the eo le, s/ayin" rhyth5ically, , #E$ , 9bove XtheyY shall "o, 0/ayin" /ith dandelion u s in their hands, *he s irits of the eo le, s/ayin" rhyth5ically. ?. 9nony5ous drea5erP sun" by Harry >arsh, #%2% *here above, there above, 9t the 5ythical earthlod"e of the south,

0 irits are /afted alon" the roof and fall, *here above, there above, 9t the 5ythical earthlod"e of the south, 0 irits are /afted alon" the roof and fall. 7lo/ers bend heavily on their ste5s. E. (u5 (u Bel, drea5erP sun" by Harry >arsh, #%$# 6 5e, your brotherBinB la/ Looks /est. 9ll day lon" He looks /est. 6 5e, your brotherBinB la/ Looks /est. 9ll day lon" He looks /est. 6 5e, your brotherBinBla/ Looks /est. 7lo/ers of daybreak He holds north/ard in his outstretched hands. 9ll day lon" He looks /est. %. >ary 0ilverthorne, drea5erP sun" by Harry >arsh, #%$# 7ro5 the east he ca5e /est a"ainst the 5ountains and sto ed. 7lo/ers he icked Nust no/, 7lo/ers fro5 5y "rave. 7lo/ers he icked Nust no/. , #EG , ##. 0adie >arsh, drea5erP sun" by 0adie >arsh, #%2% XfY 0adie >arsh says that a fe/ years a"o her best friend died, and a little after ca5e to her in a drea5 /ith a co5 any of other fe5ale s irits, /ee in", dancin", and sin"in" this son". (o/n /est, do/n /est /e dance, We s irits dance, (o/n /est, do/n /est /e dance, We s irits dance, (o/n /est, do/n /est /e dance,

We s irits /ee in" dance, We s irits dance. #2. >ary <enyon, drea5erP sun" by 'do *ho5as, #%2% 7ro5 the old ca5 in" lace Co5es a flash of flo/ers. ) love flo/ers. =ive 5e flo/ers. 7lo/ers flutter 9s the /ind raises the5 above. ) love flo/ers. =ive 5e flo/ers. #$. (ick =re"ory, drea5erP sun" by 'do *ho5as, #%2% XkY *he daybreak eo le are s arro/s. *he roof is that of the 5ythical earthlod"e. (aybreak eo le have been chir in". (aybreak eo le have been chir in". (aybreak eo le have been chir in". (aybreak eo le have been chir in". (aybreak eo le have been chir in". 9bove on the roof, 9li"htin", they chir . , #E? , GIRLS/ PU,ERTY S"n%$ [J# A'' $"n%$ "ther th!n dre!. $"n%$ !nd $h!.!ni$ti $"n%$ !re !n"n8."u$. There !re .!n8 %ir'$/ 3ubert8 $"n%$2 ") (hi h I $e ured ! )e(. S".e ti.e !)ter the )ir$t .en$tru!ti"n2 3erh!3$ !$ '"n% !$ three 8e!r$ !)ter2 ! ,i% Ti.e (!$ !''ed t" %i4e 3ub'i re "%niti"n t" thi$ e4ent. Thi$ (!$ d"ne )"r the d!u%hter$ ") the ."$t i.3"rt!nt 3e"3'e. The he!d.!n ") the 4i''!%e $ent in4it!ti"n$ t" "ther 4i''!%e$2 !nd !$ e! h %r"u3 !rri4ed2 the8 d!n ed d"(n int" the e'ebr!tin% 4i''!%e2 $in%in%. S"n% 9& (!$ $un% b8 $u h ! %r"u3. A'' %ir'$/ 3ubert8 $"n%$ be%in !nd end (ith ! re)r!in ") !enino" re3e!ted !n inde)inite nu.ber ") ti.e$. 2#. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$# XkY When ) first recorded this son", ) found it i5 ossible to understand since it /as sun" for 5e startin" /ith the second verse. =irls4 uberty son"s are "enerally su osed to be inco5 rehensible, full of obsolete /ords and involved as to style. 7ro5 this "eneraliHation 5ust be e;ce ted the salacious son"s that eo le take care to understand.

.eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy 9t BareB=a B8unnin"B0outhBU hill a "irl has Xco5e toY uberty, We said to ourselves. 0o fro5 belo/, brin"in" east/ard /ith us, We brou"ht uberty son"s. .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy 22. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$# XlY *his is an arrival son". .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy Where the eastern star e5er"ed, 7ire co5es u /est/ard over the slo e and falls in a sho/er. *o the ed"e of the 5ountains, to the foot of the ointed rid"e, Co5e south/ard alon" the 5ountain shore to XNoinY the danceS .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy , #EA , 2$. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%2% XfY 0on"s 2$F2E. 9fter the "rou s arrived there /as feastin" and dancin" for several days. (urin" this ti5e, ertinent son"s /ere sun", so5e of the5 inco5 rehensible to the sin"ers, others referrin" to the fact that the "irl /as no/ ready for a lover or a husband. )n Bald Hill, so5e e;tre5ely obscene son"s /ere sun", usually u on arrival. 0on"s 2A and 2E /ere sun" durin" the feastin" eriod. .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy U the hill to the north/est an obsidian knife /hiHHes throu"h the air, on the /est slo e. )t is the beautiful adolescent "irlP to the lace /here the deer /ere scared out of the bush, listenin", 5ay ) co5e backS

.eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy 2G. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$# .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy 9t the ed"e of the 5ountains she Xca5e toY uberty. Look alon" the curve of the 5ountain shoreP 7leas 5ust be e5er"in"S .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy 2A. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$# XkY *his is a /ish to Noin the "irl /here she sits. .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy >ay ) fall into the hole 5ade by di""in", 9nd there, flutterin" about, 5ay ) re5ainS .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy , #E@ , 2@. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$# .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy )n the southeast the adolescent "irl co5es seducin" to "et herself a 5an. 0he co5es crossin" 0ucker Creek /hich should not be crossed. .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy 2E. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$#

.eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy *o the north behind the sno/ 5ountain, =oin" u a bare rid"e, feathers XfY *he feathers resu5ably belon" to the headdress of a otential lover. are visible. =oin" u a bare rid"e north behind the sno/ 5ountain, =oin" u a bare rid"e, feathers are visible. .eninoy$ heninoy .eninoy$ heninoy LOVE SONGS [K# The re$t ") the $"n%$ th!t I "''e ted !re '"4e $"n%$ !nd $"n%$ )r". )"r%"tten $t"rie$. L"4e $"n%$ !re -n"(n !$ nini# )r". the intr"du t"r8 !nd )in!' re)r!in !inini# (hi h i$ re3e!ted !n inde)inite nu.ber ") ti.e$. The8 !re ".3'ete in the.$e'4e$ "r $i.3'8 $"n%$ ".in% )r". '"4e $t"rie$2 (hi h !'$" !re -n"(n !$ nini$ The$e '!tter !re ")ten h!rd t" under$t!nd2 !$ the8 re)er t" in ident$ in the $t"r8. Nini tune$ (ere $".eti.e$ 3'!8ed "n ! )'ute. $A. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$# .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini Where he /alks about, /here he /alks about, Pushin" the deer decoy back a/ay fro5 his face, 8i"ht there in front of hi5 , #EE , >ay ) co5e "lidin" do/n and fallS .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini $@. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$# .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini

Please, *each 5e a /ord ) don4t kno/S .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini $E. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%$# .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini Lon" a"o ) /e t for you, But no/ ) /ee 7or hi5 /ho lives /est, further /est, ) /ee 7or hi5 /ho d/ells in the /est, Under the shar innacles of Li5e 8ock. .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini $%. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%2% .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini *he slee in" lace /hich you and ) hollo/ed out /ill re5ain al/ays, Will re5ain al/ays, /ill re5ain al/ays, /ill re5ain al/ays. .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini , #E% , G#. 0un" by 7anny Bro/n, #%2% .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini Before you "o over the "a of the sno/B5ountain to the north, (o/nhill to/ard the north,

6 5y, do look back at 5eS +ou /ho d/ell belo/ the sno/B5ountain, (o look back at 5eS .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini G2. 0un" by 7anny Bro/n, #%2% .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini 7or so5e reason ) dislike you. ) do not love you. ) dislike you because, Like a sni e ho in" on, +ou crossed creeks ahead of 5e. *ruly ) dislike you for "ood. ) love one /ho d/ells there in the /est. .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini G$. 0un" by 0adie >arsh, #%2% XfY 0on"s G$FGG. *hese t/o son"s are referred to as nini so5eti5es. *hey are derisive son"s. *he >cCloud /o5an, /ho has been nurtured on Nuicy sal5on and has to live on "rassho ers and such s5all fry in the 0till/ater subarea, sin"s to her husband. 6f course, )f ) /ent to the >cCloud ) 5i"ht choke on a sal5on bone Q , #%0 , GG. 0un" by Mennie Curl, #%$0 XfY 9nother >cCloud /o5an refuses her suitors /ith this ditty. 6f course, )f ) /ent to 0till/ater ) 5i"ht choke on a "rassho er le". +eah, butO )f ) /ent to the U er 0acra5ento

) 5i"ht choke on the bone of a fa/n Q SONGS FRO+ FORGOTTEN STORIES G?. 0un" by Harry >arsh, #%2% XkY 0on"s G?FG@. *he last three nini are son"s co5in" fro5 love stories. *he stories, as 5yths, are for"otten or erha s never have had any e;istence. :o/adays, they are told infor5ally, only as e; lanations of the son"s. *here are nini tales containin" son"s that are told for5ally, but in these, the interest lies in the narrative and the son" is 5erely art of the story, sun" in the a ro riate lace. 0on" G?. *his is, to 5y kno/led"e, the 5ost o ular Wintu son". )t is said to have been co5 osed by a lover reNected for his overty, /hen he found his old love in circu5stances so reduced that she had to live on a diet of clover. )t is a son" of derision, and the Wintu find it a5usin". (o/n in the /est, lyin" do/n, (o/n in the /est, lyin" do/n, 9 beautiful bear ) found, *earin" u clover in fistfuls. GA. 0un" by Mennie Curl, #%$0 SONG OF THE PREGNANT WO+AN 6n the north slo e of Ba&akili5 ) /as deserted. 0o5e flo/er 5ade 5e heedless 9nd ) /as deserted. 9 /ild oran"e blosso5 5ade 5e heedless 9nd ) /as deserted. , #%# , G@. 0un" by Mennie Curl, #%$0 .inini$ hinini .inini$ hinini SONG OF THE FORSA0EN ,ROTHER (o not /ee , (o not /ee , +oun"er brother, do not /ee . 0he /ould have "one about, 0he /ould Nust have "one about in the flat

belo/. (o not /ee . (o not let her co5e in front of the north side of our d/ellin"P *hat is /here BeadBbear /ill "o about. (o not let her "et ti"erBlily bulbs. (o not /ee , youn"er brother. G%. 0un" by 0adie >arsh, #%2% XfY *he last son" in this collection co5es fro5 a for"otten 5yth. SONG OF THE LUAIL ) stroke 5yself, ) stroke 5yselfP 'ast of the ca5 site, /here the earth is hea ed, 6n 5y back ) lie. ) lie strokin" 5yself, )n the su55er, /hen sunshine falls dee in the northern canyons. , #%2 ,

&9. L""n W".!n

WINTU &696B" ,ender2 NARRATORDOROTHY DE+ETRACOPOULOU2 COLLECTORDELL HY+ES2 TRANSLATOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y DELL HY+ES

*his dra5atiHation of incest, death, and rene/al has dra/n re eated attention since its ublication in #%$#.X#Y )t has been the focus of a s ecial article C(e5etraco oulou #%$$D, retold in a o ular book C*. <roeber #%?%D, and addressed at len"th in a 5aNor analysis of 5yth CLWviB0trauss #%E#D.

The S"ur e
We kno/ the te;t because of the /ork of t/o /o5en at the start of their careers, (orothy (e5etraco oulou CLeeD and Cora (u Bois. Both /ent on to beco5e /ellBkno/n for other /ork, (e5etraco oulouBLee for essays on lan"ua"es as for5s of thou"ht CLee #%GG, #%?%D, (u Bois for study of culture and ersonality a5on" the eo le of 9lor Can island , #%$ , of )ndonesiaD and as the first /o5an rofessor of anthro olo"y at 8adcli e CHarvardD. )n the su55ers of #%2% and #%$0 the t/o /o5en Noined in an in&uiry re5arkable for its ti5e. 95on" the Wintu, livin" alon" tributaries of the 0acra5ento 8iver north and north/est of resent 8ed Blu, they sou"ht not only

"ood storytellers, but tellers of di erent abilities, under varied conditions, so as to shed li"ht on chan"e and stability. Because of this, /e have conver"in" ers ectives on a co55unity tradition, /ith s ecific infor5ation about tellers and their circu5stances.X2Y 7or5erly 5yths /ere told only on /inter ni"hts. 9 "ood teller /ould have a "ood 5e5ory and be a "ood sin"erP evidently one could chan"e voice /ith a chan"e in characters or situation, and ani5ate narration /ith "esture C(e5etraco oulou and (u Bois #%$2:$@A, $@%, G%@D. *he -Loon Wo5an1 5yth /as told in the su55er of #%2% by Mo Bender CU er 0acra5entoD. He /as about ei"htyBfive, estee5ed as a teller by other Wintu C(e5etraco oulou and (u Bois #%$2:G%A, G%E, G%%D and by the t/o youn" anthro olo"ists C$@%, $%2D. ) should e; lain this ne/ translation. (e5etraco oulou4s transcri tions of Wintu te;ts are un ublished, and their location /as not kno/n to Herbert Luthin, the editor of this volu5e, or 5yself. 7ortunately, 9lice 0he herd had the te;t of -Loon Wo5an1 and sent a co y to Luthin. )t had only Wintu, no 'n"lish, so the ori"inal translation 5ust have been done se arately. *hat translation /as ublished t/ice, but the t/o are not &uite identical.X$Y *hanks to the "ra55ar and dictionary of Harvey Pitkin C#%EG, #%E?D, su le5ented by the dictionary of 9lice 0he herd C0chlicter #%E#D, ) /as able to 5atch Wintu ele5ents /ith 'n"lish 5eanin"s and identify their "ra55atical roles. ) could then look for further relations a5on" the5. When -Loon Wo5an1 /as transcribed, such stories /ere thou"ht to be rose. (ivision into lar"er units C ara"ra hsD /as ad hoc. 8ecently it has been realiHed that stories 5ay indicate /ays of their o/n of "oin" to"ether. )ntonation contours 5ay indicate units CversesD, /hich enter into lon"er se&uences CstanHas, scenesD. 7or -Loon Wo5an,1 the 5anuscri t sho/s no contours, but atterns do e5er"e. )t is co55on in stories for so5e sentenceBbe"innin" /ords to 5ark units, and that turns out to be true of -Loon Wo5an.1 0o as to carry over the e ect of the ori"inal, each such /ord has been translated al/ays the sa5e /ay, and each di erently fro5 the others: note -9fter,1 -9fter that,1 -9nd then,1 -9t last,1 -9t that,1 , #%G , -7or that,1 -:o/,1 -0uddenly,1 and of course e; ressions such as -:e;t 5ornin".1 C)nterestin"ly, /hen -9nd then1 XuniI6uhaY occurs, it tends to be second of a air of units, or third of three. Parallelis5 is also a factor in articular cases. 8e etition of a co55on verb of -bein", residin"1 X6uhaY initiates the t/o o enin" scenes in art #.D 7unda5entally, inter retation of the sha e of the /hole de ends u on the hy othesis that, like 5any other oral narratives, :ative 95erican and 'n"lish, the story 5akes use of certain kinds of se&uence. *he co55on alternatives a5on" traditions are relations of three and five, or of t/o and four. 9 narrator 5ay shift bet/een the5, to be sure, and one set 5ay include so5ethin" of the other. 9/areness of such relations contributes to an a reciation of the rhyth5s of a story. *his translation atte5 ts to dis lay the5 on the a"e. 0o5e te;ts in 0he herd C#%E%D su""est that Wintu narrators use relations of three and fiveP -Loon Wo5an1 certainly does. But se&uences of three and five are so5eti5es se&uences of airs: the scene in /hich the elder sister discovers the heart of the hero C art $, scene X#YD, and the final t/o scenes of the story as a /hole, have each five airs of stanHas Csets of versesD. When units are aired, ) ut a sin"le closin" brace in the ri"ht 5ar"in to 5ark the end of the air. )n such atterns a turn at talk is al/ays a unit, and a se&uence 5ay consist of alternatin" turns, as in five airs of interaction bet/een 5other and dau"hter Clines ?AFAED. 0 eeches count as a sin"le unit Cturn at talkD in lar"e se&uences, but 5ay have internal atternin" of their o/n. *he lon" s eech by the

hel ful bird in act A has three arts, each endin" /ith a verb of s eakin". C) 5ark these internal arts /ith the desi"nations -'!#,1 -'!2,1 -'!$.1D 0o5eti5es a threeBste se&uence has a sense of the onset, on"oin", then outco5e of an action, or an obNect of erce tion, as /hen the dau"hter 5atures C2#F2$D and discovers a lon" hair Ccf. 2@F2%, $0F$2 and $$F$?, $AF$ED. 8e etition of /ords so5eti5es has one air enclose anotherO/hat is called -chias5us,1 as in lines #%F20, 2$GF$?, 2?EFA0, G%@F%E. 0o5eti5es 5e5bers of a air alternate, as /hen t/ice the 5other onders and the dau"hter 5easures C@$F@G, @EF@%: @?, E@FEED. 9 run of three or five can elaborate a sin"le action or activity. When the t/o boys set out, they - lay, lay, lay1 CG$0F$2D. *he second ti5e Loon Wo5an cries for her arents, she -cries, cries, cries1 C2$AF $ED. When earlier she re ares a bed for herself and her brother, re etitious /ordin" , #%? , in a doubled set of fiveBline stanHas C#22F$#D see5s to convey confusion, ur"ency, and e;cite5ent.

Tr!n$'!ti"n !$ Rete''in%
>r. Bender evidently controlled atterns in 'n"lish as /ell as Wintu, and his translatin" /as also in art retellin". When the sister first says, -Whose hairR1 C$GD, the ne;t line in Wintu 5eans literally -she /ants to kno/.1 Bender4s translation is 5ore dra5atic: -) /ant to kno/.1 When the sister and brother "o, she calls for evenin" to co5e &uickly, and then the t/o are said to -"o1 si; ti5es C"iven the doublin" of -"o1 else/here, this resu5ably constitutes three airsD. *he 'n"lish has five verbs, not si;: -*hey /ent, and /ent, and /ent, and /ent, and /ent.1XGY 'vidently >r. Bender kne/ that 'n"lish does not ordinarily 5ulti ly airs but does 5ulti ly sin"le /ords, and so he substituted a run. 'ven so, a run in 'n"lish /ould usually be threeP >r. Bender "oes to five. ) sus ect that in Wintu three airs /as a 5a;i5al e ect, and that a run of five see5ed an e&uivalent 5a;i5al e ect in 'n"lish. )n the five airs of lines in /hich the brother /akes and leaves his slee in" sister, the third and fifth airs C#AAFA@, #@0F@#D e;ist in 'n"lish only. *he additions e;tend and do not disturb the attern of the stanHa. )t re5ains to be seen to /hat e;tent other Wintu narrators and translators have 5ade use of ossibilities such as those 5entioned here.

Pr"3"rti"n
*he /hole of a story has to 5ake sense in ter5s of a attern of relations, and Mo Bender4s -Loon Wo5an1 does. )ts verses, stanHas, and scenes co5bine into si; acts, aired in three arts. C7or other /ork of this kind, see Hy5es #%%2, #%%Ga, #%%Gb, #%%?.D 8eco"nition of such connections of for5 and content 5akes clear the ro ortions and e5 hases of the tellin".X?Y */o acts resent a beautiful boy, hidden, then discovered C art #D. */o central acts resent incest and destruction C art 2D. */o final acts resent restorations and retribution C art $D. Within each art so5ethin" accidental ro5 ts /hat ha ens. *he sister discovers a hair fallen fro5 her brother4s head, and so re ares for incest Cact 2DP Coyote, althou"h /arned, looks do/n as the fa5ily esca e u /ard, and so they

, #%A , fall into the fire Cact GDP the t/o boys /ound a bird /ho tells the5 about the Loon, and so she is killed and the lost hearts recovered and restored Cact AD.

Inter3ret!ti"n$
0o5e of the 5eanin" of the story involves understandin"s that 5e5bers of the co55unity /ould take for "ranted. >any are shared /ith other :ative 95erican traditions. Here are several such. *he o enin" and closin"O-5any eo le ca5e into bein"1 and -0o they say it ends1Oare conventional and sho/ that the story /as told by so5eone still conversant /ith such devices. C+oun" narrators /ere beco5in" less conversant durin" the eriod in /hich the story /as taken do/n.D *he o enin" sets the story in the earlier ti5e /hen the hu5an a"e /as "iven sha e. *he closin" indicates that the story is vouched for by /hat others have said. )f it had been told in /inter, so5eone /ould have follo/ed the closin" /ith /ords /ishin" for s rin". *he sister4s attention to a hair fits the first re&uisite for hysical beauty, lon", thick, shiny, black hair C(u Bois #%$?:?%P cf. restoration of such hair in Hy5es #%E$, and LWviB0trauss #%E#:$E%D. *hat the dau"hter "oes /est 5ay foreshado/ her transfor5ation into a dan"erous bein". *he /ord nomIyo C[/estBR\D describes ersons likely to beco5e ani5als, or -/erebeasts1 C(u Bois #%$?:?D. When the 5other at last accedes to the dau"hter4s refusal to "o e;ce t /ith the eldest son, it is not because she cannot reco"niHe dan"er. 6ne cannot forever refuse a kins erson or artner. *hat it is Coyote /ho looks do/n, causin" esca e to fail, is no sur rise. He is the father in so5e versions of the story, but not here, and is not restored to life at the end. Havin" an isolated Coyote at Nust this oint, a sort of /alkBon nu5skull, fits /ell /ith the story4s vie/ of the fa5ily as not to bla5e. =iven a boy so beautiful as to cause CillicitD desire, they hide hi5. *hat the dau"hter finds a telltale hair is accidental. 9 ro er 5other cannot at last kee her dau"hter fro5 choosin" her brother. *he son leaves the sister as soon as he can a/ake, and the fa5ily do at once /hat he runs to tell the5 to do. 9 ne/ "eneration kills /hat the dau"hter has beco5e. 9s for the t/o /o5en /ho find the oldest son4s lost heart, they are sho/n to be "ood at the very start Cof act ?D: they do useful /ork every , #%@ , day. 9nd their first line inserts -hu5an1 CWintuD before -/o5en,1 contrastin" the5 /ith /hat the /o5an NustB5entioned, the sister, has beco5e. *hat the son4s heart has son" sho/s o/er. *hat there are deer tracks /here it is found indicates a rototy ical 5ale o/er, huntin" deer. 9nother version has his tears create a salt lick that attracts deer. 9bsence of that here 5ay indicate that deer reco"niHe o/er as such. *hat the restored son has t/o /o5en as /ives indicates hi"h status. Usually coB/ives /ere sisters, and their husband sle t bet/een the5. )nstruction fro5 a /ounded bird is a o ular device in 5any traditions. *he bird "oes unna5ed here, but erha s its cry is an identification. *he cry -*u/Wtetek1 is like a na5e for killdeer in the nei"hborin" and related lan"ua"e, :o5laki, teIw!Id!Idi#.XAY :otice that the usual ste of banda"in" the /ound, and bein" "iven advice in return, is absent. *he bird is already on the side of the boys, so5eho/ related to the5, referrin" like their father to -she /ho 5ade us kinless.1

Tit'e
)n the 5anuscri t and ublications of the 5yth, the title has the na5e of the older brother in Wintu, but -Loon Wo5an1 in 'n"lish. )n the story he is na5ed, but she is notP not even a /ord for -loon1 occurs. Perha s that is because no loon survives. *he story does not tell, actually, /hy a loon /ill look as it does in a /orld to co5e. 6ne /ould have to s eculate about thatP this loon is di erent. *he distinctive necklace has been taken back, the hearts are hu5an bein"s a"ain. 0o far as the story "oes, the loon is an evil forever "one.X@Y ) translate the hero4s na5e /ith one of its ossibilities Ccf. Pitkin #%E?: $A, $@, $E, 2@#D. 0he herd C ersonal co55unicationD says that the na5e could su""est 5ost or all of those ossible senses. 0ince the story is about /hat a sister as /ell as a brother beco5es, lackin" a Wintu na5e for her, ) use -beco5e1 for her in the title.

Other Di$ u$$i"n$

(e5etraco oulou C#%$$D analyHes versions of -Loon Wo5an1 in ter5s of so5e ei"hteen incidents and their distribution a5on" versions fro5 the 9chu5a/i, 9tsu"e/i, >aidu, <aruk, >odoc, 0hasta, Wintu, and +ana. , #%E , 0he finds the story to have a shar ly defined character in a li5ited area, inte"ratin" incidents intrinsically unrelated. */o incidents do see5 ori"inalOthat of the lost hair and the revivified heartO but neither /ould account for the story itself. *he se&uence of incidents, their dovetailin" and re5oldin", is based first of all on the the5e of catastro hic incest and secondarily on the unish5ent of the ri5e actors, linked /ith the /ides read the5e of a son reven"in" and revivin" his father. *heodora <roeber C#%?%:$%FA?D refra5es and retells the story, dra/in" on several of the sa5e versions C9chu5a/i, 9tsu"e/i, <aruk, >aidu, 0hasta, Wintu, and +anaD. LWviB0trauss C#%E#D 5akes the Loon Wo5an story an essential art of his "reat enter rise, to sho/ the unity of 5yth throu"hout the :e/ World. By /ay of a recently ublished <la5ath 5yth, he connects the Loon Wo5an stories of :orthern California to the birdBnester the5e in 0outh 95erica, /ith /hich he be"an the four volu5es of his 0ythologi"ues. He takes the hidden child in Loon Wo5an to be an inversion of the birdBnester, and by a series of further inversions, o ositions, and transfor5ations, he finds that -the /hole northern art of :orth 95erica is the scene of a vast er5utation1 C2#?D, reachin" as far as the Wabenaki of :e/ 'n"land. His ar"u5ent takes (e5etraco oulou to task at several oints Ce."., A0FA2, $EEFE%DOfor instance, for treatin" the hair incident as arbitrary and s ecific C$E%D. LWviB0trauss4s /ork is indis ensable for its vast co55and of detail, its attention to natural history and "eo"ra hy as factors, and its recurrent sensitivity and insi"ht. 9t the sa5e ti5e, its conce tion of 5ythical thou"ht as often a layin" out of for5al ossibility, its overridin" concern for indications of the e5er"ence of culture out of nature, and for certain kinds of codin"Oastrono5ical, "astrono5ical, and so forthOo5it /hat 5ay be erfectly "ood reasons for a story to be the /ay it is. )n the case of Mo Bender4s tellin" of Loon Wo5an, one reason 5ay be ain felt for an intelli"ent, deter5ined child cleavin" to a fatal course. 9nother is to fit /ith a cultural co"nitive style. *he t/o Wintu versions, this by Mo Bender, and another by 0adie >arsh C(u Bois and (e5etraco oulou #%$#:$A0FA2D can be understood as alternative /ays of ortrayin" and thereby thinkin" about lust as a /o5an4s 5otive. *he dau"hter in the >arsh story is i55ediately i5 ulsive, a""ressive, and ulti5ately cannibalistic. *he denoue5ent takes

, #%% , little ti5e. *he denoue5ent in the Bender story takes a "eneration. *his dau"hter is co5 le;. 0he holds to her "oal in e;tended interaction /ith her 5other, she lans and /orks and uses 5a"ic to 5ake it ha en, and later she "rieves at len"th for the loss of her 5other and father. 9s to hair, havin" found the hair, she looks and looks, and later 5atches and 5easures. 9ll this is in kee in" /ith a Wintu concern for bases of kno/led"e, e; ressed in a recent develo 5ent of a syste5 of evidential suffi;es Csee the lucid analysis in 0chlicter #%EAD. *he first 5aNor action of the story is the scenes in /hich the dau"hter looks and looks to be sure of the source of a hair Cact 2, scenes X#Y and X2YD. 3isual kno/led"e, the kind 5ost assured, is a"ain in focus in lines in /hich her counter art sees and hears s eak the lost heart of that source C$#%F$0D. 'ven so, her conclusion as to /ho it 5ust be C$2%D is 5arked as inference CIre:mD. 0i"ht is a"ain in focus in the lines in /hich her youn"er sister sees /hat she has discovered C$EEF%AD, and /hen the boys /ho have killed Loon take their father to see. Hearin", to be sure, be"ins the lon" rocess by /hich she discovers, then nourishes, HeB/hoisB 5adeBbeautiful. *he /o5en at the center of the first and third arts, she /ho destroys and she /ho recovers, are akin in deliberate res onse to evidence. )n this res ect the hair incident is indeed -i5 ortant aesthetically to the for5 of the 5yth1 C(e5etraco oulou #%$?:#2#D and is to be e; lained, not by distant analo"ues CLWviB0trauss #%E#:$E%D, but fro5 /ithin Wintu lan"ua"e and culture. *he 5yth as a /hole is distinctive in its steady 5arshalin" of detail to sho/ a fa5ily al5ost destroyed and in the end survivin" evil.

N!ti4e L!n%u!%e P!$$!%e

Here are lines 2GF$? in Wintu, /ith /ordBbyB/ord "losses and translation. *he lines, in /hich the sister, 0heB/hoBbeco5esBloon, discovers the fateful hair, are taken fro5 the incident that reci itates the 5ain events of the story.XEY 4uniBr 4oh&Bta k4Wte hi5a 5eh5Btohn har.h, theyBsay. sca /o5anBthat one 5ornin" strea5B that. loc "oes 9fter that one 5ornin" the /o5an "oes to a certain strea5, , 200 , 5eh5Btch 5eBsBtoh iBtohn harah, strea5Bthat. obN /aterB"enBthat. obN sheBthat. loc "oes she "oes to /here they "et /ater, kWnhlah i 4oh&Bta. Pc5inB/inW, /ine tc5oi, sitsBdo/n she /o5anBthat "roundBlooks.at sees hair she sits do/n that /o5an. 0he looks at the "round, she sees a hair, TLneh. Wineh, /ineh tc5oi, k4eteh5 tc5oi. catches!takes.it looks.at.it looks.at hair one. obN hair she takes it u . 0he looks, she looks at the hair, one hair. *c5oi ni&ah4a /Lne: -HWketBun tc5oiR1 t4i nahBsBkuya. hair findBsta look.at /hoB oss hair kno/Bstat. intB/ant 0he looks at the hair she has found: -Whose hairR1 she /ants to kno/.

NOTES
#. ) a5 indebted to Herb Luthin for invitin" 5e to take on this challen"in" and re/ardin" task, and to 9lice 0he herd for infor5ation and encoura"e5ent. 0he has cau"ht 5istakes and s arked reco"nition of the strikin" relation bet/een cate"ories of the lan"ua"e C0chlicter #%EAD and the sha e of this tellin".

2. 9n e;a5 le of such infor5ation as it bears on the resent translation: to hei"hten action >r. Bender used a s ecial arro/Brelease "esture Cnot the one nor5al for arro/BreleaseD, /hether or not an arro/ /as released in the story. *he oldest teller, Mi5 7ender, a"e ninety, also actively used "esture, es ecially for directions and arro/Brelease. 6n the stren"th of this, t/o other/ise odd uses of a /ord that can 5ean -thus, like this1 are taken here as 5arkin" "estures to sho/ ho/ Loon Wo5an scratched for hearts Clines 2A0, 2AGD. $. *here is evidently incidental editin" in the second ublication C(e5etraco oulou #%$?D and sli a"e in the course of its reachin" rint. Part of the s eech of the /ounded bird is 5issin". Lines G?AFAE here are in the first ublication C(u Bois and (e5etraco oulou #%$#:$?%, lines #%F2?D, but absent in the second C(e5etraco oulou #%$?:#0@, line $D. G. Wintu does not e; licitly 5ark tense in the verb, and the ast is the nor5al 'n"lish narrative tense. )n the translation itself Clines ###F#$D, ) have used the resent tense -"oin"1 at this oint, thinkin" that it avoids the i5 lication that the Wintu is the sa5e as 'n"lish, and because it has a certain freshness. ?. 7ollo/in" conventions ) have established else/here Csee Hy5es #%%2, #%%Ga, #%%Gb, #%%?D, ) e5 loy ca ital ro5an nu5erals C), )), )))D to desi"nate , 20# , -acts,1 lo/ercase ro5an nu5erals Ci, ii, iiiD to desi"nate -scenes,1 ca ital letters C9, B, CD to desi"nate -stanHas,1 and lo/ercase letters Ca, b, cD to desi"nate -verses.1 A. *he infor5ation here co5es fro5 9lice 0he herd. LWviB0trauss notes an analo"ous role for <illdeer in <la5ath and +ana versions of the story C#%E#:G%, %?D and for >eado/lark a5on" the 0hasta C#$$D. @. 9 "iant bird called wu#wu# /as kno/n a5on" the :o5laki, /ho live to the south of the Wintu and are their lin"uistic relatives C=oldsch5idt #%?#:$?$D. *he account of the bird that =oldsch5idt obtained fro5 Me Mones does not connect it /ith the loon or a 5yth. E. *he abbreviations used in this assa"e are as follo/s: "en m ["eneric\, int m [intensive\, loc m [locative\, obN m [obNective\, oss m [ ossessive\, sca m [subordinatin" causal anterior\, sta m [subordinatin" te5 oral anterior\, stat m [stative\.

FURTHER READING
*he introduction oints to nu5erous sources and readin"s. 7rank LaPena4s article -Wintu1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo# rovides useful ethno"ra hic back"round. (orothy (e5etraco oulou4s -*he Loon Wo5an >yth: 9 0tudy in 0ynthesis1 is an essential co5 arative study. *heodora <roeber, in The 7nland /hale$ retells the story in for5al literary style. LWviB0trauss, in The Na#ed 0an$ analyHes the 5yth fro5 a structural ers ective. 7or 5ore on ethno oetic a roaches to oral literature, see Hy5es4s [7n vain 7 tried to tell you.Q LOON WO+ANM HE*WHO*IS*+ADE,EAUTIFUL2 SHE*WHO*,ECO+ES*LOON *hey live there, X art oneY NThe ?eautiful ?oyO N7O N.iddenO 5any eo le ca5e into bein". 9fter that t/o,

a air, , 202 , a 5an and /ife live there, they have 5any children, a lot of children, nine boys, one "irl, #0 ten children. *he first born XisY a beautiful boy. 9nd then they leave hi5 ut a/ay inside. HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful is /hat they na5e hi5, they leave hi5 ut a/ay inside, #? they leave hi5 to stay rolled u in a bear hide. *hey live there, ? N77O NDis%overed and DesiredO NiO , live there, live there, so5e of the children /alk around, 20 children lay around. *hat -"irl1 lives there, ? the "irl "ro/s bi""er, turns into a /o5an. [ 9fter that one 5ornin" the /o5an "oes to a certain strea5, C 2? she "oes to /here they "et /ater, she sits do/n, that /o5an. 0he looks at the "round, she sees a hair, she takes it u . $0 0he looks, she looks at the hair, one hair.

0he looks at the hair she has found: D -Whose hairR1 $? she /ants to kno/. 0he looks at it lon", looks at the hair, one lon" hair. , 20$ , *hat /o5an thinks, she thinks, -Whose hairR1 G0 n *hat HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful "oes every 5ornin" to bathe. 1 :o one has any idea that he "oes to bathe. *hat HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful "oes to that /ater, bathes, G? co5es ho5e. 6ne hair has co5e loose, F co5es o his head. *he /o5an finds it, the hair, finds the hair at the flat /here they di u /ater. ?0 -) /ant to kno/ /hose hair it is,1 so she thinks. *hat /o5an kee s that hair. [ *hinkin" of the 5an, ,9a6: NiiO -*his 5ornin" ) shall "o /est,1 so says that /o5an. -) /ant to take so5eone alon" to "uide 5e.1 ?? -) a5 "oin" to "o,1 so she tells her 5other.

-) a5 "oin" to "o /est,1 so she says, 9%d: thinkin" of the 5an, so she s oke. -H5,1 Xher 5otherY says. -Who5 do you /ant to take /ith youR1 she says. 9ef: A0 0he /ill not tell /ho5. *he old /o5an, ?9a6: -Well, surely take this little one, your youn"er brother.1 :o/ that /o5an says, -) don4t /ant to take hi5.1 -Who5 /ill you take /ith youR1 so she says. A? 9%d: -) /ant to take another one /ith 5e.1 -*ake this one then.1 9ef: -) /on4t,1 so said that /o5an. 0he does this for a lon" ti5e, C @0 she "oes throu"h the5 all. HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful alone is left, , 20G , HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful. *he little old /o5an sits, sits onderin" it all, the old /o5an. @? *hat /o5an 5easures that hair like

that. D *he hair of the rest does not 5atch. *he one hair she had found is lon"XerY. [ *he old /o5an sits, 1 sits onderin" it all. E0 0uddenly, -+es, surely take this one,1 so she says, -HeB/hoBisB5adeB beautiful,1 her son. E? -+es,1 so she said. *he /o5an is ha y she is "oin" to take hi5 alon". F 0he 5easures the hair, that hair 5atches. -)45 "oin" to take this one,1 she says. [ 9fter that the /o5an re ares herself attractively, %0 NiiiO

aints herself, X"etsY food to take alon", everythin"O acorn sou , %? acorn bread, sal5on flour. 0he acks the5 on her back in a carryin" basket. 0he "oes, takin" hi5, HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful, /ith her. C*hat /o5an is ha y to take her older brother /ith #00 her.D *he t/o "o /est,

X art t/oY N7n%est$ Destru%tionO N777O N7n%estO NiO , that HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful "oes ahead, that /o5an co5es behind. , 20? , -(earest, 5y husband,1 so s eaks that /o5an. ? #0? *hat 5an, -WhatR1 so he says. -6h elder brother, don4t hurry, that is /hat ) a5 sayin" to you,1 so she says. 0o that /o5an says, C -H/aa,1 so she says, -'venin" co5e &uickly,1 so says that ##0 /o5an. =oin", "oin", D "oin", "oin", "oin", "oin"O 'venin" co5es. *he /o5an s eaks thus: ##? 1 -Let4s the t/o of us s end the ni"ht ri"ht here. )t4s evenin".1 -+es,1 so he said. 9fter that she 5akes a fire. ,NiiO #20 9nd then the t/o eat, eat su er. 9fter Xhavin" eatenY,

? she fi;es a slee in"B lace, she is the one /ho fi;es it, #2? 5akes it, that /o5an /orks hardO :icely she fi;es XitY, 5akes a bed, she fi;es a slee in"B lace nicely, #$0 all kinds of ferns she cuts, s reads the5 on the "round. -Lie do/n here, elder brother. C ) finished 5akin" a bed for you to lie on, ) finished 5akin" it.1 #$? 9fter that, so she said, -9s for 5e, )4ll slee any/here on the "round.1 , 20A , 9fter that the t/o lie do/n, 9XiiiY HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful lies do/n, #G0 slee s, near the fire lies HeB/hoBisB5adeB beautiful. *he /o5an lay there on the "round. 9fter that the /o5an says, ? -Hi/aa, "o to slee ,1 so the /o5an says to HeB/hoBisB5adeB #G? beautiful, X-=o to slee 1Y. *hey say then he slee s, HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful slee s. *he /o5an, havin" "otten u ,

C #?0 looks, he is slee in". 0oftly no/ she "oes, lies on the "round, takes HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful in her ar5s, #?? on the "round no/, that /o5an lies. N74ONDestru%tionONiO HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful /akes u , , sees he is slee in" in his sister4s ar5s. *hat /o5an is slee in", #A0 she lies snorin", aslee . HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful "ets u , ? softly havin" "one and "otten ithy alder /ood, #A? brin"s it, leaves it on the "round, "ets ithy alder /ood and leaves it there, uts it in her e5brace, leaves that /ood. #@0 Xhe, HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful.Y , 20@ , 6nce he is done, C he co5es, co5es to/ard the house, #@? co5es, co5es ra idly, co5es ra idly, co5es ra idly.

*he /o5an slee s a lon" ti5e. ,NiiO #E0 *hat 5an co5es, co5es ra idly, and then reaches the house, his 5other4s ho5e, his father4s ho5e. 9fter he "ets there, #E? ? -Be &uick, let4s "o,1 he said. *he old /o5an, the old 5an, -+es, let4s "o,1 they say. 9nd then they set the earthlod"e co5 letely on fire, #%0 the earthlod"e s5okes. 9t last at that s ot they "o /hirlin" u /ard /ith that s5oke. C Coyote they 5ake sit at the very botto5. -(on4t look do/nS1 they say to Coyote. -*hat /o5an /ill co5e and /ill cry, #%? /ill say all sorts of thin"s.1 -(on4t look do/nS1 thus Xthey sayY to Coyote. Whirlin" u /ard, they "o above. *hat /o5an in that bed in the /est /akes u . ,NiiiO 200 6h, and then she sees ho/ the bed has held ithy alder. 0he is an"ry, that /o5an is an"ry. -) a5 "oin" to kill you,1 she says. 20? 0he cries, that /o5an cries: -9nana, A2A2A2, , 20E ,

9nana, A2A2A2, 65anuG anana, 65anuGA2A2A2S 2#0 1 0in"in", she co5es to/ard the east. ? Because of that the /o5an co5es ra idly east. 0he rushes to that earthlod"e and sto s, she sees the lod"e burnin", 2#? she truly doesn4t kno/ /hat to do. 0he looks all about the country, C she does not see anyone. *here she "oes %om'letely around the lod"e. 0till she sees no one, 220 she has no idea /here they have "one. 0he looks all about the country there, D she looks all about. -Where can (addy have "oneR Where can >a5a have "oneR1 22? 0he thinks about the5 that /ay. 7or that she cries, cries, the /o5an cries, cries. 0uddenly she ha ens to look u , 2$0 ,NivO sees the5 "oin" u , her 5other, her father, her elder brother, she sees the5 "oin". -) /ant to "o, oh >o55y, oh (addy,

? 2$? ) /ant to "o,1 she cries, cries, cries. *hey al5ost "et above, C 2G0 they al5ost "et above into the clear sky. *he /arned one, , 20% , Coyote, looks do/n, everyone co5es there to the fire, 2G? falls do/n to the earthlod"e, burns u . *hey fall do/n, D they all fall into the fire. HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful falls into the fire, 2?0 ah, everyone falls into the fire. HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful4s heart o s o. [ Because of that, that /o5an kee s /alkin" around, 1 kee s /alkin" around, kee s searchin". )t is cold, 22? F the fire "one out, the earthlod"e burned do/n.

[ :o/ she takes a stick, ,9a6:NvO she searches there, she searches like this /ith the stick. 0he finds her o/n 5other4s heart, her o/n father4s heart she finds, all her youn"er brothers4 hearts she finds. Like that surely she scratches /ith both hands, ?9%d: she scratches in the ashes, tryin" to find HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful4s heart. 0he does not find it. 9fter that, that /o5an strin"s the hearts on a cord, D9%d: she strin"s the5, 2@0 han"s the5 on her neck. 0he does not find HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful4s o/n heart. 7or HeB/hoBisB5adeBbeautiful4s o/n heart has e; loded, D9gh: "oin" to another lace, fallen. :o one kno/s about his kind of 2@? heart. , 2#0 , *hat /o5an, 19i8: -) /ant to see his kind of heart,1 she says. *he /o5an, thinkin" a little, kee s /alkin" around, 2E0 hearts hun" on her neck.

7ar a/ay t/o hu5an /o5en live. N'art threeO NDestorations$ Detri6utionO N4O NDedis%overed$ DestoredO NiO , *he t/o "o for /ood early in the afternoon every day, the t/o sisters. *he older "oes o ahead nearby. 2E? *he other "irl breaks o /ood, takin" it ho5e. *hat older /o5an "oes on ahead nearby, ? she see5s to have heard sin"in", stran"e soft sin"in" she hears. 2%0 *hat youn"er "irl does not erceive /hat her older sister hears. 0he listens, listens to the sin"in". 9t last she turns around. C 2%? -Let4s take the /ood,1 she says. *he t/o ack the /ood on their backs in funnelB baskets, brin" it to the house. )n the evenin" they slee . *he ne;t 5ornin" they "et u , ,NiiO $00 eat food, "o for /ood early in the afternoon. 9t that, that /o5an hears sin"in", ? the sin"in" she hears see5s louder little by little. [ 9nd then she "oes over there, C

$0?

she "oes listenin" to that sin"in", she "oes and "oes. , 2## , *hat /o5an "oes, D

"oes over there, listenin" to the sin"in", $#0 listenin" ahead, "oes on. [ 0to in" every no/ and then, she "oes, co5es u to the lace, $#? sees da5 "round. Havin" co5e u to it, she looks, F she looks at the "round, nothin" is there. [ 0he kee s hearin" sin"in". G $20 0he sees so5ethin" black on the "round. *hat black thin" on the "round, that /hich san", says, -Wo5an, co5e. (on4t be afraid,1 it says. *hat /o5an thinks, $2? . says, -*his 5ust be, this 5ust be the one lost lon" a"o. )t 5ust be that HeB/hoBisB5adeB

beautiful,1 so she thinks. $$0 [ 9t that, thinkin", the /o5an looks at the "round. 7 *he one on the "round says, -9h, /o5an, don4t be afraid of 5e, Co5e.1 $$? :o/ the /o5an says, -+es.1 9t that she looks at the one /ho is on the "round. \ >any deer had been there, it is dusty. *o the east of /here that erson lies, $G0 to the /est, there are 5any deer tracks. [

, 2#2 , 9s soon as she had looked at hi5, ,NiiiO she "oes to carry her /ood, /here her youn"er sister is standin". $G? 0he "oes, co5es u to her. When she ca5e u to her, -'lder sister, /here did you "oR +ou /ere "one a lon" ti5e,1 she says. $?0 -) /as o /alkin" a /hile,1 she said. Carryin" the /ood, the t/o brou"ht it ho5e on their backs. 9nd then in the evenin" the t/o /ent to bed,

? the t/o sle t, $?? the /o5an said nothin". *he ne;t 5ornin" they "ot u . C 9s before they /ere about to "o after /ood. 0he ut a little sou into a basket cu , in the basket cu she carried it hidden in her clothes, $A0 she carried the sou . *he youn"er one "athers /ood. *he /o5an "ets the sou , carries it, does not let the youn"er sister see she is carryin" sou . 0he "oes on, $A? D

co5es over to hi5 there, feeds the sou to the one /ho lies on the "round. *he one /ho lies on the "round see5s a little better, he is startin" to be a erson. $@0 He eats sou , he eats sou , that /o5an feeds hi5, she feeds hi5. Havin" finished feedin" hi5, $@? she "ets /ood ready, "ets /ood ready, "ets /ood ready. , 2#$ , 9t last she carries it on her back to the house, she brin"s it there, $E0 she brin"s the /ood. 9s before it beca5e evenin", 1 they all sle t. 9fter that the ne;t 5ornin" those t/o /o5en "et

u . ,NivO 9t last havin" eaten, $E? she "oes carryin" the sou . *hen that youn"er "irl, -What is "oin" onR1 so she thinks. Her elder sister havin" "one, ? that youn"er "irl follo/s. $%0 0he "oes, she follo/s her elder sister4s tracks, /antin" to see. 0he sees. Her elder sister is sittin", $%? feedin" so5eone sou . *he youn"er "irl sees. 9t that she onders about it, % as she sees she is feedin" sou to so5eone. -Have you discovered this oneR1 so says the youn"er "irl. 9nd then the youn"er "irl, "oin" on, G00 D

reaches her elder sister. -Have you discovered this oneR1 she says. -+es,1 so she told her. -*he one /ho /ent a/ay lon" a"o, G0? the erson /ho /as lost, the erson not found, this is the one,1 she said, s eakin" to her youn"er sister. -Let4s "o ho5e,1 she said. *he t/o "o ho5e, G#0 1 the t/o "ettin"

ho5e, they sit. , 2#G , )t "ets dark, ,NivO they eat, G#? lie do/n, "o to bed, the t/o /o5en slee . )n the 5iddle of the ni"ht the t/o /o5en /ake u , ? see a 5an lyin" bet/een the5, G20 a beautiful 5an is lyin". 7or, they say, he has co5e back to life, C co5e to the house, he /ho /as found by the t/o /o5en. N47O NDetri6ution and Family DestorationO NiO 9nd then he stays there, , G2? a little /hile he stays. 9t last the t/o /o5en bear children. *he t/o boys, ? those their children, havin" "ro/n little by little, lay, lay, lay, shootin" at birds. 0uddenly they see a bird,

C they shoot at it /ith an unti ed arro/, they ierce its lo/er le". *he bird, -*u/Wtetek, tu/WtetekS1 it shrieks. -6h /hy do you shoot at 5e, cousinsR1 -Co5e, you t/o, there is so5ethin" ) should tell GG0 you.1 :o/ the t/o co5e to find a /o5an. G$? 1 Havin" sat do/n, she talks: -Let 5e tell you. 1R7 GG? +ou t/o are "ettin" older. *here is a ool over there. , 2#? , -+ou t/o, havin" "one to look, there /ill in fact be a raft, ri"ht there indeed on that dee ool. G?0 -+ou t/o are not to shoot /ith this. +ou are to re are "ood unti ed arro/s, +ou are to re are "ood unti ed itch/ood arro/s,1 she said. -*here, to that dee ool, co5es al/ays every evenin" 2 1 she /ho 5ade us kinless. G?? 7or that she co5es fro5 the east round the hill. -+ou can hear her co5in", there above she co5es rushin", u there she4ll co5e. [

-0he4ll ali"ht on that ool of /ater, GA0 she ali"hts on the /ater, she ali"hts, she /ho 5akes XusY kinless. *here she "lides on the /ater. -9fter that she "oes, [Wuuuuk,\ fla s her /in"s u in the air. GA? [ -9nd then she dives. -9nd then she co5es out of the /ater there near that raft. she al/ays co5es out close to it,1 she tells the t/o youn" 5en. [ -9nd after she co5es out, $ 1

G@0 this is /hat she does, she al/ays fla s her /in"s u in the air. -:o/ look her strai"ht in the eye, you t/o, and shoot. Look carefully, you t/o, G@? and shoot. Must don4t 5iss, you t/o, /ith your unti ed itch /ood arro/s. , 2#A , -(o not 5iss, you t/oP Look her strai"ht in the eye, you t/o, and shootS1 When she is throu"h talkin", GE0 F the t/o boys "o to the house, co5e to their ho5e, they co5e to the house layin".

*hey do not say anythin". *hey stayed ho5e the ne;t day. GE? ,NiiO

*he ne;t day, havin" "otten u , they eat, "o, the t/o a5use the5selves, G%0 the t/o a5use the5selves. 9nd then the t/o arrive there at the ool. 9t last it "ro/s dark, ? the sun "oes in. *he t/o boys "et u on the raft, G%? ro/ the5selves about, shootin" at the ducks in the ool. [ 0uddenly they hear her co5in" /ith roarin" /in"s. C -Here she co5es, listen,1 they say. 0he /ho is co5in" ali"hts on the ool. ?00 -Wuuuuk,1 she says. 9nd then she dives. *hose t/o boys, already re ared, D sit /atchin", those t/o. 0he co5es close, ?0? "ets out beside that raft. 9nd then, havin" "otten out, she fla s her /in"s in the air. [ *he t/o boys are fully re ared,

1 kee her in si"ht all the ti5e, shoot /ith the unti ed arro/s of itch ?#0 /ood e;actly at the hollo/ of her ar5 it, , 2#@ , shoot, hit her. :o/ she dives, F ?#? into that ool she dives. *he Xt/o littleY boys stand /atchin". [ 0uddenly she co5es to the surface, G rises bloated, dead. :o/ the t/o take hold of her, ?20 . dra" her there to the ed"e of that raft, thro/ her on to , the t/o dra" her out, the t/o thro/ her on to . [ 9nd then the t/o, havin" left, ?2? 7 co5e to the house. *he t/o finish eatin".

9nd then they s eak. \ -7ather,1 they say. ?$0 *he old 5an says, -WhatR1 -We killed her,1 they say, -the Wuk/uk.1 *he old 5an says, -6h.1 [ 'arly in the 5ornin" they have "otten u , ,NiiiO the old 5an "oes, ?$? the t/o boys "o, leadin" their father, to sho/ hi5 the one they had killed. *hey "o, ? the old 5an sees /ho lies on that raft. ?G0 -+es,1 he says, -this is she /ho 5ade us kinless,1 says the old 5an. [ 9nd then he takes hold of her, C sees she has on a necklace, she has on a necklace of hu5an hearts. , 2#E , 9t last the old 5an unties his father4s heart, ?G? D his 5other4s heart, the hearts of his youn"er brothers.

[ 9nd then cuttin" the flesh into stri s, 1 he leaves it. 9nd then he "oes, ??0 F he cuts it into stri s, leavin" it, he "oes to the house, his ho5e. [ He brin"s the hearts of his 5other, G his father, ??? his youn"er brothers, he brin"s the5 to the house. 9nd then he /ei"hs the5 do/n in /ater X/ith stonesY, . he lies do/n in the evenin". [ )n the 5ornin", at da/n, 7 ?A0 his 5other, his father, all his youn"er brothers, arrive, havin" co5e to life, those /ho had been soaked in /ater arrive early in the

?A? 5ornin". 0o they say it ends. \[

, 2#% ,

&>. F"ur S"n%$ )r". Gr! e + 0ibbin

WINTU CIRCA &6<9Gr! e + 0ibbin2 SINGER AND NARRATORA'i e She3herd2 COLLECTOR AND TRANSLATORLe!nne Hint"n2 ANALYSIS AND TRANSCRIPTION

INTRODUCTION ,Y Le!nne Hint"n

=race >c<ibbin /as a "reat sin"er, /ith kno/led"e of hundreds of traditional Wintu son"s. While there /ere 5any Wintu son"s of cere5onial si"nificance to be sun" by trained reli"ious leaders, the four son"s transcribed and translated here are secular in nature and sun" by lain folks. Peo le a5on" the Wintu and other tribes used to 5ake u son"s to e; ress stron" e5otions in situations of "reat Noy or ain. *hree of these son"s =race called -love son"s,1 and one /as a -cry son".1 9lthou"h love son"s so5eti5es s eak about ro5ance bet/een a 5an and /o5an, they are 5ore often about the stron" bonds of fa5ily. */o of these son"s e; ress the ain of arents /hen their dau"hters leave the5 to 5arryP and the other love son" dis lays the ride of a youn" "irl in her brotherBinBla/. *he cry son" is also about fa5ily love: the la5ent of a ne/ly /ido/ed 5an tryin" to fi"ure out /hat to do /ith his three s5all children. , 220 ,

FIGURE =. Gr! e + 0ibbin. C"urte$8 A'i e She3herd. When =race san" for 9lice 0he herd, she al/ays refaced and ended her son"s /ith so5e descri tion of their history and 5eanin". ) consider her /ords about the son" to be art of the erfor5ance. )ndeed, it 5ust have been the case that even for Wintu listeners, 5ost sin"in"s of these son"s /ere also acco5 anied by e; lanations, because they /ere sun" by eo le for "enerations after their first co5 osition. ) have therefore included =race4s e; lanations here as inte"ral arts of the erfor5ance. 0ince =race /as talkin" to an 'n"lishBs eaker, her e; lanations /ere in 'n"lish, and are resented here verbati5. *he son"s /ere in Wintu, and in kee in" /ith the re&uire5ents of this volu5e, they are resented in translated for5. ) resent the son"s /ith the e;act nu5ber and arran"e5ent of lines as the ori"inal erfor5ances. *he translation tries to re5ain as true as ossible to the 5eanin"s of the Wintu lines. When the lines contain vocables C5eanin"less syllablesD, they are resented as they are ronounced in the son". *he s oken son" e; lanations

, 22# , are for5atted in kee in" /ith auses and sentential intonation Cand unctuation therefore reflects hrasin" rather than the conventions of 'n"lish "ra55arD. 9fter each sentenceBfinal fallin" intonation C/hether ter5inal or notD, a ne/ leftBadNusted line be"ins. 9 nonfinal ause at a clause boundary is si"naled by a line break /ith the ne/ line indented. 9 ause /ithin a clause is si"naled by a line break /ith the ne/ line be"innin" Nust belo/ the end of the revious line. Loudness is re resented by ca italiHin" the /ords s oken loudlyP italics indicate e5 hasis. )n "eneral the son" consists of only one or t/o di erent lines of te;t lus a line of vocables, sun" to a lon"er 5elodic for5 Csee . 22?D. *he sa5e s5all set of lines is re eated 5any ti5es in the son" in di erent orders. >uch of the artistry and listenin" leasure co5es fro5 the /eavin" of the te;t lines into the di erent 5elodic hrases. 6f course, no /ritten transcri t of a son" te;t can do that son" Nustice. >issin" are the liltin" 5elody, the startlin" rhyth5s, the fine "lides and bursts and vocal orna5ents that acco5 any the son" erfor5ance. 0on"s on a er can so5eti5es see5 stran"ely re etitive and dull. :evertheless, the ideas bein" resented in the son"s are rofound. *he line of te;t is an e i"ra5, an e ito5e of a feelin", /oven over and over into a 5elodic fra5e.

NOTES ON THE SONGS &. Fir$t L"4e S"n%

*hree brothers fro5 a tribe in 6re"on ca5e to a Bi" *i5e, an intertribal celebration held in Wintu country and nei"hborin" areas. *hey /ere the sons of 'lc4o:di, na5ed in the son" as the -youn"er 'lc4o:dis.1 *hey danced the hisi dance, and a youn" Wintu "irl fell in love. 9s =race >c<ibbin ut it /hile e; lainin" this son" on another occasion: 9nd this youn" "irl she fell in love /ith these brothers, 4Cause she didn4t say /hich one she liked, but she she felt an a/ful lot for all three of the5, ) "uess. , 222 , 0he decided to "o ho5e /ith the5 to 6re"on, and this son" is her fare/ell son" to her father. Love son"s have a ty ical 5elody and rhyth5 that di er fro5 hisi son"sP but in this case, the youn" /o5an /ho 5ade this love son" used a hisi 5elody to fra5e her /ords, in co55e5oration of the event that caused her to fall in love. */o sets of vocables are used in the son": henini ninini is one variant of the standard vocable set used in love son"sP and heyano heyano is the set used in hisi son"s. )n fact, after an earlier erfor5ance of this sa5e son", =race talked about the dual nature of the son" and re5inisced about the dancin" itself: )t4s a love son" throu"h her$ but it4s a dance son" other/ise: hisi Ja:wi. *hey Nust "o front, and back/ards. 9nd the front XonesY "o back, so that theyO

they hold themselves same way: 5y dad say they /ere, /hen they dance like that, they hold the5selves 06 strai"ht, and so '3': /hen they dance, they ste' even, ste , "o for/ard, and ste back, you kno/R *hey 0*'P '3':. *hey "o side by side, /hole bi" ro/ of 4e5. *hat4s Nust the /ay they dance that son".

9. Se "nd L"4e S"n%

*his love son" sho/s the de th of fa5ily feelin" a5on" the Wintu and the Noy that acco5 anies /ork in a /ellBinte"rated culture. *he child /ho sin"s the son" is e; ressin" her ride in her brotherBinBla/ /ho has killed a buck and "one /ith the "irl4s sister to brin" it ho5e. *he "irl is asked to take care of the cookin" /hile the sister "oes /ith her husband, and unlike children 5any of us no doubt kno/, this "irl res onds to the , 22$ , re&uest /ith Noy. 0he feels roud of her ability to hel the fa5ily /ith adult tasks, and she sin"s /ith a /ellin" sense of love. ) have found a si5ilar son" and acco5 anyin" story a5on" the Havasu ais in 9riHona, /hich 5akes 5e sus ect that the son"Bty e is very old and /ides read a5on" huntin" cultures.

>. Third L"4e S"n%

)n the first love son", a dau"hter sin"s a son" of e5 athy for her father, /ho /ill be left alone /ithout her /hen she heads o /ith her ne/found lover. )n this son" it is the 5other /ho sin"s to her dau"hter. *his /o5an4s dau"hter also 5et a 5an fro5 a northern tribe and /ill "o a/ay /ith hi5. *he 5other likens the northerners to 5i"ratin" "eese, envisions the dau"hter flyin" north /ith the "eese, and i5 lores the dau"hter for one last back/ard look before she flies a/ay. C:otice, by the /ay, that in Wintu one travels -do/n1 north, rather than -u 1 north. *he re ositions /e choose to acco5 any the cardinal directions are cultureBs ecific.D

C. Cr8 S"n%
3ocables CsoBcalled nonsense syllablesD actually carry so5e 5eanin". 6ne as ect of their 5eanin" is that they si"nal /hat kind of son" is bein" sun". *he vocables hinini are dia"nostic of love son"s. Cry son"s are characteriHed by the la5entin" e;cla5ation ani:$ or ani: yo:. )n this cry son", there is a line of vocables sun" 5any ti5es, and then t/o lines of real /ords. *he /ords are lain: -Which trail should ) take to "o over the hillR ) "uess )4ll take the south trail over the hill.1 But 5eanin" is 5ultileveled: this "rievin" /ido/er is tryin" to take his youn" children on a dan"erous tri over the sno/y 5ountain by horseback, and the /ron" trail could 5ean the di erence bet/een life and death. 6n yet another level, he is e; ressin" a "eneral sense of bein" lost, not kno/in" /hat he and his fa5ily

/ill do no/ that the 5other of his children is dead.

FURTHER READING
*/o essays in Hinton4s Flutes of FireO-0on"s /ithout Words1 and -0on": 6verco5in" the Lan"ua"e Barrier1Oshould 5ake "ood startin" oints , 22G , for those interested in California )ndian sin"in" traditions. Cora (u Bois4s -Wintu 'thno"ra hy1 and (u Bois and (orothy (e5etraco oulou4s -Wintu >yths1 are both i5 ortant sources of cultural infor5ation. Harvey Pitkin has ublished a /intu Grammar and /intu Di%tionary. 9lice 0he herd4s /intu Te>ts resents narratives in Wintu /ith 'n"lish translations. 7inally, there is the collection of >c<ibbin4s sin"in" and storytellin", 7n 0y Ewn /ords: Stories$ Songs$ and 0emories of Gra%e 0%Ki66in$ /intu. Three L"4e S"n%$ !nd ! Cr8 S"n% &. L"4e S"n%M ?Oh .8 F!ther2 (h!t (i'' 8"u d"I@ 9 "oodBsiHe "irl, 5ust have been about seventeen or ei"hteen, 0he fell in love /ith one of the "uys and they had a Bi" *i5e and they belon" so5e lace u in 6re"on, ) "uess, 6re"on )ndians it 5ust have been. 9nd she fell in love /ith one of the5 and she /as "oin" to foller the5, "o /here they "o /ith the5. 9nd she sin" this son". *old her dad, she said, -(ad,1 she saidO -:a5e those "uys4s na5e, )ndian na5e,1 and she said, -)45 "oin" too,1 she said, -*hey4re "oin" u ,1 she says, ->y (ad,1 she say, -) don4t kno/,1 she say, -don4t kno/ /hat you4re "oin" to do,1 she say. -)45 "oin" to leave you.1 9nd she sun" this son": henini ninini henini ninini , 22? ,

EN. &. +u$i !' tr!n$ ri3ti"n ") )ir$t '"4e $"n%.

EN. 9. +u$i !' tr!n$ ri3ti"n ") $e "nd '"4e $"n%.

EN. >. +u$i !' tr!n$ ri3ti"n ") third '"4e $"n%.

EN. C. +u$i !' tr!n$ ri3ti"n ") r8 $"n%. , 22A , henini ninini henini ninini henini ninini henini ninini Eh my father$ what will you doX Eh my father$ what will you doX The younger 1l%(o:dis dan%ed$ and 7(m going north$ The younger 1l%(o:dis dan%ed$ and 7(m going north. Eh my father$ what will you doX Eh my father$ what will you doX .eyano heyano. Eh my father$ Eh my father$ what will you doX 9. LOVE SONGM ?THEREO THEREO HE/S CO+INGO@ Well )4ll sin" that little "irl4s son" a"ain. 6ne that4s 5aybe a love son" for the brotherBinBla/

Q hinini nini nini nini hinini nini nini nini hinini nini nini nini hinini nini nini nini ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA 0y 6rotherIinIlaw$ my 6rotherIinIlaw$ he(s %oming$ ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA Southwest u'stream on the side of the hill$ Southwest u'stream on the side of the hill. 0y 6rotherIinIlaw$ my 6rotherIinIlaw$ he(s %oming$ ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA 0y 6rotherIinIlaw$ my 6rotherIinIlaw$ he(s %oming$ ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA , 22@ , hinini nini nini nini hinini nini nini nini hinini nini nini nini hinini nini nini nini 0y 6rotherIinIlaw$ my 6rotherIinIlaw$ he(s %oming$ ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA Southwest u'stream on the side of the hill. Southwest u'stream on the side of the hill$ 0y 6rotherIinIlaw$ my 6rotherIinIlaw$ he(s %oming. ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA hinini nini nini nini hinini nini nini

nini 0y 6rotherIinIlaw$ my 6rotherIinIlaw$ he(s %oming$ ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA Southwest u'stream on the side of the hill$ ThereA ThereA .e(s %omingA X9lice 0he herd: *hat4s one of 5y favorite son"s.Y N3aughterY *hat little "irl she 5ust have been about ten or t/elve years old. Her sister told her her husband killed this bi" buck /ay u in the canyon 9nd ca5e ho5e, said he /anted her to "o Xhel hi5Y ack that buck, 9nd his /ife had acorn sou , 0he /as takin4 the bitter out of it uttin4 the /ater in it you kno/R 0o she left her little sister to stay ho5e, says, -)45 "onna hel hi5 ack this bi" buck,1 9nd she said to her, said, -+ou our the /ater into the acorn sou , so it4ll take all the bitter out.1 , 22E , 0he said it4ll be late /hen they "et back. >eanti5e she said, -*ry to "et so5e /ood, "et so5e /ood before it4s dark.1 0o she4s "atherin4 the /ood u and uttin4 /ater in the acorn sou , 9nd she start about this son", >ake u this love son" about her brotherBinB la/ killin4 that bi" buck, she4s tickled. X3aughsY 0o that4s /here brotherBinBla/4s co5in4, 9round that hillside. West Canyon, 0he said he4s co5in4 in, He killed that buck, *hat4s /here he4s co5in". 0he4s sin" a/ay. 9nd /hen they /as co5in4 do/n close they could hear her sin", Must as loud as she could sin". X3aughterY

>. LOVE SONGM ?FLYING NORTH WITH THE GEESE@ *his is /hat old 5other sin", <ind of a sad son", ) "uess, she felt bad 4cause her dau"hter /ent o and left her, Went to <la5ath so5e lace. 0he4s "onna leave, she4s leavin", and this 5other start to sin" this son". X.umsY *his son". hin= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= , 22% , hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= Flying down north with the geese$ Eh$ my %hild$ sto' a while and loo# 6a%# at meA hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= Flying down north with the geese$ Eh$ my %hild$ sto' a while and loo# 6a%# at meA Eh$ my %hild$ sto' a while and loo# 6a%# at meA Flying down north with the geese$ hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n=

nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= hin= n= nin= nin= n= nin= Flying down north with the geese$ Eh$ my %hild$ sto' a while and loo# 6a%# at meA Eh$ my %hild$ sto' a while and loo# 6a%# at meA Flying down north with the geese. hinin i X3aughsY )t4s 4cause she done the sa5e thin" the "irl Xin the first son"Y did. She had a 6oyfriend she(s following and went down north some'la%e. <la5ath )ndian, ) "uess. , 2$0 , 9nd this 5other said, called the5 "uys that, the /ay she sin" called the5 "uys that X/ereY there, =''0'. =eese, /hen the "eese fly do/n, the "eese fly do/n north, she saidO she4s follerin4 the5, you kno/, her dau"hter is follerin4 the5, she said, -Please look back before you "o.1 0aid, -Please look back.1 +ole 5eans [Look back a /hile.\ C. CRY SONGM ?WHICH TRAIL SHOULD I TA0E TO GO OVER THE HILLI@ >y "rand a4s son" that he lost his /ife, 9nd he hadO 5y dad /as about four years old ) "uess, four to five years old, and 5y uncle 5ust have been Nust about, no, 5y aunt /as about

three, and 5y uncle /as about, 5ust have been "oin" on t/o, he /as a baby. 0o he /as livin" on the Wild/ood 8oad, then he sold his horses, 5ost of the5, 9nd he sold his t/o co/s he hadP *hen he loaded u , he couldn4t do nothin" you kno/ /ith the5 three kidsP /hile he had his brotherBinBla/ /ith hi5 he babysat, and he sold his horses and co/s, , 2$# , 9nd he "ot ready, and he /ent to 0hasta County /ith the5 /here his sister /as. *hen they /as "oin" over the 5ountain, u to/ards 'ast 7ork, and he couldn4t "o u there, on Chilula *rail over to Harrison =ulch, 0hasta County, you kno/R He /ent u the Wild/ood, but, *here /as sno/, four foot of sno/P hard to see /here the horse ste ed. 9nd heO he said, he tellin" 5e after ) "re/ u , he said he didn4t kno/ /hat to do. 9nd he said he Nust started thinkin" about this son", sin"in" a son", "oin" over the 5ountain. 0o he sin" this son", about hi5self you kno/, /hich road, /hich trail /ould he "o over, on the HaHel atch 8id"e or the Wild/ood 8oad. 0outh *rail, 9nd, he said he think he4d better take the 0outh *rail, that4s the /ay this sounds, the /ord is. -) "uess )4ll take the 0outh *rail and "o over the hill. ) /onder /hich trail shall ) takeR1

0o he took the Wild/ood trail, the lo/er one you kno/, a little /ays to "o over the heavy sno/. He had one of the oldest boys, , 2$2 , acked ri"ht into the ack horse, you kno/R 8i"ht in the 5iddle, and had hi5 tied do/n, bundled hi5 u and tied hi5 do/n. *hen he had the littler one sittin" in the front of hi5, all /ra ed u P 9nd one of the5 behind the saddle, all /ra ed u . 0o that4s the /ay he led the5. He led the horses, the one the little boy is ridin", 5y dad4s ridin". 9nd then one of the ack horses ackin", and he follo/ed. 0o that4s the /ay he /ent. 9nd he sin" this son" Q n=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: n=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: n=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: /hi%h trail should 7 ta#e to go over the hillX 7 guess 7(ll ta#e the South Trail over the hill. /hi%h trail should 7 ta#e to go over the hillX an=:yo: an=:yo: n=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: /hi%h trail should 7 ta#e to go over the hillX 7 guess 7(ll ta#e the South Trail over the hill. an=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo:

an=:yo: , 2$$ , /hi%h trail should 7 ta#e to go over the hillX 7 guess 7(ll ta#e the South Trail over the hill. n=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: an=:yo: /hi%h trail should 7 ta#e to go over the hillX 7 guess 7(ll ta#e the south trail over the hill. 7 guess 7(ll ta#e the south trail over the hill. 7 guess 7(ll ta#e the south trail over the hill. /hi%h trail should 7 ta#e to go over the hillX 7 guess 7(ll ta#e the south trail over the hill. /hi%h trail should 7 ta#e to go over the hillX He didn4t kno/ /hich /ay to "o. *hinkin" about his little kids, little bitty ones. He 5ade it, thou"h. 0no/ /as dee . 9nd he buried his /ife in the dee sno/, you kno/. 9nd there so5e lace /here the sun hit and tha/ed out, under the trees, and he buried 5y "rand5other u there, Wild/ood 8oad, u there at oh, 7o; 7ar5, that4s /here he /as stayin". *o this dayO /ell, before ) "ot blind, ) tried to find that lace, ) couldn4t find it. He said it /as at the other tree. Peo le lives there, ) think they builded a shed on that "rave. But the 7orest 0ervice asked 5e if ) kno/ /here it /as , 2$G ,

they4d ut a fence around it. 6nly /ay to do is di" 4e5 out, ) "uess, and find out. ) don4t kno/ /hat she died fro5. Must died. *he5 days there used to be a lot of sickness you kno/. , 2$? ,

&C. F"ur S"n%$ )r". Gr! e + 0ibbin

NO+LA0I &6>=CHARLES WATHA+2 NARRATORCLARENCE CA+P,ELL2 COLLECTOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y ,RIAN ,I,,Y

Late one evenin", as ) /as conversin" /ith :o5laki elder Wallace Burro/s in his ho5e on the =rindstone Creek 8eservation, nestled a5on" the blue oak and bull ine that dot the rollin" hills of /estern *eha5a County, he brou"ht u the na5e of Charley Watha5. He had kno/n Charley. Charley /as a dance 5an /ho artici ated in the cere5onial life at =rindstone. He /as also kno/n for his re"alia and, 5ore s ecifically, as a 5aker of /oven feather belts. Wallace told 5e he re5e5bered that Charley had o/ned a fine shee do" /ho could 5ana"e a herd of shee Nust about all by itself, leavin" Charley free to rela;, take a na , eat lunch, or 5aybe 5ake a feather belt. 0ure enou"h, /hile the do" /as /atchin" the shee , Charlie /ould sit u on a hillside /here he had a "ood vie/ of the ani5als and /ork a/ay on his belts. *hese /ere /oven in /hat is often described as a /ar Bface /eave, usin" t/oB ly corda"e. 9lthou"h for5erly the belts /ere 5ade fro5 native he5 , it4s 5ore likely that durin" this eriod of Charley4s , 2$A , life he /as usin" Nute fibers he had unraveled fro5 "unnysacks and then ret/isted in the old style. *iny, brilliant scarletBred feathers fro5 the scal of acorn /ood eckers and the iridescent "reen feathers fro5 the head and neck of 5allard ducks /ere /oven securely into belts so5e five feet in len"th and often si; to ei"ht inches in /idth. White "lass beads /ere /oven into "eo5etric atterns set a"ainst the sections of red featherin". *his /as no idle ursuit: the 5akin" of a /oven feather belt re&uired so5e very 5eticulous and de5andin" 5ani ulation of thousands of feathers, usually less than a half inch lon" each. 7eather belts /ere used in the Hesi cere5ony and dance. )n a hoto"ra h, one of several taken durin" the Hesi dance of Muly #%0@ at 0tonyford, a 5an identified by so5e as Charley Watha5 is /earin" one such belt, erha s of his o/n 5anufacture. W hen the te;t of a #%$? intervie/ /ith >r. Watha5 recently ca5e to li"ht, ) /as "reatly interested.X#Y *he only revious references to Watha5 ) had heard /ere fro5 a fe/ eo le /ho had kno/n hi5. 9ll ) really re5e5bered, aside fro5 the "reat shee Bdo" story, /as that he /as a dance 5an. *he laces Charley /ent to dance are the sa5e laces ) have heard about fro5 other elders. *hese cere5onial dance housesOat Chico, :o/eedehe Cat =ri5esD, and Wyteedesla Cnear PrincetonDOhave lon" since

ceased to e;ist. 6nly a fe/ son"s and the roundhouse at =rindstone still e;ist fro5 his ti5e. *here /ere so5e /onderful dances in those old laces. 'ach of these co55unities had develo ed its o/n articular attributes relative to its cere5onial and reli"ious life. 'ach had its o/n distinct fla" Cor fla"sD that fle/ durin" the Hesi. Cloth banners, re5iniscent of the 95erican fla" in sha e, 5aterials, colors, and the use of stars and stri es, featured desi"ns sy5bolic of i5a"es seen in a drea5 by the fla"4s ori"inator. *hese villa"es also ossessed their o/n son"s for the Hesi: son"s for each cere5onial outfit, son"s for the fla"s, finishin" son"s, aroundBtheBfire son"s, and so forth. *hese son"s /ere all born of drea5s. Collectively they for5 a son"B5a of the re"ion, art of the indi"enous soundsca e of the u er 0acra5ento 3alley. 8e5arkably, 5uch of this fra"ile nineteenthBcentury oral literature has survived, and a ears to be floatin" on into the t/entyBfirst. *he son"s Charley Watha5 heard, and erha s danced to, at Chico, :o/eedehe, , 2$@ ,

FIGURE 7. D!n er be'ie4ed t" be Ch!r'e$ W!th!.. C"urte$8 Ph"ebe A33er$"n He!r$t +u$eu. ") Anthr"3"'"%8 !nd the Re%ent$ ") the Uni4er$it8 ") C!'i)"rni!. and Wyteedesla continue to resonate in the four cere5onial roundhouses that still 5aintain the Hesi tradition. ) re5e5ber very distinctly that, u on conclusion of a son", Wallace Burro/s /ould al/ays identify it accordin" to its villa"eBs ecific linea"e. *his /as an i5 ortant thin" to kno/ about a son", an essential as ect of a sin"er4s rofessional kno/led"e. >oreover, Wallace often added his o/n ersonal re5e5brances of the son"s: -+ou should have heard old 0oBandBso sin" that,1 or -Peo le , 2$E , used to dance that a lot in the old days,1 and so on. *he association of a articular son" /ith a articular lace or individual is very stron" in this tradition. Charley Watha5, like 5any before hi5 and 5any since, /as an initiated 5e5ber of a dance society. 9t Chico, /here he /as of hi"h standin" or rank, the dance society /as called the Kumeh Cliterally, [of the dancehouse\D. *he ter5 for a fully initiated 5e5ber is ye'oni. Partici atin" in cere5onial dances such as the Hesi re&uires 5e5bershi in the dance society. )t is really &uite a di erent e; erience fro5 the conte5 orary o//o/ scene, /here anyone /ith an outfit of any sort 5ay artici ate. )n other /ords, you didn4t sho/ u and dance, or even NoinP you /ere brou"ht in at the discretion of the dance society4s 5e5bers and leadershi . 9s the autobio"ra hical story told here su""ests, drea5s /ere a central and "uidin" factor in Charley Watha54s life. (rea5s layed an i5 ortant role, too, in the lives of the :ative eo les he lived a5on"st. 9t one oint in his narrative, Watha54s /ife tells hi5 to reveal his drea5s to a friend, because it /ould be better to have a confidant. By doin" so, she says, he /ill not be bothered by troublin" drea5s. 9 s ecial class of -doctor1 a5on" the <onko/ /as the yom nedi$ or drea5 doctor. 0uch an individual hel ed inter ret a drea54s si"nificance and advised the drea5er on ho/ to take ste s to follo/ the drea54s directions. *he yom nedi 5i"ht also hel the atient /ith advice on ho/ to alleviate bad or troubleso5e drea5s. Within the reli"ious society and the dance societies, the role of the drea5er /as articularly si"nificant.

(rea5s /ere the ori"in of 5ost son"s and dances, and certain eo le /ere 5ore dis osed to this kind of drea5in" than others, althou"h anyone 5i"ht receive a drea5 about a son" or a articular dance. *he hi"hest rank /ithin the dance society /as that of the >oki. *he >oki /ore a cloak of ra tor feathers that covered the dancer4s body fro5 head to toe. 9 central art of the >oki4s erfor5ance, "iven at intervals durin" the Hesi, /as to relay 5essa"es and ro hecies fro5 the Creator and other s iritual entities. >uch of this is connected to drea5in". *he reservation Charley Watha5 /as robably born on /as one of the first ever established in :orthern and Central California. :o5e Lackee 8eservation /as indeed located in :o5laki country, althou"h :ative eo le /ere brou"ht there forcibly fro5 other tribal re"ions be"innin" , 2$% , in #E?G. )t is i5 ortant to re5e5ber that :o5e Lackee 8eservation /as established scarcely 5ore than five years after 5ost :o5lakis4 firstBever encounter /ith 'uro ean 95ericans. *he corru tion /ithin this reservation is le"endary and /ell docu5ented and obviously led to its early de5ise. Ho/ever, /ith the establish5ent of 8ound 3alley a second and 5ore devastatin" blo/ /as dealt to :ative eo le in :orthern California. *he -drive1 to 8ound 3alley, be"innin" in #EA$, /as brutal and deadly. )t further re5oved the 5aNority of :ative eo le out of the u er 0acra5ento 3alley, leavin" it o en to ho5esteaders and far5ers /ho sou"ht its fertile soils and lentiful /ater/ays. )t is unclear, in Watha54s narrative, /hether he and his father took art in this drive. He only states that his father -5oved1 to 8ound 3alley around #EA2. When ) visited /ith Wallace and 'dith Burro/s at =rindstone in the su55er of #%@A, Wallace told 5e that he had heard a ru5or that Charley Watha5 5i"ht be livin" in 0acra5ento. 0o5eone had su osedly seen hi5 in the do/nto/n area. 9t first ) thou"ht Wallace /as ullin" 5y le" a"ain, but he /as serious. 0o5eone had seen Charley in 0acra5ento, and recently. We debated this unlikely ne/s and later talked about travelin" do/n the valley to find hi5. But /e never 5ade the tri . C harley Watha54s re5iniscence /as collected as art of a state/ide (e ressionBera ro"ra5 C0tate '5er"ency 8elief 9d5inistration ProNectD desi"ned to rovide te5 orary Nobs for une5 loyed /orkers. While so5e such /orksB roNects ro"ra5s aid artists to aint 5urals in ost offices and other ublic buildin"s, or laborers to cut trail in national arks and forests, this articular ro"ra5O 5iraculous in its foresi"ht and creativityO aid intervie/ers and translators to do -salva"e ethno"ra hy1 /ith kno/led"eable :ative Californians C3alory #%@#: fn. @%D. 7rank M. 'ssene /as the roNect su ervisor for the 8elief 9d5inistration and 5ust have ursued his undertakin" intently, for the 'ssene a ers in the Bancroft Library 'thnolo"ical 9rchives a5ass so5e ei"hty cartons of ethno"ra hic and oralBhistorical 5aterials collected durin" this eriod. Watha54s intervie/ /as taken do/n by a 5an na5ed Clarence Ca5 bell, near Pinoleville, California, on the seventh and thirteenth of Mune #%$?. :othin" is kno/n of Ca5 bellO/here he ca5e fro5, /hat , 2G0 , his back"round /as, or ho/ he fell on hard ti5es and ca5e to seek out Charley Watha5. Perha s Ca5 bell /as a local resident, hired to conduct salva"e ethno"ra hy in his o/n area, or erha s he /as 5erely directed by 'ssene to travel to Pinoleville and conduct an inBtervie/P /e si5 ly don4t kno/, thou"h /e 5ay no/ be "rateful to hi5 for erfor5in"Oand to the inventive 8ooseveltBstyle social ro"ra5s of the thirties for o erin"Othis service in a ti5e of "reat hardshi and need.

NOTE
#. *his intervie/Oa carbon ty escri t fro5 ori"inal fieldnotes /hose /hereabouts are unkno/n Cat least to 5eDO/as found a5on" the e;tensive 7rank M. 'ssene a ers in the 3alory collection of the Bancroft Library at U.C. Berkeley. )4ve 5ani ulated the ori"inal te;t of the intervie/ in a nu5ber of di erent /ays: C#D by su lyin" the titleP C2D by re ara"ra hin" the te;t, thou"h location of the ori"inal ara"ra h boundaries is indicated by an e;tra line s ace bet/een ara"ra hsP C$D by settin" the first ara"ra h in italics, to reflect the fact that this ara"ra h is clearly in a di erent voice Cthe collector4s aloneD fro5 the re5ainder of the te;t Ca blend of t/o voices, narrator4s and collector4s, /ith the balance 5uch in favor of the narratorOthou"h that, of course, 5ust re5ain a subNective assess5entDP and CGD by alterin" unctuation /here needed for the flo/ or sense of the story. 6ther features of the te;t, includin" certain variant or nonstandard s ellin"s and ca italiHations, are resented as is. *he headin" on the ty escri t in the Bancroft Library reads as follo/s: book # . #F#$$ Charles Wathe5, infor5ant, a"e @@. Half or $!G breed :o54laki Clarence Ca5 bell, re orter Pinoleville, Calif. Work assi"n5ent fro5 Mune @, #%$? toO=od )ndian na5e +ea hony. :ote that -+ea hony1 is not really Watha54s -)ndian1 na5e, as Ca5 bell 5istakenly believed, but 5erely his title Cye'oni [initiated 5e5ber\D in the dance or"aniHation. *here is also considerable variation in the s ellin" of Watha54s na5e as found here and in other docu5ents. C-Watha5,1 -Wathen,1 -Wathe5,1 and -Warthon1 are all attested in the ethno"ra hic literature.D Brian Bibby and ) have re"ulariHed it in his introduction to the 5ost co55on variant, -Watha5.1Oh/l , 2G# , 7or "eneral infor5ation on the :o5laki, be"in /ith Walter =oldsch5idt4s article -:o5laki1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#; there, too, /ill be found Lo/ell Mohn Bean and 0ylvia Brakke 3ane4s -Cults and their *ransfor5ations,1 /ith infor5ation on the Hesi and various other dance cere5onies. Cora (u Bois4s fascinatin" research on -*he #E@0 =host (ance1 includes intervie/s /ith Charley Watha5 C-Charlie Warthon1 in her articleD. 8obert HeiHer and 9lan 9l5&uist4sThe Ether Californians and Ma5es 8a/ls4s 7ndians of California both contain infor5ation about :o5e Lackee 8eservation. )ndian re"alia of :orth/est California /as the focus of a fullBcolor issue of News from Native California$ /hich included Mulian Lan"4s -*he (ances and 8e"alia.1 Brian Bibby has /ritten a richly illustrated book on California basket5akin", The Fine ,rt of California 7ndian ?as#etry, and had a nu5ber of articles in News from Native California concernin" the roundhouses and dance cere5onies of :orthern California, includin" one on -*he =rindstone 8oundhouse.1

HOW I ,ECA+E A DREA+ER

, true story of an aged 7ndian$ Charlie /athen. Charlie(s father arrived in California in the year Z]T^. .e resided near the town of /eaverville until Z]SS or Z]S_. .e then moved to the Sa%ramento 4alley near the old Nomla#i reservation. There he went to wor# for the government as an inter'reter and sto%#man or %ow6oy. .e %ould s'ea# the 7ndian language as 'lainly as any 7ndian in the Tri6e. MThere he too# u' with my mother F XMune @, #%$?.Y X7irst (ay4s Work.Y ) /as born durin" the year #E?@, and shortly after 5y birth the )ndian reservation /as disbanded. >y father 5oved to 8ound 3alley so5e five or si; years after this. *his /as so5e/here bet/een #EA# and

#EA2. :o/ five years later, /hich brou"ht 5y a"e u to about eleven, there ca5e a call for /hat is kno/n as catchB/ei"ht in racehorse ridin". >y , 2G2 , father, bein" a horse5an, o/ned so5e racehorses. ) /as successful in /innin" t/o races for 5y father that day. *hen t/o years later, there /as a 5an by the na5e of >a; Ma5es, /ho icked 5e u and brou"ht 5e here to Ukiah. He started 5e ridin" racehorses ri"htP accordin" to rules. ) rode for thirty years durin" horse race seasons. *hese seasons took lace in the fall of the year. >y Nockey days /ere s ent all over the state of California, :evada, and eastern 6re"on. *hen after 5y Nockey days ) ca5e to Chico to live. *here ) 5ade the ac&uaintance of 5y first /ife, /ho5 ) 5arried. */o years later, ) lost 5y /ife throu"h childbirth. 9fter this had ha ened 5y life /as very 5uch chan"ed. Because of so5e stran"e occurrences, ) took u the )ndian /ays. *his ) /ill try to e; lain. ) then /ent to drea5in". )t 5ade no di erence /hat ) did or /here ) /ent, these drea5s ca5e on every ni"ht. )n these drea5s, ) and 5y /ife /ere to"ether all of the ti5e. We /ould be "oin" ridin" in our sa5e buckboard drivin" the sa5e horse. ) had sold these belon"in"s, but in 5y drea5s they still lived. We /ould be "oin" to an )ndian dance or -Juo5dee,1 this bein" a lace to "ive ser5ons. XfY -Juo5dee1 is Ca5 bell4s untrained atte5 t at s ellin" Kumdi C ronounced -koo5Bdee1D. Kum is the ter5 for the cere5onial roundhouse. 9nd al/ays /hen /e entered, /e /ould be co5in" do/n throu"h the to instead of throu"h a side entrance. 0o5eho/ /e /ould al/ays find eo le dancin" /ith no son"s or 5usic of any kind. Bein" haunted /ith these drea5s, ) decided to leave 5y ho5e, thinkin" this better for 5yself. ) /ent to another rancheria, by the na5e of :o/eedehe. *here ) re5ained for one year. But ) /ent back to 5y for5er residence every year to shear shee . While in :o/eedehe, ) instructed the youn"er folks in layin" baseball. *he reason for 5e doin" this /as that ) tried in every /ay to fi"ht o these drea5s that had been /ith 5e. *hey troubled 5e very 5uch, al5ost drivin" 5e insane. , 2G$ , 9t that ti5e ) kne/ nothin" about the )ndian /ays, for ) had al/ays been a5on" the /hite eo le and felt very 5uch like a /hite erson. But the )ndian blood in 5e see5ed to say that ) 5ust "o back to the )ndian /ays. :o/, /hile ) lived in :o/eedehe there /as a cere5onial dance every 0unday called the Ball (ance. XfY )n the 5anuscri t, there is a 5ar"in note re"ardin" the na5e of this dance Ct/o lines, enciled in by handD: -;;; Xundeci herableY ! bullBhead.1 Ho/ever, the Bullhead and the Ball are t/o se arate dances. *he Bullhead is e&uated /ith the HesiP the Ball (ance /as a 5ore secular dance so5eti5es associated /ith Hesi cere5onies. *here /as a feast or dinner connected /ith this, also brou"ht in in a reli"ious /ay. 0o after these drea5s, 5y conscience led 5e to be"in to think over the )ndian /ays. Havin" lived a5on" the )ndians on a fe/ reservations, ) had a fair kno/led"e of ho/ they conducted the5selves and kne/ their habits and /ays. But at that ti5e ), 5yself, never took any art in their /ays.

Ho/ever, /hile 5y /ife /as livin", she had told 5e to reveal 5y drea5s to so5e friend, as it /ould be better to have a confidant. By doin" this, she told 5e that ) never /ould be bothered in any /ay. 0he also told 5e to 5ourn her for only t/o 5onths. XkY 'ither Watha54s /ife had had early co5 lications /ith her re"nancy, or she has had so5e re5onition of her death. CPerha s she herself /as a drea5er.D 9fter that ) could "et 5arried, do /hat ) leased, have any fun /hich ever ) desired. 0he told 5e es ecially to dance, to "o to the dances and enNoy 5yself. *his ) told her ) could hardly do under t/o years4 ti5e. 0he also told 5e to buy beads. 0o ) /ent to :o/eedehe to secure the5. ) bou"ht over t/o hundred dollars4 /orth of beads. 9fter 5akin" 5y urchase, ) started to "a5ble XkkY *he "a5blin" Charley artici ates in is undoubtedly the traditional hand"a5e layed /ith t/o sets of bones, usually three inches in len"th, fro5 the forele" of a deer. 'ach set contains a 5arked bone and an un5arked one. 6 onents try to "uess /hich hand holds the 5arked bone, /hile the tea5 holdin" the bones sin"s "oodBluck son"s. Bets are laced before the "a5e be"ins, each side uttin" into the center a5ounts of e&ual value. )n Watha54s day, eo le /ere still usin" cla5shell disc beads as - ro erty1 or 5oney. /ith the eo le of :o/eedehe. ) /on t/o , 2GG , hundred dollars4 /orth 5ore of beads. When the "a5blin" "a5es broke u it /as three o4clock in the 5ornin". ) retired for three or four hours, and /hile aslee ) had a drea5. ) drea5ed that ) /ent huntin" and in this drea5 ) sa/ t/o ducks co5e flyin" alon". ) raised 5y "un and fired. *he t/o ducks ca5e fallin" do/n to the "round. While fallin" they ca5e do/n in a fast /hirl. *hey fell near 5e. *hey /ere the 5ost beautiful birds ) had ever seen. Havin" this drea5 inter reted by one of the drea5ers of :o/eedehe, ) found out that the drea5 5eant very bad luck for 5e. X0oY ) had 5y breakfast that 5ornin" about si; o4clock. Before 5e, ) had a tri of seventyBfive 5iles to 5ake before ) reached ho5e. *his tri /as 5ade /ith a horse and s5all bu""y called a buckboard. ) had to drive 5y horse very fast and hard to 5ake ho5e by ten o4clock that evenin". 6n 5y return, ) found 5y /ife /as very sickOon her deathbed. ) /ent in and sat do/n by her bedside. 0he /as aslee . *here /ere so5e lady friends resent /ho /ere takin" care of her. *hey told 5e that so5e ti5e before ) had arrived, she /as sin"in" so5e Christian son"s. 9fter she had sto ed sin"in", she told the5 that ) /as very near ho5e, and that as soon as ) arrived, she /ould bid 5e fare/ell and be on her /ay ho5e. 9s soon as these ladies finished tellin" 5e the sad ne/s, 5y only and dearest /ife turned her head over to 5e, "ave 5e her hand, and said, -=oodBbye.1 9fter 5y hard luck and the loss of 5y /ife, ) sold 5y horse and buckboard. *he rest of 5y thin"s ) "ave a/ay. 9bout t/o 5onths later ) left there thinkin" ) could overco5e these drea5s. ) 5oved to :o/eedehe and, bein" a baseball layer, ) instructed the eo le in the "a5e there. ) 5ade 5y ho5e at that lace about si; 5onths later. Later, ) 5ade u 5y 5ind to start in the )ndian /ay, by takin" u the )ndian dance cere5onies. *he first dance ) undertook /as the Ball (ance. 9fter 5y first e; erience at dancin", 5y drea5s suddenly sto ed.

, 2G? , 9fter this event, ) 5ade u 5y 5ind that this is /hat 5y /ife /anted 5e to do. 0o ) danced /ith those eo le for several /eeks doin" the Ball (ance every 0unday. But ) /as not a success at this. :o/, the chief of this lace took 5e and 5any 5ares out on a "oose huntin" tri . *he 5eat /as to be dried for /inter, the oil saved, and the feathers. We /ere out on this huntin" tri for one 5onth. 6ne ni"ht ) had a drea5. ) drea5ed there /ere five little old eo le /ho took 5e into a dance house. *hey had a lar"e basket, and /e all sat around the basket. *hey san" a son" and each /as instructed to take it Cthe son"D fro5 one another and sin" it all around the basket. *hen one of these fello/s told 5e to "o over and take the dru5s and do the dru55in" /hile they san". *hen he told 5e to "o to the floor and dance. *hen one of these fello/s took 5e by the ar5 /ith his t/o hands. He took 5e over to 5y lace and told 5e to sit do/n and that ) /as all ri"ht then. *his bein" a drea5, on a/akenin", ) "ave it 5uch thou"ht. :o/, after this huntin" tri , there ca5e /ord fro5 Wyteedesla callin" for a bi" dance. 0o /e /ent, a /hole arty of us. When /e "ot to this lace, Wyteedesla, the eo le fro5 Chico had also co5e. *he eo le fro5 Wyteedesla had already taken 5e u to dance /ith the5, but after the Chico eo le had seen 5e, they took 5e a/ay fro5 the Wyteedesla eo le and clai5ed 5e. 0o ) had to dance /ith the Chico eo le. 0hortly after this dance at Wyteedesla, ) /ent back to Chico and /orked under those eo le for over seven years strai"ht. *hey ut 5e in a hi"h standin" or rank about the sa5e as any /hite 5an4s lod"e /ould do. *he first year ) /orked on the floor as leadin" dancer. *his /as to 5ake 5e into a dance instructor. *hen ) be"an dancin" Hessie. XfY Ca5 bell4s s ellin" of .esi. Hessie /as one of the leadin" )ndian na5es for this one s ecial cere5onial dance /hich took lace in the s rin" of the year and in the fall of the year. We danced a di erent dance every t/o /eeks durin" the seven years that ) danced /ith the5. XkY 0o5e of the narrator4s co55ents about rank and standin" 5i"ht at first blush see5 like si5 le boastfulness. But the Hesi societies /ere in fact very rankBconscious: -Within the Hesi society there /ere as 5any as #0 or #2 ranks to be achieved by ay5ent and erfor5ance. >e5bers /ere aid for enactin" cere5onial roles, the actin" not re&uirin" the ac&uisition of esoteric kno/led"eP they aid to learn the esoteric kno/led"e that er5itted the5 to direct erfor5ances and for the ri"ht to sit in a hierarchy of seatin" sections /ithin the dance house1 CBean and 3ane #%@E:AA@D. Bean and 3ane also co55ent on the -be/ilderin" variety of dances1 erfor5ed in the course of the cere5onies. , 2GA , *hese eo le tore do/n the dance hall so as to fi; it over, but "ot into a 5i;u and never did fi; it. 0o ) "ot discoura"ed there, and /ent to another lace, a dance hall a5on" 5y o/n eo le. *hey ut 5e at the head of that hall and ) re5ained there for five years. X0to ed /ork at si; o4clock.Y X*hursday, Mune #$.Y X0tarted /ork E o4clock a. 5.Y *his dance house /hich ) /as in char"e of /as located at =rindstone, another rancheria, of 5y eo le. :o/, /hile dancin" at =rindstone, ) /ould every other year have to "o to the 5ountains to "ather acorns. 6n the tri /e /ould start out /ith a /a"on, but on nearin" the 5ountains /e /ould have to

leave our /a"on and ack our horses. We had three ack ani5als. =ettin" to /here /e /anted to "o /as over dee canyons. 9fter arrivin" at ca5 /e /ould ut in several days "atherin" acorns. When /e had "athered enou"h and acked our horses, /e /ould have to take another route ho5e. *his /as throu"h the hi"h 5ountains. 6n this X articularY tri back, /e reached the su55it after sundo/n and /ere forced to ca5 overni"ht. We staked our ack ani5als, 5ade a &uick 5eal, and retired for the ni"ht. 9s ) fell aslee , a drea5 ca5e over 5e. ) drea5ed that the chief fro5 Wyteedelso took 5e into a dance house and there sho/ed 5e so5e of the 5ost beautiful dancin" custo5s that ) had ever seen. XfY -Custo5s1 is undoubtedly a 5iss ellin" for %ostumes. Bean and 3ane note that -the dance costu5es Xof the HesiY /ere e;tre5ely elaborate1 C#%@E:AA@D. *his 5an /ho , 2G@ , sho/ed 5e this outfit /as a dead 5an fro5 Wyteedelso. 9fter this 5an had sho/n 5e this ara hernalia ) drea5ed that ) fell aslee . 9nother ti5e, not lon" after this, ) /as herdin" shee XonY the sa5e 5ountain. While in ca5 one cold ni"ht, ) retired early and fell ri"ht o to slee . 9nd another drea5 ca5e over 5e. *his ti5e ) drea5ed that ) /as lookin" for 5y 5ule. ) /as trackin" hi5 alon" the rid"e of a hi"h 5ountain. While on this errand, ) ca5e across a very lar"e snake track /hich /as about t/enty inches /ide. Lookin" in the direction /hich he /ent, ) sa/ hi5 5ovin" very slo/ly do/n the hill. His head /as hi"h in the air. )t see5ed to be about t/enty feet hi"h. 9s he cra/led alon" he 5ade a very loud noise. )t sounded like a lar"e body of /ater rushin" throu"h dry leaves. He /as "oin" do/n throu"h a dee canyon, and Nust beyond hi5 /as a very bi" cli of rocks. *his cli /as Nust across the canyon fro5 hi5. ) stood there and /atched hi5 "o. He see5ed to run a"ainst this cli of rocks and 5ake a noise Nust the sa5e as that of loud thunder. 9fter this ) crossed his track, lay under a shady su"arB ine tree, and fell o to slee . *here are 5any other drea5s that ) could tell of, and /hat they 5eant to 5e. 0o5e of these drea5s ut 5e /here ) a5 today, an )ndian doctor. , 2GE ,

&=. +!d ,!t

+AIDU CIRCA &6D9
HPn /ib8Qi. :T". Y"un%;2 n!rr!t"r R"'!nd Di1"n2 "''e t"r Wi''i!. Shi3'e82 tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y WILLIA+ SHIPLEY

6ne of the "reat adventures of 5y life be"an, durin" the /inter holidays of #%?G, /hen ) /ent u into the 0ierra of :orthern California to seek out the last s eakers of a dyin" California )ndian lan"ua"e kno/n as >ountain >aidu. ) /as a "raduate student at Berkeley then, in the ne/ly inau"urated (e art5ent of Lin"uistics. 8esearch funds had been 5ade available by the California 0tate Le"islature for sendin" &ualified students out into the field to learn, record, and analyHe data on as 5any native lan"ua"es of California as ossible before they all disa eared forever. 6ver the ne;t fe/ years, ) "ot to s end so5e of those funds. ) found the s eakers ) /as searchin" for: Lena Benner, /ho /as ninetyso5ethin", and her dau"hter, >ay5 Benner =alla"her. )t /as actually >ay5 /ho turned out to be 5y "reat friend and teacher. 0he fully understood /hat ) /anted to acco5 lishP she bonded enthusiastically /ith 5e in the service of our co55on enter rise. 0he ut all her kno/led"e , 2G% , and talent at 5y dis osal. ) did the sa5e for her in return. We had /onderful, vivid, and e;citin" ti5es to"ether and re5ained close friends until she died, 5any years later. Before ) started 5y /ork /ith >ay5, ) learned about the researches of 8oland (i;on, a scholar /ho ca5e out fro5 the 'ast at the turn of the century and investi"ated various California )ndian lan"ua"es, 5ainly >aidu. 95on" other thin"s, he ublished, in #%#2, a collection he had 5ade of >aidu 5yths and stories, /ritten in both >aidu and 'n"lish on facin" a"es. He had collected this 5aterial in #%02F #%0$ fro5 a youn" >aidu 5an /hose 95erican na5e /as *o5 +oun". (i;on4s achieve5ent /as truly re5arkable in vie/ of the inchoate state of ethnolin"uistics at the ti5e and the lack of any ade&uate 5echanical recordin" devices. When >ay5 and ) /ere /ell alon" on our study of the lan"ua"e, ) took (i;on4s book u to the 5ountains /ith 5e. >ay5 re5e5bered *o5 +oun" very /ell, told 5e that he /as noted a5on" the >aidu as a storyteller, and said that his real na5e /as H.nc4ibyNi5 C ronounced a ro;i5ately like -H9H:BcheeBbuhByi51D. We looked throu"h the book, noted the inade&uacies of (i;on4s >aidu transcri tions, and decided to reconstitute the section called -Coyote4s 9dventures,1 an e;a5 le of /hat4s kno/n as a *rickster CycleOa icares&ue chain of short anecdotes. *hat /as >ay54s choice, actually. 0he and her 5other /ere uns oiled a"ans. )45 sure she /as attracted to the ba/dy, se;y subNect 5atter so characteristic of Coyote stories all over :orth 95erica. Unfortunately, /e never /orked throu"h the rest of the book. ) reconstituted, translated, and ublished 5ost of the other stories

in later years, includin" an unbo/dleriHed version of the *rickster Cycle C0hi ley #%%#D. ->ad Bat,1 ho/ever, /as not a5on" the stories that ) translated. )t a ears here for the first ti5e. 'arlier on, ) /as daunted by so5e of Bat4s s eeches, /hich, as you /ill see, are essentially like the -/ord salad1 talk of so5e schiHo hrenics and a hasicsOan asse5bla"e of valid bits and ieces of the lan"ua"e, Nu5bled to"ether in an a arently 5eanin"less ot ourri. But as soon as ) decided ho/ to deal /ith those articular utterances, the rest of the translation ca5e easily alon". *he denoue5ent of ->ad Bat1 e;e5 lifies a fairly co55on the5e found in 5any >aidu stories: a o/erful and 5alevolent creatureOBat, 7ro" 6ld Wo5an, and >uskrat are e;a5 lesOfinds hi5self de rived of his o/er and shrunken do/n to a s5all and innocuous ani5al. )n this story, Bat co55its 5urder and 5ayhe5 /ith "rotes&ue abandon , 2?0 , and /ithout any i55ediate retribution or reven"e, erha s because the other eo le believe that his 5adness e;e5 ts hi5 fro5 res onsibility for his actions. >y first i5 ulse /as to include only the first, lon"er and 5ore elaborate, e isode in the translation because the laterOand 5uch sketchierOadventure /ith Cloud and 6uHel see5s, on the face of it, unrelated to /hat has "one before. Ho/ever, it beca5e clear to 5e that these later events resolve Bat4s 5adness and restore order to the /orld. His death, follo/ed by his de5otion by 6uHel in the C>aiduD classical 5anner, involves /hat is, for us, a arado;ical situation. 9s Bat the individual he is dead, but as a standBin for bats in "eneral he lives on in the 5odern /orld, stri ed of his o/er to do har5. ) should co55ent, arenthetically, on the brief irrelevant resence of Coyote in this story. (es ite his a earance, this is not really a Coyote storyP he4s Nust here to liven the tale, a device /hich H.nc4ibyNi5 often used. 'ven the 5ention of Coyote could, in 5y day, 5ove 5y >aidu friends to lau"hter. :o 5atter that Coyote often -dies1P he al/ays co5es irre ressibly back to life a"ain. *here are also a fe/ conte;tual thin"s that need to be e; lained or defined in order that the story 5ay be 5ore fully a reciated. West >ountain C*.yya5ani5D is the >aidu na5e for /hat is no/ called >ount Lassen, the southern5ost eak of the Pacific Cascade ran"e, a live volcano that do5inates the skyline to the north/est of the >aidu ho5eland. )t /as thou"ht that sayin" the na5e of the 5ountain out loud /ould cause it to eru t. :aka5 3alley is the 5odern Bi" >eado/s. *he ouHel, a bird that 5any eo le don4t kno/ about, is often called a /ater ouHel or a di er bird Cthe >aidu na5e is m)m'is'istomD. )t lives alon" 5ountain strea5s and behind /aterfalls and has the curious habit of /alkin" alon" under/ater in search of food. )t is s5allish and bro/n /ith a little /hite breast and a short tail. *here are four >aidu custo5s that a ear in this story and re&uire so5e e; lanation as /ell. 7irst, there is the /ay in /hich Bat and his brother see5 to think of /ives as Cfro5 our oint of vie/D interchan"eable obNects. *his is robably to be taken as art of Bat4s heinousness. )n fact, it see5s certain that, in the old days, the /o5an4s consent to a 5arria"e /as essential, thou"h there /as al/ays a brideB rice, and there /ere 5en /ho had t/o, three, or even four /ives. , 2?# , 0econd, the sta le food all over :orthern and Central California /as re ared fro5 "round and leached

acorns. )t /as eaten as sou , bread, or 5ush. *herefore, it /as erfectly reasonable for Bat4s sisterBinB la/ not to have "otten around to rovidin" acorn sou . )t4s another e;a5 le of Bat4s 5adness. *hird, /hen eo le /anted to "et various eo le to"ether fro5 so5e distance a/ay, they sent out knotted buckskin strin"s /ith the knots 5atchin" the nu5ber of days before the event. *he 5essen"ers and the reci ients /ould untie one knot every day. *hat /ay, everybody ca5e to"ether on the sa5e day. *hese strin"s are /hat ) have called -invitation strin"s1 in the story. *he fourth custo5 has to do /ith "a5blin". By contrast /ith our vie/ of "a5blin" as va"uely i55oral or, for 5ost eo le, trivial and eri heral, the >aidu held in hi"h estee5 an elaborate asti5e kno/n as the "rassB"a5e. )t /as 5ore than a recreational event. Char5s for luck in "a5blin" /ere hi"hly riHed. 9 sin"le "a5e could "o on continuously for 5any days and ni"hts, so5eti5es /ith enor5ous /a"ers. 9nd no/, here is ho/ H.nc4ibyNi5 o ened his tellin" of ->ad Bat,1 in >aidu, nearly a century a"o:X#Y ctc4ode5 5.Ndy5 s.5boNekyto5 hedWden bat erson siblin". "rou very. close 5y5 Lnk4iBdi hybc kyBdo5P that alon"side. laceBat house 5akeBin" a5.Bdi 5yNL5 bo5c5BdiB4i5, thenBat that. Xhu5anY "rou BinBish sytti5 5.Ndy5, tetWt /ascBsaB e5 5.Ndy5, one erson very an"ryBal/aysBish erson ohWNBc4oNBa5. one.in.a."rou Bthey.sayBhe./as 9 very literal translation of these t/o sentences 5i"ht read so5ethin" like this: 9 batB erson siblin"B"rou 5akin" houses very close alon"side each otherP then, a5on" this bunch of eo le, a very al/aysBan"ry erson /as one of the5, it is said. , 2?2 , 7inally, here is the sa5e o enin" assa"e in -"ood1 literary 'n"lish, as ) have translated it for this collection: Bat and his brothers built their houses ri"ht ne;t to each other. :o/, a5on" all the eo le around, there /as one badBte5 ered 5an. 9 last su""estion. *his story, of course, /as al/ays told and not /ritten, and /as, therefore, 5ore like our theater than like our literature. ) have tried to 5aintain this s oken &uality in 5y translation, breakin" the te;t into hrases, or lines, that su""est ho/ H.nc4ibyNi5 5ay have told it. *he best /ay to enNoy the story is to read it out loud, even if only to yourself.

NOTE
#. )n >aidu, the letter 8 stands for a -y1 sound, and the letter y stands for an u5lauted vo/el, -].1 0tressed vo/els are 5arked /ith an acute accent.

FURTHER READING
7or other >aidu 5yths and stories, see The 0aidu 0yths and Stories of . n%(i6y8im$ edited and translated by Willia5 0hi ley and /ith a fore/ord by =ary 0nyder, /hich contains 5ost of the te;tual 5aterial collected at the be"innin" of the t/entieth century. 7or a look at the ori"inal source 5aterials fro5 /hich 0aidu 0yths /as reconstituted, see 0aidu Te>ts by 8oland (i;on. *he only e;tensive

ethno"ra hic descri tion of the >aidu is (i;on4s beautifully illustrated -*he :orthern >aidu.1 7or "ra55atical and le;ical infor5ation, see 0hi ley4s 0aidu Te>ts and Di%tionary and 0aidu Grammar.

+AD ,AT
Bat and his brothers built their houses ri"ht ne;t to each other. :o/, a5on" all the eo le around, there /as one badB te5 ered 5an. , 2?$ , 6f all those leasant folks, the 5ean and "ru5 y one /as BatS 6ne of Bat4s brothers /ent o to find a /ife. But then, he never ca5e back. Bat Nust stayed there /ith his other relatives. 6ne of the5 said: -Let4s "o huntin"S We can 5ake ca5 overni"ht so5e/here and then co5e back. But let Bat co5e alon" later behind us. )f he4s /ith us, he4ll Nust 5ake trouble. Let4s "o /hen everyone feels like it.1 0o they set o to"ether, but Bat ca5e alon" behind. :o/, /hen they "ot to the ca5 in" lace and /ere all sittin" do/n, Bat arrived. )n the 5ornin", they /ent o huntin" here and there. 9lon" to/ard evenin", one by one, they ca5e back. *hey skinned out the deer and divided u the 5eat. )t /as a si"ht to see. But they didn4t "ive Bat any. *hey divided it a5on" the5selves. *hey didn4t "ive Bat any. When they had divided it u and tied it into bundles, they /ent back ho5e. Later on, Bat ca5e ho5e too, follo/in" behind the5. *hen he s oke to his sisterBinBla/. ->ake 5e so5e acorn sou ,1 he said. But the /o5an said: -WaitOthe acorns aren4t leached yet.1 0o he Nust shot her /ith an arro/S He killed that /o5anS He killed his sisterBinBla/, Nust like thatS Later, as it be"an to "et dark, his brother /as cryin". 9nd /hen his brother cried, Bat felt sorry for hi5. 9nd /hen his brother didn4t sto cryin", he too cried. -Watery dra""ety, /atery dra""ety, 5y din"alon",1 said Bat. -0to 5ournin" for that /o5anS ) say that ) /ill "o and find you another /o5an to be /ithS1

#0

#?

20

2?

$0

0o then, in the 5ornin", Bat started o, they say. , 2?G , He traveled alon", co5in" to 5any laces /here eo le /ere livin". $? He looked all around in each and every d/ellin". 9nd in one house, a cou le of very beautiful /o5en /ere livin". 0o, /hen Bat had sat outside the door for a /hile, he tossed a cou le of arro/s in to the father of those /o5en. -)4ll trade you these for the /o5en,1 he said. 9nd then that old 5an said, -9ll ri"htS +ou t/o had better leave,1 he said. -+ou t/o had better "o /ith hi5, /ith this 5an.1 9nd then the t/o /o5en acked all their thin"s into ack baskets, and they all three set out, and /hen they had traveled and traveled, they "ot there. -+ou t/o "o to that house over there,1 said Bat. 0o those t/o /o5en /ent over and cra/led into his brother4s house. *hus Bat killed his sisterBinBla/, brou"ht those t/o /o5en back, and 5ade it u to his brother. 9nd after that, Bat /ent back to his o/n house and stayed there. But, as it /as "ettin" dark, so5e eo le ca5e alon". 9nd /hen they had co5 letely surrounded his house, they burnt it do/n. *he house ke t burnin". When it /as al5ost co5 letely burnt u , Bat ca5e rushin" back out of the ni"ht shado/s. *hen he s oke. -Why are you doin" thisR1 he asked. *hen he shot at the5. 9nd they ke t shootin" at each other until he had killed the5 all. *hen he stayed there. *he rest of the eo le didn4t "o a/ay. *hey Nust stayed there too. 9fter a /hile, one of the 5en s oke.

G0

G?

?0

??

A0

-We used to al/ays "o huntin" deer,1 he said. , 2?? , A? *hen the villa"e head5an said: -=o huntin", but don4t say anythin" about it. *hat Bat fello/ is a bad 5an, so all of you "o but don4t talk about it. Let hi5 stay here.1 @0 0o they acked u a 5idday 5eal and /ent. But Bat, /ithout their kno/led"e, "ot to their ca5 in" lace lon" before they did. *hey ca5e there, and after/ard, in the 5ornin", @? they /ent o huntin" do/n the 5ountain. 9lon" to/ard dusk, they ca5e back, one by one, carryin" deer. 9nd then a"ain ne;t 5ornin", they /ent o huntin" and stra""led back to/ard evenin". *hey skinned out the deer and cut u the carcasses. E0 )t /as a fri"ht to seeS *he ne;t day, they acked u their loads of 5eat and "ot ready to "o ho5e. *hen Bat s oke. -=o alon" think sine/ 5ore or less,1 he said. E? -What do you 5eanR1 they said. He said, -=o alon" think sine/ 5ore or less.1 *hen one of the5 untied his ack and "ave hi5 so5e sine/. He refused it. -=o alon" think sine/ 5ore or less,1 he said. -What are you sayin"R1 asked the other. %0 -9re you talkin" about this kind of sine/R1 He sho/ed hi5 le" sine/. He sho/ed hi5 back sine/. Bat refused it. -=o alon" think sine/ 5ore or less,1 he said. *hen they "ave hi5 a look at a lun". -)s this /hat you4re talkin" aboutR1 %? *hey sho/ed hi5 a heart. -)s this /hat you4re talkin" aboutR1 they asked. He said, -:oS =o alon" think sine/ 5ore or lessS1 -He4s badBte5 ered. He4s Nust "oin" to say that. Let hi5 alone and "oS1 #00 )t /as one of his kins5en /ho s oke. 0o, /hen they had "otten their "oods to"ether, they /ent. , 2?A , >ean/hile, Bat /as flo ed do/n on to of a rock. 0o5e deer4s antlers /ere han"in" do/n, han"in" fro5 a sa lin".

#0?

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*he hunters /ent alon" until they "ot ho5e. When it /as dark, they all /ent to slee . )n the 5ornin", they said, -*hat 5a"ically o/erful 5an never "ot back. He /as an"ry. )t see5s he 5ust have run a/ay so5e/here. *hat4s the kind of thin" he doesS1 *hen one said, -Well, then. +ou all better "o see /hat4s "oin" on /ith hi5.1 0o they /ent. *hey ke t "oin" until they "ot to another lace, but he /asn4t there. When they looked all around, they sa/ the antlers lyin" a little further on. 9nd one of the5 kicked the5 over. *hen, it see5ed, Bat s ran" u fro5 under the antlers. *hen they set the antlers u ri"ht and /ent back ho5e. 9ntlers /ere the very thin"s Bat /as talkin" about, but, the /ay he talked, the other 5en Nust didn4t understand. 0o it see5s that /hen they "ot ho5e they stayed there. *hen so5eone brou"ht an invitation strin" and left a"ain. When a fe/ days had assed, all the knots /ere untied. *hen, one by one, they /ent o to the feast. -+ou 5ustn4t let that bad 5an hear about the feast,1 so5eone said. -)f he kno/s about it, he4ll "o /ith us. Let hi5 stay hereS He4s a bad oneS1 *hen they sneaked a/ay. *hey /ent alon" and, /hen they /ere al5ost there, they sto ed to rest. When they looked back fro5 /here they /ere sittin", they sa/ that /icked fello/ co5in" alon". -Why did you "o a/ay /ithout tellin" 5eR1 he asked. -We ca5e /ithout thinkin" about it,1 they said. 0o then they all /ent alon" and arrived at the feastin" lace. *hey cra/led into a lar"e house.

, 2?@ , >ean/hile Bat /ent across to the house /here his brothers /ere stayin". When he "ot there, he cra/led in. His brothers /ere there. When he had cra/led in there, he sat do/n. #G0 :o/, his sistersBinBla/ /ere there, 5any of the5. 6ne of the5 ut so5e 5anHanita berries on a late and set it in front of hi5. -)45 not "oin" to eat that kind of "riHHly shit,1 he

#G?

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said. 9nd he "ave the late a kick. 9nd then those /o5en, /ith sco/lin" faces, /ere terrifyin" to see, standin" around starin" at hi5. He sna ed the5 on the nose, those /ho /ere lookin" do/n an"rily at hi5. *hen they "rabbed at hi5, but he dod"ed aside. *hey all Nu5 ed to seiHe hi5 but he dod"ed aside. He ke t dod"in". He "rabbed his bo/ and arro/ and shot the5. >ean/hile, his brother stayed there and said nothin" to hi5. He ke t shootin" and dod"in". *hen, after a /hile, he shot all his arro/s. He killed the5 all. 9nd /hen he "ot over there, he stayed. *akin" no notice of hi5, his other brothers /ere "a5blin". *hey all /ent on "a5blin". )t "ot to be 5ornin". *hey "a5bled all day. 9lon" to/ard dark, they sto ed "a5blin" and set out for ho5e. >ean/hile, Bat, havin" co5e to the last house in the villa"e, "ot to the lace /here t/o /o5en /ere /eavin" baskets. *hen he handed so5e arro/s to the old 5an there. -)45 tradin" you these for the /o5en,1 he said. -)45 "ivin" the5 to you for these t/o /o5en,1 he said. -9ll ri"htS1 said the old 5an. -+ou t/o "o no/,1 he said. *hen those t/o acked u their basket5akin" "ear. :o/ all the eo le /ere scared of Bat, but there /as nothin" they could do. *hey couldn4t kill hi5. He /as very o/erful. *hou"h lots of eo le shot at hi5 /ith arro/s,

, 2?E , they couldn4t hit hi5. *hey /ere very fri"htened. Whatever he asked the5 for, they "ave hi5. *hey couldn4t refuse hi5. *hose t/o /o5en "ot all their thin"s to"ether, #@? and they all three /ent o. 9nd then they "ot there and Bat "ave the /o5en to his brother. -+ou4re "oin" to stay here and be 5arried to hi5,1 Bat said. 0o his brother lived across the /ay fro5 hi5 /ith those t/o /o5en. Later, Bat ran a race /ith Cloud, they say. *hey raced. *hey set out and raced to/ard /here the sun "oes #E0 do/n.

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*hey raced. Cloud floated u to a 5ountain. Bat fla ed u to a 5ountain further on. *hen Bat fle/ u to West >ountain, and then Cloud drifted u to another, further on. 9fter that, Coyote sa/ Bat. -Well, no/, Cousin,1 he said, -)t looks to 5e like you4re runnin" a race. When you4re racin" /ith so5ebody, )45 not one to run alon" behindS1 *hen Coyote "ot to his feet and took o as fast as he ossibly could. He ran, starin" u at the5. >ean/hile, Cloud drifted to another 5ountain, and Bat fle/ to a 5ountain further on. Coyote ran as fast as he could, lookin" u at the5 all the ti5e. *hen he tu5bled over into a rocky river canyon. Bat and Cloud hastened on, but Coyote broke his neck and died. Cloud floated to a distant rid"e /hile Bat fla ed on to another 5ountain.

, 2?% , *hey /ent every/here. *hey ca5e to /here the sun "oes do/n. 20? But they turned back fro5 that lace. Bat /as not left very far behind, and, after the race, he /ent back ho5e and stayed there. *hen, later on, he /ent so5e/here to the south, and he ca5e to the lace /here 6uHel /as fishin" /ith a net. 2#0 6uHel /as nettin" all kinds of ani5als, he /as nettin" all kinds of creatures that ca5e floatin" do/n the river into :aka5 3alley. *hen Bat /ent do/n to the river. When he had "otten to the "reat /aterfall, he tried to catch fish as they ca5e to the to of the 2#? /ater, and he s/oo ed and al5ost touched the /ater. Must then, he fell into the net.

Bat died. 9fter he had killed Bat, 6uHel said: 220 -+ou4ll never a"ain be one of those eo leBkillers. 9fter you fly around in the dark, /hen 5ornin" co5es, you4ll stay in a hole in a hollo/ tree. +ou4ll be Nust an ani5al. +ou4ll not bother anyone. *hat4ll be the end of that,1 said 22? 6uHel. , 2A0 ,

&7. Cre!ti"n
E!$tern P"." &6>D
Wi''i!. R!'%!n!' ,en$"n2 n!rr!t"r B!i.e de An%u'"2 "''e t"r !nd tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y HER,ERT W. LUTHIN

*he /ork of recordin" this 'astern Po5o creation 5yth back in #%$0 brou"ht to"ether t/o of the 5ost re5arkable fi"ures in the annals of California oral literature: Willia5 8al"anal Benson, storyteller and artist e;traordinaire, and Mai5e de 9n"ulo, a /ild and charis5atic lin"uist /ho beca5e so5ethin" of a cult fi"ure in his o/n lifeti5e. Benson /ould have been si;tyBei"ht /hen he told this 5yth, and de 9n"ulo fortyBthree. )n the latter4s books on California )ndian life and lore, Benson Cor -Uncle Willia5,1 as Mai5e and his /ife, L. 0. -:ancy1 7reeland, called hi5D is the 5odel for the character of *urtle 6ld >an. Because the t/o 5en, friends for nearly t/enty years, are such i5 ortant fi"ures in the history of California folklore, ) /ill briefly sketch their bio"ra hies before considerin" the 5yth itself.X#Y , 2A# , Benson /as born in #EA2 at 0ha;ai Cno/ kno/n as Buckin"ha5 PointD near the ancient to/n of 0habe"ok on the /estern shore of Clear Lake. )t /as, in de 9n"ulo4s /ords, a leasant re"ion of s5all fertile valleys /here /ild roots and seeds once "re/ in abundanceP /here acorns, laurel nuts, buckeye chestnuts /ere once lentifulP /here the strea5s /ere once /ell stocked /ith fishP /here the hillsides /ere once covered /ith nu5erous bands of deer. *he lake itself, surrounded by 5ountains, tee5ed /ith fish, and flocks of a&uatic birds of all kinds /ere constantly flyin" by. Cde 9n"ulo #%@Aa:#0$D Benson /as fortunate enou"h to have lived his boyhood years durin" the last decade in /hich 'astern Po5o s eakers enNoyed a 5oreBorBless traditional lifestyle. By the #E@0s, the social and environ5ental disru tions caused by a "ro/in" local 9n"loB95erican o ulation /ould 5ake traditional life

i5 ossible, as the life/ays of local )ndians beca5e increasin"ly 5ar"inaliHed. Benson hi5self /as of 5i;edBblood descent. His 5other, =e i"ul C-0ally1 to local /hitesD, ca5e fro5 a line of hereditary leaders of the <uhlana o CWater Lily Peo leD and Habena o C8ock Peo leD tribes. His father /as 9ddison Benson, one of the first /hite settlers in the <elseyville areaOby all local accounts, an intelli"ent and o enB5inded 5an /ho "ot alon" /ell /ith his )ndian nei"hbors.X2Y )ndeed, 9ddison sa/ fit to learn the 'astern Po5o lan"ua"e of his /ife4s eo le, so des ite his 5i;ed herita"e, Willia5 Benson still "re/ u in a household /here 'astern Po5o /as the lan"ua"e of choice. 7or this reason, Benson didn4t really learn to s eak 'n"lish until later in his adult life. 0o5ethin" of a renaissance 5an, he even tau"ht hi5self ho/ to read and /rite. Benson beca5e not 5erely a traditionBbearer of his culture4s arts and literature, but a 5aster of the5. 0ally >cLendon, /ho has /orked on 'astern Po5o for 5any years and kne/ :ancy 7reeland in Berkeley, tells 5e that everythin" Benson turned his hand toObasketry, re"alia, storytellin"Oca5e out al5ost reternaturally ornate or beautiful: not Nust a 5ask, but a /ork of artP not Nust a basket, but the 5ost beautiful basket you ever sa/P not Nust a 5yth, but the 5ost detailed and skillful version in the canon. *he Po5o /ere one of the very fe/ California "rou s /here baskets , 2A2 ,

FIGURE F. Wi''i!. R!'%!n!' ,en$"n2 ir ! &6>7. C"urte$8 Ph"ebe A33er$"n He!r$t +u$eu. ") Anthr"3"'"%8 !nd the Re%ent$ ") the Uni4er$it8 ") C!'i)"rni!. /ere 5ade by 5en as /ell as /o5en. Benson /as already a skilled basket5aker /hen he 5et and 5arried >ary <ni"ht, a Central Po5o s eaker /ho /as also e; ert in basketry. *o"ether, they su orted the5selves by 5akin" and sellin" their baskets to collectors and 5useu5sO erha s the first California )ndians to 5ake their livin" e;clusively as artisans. *hey even had their o/n e;hibit at the #%0G 0t. Louis World4s 7air, Nointly /eavin" a basket that /on the fair4s hi"hest a/ard. Baskets 5ade by the Bensons 5ay be found not only in California 5useu5s like the Lo/ie in , 2A$ , Berkeley, but in the 05ithsonian, the 7ield >useu5 in Chica"o, and the :ational >useu5 of the 95erican )ndian in :e/ +ork City. 9n initiate into 'astern Po5o reli"ion and cere5ony, Benson, /ith his dee cultural kno/led"e and 5i;edBblood ancestry, /as an ideal consultant for acade5ic researchersObrilliant and infor5ed, yet also fa5iliar /ith the 5anners and e; ectations of the /hite /orld. 6ver the years, he /orked and shared this kno/led"e Cnot /ithout controversyD /ith a strin" of the 5ost i5 ortant fi"ures in California lin"uistics and anthro olo"y: <roeber, de 9n"ulo, 7reeland, Loeb. He stands today as one of the 5ost rolific and authoritative sources of infor5ation on the :orthern California )ndian /orld, articularly that of the Po5o. Willia5 Benson died in #%$@, at the a"e of seventyBfive. 95on" the a ers he left behind is a len"thy autobio"ra hy, /ritten ri5arily in 'n"lish, thou"h /ith assa"es in 'astern Po5o. 0ally >cLendon is /orkin" on a scholarly edition and translation of this 5anuscri t.

%ai&e de Ang'lo
Co/boy in ColoradoP failed silver 5iner in HondurasP 5edical student /ith a de"ree fro5 Mohns Ho kinsP cattle rancherP ar5y sychiatrist durin" World War )P novelistP "ifted and lar"ely selfBtau"ht lin"uist sycholo"istBanthro olo"istBethno5usicolo"ist /ith a lifelon" interest in the )ndians of CaliforniaOMai5e de 9n"ulo /as all these thin"s and 5ore. Born in Paris in #EE@ of /ealthy 0 anish e; atriate arents, de 9n"ulo "ot fed u /ith his Mesuit schoolin" and ca5e a/ay to 95erica at the a"e of ei"hteen, lookin" for adventure. He roved to have a talent for landin" in the thick of thin"s, like arrivin" in 0an 7rancisco in #%0A on the day of the "reat &uake. (e 9n"ulo had lon" been interested in anthro olo"y, Mun"ian sycholo"y, and lin"uistics, but it /as throu"h a 5utual friend, :ancy 7reeland, that he 5et Paul 8adin and 9lfred <roeber at the University of California. C7reeland /as then an anthro olo"y student studyin" under <roeber.D <roeber &uickly reco"niHed his brilliance andOthou"h the t/o 5en had an uneasy relationshi throu"hout their careers Cde 9n"ulo4s lifestyle /as Nust too e;uberantly bohe5ian for <roeber4s sense of ro rietyDOhel ed to "et hi5 established, invitin" hi5 to Berkeley to "ive lectures and, later, courses in anthro olo"ical sycholo"y. C)t /as after his first such lecture, in #%#%, that de 9n"ulo 5et Willia5 , 2AG , Benson, /ho /as /orkin" in Berkeley that se5ester as a consultantP they soon beca5e collaborators and fir5 friends.D )n the end, de 9n"ulo /as too 5uch of a -/ild 5an1 to find or hold a osition in acade5ia. 7or all of that, or because of it, he left a lastin" 5ark on California studies. (urin" the t/enties and thirties, de 9n"ulo, often to"ether /ith 7reeland C/ho5 he 5arried in #%2$O his second 5arria"eD, did si"nificant field/ork on a variety of California and >e;ican lan"ua"es, includin" 9chu5a/i, 9tsu"e/i, <aruk, 0hasta, 0ierra >i/ok, 'astern Po5o, >i;e, Chontal, and ja otec. But it /as 9chu5a/i, the lan"ua"e of the Pit 8iver )ndians of :ortheastern California, that occu ied center lace in his life and life4s /ork. 7ro5 his dee ersonal and rofessional involve5ent /ith the 9chu5a/i ca5e a "ra55ar, nu5erous 5ytholo"ical te;ts, ethno5usicolo"ical studies, and /hat has co5e to be his bestkno/n book, 7ndians in Everalls. Mai5e de 9n"ulo lived a colorful and in 5any /ays tra"ic lifeOa life so rich and varied, so full of "ood ti5es, hard /ork, and troubles, that ) cannot even be"in to ortray it here. His /ork in lin"uistics and 5usic alone Che /as one of the ioneers of :ative 95erican ethno5usicolo"yD /ould 5ake hi5 a se5inal fi"ure in California folklore and anthro olo"y. But de 9n"ulo /as never 5erely an acade5ic. He had the "ift of a oet4s ear, and used it to 5ake books of translations and fictionaliHed retellin"s that far transcended other treat5ents of his day for the 5usic, "race, and fidelity of the lan"ua"e, and for their /ideBran"in" accessibility and o ular a eal. 9s a /riter, de 9n"ulo 5ana"ed to ca ture into 'n"lish not Nust the contents of the te;ts he recorded, but so5ethin" of their rhetorical style and, beyond that, of the /orldvie/ that infor5s the5. )t is a voice so distinctive as to be un5istakable a5on" translators of :ative 95erican oral literature. :o/here is this voice 5ore evident than in his fictionaliHed settin"s of 5yths and tales Nu5bled to"ether fro5 his 5any field tri s around CaliforniaOin books like 7ndian Tales$ .ow the /orld /as 0ade$ and Sha6ego# C5any of the5 ostensibly intended -for children1D. )t 5i"ht be ar"ued, erha s, that de 9n"ulo as 5uch invented this voice in 'n"lish as discovered it resident in the te;ts. *here is so5ethin" so easyB"oin", so en"a"in" and seductive, about this voice that the dreary ost5odernist inside us is all but inca acitated by its char5. )n any case, he used this voice in his books and stories the /ay a 5usician uses his

, 2A? , instru5ent, to convey /hat he erceived, fro5 his lon" and inti5ate involve5ent /ith California :ative eo les, as the key s iritOa kind of ra"5atic Noie de vivreOof California )ndian life. He died in #%?0, at the a"e of si;tyBthree.

Benson(s Eastern )o&o *Creation+

*his 5yth /as first ublished in the \ournal of ,meri%an Fol#lore in #%$?. (e 9n"ulo4s co55entary refacin" the te;t, /hich /as resented first in Po5o and then follo/ed by an 'n"lish translation, /as &uite 5ini5al. )t is re roduced in nearBentirety here: *he te;t of this Po5o tale of the creation is in the Clear Lake dialect Xof 'astern Po5oY and /as dictated by W. 8al"anal Benson. *he translation /as undertaken ri5arily as a lin"uistic study. )n the first art of the 5yth Xo#F#@Y therefore the ori"inal )ndian te;t has been adhered to 5ost closely, and ractically a literal renderin" is "iven. *his /ill be of advanta"e to students of lin"uistics, but a detri5ent to the "eneral reader and folklorist. *he "eneral reader is likely to be re elled by the a/k/ard 'n"lish, as a result of the too close follo/in" of Po5o idio5s and style. 6n the other hand he 5ay erha s /elco5e the "uarantee of accuracy. )f he is curious to kno/ ho/ the )ndian 5ind Xread: Po5o 5indY sha es its thou"hts in lan"ua"e and style, here he /ill find it. 9s the /ork of translation roceeded, it /as dee5ed unnecessary to render the ori"inal so literally. *he student of lin"uistics /ould by this ti5e be fa5iliar enou"h /ith 5or holo"y and se5antics to su ly or delete a fe/ /ords here and there, by co5 arin" /ith the ori"inal te;t. )n this latter art of the tale the "eneral reader /ill find a renderin" that "ives in reality a truer e&uivalent of the ori"inal )ndian style /ith its sli"htly Ho5eric flavor. *hou"h de 9n"ulo 5uch later ublished a fictionaliHed settin" of this te;t in a still freer translation that s5ooths a/ay the -literal renderin"1 of the o enin" seventeen ara"ra hs, ) have chosen to resent the 5ore scholarly version of the 5yth here because of its closer adherence to the ori"inal te;t. 7or contrast, thou"h, here4s ho/ de 9n"ulo o ens the tellin" of this 5yth in .ow the /orld /as 0ade C#%@Ab:G#D: ,fter the Ku#su left they were "uiet in the CeremonialIhouse for a long time. Then Eld 0an Turtle %ommen%ed the long tale of M.ow the /orld , `__ U /as 0ade.F .e laun%hed into it without any warning$ as if he were 8ust ma#ing an announ%ement of what had ha''ened the day 6efore. *hen >aru5da ulled out four of his hairs. He held out the hairs, he held out the hairs to the east, he held out the hairs to the north, he held out the hairs to the /est, he held out the hairs to the south. -Lead 5e to 5y brother,1 >aru5da said to the hairs. 8eaders /ho 5ake the co5 arison /ill understand both ho/ the overly literal version sub5its to chan"e and /hy the fictionaliHed version, thou"h 5ore consistent in tone, /as not chosen for inclusion in this volu5e. Belyin" its ti"ht cyclical structure, Benson4s -Creation1 reveals a s/ee in", al5ost anora5ic vision. Within its five "yres there is a "reat /ealth of detail, as /ell as the continuin" sli"ht novelty of co5 le; and nonfor5ulaic variation. *he articularity lends i55ense te;ture to each atch or assa"e of narrative "round, /hile the variation i5 arts a throughB5o5entu5 to the story that carries it for/ard rather than back/ard, so that ulti5ately it transcends its o/n circularity. *he cu5ulative e ect

of all this variation and detail is less dWNi vu than da"uerreoty e: as in the develo 5ent of a hoto"ra hic late the lon"er it is bathed in solution, /ith each ass at creation the i5a"e of the /orld fills in /ith richer and richer detail. *hou"h so5e lot ele5ents e;hibit less internal variation than othersOfor instance, the 5eetin"s bet/een >aru5da and the <uksu are hi"hly and ornately for5ulaicOvariation is nevertheless the key to understandin" the 5yth as a /hole. :otice ho/ each cycle of creation either involves di erent 5ethods, focuses on di erent facets of culture and e;istence, or /orks at refinin" the establish5ents of the recedin" creation.X$Y )n so5e rounds of creation, eo le are 5ade fro5 sticks or other inani5ate obNectsP in others, like the second, they are si5 ly thou"ht or /illed into bein". )n so5e creations, such as the first, >aru5da4s instruction is li5ited to basic survival skills, like /hat foods to eat and ho/ to re are the5P in others, such as the third and fourth, in addition to survival instruction, >aru5da sets u key social and "overn5ental institutions. )n so5e, he e; lains to eo le the fate of the revious creationP in others he does not. )n so5e, he artakes of food /ith his eo leP in others he does not. )n so5e, he establishes a dance cere5onialP in so5e, he decrees the division of labor bet/een the se;esP in so5e, there is co5ic relief, like the encounters /ith 0&uirrel and 0kunkP and so on. 'ven /hen , 2A@ , t/o creations see5 to cover essentially the sa5e "round, like the third and fourth, Benson 5ana"es to i5 art to the5 a /holly di erent feelOa subtle shift in 5ood or sensibility. 6n another level, Benson4s -Creation1 5ay be heard as an e;tended and unabashed love son" to >aru5da, the 'astern Po5o Creator. 6ne of the 5ost e;traordinary features of this 5yth is the so histicated /ay in /hich the ortrait of >aru5da is develo ed across the successive cycles of the /orld4s resurrections. )t is not so 5uch >aru5da hi5self but our erce tion of hi5 as a character or deity that 5atures so rofoundly durin" the course of the 5yth. He is lovin"ly ortrayed as a revered and Cfor a deityD oddly hu5an fi"ureOnot throu"h didactic narration, as a lesser storyteller 5i"ht have done, but obli&uely, by sho/in" the increasin" res ect, a ection, and a/e /ith /hich he is treated by the succession of eo les he creates and instructs. *he belated discovery of "enerosity in the third creation Co##GF##AD, /hich is re&uited in the fourth Cand codified culturally as the ideal of hos itality due a stran"erD, su""ests so5ethin" of this "ro/th in stature and reco"nition. By the fourth and fifth creations, children are scolded for 5akin" fun of -the 6ld >an,1 as /ell as for fearin" hi5Othe kno/led"e of /ho he is and /hat he has done bein" assed on as lore fro5 "eneration to "eneration. *here is ever an air of 5ystery surroundin" >aru5da. He al/ays see5s to be /anderin" o once his /ork is done, never to be seen a"ain, leavin" his eo le, his creations, behind to e; ress their /onder and "ratitude. >aru5da rea s this lovin" adulation des ite his role as aven"in" an"el. :o/here is this essential duality of character 5ore evident than in the after5ath of >aru5da4s destructions, /here /e find hi5 "oin" alon", ins ectin" the ne/ly scorched or scoured earth, si5ultaneously ascertainin" that no survivors have esca ed his destruction and e; ressin" shock and "rief at their e;tinction. *his behavior 5ay see5 &ui;otic to 5odern readers, "iven that it is >aru5da /ho calls do/n their destruction in the first lace. )t hel s, then, to learn that >aru5da is historically an anthro o5or hic develo 5ent of a still 5ore ancient 5ytholo"ical fi"ure, Coyote, kno/n across the /hole of the California culture area. 6nce that connection is 5ade, the dis arate oints of >aru5da4s ersonality be"in to cohere into a /ellBkno/n constellation of traits, and /e can reco"niHe in >aru5da a reflection of Coyote4s co5 le; trickster nature in California reli"ious cos5olo"y.XGY , 2AE ,

*his is a 5asterful narration, surely /ith its lace in the canon of /orld literature. *he co55ents ) have 5ade here are 5erely su""estive of a 5yriad avenues of in&uiry into this 5yth.

ADDITIONAL NOTES T!e K',s' Religion

*he <uksu reli"ion /as, at least in historic ti5es, restricted to a ortion of :orthBCentral California, involvin" in one for5 or another all the Po5o "rou s, as /ell as the Coast, Lake, and Plains >i/ok, the >aidu, the Pat/in, the +uki, and several other "rou s distributed around the northern end of 0an 7rancisco Bay and u the 0acra5ento and 0an Moa&uin 3alleys. *he <uksu Cbased on the 'astern Po5o ter5 #&#suD /as a "odlike s irit fi"ureOthe focus of secret societies, initiation rituals, curin" cere5onies, and dance cycles /here the <uksu and other s irit fi"ures /ould be i5 ersonated by society 5e5bers /earin" sacred, hi"hly elaborate costu5es. 7or the s ace of ti5e that these su ernatural fi"ures /ere brou"ht to life throu"h i5 ersonation durin" the cere5onies, they -reBcreated sacred ti5e and in one /ay or another restored their eo le to the unsullied state that had revailed at the ti5e of creation1 CBean and 3ane #%@E:AA?D. *he <uksu reli"ion Coften a5al"a5ated /ith ele5ents of other, rior or arallel, belief syste5sD has likely been indi"enous to the re"ion for thousands of years, thou"h other 5ore recent reli"ions, such as the ostBContact Bole >aru and =host (ance cults, have /holly or artially over/ritten its territory in historic ti5es.

-ar'&da and K',s'

6ne characteristic of the <uksu re"ion is the belief in a true creation of the /orld, insti"ated by an anthro o5or hic Creator. Unlike the <uksu, /hose na5e takes essentially the sa5e for5 throu"hout the re"ion, this creator fi"ure "oes by 5any di erent na5es, includin" <4cdoya p C['arth5aker\D a5on" the >aidu, qolelbes a5on" the Wintu, :a"ayo C[=reat *raveler\D a5on" the 0inkyone, and *aiko5al a5on" , 2A% , the +uki. )n the resent 5yth, this fi"ure is >aru5da C>ahr_54daD. But >aru5da and the <uksu, /ho share in the lannin" of creation, have shar ly di erent naturesOone hu5anBoriented and i5 erfect, carin" but e;actin"P the other beyond hu5an carin", and lar"ely indi erent. *he follo/in" assa"e of dialo"ue fro5 .ow the /orld /as 0ade Cde 9n"ulo #%@Ab: $$F$?D, based on discussions bet/een Benson and de 9n"ulo, underscores this characteriHation. C*he assa"e is lon", but it ha ens to rovide a ri5e e;a5 le of the fa5ous de 9n"ulo -voice1 discussed earlier. )n the story, *si55u is a local boy, and <illeli is a youn" visitor fro5 a 5ore distant tribe. *he character Coyote 6ld >an both is and is not su osed to be confused /ith the 5ytholo"ical Coyote.D *hat evenin" they /ere all sittin" around the fire. -Well, *si55u,1 Coyote 6ld >an /as sayin", -toni"ht you /ill "et to attend the <uksu cere5ony, and hear the full story of ho/ the <uksu 5ade the /orld. Q1 -<uksu didn4t 5ake the /orld,1 *urtle 6ld >an interru ted. -)t /as the >aru5da /ho 5ade the /orld. )t ha ened like this. *he >aru5da /ent to see his elder brother, /ho /as the <uksu, and asked his advice about 5akin" the /orld. *he <uksu didn4t care /hether there /as a /orld or not. He Nust sat in his cloudBhouse, and s5oked his lon" i e, and drea5ed, and thou"ht, and drea5ed, and thou"ht. :o/ he did "ive >aru5da so5e /a; Q

Obut it /as >aru5da /ho /ent out and created the /orld.1 -9ll ri"ht, all ri"ht,1 said Coyote. ->aru5da 5ade the /orld, but it /as the <uksu /ho first ut the idea in his head.1 -Has anybody ever seen the <uksu,1 *si55u asked. -6h yes, fro5 ti5e to ti5e,1 6ld >an *urtle re lied. -9t least so5e eo le say that you can so5eti5es find hi5 in the /oods, hidin" behind a tree, or at noonBti5e, Nust sittin" in a clearin" on a rock. Q *hat /as robably the <uksu /e sa/ han"in" fro5 the tree the other ni"ht.1 -*hat /as surely a fri"htenin"Blookin" fi"ure,1 <illeli said. -)s the <uksu a killer, like the =iants and the )5 s over in 5y countryR1 -6h, of course not,1 6ld >an Coyote said. -Why should he hurt anybodyR *he <uksu doesn4t care about eo le, one /ay or another. *he <uksu4s no killer.1 -But, =randfather, doesn4t the <uksu take care of the /orldR1 *si55u asked. -:o, Child. *he /orld retty 5uch takes care of itself. When it doesn4t, /ell, that4s >aru5da4s Nob. *hen that 6ld >an is liable to co5e alon", , 2@0 , and kick the /orld to ieces, and 5ake a ne/ one. Q *hat 6ld >an is al/ays /orryin" about the Peo le, about /hether they are behavin" ro erly or not. Q1 Bob Callahan, su55in" u the situation in his notes to the *urtle )sland edition of .ow the /orld /as 0ade$ observes that -the central characters of <uksu and >aru5da in the 5yth see5 to function as the left and ri"ht hands, or the sons, of the ancestral Coyote fi"ure of California )ndian 5ytholo"y1 Cde 9n"ulo #%@Ab:#00D.

In.est
-Behavin" badly,1 for >aru5da and the <uksu, 5eans incest. <ee in 5ind that California4s storied richness of habitat a orded hi"h o ulation density and a heno5enal lin"uisticBcultural diversity. *ribal units, corres ondin"ly, tended to be de5o"ra hically and territorially s5all, and the task of observin" incest taboos and kee in" bloodlines safely untan"led /as of no s5all 5o5ent. ';o"a5y /as /idely racticed C/ith biBand even trilin"ualis5 a co55on conse&uenceD. )t4s an interestin" subthe5e that >aru5da, dis5ayed that his creations kee -"oin" /ron",1 co5es u /ith one backBtoB theBdra/in"Bboard re5edy after another. )n the fifth creation Co#?$F#?GD, he decides to 5ake discrete lan"ua"es, erversely ho in" that the ensuin" unintelli"ibility 5i"ht isolate eo le into incestB roof "rou s. C*hou"h clearly re5iniscent of the 5yth of Babel, notice ho/ this 5otif has an entirely di erent 5otivation fro5 the biblical version.D 9nd earlier, in the fourth creation, he thinks to establish two co55unities Co#G#D, the incest bans resu5ably bein" too diffcult to u hold /hen there is but a sin"le co55unity. By the fifth and final creation, >aru5da has stre/n villa"es all over the lace, thus 5a;i5iHin" the ossibilities for e;o"a5y, and the feelin" is that this ti5e eo le are finally "oin" to be able to "et it ri"ht.

Songs
Unfortunately, de 9n"ulo did not record the nu5erous son"s that e5bellished Benson4s ori"inal

narration. *he reference to -archaic lan"ua"e1 5ay indicate that the son"s /ere in fact untranslatable, /hich 5i"ht e; lain , 2@# , de 9n"ulo4s decision to re5ove the5 fro5 the te;t. )n any case, only their ositions are noted in the 5yth.

Ar& it /a0
) do not, nor does anyone else )4ve talked to, kno/ /hat dam I>ahw! [ar5 it /a;\ really refers to. Clearly a otent 5ytholo"ical substance, its true nature re5ains a 5ystery. 9s in other creation 5yths, thou"h, /here the earth is for5ed fro5 a dab of 5ud or sand or 5ist, the very insubstantiality of the ori"inal 5aterial serves to e5 hasiHe the a/eso5e o/er of the bein"s /ho are able to 5ake a /orld fro5 such an unlikely substance.

Str'.t're
Because the 5yth is so lon", and because de 9n"ulo /as so5e/hat ha haHard /ith his internal sectionBheadin"s, here is a 5ore detailed sche5atic of the te;t4s 5aNor the5atic 5ove5ents: PARAGRAPH #F20 2#F$$ $GFGE G%F?@ ?EF@0 @#FEA E@F##@ ##EF#2@ #2EF#GE #G%F#@# #@2F2$% 2G0F2G# THE+E >eetin" and Plannin" Creation: *he >akin" of the World 7irst Peo lin" of the World 7irst (estruction of the World Cby 7loodD 0econd Peo lin" of the World 0econd (estruction of the World Cby 7ireD *hird Peo lin" of the World *hird (estruction of the World Cby 0no/ and )ceD 7ourth Peo lin" of the World 7ourth (estruction of the World Cby Whirl/indD 7ifth and 7inal Peo lin" of the World :arrator4s Close

NOTE
#. 0ources for the infor5ation contained in the follo/in" sketches include =ui de 9n"ulo4s -9fter/ord1 to the City Li"hts edition of Mai5e de 9n"ulo4s 7ndians in Everalls; Bob Callahan4s -:otes1 to the *urtle )sland edition of Mai5e , 2@2 , de 9n"ulo4s .ow the /orld /as 0ade; 0ally >cLendon4s -Po5o Baskets: *he Le"acy of Willia5 and

>ary Benson1P 3ictor =olla4s The Sa'irIKroe6er Corres'onden%e; and revie/ articles by Paul 9 odaca C-Co5 letin" the Circle,1 a revie/ of 0y Dear 0iss Ni%holson : 3etters and 0yths 6y /illiam ?ensonD and 3ictor =olla C-8evie/ of The Eld Coyote of ?ig Sur1D. 2. 9ccordin" to 0ally >cLendon, -Benson "re/ u in a /orld that /as not [/ild\ but see5s to have been an interestin" biBcultural /orld of a fe/, 5ostly 5ale, /hite settlers and their /ays of doin" thin"s and the native /orld /hich had its o/n very rich and atterned /ay of doin" thin"s. *he balance of o/er only shifted durin" Benson4s adolescence, ) think, but his first #$ years see5 to have been fairly idyllic: sheltered, loved, rotected by both arents, and rotected fro5 /hite racis5 by the standin" of his father1 C ersonal co55unicationD. $. 0trictly s eakin", there is but one -true1 creation hereO/here the hysical substance or fra5e/ork of the /orld is created out of /a;, and bein"s are created to d/ell on itOand this takes lace near the be"innin" of the 5yth Co2#F$$D. 0ubse&uent creations are really 5ore like -reB eo lin"s,1 /here >aru5da adNusts local to o"ra hy Ca s rin" here, a 5ountain thereD to create a suitable habitat, and then creates the co55unity of eo le /ho /ill d/ell in it. G. )n co"nate and related 5yths a5on" other California cultures, includin" the Po5o, the role of >aru5da is so5eti5es layed by Coyote. )ndeed, >aru5da C'astern Po5o maar&m(daD is an esoteric na5e su""estin" Coyote, 5ost ancestral and i5 ortant of all California 5ytholo"ical fi"ures. 9s de 9n"ulo notes, ->aru5da alone, ho/ever, does not 5ean Coyote. Coyote in Lake Po5o, is gunula. >aru5da is the na5e of the character in this 5yth. )t 5ay ossibly be related to the adNective maru /hich has a series of very loose 5eanin"s, i.e., sacred, 5ysterious, traditional, drea5 o5en, etc.1 C#%@Ab:#00F#0#D.

FURTHER READING
6n the Po5o culturally, see 0ally >cLendon and >ichael Lo/y4s -'astern Po5o and 0outheastern Po5o1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo# and 'd/in Loeb4s 2omo Fol#ways Cfor /hich Benson /as a 5aNor consultantD. *here are several collections of 5yths, es ecially 0. 9. Barrett4s 2omo 0yths C#%$$D, Mai5e de 9n"ulo and :ancy 7reeland4s ->i/ok and Po5o >yths1P see also >cLendon4s i5 ortant ethno oetic analysis of the 'astern Po5o 5yth -=riHHly Bear and (eer1 in her article ->eanin", 8hetorical 0tructure, and (iscourse 6r"aniHation in , 2@$ , >yth.1 7or lan"ua"e, try >cLendon4s , Grammar of 1astern 2omo. *he 5yth resented here a ears, /ith acco5 anyin" 'astern Po5o te;t, as de 9n"ulo4s -Po5o Creation >yth1 in the \ournal of ,meri%an Fol#lore GEP later, he incor orated the translation into a fictionaliHed book called .ow the /orld /as 0ade. =ui de 9n"ulo has recently /ritten a bio"ra hy of her father, called The Eld Coyote of ?ig Sur. >cLendon4s article, -Po5o Baskets: *he Le"acy of Willia5 and >ary Benson,1 rovides bio"ra hical infor5ation about Benson and his /ife, >ary, and includes several hoto"ra hs of the Bensons and their baskets. Willia5 Benson4s -*he 0tone and <elsey >assacre on the 0hores of Clear Lake in #EG%1 is re rinted in >ar"olin4s The /ay /e 3ived$ and also e;cer ted in -:otes on :ative California Lan"ua"es1 Cthis volu5eD. ';tensive 5useu5 collections of Po5o 5aterials 5ay be found at the >il/aukee Public >useu5, the >useu5 of the 95erican )ndian in :e/ +ork, and the 7ield >useu5 in Chica"o, a5on" others. *he 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es archives several collections of Po5o fieldnotes by >cLendon, 9braha5 Hal ern, and others.

CREATION Thi$ I$ the Tr!diti"n ") H"( +!ru.d! !nd 0u-$u +!de the W"r'd
#. He lived in the north, the 6ld >an, his na5e /as >aru5da. He lived in a cloudBhouse, a house that looked like sno/, like ice. 9nd he thou"ht of 5akin" the /orld. -) /ill ask 5y older brother /ho lives in the south,1 thus he said, the 6ld >an >aru5da. -WahS What shall ) doR1 thus he said. -'hS1 thus he said. 2. *hen he ulled out four of his hairs. He held out the hairs. -Lead 5e to 5y brotherS1 thus he said, >aru5da the 6ld >an. *hen he held the hairs to the eastP after that he held the hairs to the northP after that he held the5 to the /estP after that he held the5 to the south, and he /atched. $. *hen the hairs started to float around, they floated around, and floated to/ard the south, and left a streak of fire behind, they left a , 2@G , streak of fire, and follo/in" it floated the cloudBhouse, and >aru5da rode in it. G. He sat s5okin". He &uit s5okin". 9nd then he /ent to slee . He /as lyin" aslee , slee in" Q, slee in" Q, slee in" Q, slee in". Q *hen he a/oke. He "ot u and ut tobacco into his i e. He s5oked, and s5oked, and s5oked, and then he ut the i e back into the sack. ?. *hat /as his first ca5 , they say, and then he lay do/n to slee . 7our ti5es he lay do/n to slee , and then he floated to his elder brother4s house. His na5e /as <uksu. *his <uksu /as the elder brother of >aru5da. A. *he <uksu, his /as like a cloud, like sno/, like ice his house. 9round it they floated, four ti5es they floated around it, the hairs, and then throu"h a hole they floated into the house, and follo/in" the5 the >aru5da entered the house. @. -9round the east sideS1 said the <uksu. *hen around the east side he entered the house, and he sat do/n, he sat, and he took o the little sack hun" around his neck. He took out his i e and filled it /ith tobacco, he laid a coal on it, and he ble/, he ble/, and then he ble/ it afire. *hen he re5oved the coal and ut it back into his little sack. 9fter that he s5oked, four ti5es he ut the i e to his 5outh. 9fter that he o ered it to his older brother the <uksu. E. *hen <uksu received it. -HyohS1 he said, the <uksu, -hyohS =ood /ill be our kno/led"e, "ood /ill end our s eechS HyohS >ay it ha enS 6ur kno/led"e /ill not be interfered /ithS >ay it ha enS 6ur kno/led"e /ill "o s5oothly. >ay it ha enS 6ur s eech /ill not hesitate. >ay it ha enS 6ur s eech /ill stretch out /ell. *he kno/led"e /e have lanned, the kno/led"e /e have laid, it /ill succeed, it /ill "o s5oothly, our kno/led"eS +oh ooo, hee ooo, hee ooo, hee ooo, hee oooS >ay it ha enS1 thus he said, the <uksu, and no/ he &uit s5okin" %. *hen >aru5da sat u , he sat u , and then they both stood u . *hey stood facin" east, and then they stood facin" north, and then they stood facin" /est, and then they stood facin" south, and then they stood facin" the Henith, and then they stood facin" the nadir. 9nd no/ they /ent around each other both /ays, they /ent around each other four ti5es back and forth. *hen >aru5da /ent to /here he had been sittin"

, 2@? , before, and he sat do/nP and then <uksu /ent to /here he had been sittin" before, and he sat do/n. #0. *hen >aru5da ut tobacco into the i e that he took out of his little driedBu sack. He felt in his little driedBu sack, he brou"ht out so5e tobacco, and filled the i e /ith it. *hen he felt in his little driedu sack and brou"ht out a coal, he ut the coal on to of the tobacco, he ut it on to and he ble/, he ble/, and ble/ it afire. 7our ti5es he dre/, and then he o ered it to his brother <uksu. ##. 7our ti5es he 5ade as if to take it, and then he received it. 7our ti5es he dre/, and then he o ered it back to >aru5da. He received it, and ut it back into his little driedBu sack. He ble/ out the s5oke four ti5es. 7irst he ble/ it to/ard the south, then he ble/ it to/ard the east, then he ble/ it to/ard the north, then he ble/ it to/ard the /est. *hen he ble/ it to the Henith, then he ble/ it to the nadir. #2. *hen turnin" to the left, <uksu "ave an oration: -6ooS1 thus he said, -it /ill be true, our kno/led"eS1 *hen <uksu oked hi5 /ith the i e, and >aru5da received the i e, he received it and ut it back in his little driedBu sack. #$. 9nd then the >aru5da scra ed hi5self in the ar5 its, he scra ed hi5self and "ot out so5e of the ar5 it /a;. He "ave the ar5 it /a; to the <uksu. *hen <uksu received it, he received it, and stuck it bet/een his bi" toe and the ne;t. 9nd then he also scra ed hi5self in the ar5 its, he scra ed hi5self, and rolled the ar5 it /a; into a ball. His o/n ar5 it /a; he then stuck bet/een >aru5da4s toes. #G. *hen >aru5da re5oved it and ble/ on it, four ti5es he ble/ on it. *hen <uksu also re5oved the ar5 it /a; and ble/ on it four ti5es, and after that he sat do/n. *hen >aru5da /ent around the <uksu four ti5es, and then he sat do/n. 9nd then the <uksu he "ot u , he "ot u , and four ti5es around the >aru5da he /ent. *hen they both stood still. #?. :o/ they 5i;ed to"ether their balls of ar5 it /a;. 9nd <uksu 5i;ed so5e of his hair /ith it. 9nd then >aru5da also 5i;ed so5e of his hair /ith the ar5 it /a;. #A. 9fter that they stood u P facin" south, and then facin" east, and then facin" north, and then facin" /est, and then facin" the Henith, and , 2@A , then facin" the nadir: -*hese /ords are to be ri"ht and thus everythin" /ill be. Peo le are "oin" to be accordin" to this lan. *here is "oin" to be food accordin" to this lan. *here /ill be food fro5 the /aterS *here /ill be food fro5 the land. *here /ill be food fro5 under the "round. *here /ill be food fro5 the air. *here /ill be all kinds of food /hereby the eo le /ill be healthy. *hese eo le /ill have "ood intentions. *heir villa"es /ill be "ood. *hey /ill lan 5any thin"s. *hey /ill be full of kno/led"e. *here /ill be 5any of the5 on this earth, and their intentions /ill be "ood. #@. -We are "oin" to 5ake in the sky the travelin"Bfire. With it they /ill ri en their food. We are "oin" to 5ake that /ith /hich they /ill cook their food overni"ht. *he travelin"Bfires in the sky, their na5e /ill be 0un. *he one /ho is 7ire, his na5e /ill be (ayti5eB0un. *he one /ho "ives li"ht in the ni"ht, her na5e /ill be :i"htB0un. *hese /ords are ri"ht. *his lan is sound. 'verythin" accordin" to this lan is "oin" to be ri"htS1 thus he s oke, the <uksu. #E. 9nd no/ the >aru5da 5ade a s eech. Holdin" the ar5 it /a;, holdin" it to the south, he 5ade a /ish: -*hese /ords are ri"htS1 thus he said, the >aru5da. 9nd then he held it to the east, and then he held it to the north, and then he held it to the /est, and then he held it to the Henith, and then he held it to the nadir: -9ccordin" to this lan, eo le are "oin" to be. *here are "oin" to be eo le on this earth. 6n this earth there /ill be lenty of food for the eo leS 9ccordin" to this lan there /ill be 5any di erent kinds of food for the eo leS Clover in lenty /ill "ro/, "rain, acorns, nutsS1 thus he s oke, the

>aru5da. #%. 9nd then he ble/ tobacco s5oke in the four directions. *hen he turned around to the left, four ti5es. *hen he ut the ar5 it /a; into his little driedBu sack. 9fter that he infor5ed the <uksu: -) "uess )4ll "o back, no/S1 thus he said, and then he asked the <uksu: -0in" your son", brotherS1 he said. 9nd then the <uksu san": -.oy $ hoh $ yug=nwe$ hoy Xhere co5es a lon" 06:= in archaic lan"ua"eY Q1 20. 9fter that >aru5da floated a/ay to the north, sin"in" the /hile a /ishin" son": -.inaa ma hani ma Xanother 06:= in archaic lan"ua"eY Q 1 *hus he san", the >aru5da. 2#. With this son" he traveled north, the >aru5da, ridin" in his house, , 2@@ , in his cloudBhouse. He /as sin"in" alon", holdin" the ar5 it /a; in his hand and sin"in" the son". *hen he tied a strin" to the ball of ar5 it /a;, assed the strin" throu"h his o/n earBhole and 5ade it fast. *hen he /ent to slee . 22. He /as lyin" aslee , /hen suddenly the strin" Nerked his ear. He sat u and looked around but he did not see anythin", and he lay do/n a"ain to slee . )t /ent on like that for ei"ht days, it /ent on for ei"ht days, and then it beca5e the earth. *he ar5 it /a; "re/ lar"e /hile >aru5da /as sound aslee , and the strin" Nerked his ear. 9t last >aru5da sat u , he sits u , and he untied the strin" fro5 his earB hole. *hen he thre/ the earth out into s ace. 2$. )t /as dark. -What shall ) do about itR1 said >aru5da. -6hS Q ) kno/,1 and he took the i e out of his little sack. He also brou"ht out a coal, and a lied it to the i e. *hen he ble/ on it, he blo/s, and set it afire. He sets it afire, and then he held the i e to the south. *hen he ble/ a/ay the fire that /as in the i e. *he fire traveled to the south, it "re/ lar"e, and over the earth the sunshine s read. 2G. :o/ >aru5da /alked around all over the earth. He /alks around: -Here /ill be a 5ountain, here /ill be rocks, there /ill be clover, here /ill be a valley, there /ill be a lake, there /ill be cro s, here /ill be a lay"round, there /ill be cro s, here /ill be a clover flat, there /ill be a "rain valley, on this 5ountain there /ill be acorns, on that one 5anHanita, Nuni er, cherriesP on this 5ountain there /ill be otatoes, deer, hare, rabbitsP on that 5ountain there /ill be bear, u5a, cou"ar, fisher, coon, /olf, coyote, fo;, skunkP on this 5ountain there /ill be rattlesnake, kin"Bsnake, "o herBsnake, redBstri ed snake, 5ountain "arterBsnake, blue snake, bi" "o herBsnake.1 2?. >aru5da then /alked over the hillP on the other side it /as darkP he sat do/nP there /as no li"ht. He /ent on. U in the sky there /as li"ht. *hen he rolled the earth over, it turned over, he ushed it over: -*his is the /ay you /ill erfor5,1 said the >aru5da, -no/ it is dark, and no/ it is li"ht, and no/ it is sunli"ht.1 *hus no/ it erfor5ed. 2A. *hereu on he /ent on: -Here /ill be a valley, and in it there /ill be 5any villa"es. Here /ill be a river /ith /ater in it /herein the fish /ill run.1 *hereu on he /ent on and 5ade a bi" ond, and then he , 2@E , said: -Here the fish /ill co5eP this /ill be a fishBbend, a food larder, this ond.1 *hereu on he 5ade a river: -*his /ill be a road/ay for the fishes,1 thus he said, the >aru5da. 2@. 9nd then he /ent on and 5ade a 5ountain: -6n this there /ill be su"arB ine.1 9nd then he /ent on and 5ade a ond: -Here there /ill be all kinds of fo/l.1 9nd then he /ent on and 5ade a 5ountain of

flint: -*his /ill be for arro/heads and s earheads.1 9nd then he /ent on and 5ade a 5ountain of drill flint. 9fter that he /ent on and 5ade a s rin" and on either side he ut sed"es, rushes, redbud bushes: -*his /ill be for the /o5en to /eave their basketsP do"/ood, /hite /illo/, black /illo/, /here/ith to /eave.1 9nd then he /ent on and 5ade /ild nut5e": -*his /ill be bo/B/ood.1 9fter that he 5ade another kind of do"/ood: -*his /ill be arro/B/ood, 5ountain bitter/eed.1 2E. 9fter this >aru5da /ent on the other /ay, he /ent on and on, and then he thou"ht of 5akin" Bi" >ountain. He 5akes it, and on each side he 5ade a lar"e river: -*his /ill be for the fish to co5e out to the lake.1 *hereu on he /ent on and 5ade a /ide valley: -Here /ill be all kinds of cro s,1 thus he said, the >aru5da. 2%. 9nd no/ he arrived at the lake, and "oin" alon" the shore he 5ade rocks, he 5akes the5, and: -*his /ill be a lay"round for the /aterbears.1 *hereu on he /ent on and 5ade a sandBflat, and then: -*his /ill be a lay"round for eo le.1 *hereafter he /ent on and 5ade a 5ountain: -Here eo le /ill not co5eS >enS :ever a roach this laceS1 thus he said, the >aru5da. $0. *hus he /as "oin" alon" by the shore, and he found a river barrin" his /ay: -WahS1 he said, -/hat a5 ) "oin" to doR1 he said standin" on the shore. -'hS1 he said, and layin" his /alkin"Bcane across he assed over to the other side. -'hS1 he said, -that /as the /ay to do it, there /as nothin" else to doS1 $#. *hus he /alked alon" the shore 5akin" rocks, 5akin" sandBflatsP thus he /ent around the lake, erfor5in" like that. :o/ he /ent back inland, and facin" the lake he sat on a lo". *he /ater /as cal5: -WaterS +ou /ill not be like thatS1 thus he called to the /ater. *hen he /ent to the /ater and he s lashed it to/ard the land: -*his is the /ay you /ill behaveS1 he told her. *hen the /ind ble/ and the /ater beca5e rou"h, , 2@% , it beco5es rou"h, and ran in /aves over the shore, it ran in /aves over the rocks: -HyohS =oodS *hat4s the /ay you /ill doS1 thus he said. -HyohS :o/ ) /ill "o across,1 he said. $2. -WahS What a5 ) "oin" to doR Ho/ a5 ) "oin" to "o acrossR WahS1 he said. -'hS that oak over there Q 1 and "oin" to a tree standin" there he icked u fro5 the "round an acorn shell, he took it to the shore and laid it by the side of the /ater. *he /ater 5ade /aves and thereby the shell /as ushed into the /ater. )t floated, it "re/ lar"e, it "re/ lar"er, it floated to/ard the shore and beca5e a boat. -HyohS *hat4s a "ood boat for usS1 thus he said. $$. He felt around in his little driedBu sack and took out his i eP he filled it /ith tobaccoP he laid the coal on to P he ble/ on itP he ble/ it afireP then he ble/ s5oke in the four directions and a thick fo" arose. He ut the i e back in his little sack and hun" the sack around his neck, then he sat do/n in the boat and shoved o. )t started to float a/ay, it floated /ay o to/ard the center of the lakeP then he /hirled his cane in the air and that boat started to race, it /ent like a bird, and in no ti5e at all it /ent across. $G. He sat do/n by the side of the /ater and he looked about, and then he thou"ht to e; eri5ent at 5akin" eo le. -WahS What shall ) 5ake eo le /ithR1 he said. -'hS1 he said, and he icked u rocks: -*hese /ill be eo leS1 *hese rocks beca5e eo le. *hey s oke a lan"ua"e. *hey /ere shortBle""ed, these rockB eo le. *hese rockB eo le lived in the 5ountains only. *hey did not /alk about in the valleys. $?. *hen he e; eri5ented 5akin" other kinds of eo le. *he rock eo le /ere 5ean, that4s /hy he e; eri5ented 5akin" other eo le. He 5ade eo le out of hair. *hese eo le /ere lon"BhairedP the hair ca5e do/n to their feet. *hey found the 6ld >an >aru5da and ca5e u to hi5: -What are you

doin", 6ld >anR1 they said. -) a5 eatin" food,1 he ans/ered. He /as eatin" clover. He also du" otatoes out of the "round, and ate the5. *hen the lon"Bhaired eo le took an obNect lesson and they also ate. -*his is your food,1 said the >aru5da, and then he /ent a/ay. $A. 0ittin" do/n on a hill he looked back. 9fter a /hile he /ent over to /here there /as a valley. 9nd no/ the idea ca5e to hi5 to 5ake another kind of eo le. He felt inside his little driedBu sack and brou"ht , 2E0 , out so5e feathers. He s lit the5, he s lits the5, and he broke the5 into s5all ieces. *hese he scattered over the lain. $@. -*hese /ill "ro/ into eo leS1 he said, and he sat do/n /ith his back to the valley. *hen eo le also ca5e to life and they too ca5e to the 6ld >an and asked hi5: -Where do you co5e fro5R1 *hese eo le /ere covered all over /ith feathers, like birds. -What are you doin"R1 -) a5 eatin",1 he ans/ered. *hen they also took an obNect lesson and started to eat. -*hus you /ill eatS *his is your foodS1 he said, and then he /ent a/ay. $E. *hen he e; eri5ented 5akin" 5ore eo le. *his ti5e he /ent over to another 5ountain and he e; eri5ented 5akin" eo le out of /ood. He "athered s5all sticks, he s lit the5, and scoo in" out little hollo/s here and there, he lanted the5 in Xthe "roundY. -*hese /ill be eo leS1 he said. *hen he /ent o and turnin" his back to the5 he sat do/n. 0oon he could hear the5 talkin" a5on" the5selves: -*here is an old 5an sittin" over there,1 they said. $%. *hey ca5e over to hi5: -What are you doin", 6ld >anR1 -) a5 eatin",1 he ans/ered. *hen they also took a lesson and started to eat. -*his is the food that you /ill eatS ) 5ade it for youS1 said the >aru5da. *hen he de arted and /ent around another 5ountain. G0. -WahS *his also looks like a "ood lace for eo le.1 He ulled four hairs fro5 his ar5 and scattered the5 over the lain, here and there, all over. *hen he sat do/n on a knoll and listened. )n no ti5e they also turned into eo le. -Where do you co5e fro5R1 they asked one another. *he nearest one to the 6ld >an said: -*here is a 5an sittin" over there too,1 and they ca5e u to hi5. G#. -9nd you, /here do you co5e fro5R1 they said. -6hS ) ca5e fro5 a distance,1 he ans/ered. -9re there any other eo leR1 they asked. -+es, there are other eo le far a/ay fro5 here. +ou4ll find the5 after a /hile.1 *hese eo le /ere hairy and clovenBhoofed, and they had horns. *hey /ere the deerB eo le. He didn4t like their looks. -'hS 6ver there ) /ill 5ake another kind of eo le,1 he said, and /ent o. G2. *hen he /ent on, north/ard, and in the hills, in a little hollo/ he sat do/n: -9nd no/ ) /ill 5ake other eo le a"ain,1 he said, the >aru5da. 9nd feelin" in his little driedBu sack he brou"ht out so5e sine/. *his sine/ he broke into little ieces, he breaks the5, and then , 2E# , he scattered the5 about over the hollo/. -*hese /ill be eo leS1 he said. G$. *hen he sat do/n /ith his back to it. )n no ti5e they beca5e eo le. *hen the 6ld >an stood u : -Co5e over here,1 he said. *hen the eo le ca5e over to hi5. -*his is your land /here you /ill live,1 thus he said. *hese eo le /ere like ourselvesP they had no hair, no feathers on their bodies, they /ere all slick. -Here you /ill eat your foodS *here is lenty of food on the "round over thereP eat itS1 thus he said, and he /ent a/ay.

GG. 9fter this he /ent over to a hillock. *here he took so5e hair out of his little driedBu sack, and this he scattered over the hill. *hen he sat /ith his back to it and in no ti5e they /ere eo le talkin" a5on" the5selves. *hen he looked. *hey /ere bi", hairy eo le, /alkin" about. *hese /ere the bearB eo leP they had lon" cla/s. G?. 9nd no/ he /ent over to the5: -Here you /ill eat this kind of food,1 he said, and luckin" so5e clover he ate it. *hen these eo le they also i5itated hi5 and ate. *hen he du" u so5e otatoes. -*hese also you /ill eat,1 he said. -6oS *hat4s "oodS 9nd are there any other eo le aroundR1 they asked. -+esS *here are "oin" to be lots of eo leS1 >aru5da ans/ered. GA. 9fter this he e; eri5ented 5akin" still another kind of eo le: -WahS What shall ) 5ake the5 of no/R1 he said. He /ent to a bi" valley to/ard /here the sun rises. Here he 5ade eo le out of flint. *hese eo le /ere the =ilak eo le. He 5ade this eo le on the 5ountain /here there are nothin" but rocks. G@. *hese eo le /ere like birds flyin" in the sky. *hey used to s/oo do/n on eo le. *hey had not been tau"ht to do that /ay. *hey /ere 5ean eo le. GE. 9ll these /ere the first eo le that the >aru5da 5ade.

DESTRUCTION OF THE FIRST WORLD

G%. *hen he /ent north to his abode. *i5e assed, ti5e assed, ti5e assed, ti5e assed, and then >aru5da sa/ in a drea5 that the eo le /ere behavin" badly. 0o he decided to "o to his elder brother. *hen the , 2E2 , cloudBhouse started to float. 'i"ht days it floated, the cloudBhouse, and then it reached the <uksu4s house. ?0. 7our ti5es he floated around it, and then he knocked at the door. *hen the <uksu o ened the door and >aru5da /ent in. *hen the <uksu said: -What is it, youn"er brotherR1 thus he said, the <uksu. ?#. *hen >aru5da said: -6oS )t4s all /ron"S *hat4s /hy ) have co5e to consult you. *he eo le that /e 5ade are behavin" /ron"ly. *hey are inter5arryin", they are turnin" into idiots, and their children "ro/ uny. *herefore ) /ill /ash the5 a/ayS1 thus he said, the >aru5da. ?2. *hen <uksu s oke: -WahS )t4s all /ron"S We never tau"ht the5 to do thisS1 *hen >aru5da s oke: -6ur eo le have beco5e like birds, they have beco5e like deerS *hey slee /ith their o/n children. *his is too badS *herefore ) a5 "oin" to /ash the5 a/ayS1 ?$. *hen <uksu: -6oS *hat is ri"htS *hey did not believe our /isdo5S Well, you kno/ /hat you 5ust doS1 thus he s oke, the <uksu. *hen >aru5da filled his i e, lit it, and o ered it to <uksu. <uksu then s5oked, he s5okes, and he ble/ the s5oke in the four directions. *hen he returned the i e to >aru5da. *hen >aru5da he too s5oked to the four directions. ?G. *hen in no ti5e the skies clouded u , the thunder s oke, and rain be"an to fall. 7or four days it rainedP it beca5e a flood. >aru5da hi5self /as runnin" around a5on" the rocks. 7inally he ran for refu"e to the to of a 5ountain eak. ??. But the eo le follo/ed hi5 there. *hen >aru5da called for hel to his "rand5other: -=rand5aS =rand5aS JuickS1 thus he cried runnin" back and forth a5on" the rocks. *hen a s ider/eb basket floated do/n to hi5 fro5 the sky, >aru5da "ot in it, and /ith it he floated a/ay, he floated u to the

sky. ?A. -8ide and don4t look aroundS1 said 6ld Lady 0 ider, -or you /ill fall Q S1 but as she said the /ords he looked do/n and out he fell. He falls, but already the 6ld Lady 0 ider she had thro/n out her net, she cau"ht hi5, she ulled hi5 u , she ulls hi5 u , and to the <uksu4s house she carried hi5. ?@. 0he carried hi5, she carried hi5 u to the door, and >aru5da , 2E$ , /ent in. -6oS1 cried <uksu, -ho/ did it "oR (id you /ash the5 a/ayR1 -+esS1 said >aru5da. -6oS *hat /as ri"htS1 said the <uksu. -:o/ /e /ill 5ake a di erent kind of eo le.1 ?E. :o/ >aru5da called his "rand5other a"ain, and she sent the basket floatin" do/n to hi5. He "ot in and floated a/ay. )t floated for four days and landed on to of a 5ountain eak. -HereS =et o S1 said 6ld Lady 0 ider. ?%. *hen >aru5da "ot o and looked around the /orld, he /andered about. *hen he "athered so5e sticks of /ood and built a fire. *hen he /ent o to look for eo le. But he couldn4t find a sin"le one. *hen he called. :ot a sin"le erson ca5e out. A0. -WahS1 said the >aru5da, -/hat a5 ) "oin" to doR 'hS 6n this 5ountain there /ill be eo leS1 and he called: -WuluS WuluS1 Q But there did not re5ain a sin"le erson to co5e out. A#. 7our ti5es he called, then he /ent o to/ard the lake. He /alked alon" the shore, he sat do/n, and looked around. -Here there /ill be a lar"e villa"eS1 he said. *hen he /ent on, he "oes on, and a"ain he returned, and once 5ore he looked around. A2. Where a /hile a"o there had been nobody no/ a bi" villa"e e;isted. *here /ere 5any eo le alon" the shore of the lake. Here "oes the ChiefBWo5an. Boys, children, are layin" alon" the shore. *hey are chasin" one another layin" ta". *hey lay ta" in the /ater. A$. >aru5da stood /atchin" the villa"e he had 5ade. -HyohS *hey /ill be "ood eo le. *hey /ill be healthy. *heir villa"e /ill be healthy. *hey /ill be kindly in their 5anners.1 *hus he s oke, and he /ent on. AG. He /alked, he /alked, he /alked. -'hS1 he said, -here there /ill be a bi" 5ountain Nuttin" out into the lake.1 *hen the 5ountain arose. *hen he /ent on. -Here there /ill be a valley. )n this valley there /ill be a villa"e and a dance house. )n the dance house they /ill erfor5 their dances, they /ill enNoy their dances, the boys, the "irls, the /o5en, the children, the old eo leS1 *hus he s oke, and then he /ent a/ay. A?. He "oes on, he /ent on, and then he stood. -Here there /ill be a hillockS1 *hus he s oke, and a hillock arose. *hen he stood on the to , he stands, and he looked to /here he had /ished a villa"e to be. 9nd , 2EG , no/ they ca5e out, the boys, the "irls, the 5en, the children, the /o5en, they ran to bathe in the lake. *hey ran hither and yon alon" the shore, chasin" one another. 6ut of the dance house they s/ar5ed, the 5any eo le, the eo le /ho5 he had /ished into e;istence. AA. *he >aru5da sat on the "round. He unslun" his little driedBu sack fro5 around his neck, out of it he ulled his i e, he ut in a coal, on to of it he laced the tobacco, on to of that he laced another coal, he ble/ on it, he ble/ it afire, he s5okes, he s5oked and ble/ the s5oke to/ard the villa"e.

A@. *hen a fo" arose and a driHHlin" rain be"an to fall. *hen the eo le started to run to/ard the house. *he older boys are tellin" the youn"er boys to run into the dance house. *hereu on the "ro/nBu 5en started buildin" individual houses out of do"/ood. *hey set the5 all around the dance house. *he houses of that villa"e /ere so closely set to"ether that a 5an could hardly /alk bet/een the5. AE. *hen the >aru5da &uit s5okin", and he 5ade a s eech to call the eo le: -=ather for the danceS =ather for the danceS1 he called. *hen the eo le /ent into the dance house, they all /ent into the dance house. 9nd then the >aru5da /ent to the 5ountain he had Nust 5ade. He stood on the to and listened. 0oon after they be"an the cere5ony. A%. *hen he told the eo le of the villa"e on the other side of the hill: -6ver here they are dancin". Watch it. Co5e and /atch itS1 *hen the boys, the "irls, they ca5e runnin", they ca5e runnin" over the hill. *hey ran to the door of the dance house and they ee ed in. @0. *hen >aru5da 5ade a s eech. -[Co5e this /ayS\ thus you 5ust say /hen a visitor a roaches. Clai5 hi5 as a friend. [0it do/n hereS\ say to your friend. [+ou are 5y relativeS *hese are your eo leS *herefore you and ) 5ust dance to"ether.\1 *hus he s oke, the >aru5da, and then he /ent a/ay.

SECOND DESTRUCTION OF THE WORLDR,Y FIRE

@#. *i5e assed, ti5e assed, ti5e assed, ti5e assed, and then the eo le be"an a"ain their incestuous /ays. 9nd >aru5da kne/ by a , 2E? , drea5 that his eo le /ere doin" /ron". -WahS *hat4s not the /ay ) tau"ht the5 to doS ) /ill "o and consult 5y elder brother about thisS1 *hus he said, and then the cloudBhouse floated south. @2. 'i"ht days it floated, and then it arrived at the <uksu4s lace. 7our ti5es it floated around the <uksu4s house. 9nd then it floated to the door on the south side. *hen >aru5da knocked /ith his cane. @$. -6ooS1 called the <uksu, and >aru5da also called: -6ooS Here ) have co5e.1 -9ll ri"htS Co5e in on the east side,1 said the <uksu. *hen >aru5da sat do/n on the east side. Without sayin" anythin" he took his i e out of his little driedBu sackP he laced a coal in itP on to of that he ut tobaccoP and on to of that he laced a coal. *hen he ble/ on it, he ble/ it afire. He s5oked four ti5es and then he o ered it to the <uksu. @G. 7our ti5es he fei"ned to take it, then he acce ted it, he acce ts it, and /ith the i e in his hand he /ent back to his seat. -HyohS 0u5eeS1 he cried, -/hat4s the 5atterR What4s ha ened no/R *he eo le are doin" /ron"S 6oS +ou 5ust tell 5e the truthS1 *hus he s oke to the i e before s5okin". @?. :o/ he s5oked, he s5okes four ti5es, and he "ave the i e back to >aru5da. -*hey are doin" /ron"S1 said the >aru5da. -*he eo le that /e 5ade, they are not obeyin" our teachin"s. *hey have started a"ain their incestuous /ays. *hat4s all /ron"S *herefore ) /ill destroy the5S *his is /hat ) have co5e to consult you about.1 *hen the <uksu ans/ered: -6ooS 9ll ri"htS Later on you /ill 5ake 5ore eo leS1 @A. -6hS )4ll "o back and )4ll cook the5S1 -9ll ri"htS *hat4s fineS1 said the <uksu. -8i"ht no/ you are "oin" to do itS1 -) a5 "oin" back over there and )4ll burn the5 /ith fireS1 -6hS that4s "oodS 6hS that4s fineS =oS =oS1 @@. *hen >aru5da re laced his i e in the little driedBu sack, he hun" the sack around his neck, and he /ent a/ay, he /ent a/ay ridin" in his cloudBhouse. He /ent a/ay, and the cloud roared like thunder as he /ent back north to his lace.

@E. 9fter this he /ent /est. *hen he /ent south. *hen he /ent east, he /ent east to /here the sun rises. *hat /as /here the 7ireB>an lived. , 2EA , -+ou 5ust burn the /orldS1 >aru5da told hi5. -Why should ) burn the /orldR1 he re lied. -'hS *he eo le /e 5ade on the earth are behavin" badlyS *hey are incestuous /ith their o/n childrenS *hey are /ron"S *hey are actin" like ani5alsS *herefore ) /ill burn the5S1 *hus s oke the >aru5da. @%. *he 7ireB>an /as still refusin", sayin": -9nd then, /here /ill ) liveR1 -:ever 5indS +ou are "oin" to burn the /orldS +ou /ill start the fire fro5 here. +ou need have no fear about startin" the fire. ) /ill not let it burn your house hereS1 said >aru5da. -When shall ) start this fire, thenR1 said the 7ireB>an. -8i"ht no/ you start the fireS1 said the >aru5da. E0. *hen he took do/n his fireBbo/, he took do/n his fireBarro/s, and he /ent out. He "oes out, and he shot to the north. *hen he shot to the /est, then he shot to the south, then he shot to the Henith. )n the north /here he had shot the fire co55enced blaHin", then in the /est /here he had shot the fire co55enced blaHin", then in the south /here he had shot the fire co55enced blaHin", then fro5 the sky /here he had shot the fire ca5e blaHin" do/n to/ard his house. E#. He /as runnin" around ourin" /ater every/here around his house. >aru5da /as cryin": -*hat /ill not burnS1 *hen the fire s read in the /est. >aru5da /as runnin" around in his e;cite5ent. He ran u the 5ountain cryin": -=rand5otherS =rand5otherS *he fire is ra"in"S1 *hen, Nust as the fire /as reachin" hi5, his "rand5other floated her basket do/n to hi5. E2. >aru5da dro ed in it, and it started to float to/ard the sky. *hen the eo le arrived do/n belo/ at that s ot after his "rand5other had started to ull hi5 u , and they cried to hi5: -0ave us alsoS1 -What can ) doR We are all finished no/S1 he cried back. E$. *hen he said to his "rand5other: -*ake 5e over there to 5y older brother4s lace.1 *hen the 6ld Lady 0 ider took hi5 to the <uksu4s house. 7our ti5es she floated hi5 around, and then she floated hi5 do/n. EG. *hen he /ent u to the door. -*he eo le are finishedS1 he said. -6hS1 said the <uksu. -*he fire s read all over the earth and cooked the5S1 said >aru5da. -6hS :o/ you /ill 5ake a di erent kind of eo leS1 ans/ered the <uksu. , 2E@ , E?. *hen he /ent back and 5ade his "rand5other take hi5 to the 7ireB>an. 0he carried hi5 east to the 7ireB>an4s house, and /hen she "ot hi5 there, -=et out no/S1 she said, and >aru5da "ot out. EA. *hen he found the 7ireB>an. -WhyS ) thou"ht all the eo le /ere finished,1 said the 7ireB>an, -ho/ is it that there is so5ebody left yetR1 >aru5da ca5e u to hi5: -+es indeedS 9ll the eo le are finished every/here in the north, every/here in the /est, every/here in the south, the eo le have all been cookedS1 -Well then, ho/ do you ha en to be savedR1 -) had 5y "rand5other carry 5e o, that4s ho/ ) "ot saved.1 -6hS 9re there "oin" to be any 5ore eo leR Will 5ore eo le co5e out so5e/here no/R1 -+esS +ou /ill see 5any eo le to5orro/ in that valley close by.1 *hus he said, and he /ent o north to /here there /as a bi" valley.

THIRD CREATION
E@. He /ent alon" the valley and built a fire. By the side of a river he du" a hole. *hen he /ent o, and breakin" o so5e /illo/ /ands he brou"ht the5 back and lanted the5 around the hole. )t /as evenin". EE. *o one of the sticks he tied a strin". He assed the other end throu"h his earBhole and 5ade it fast. *hen he lay do/n /ith his back to the fire. He /ent to slee , and /hile he sle t the strin" Nerked his ear. He sat u &uickly. E%. He looked to/ard /here he had lanted the sticks, but there /as nothin". *hen he lay do/n a"ain, he lies do/n, and he /ent to slee . 9s he lay, the strin" Nerked his ear. He sat u &uickly. He looked to/ard /here he had lanted the sticks, but there /as nothin". -WahS Why is it that /hat ) had in 5ind does not beco5e trueR1 %0. He lay do/n a"ain: -WahS 0o5ethin" has "ot to ha enS1 thus he said and /ent back to slee . While he /as slee in" the strin" Nerked his ear. He sat u &uickly. He eered to/ard /here he had lanted the sticks: nothin" /hateverS *hen he untied the strin" fro5 his earBhole, and "oin" over to /here he had lanted the sticks he e;a5ined the5. 0o5e of the5 had fallen do/n. -) thou"ht soS1 said >aru5da, and he lanted the5 a"ain. , 2EE , %#. *hen he /ent back to his slee in" lace, and assin" a"ain the strin" throu"h his earBhole he 5ade it fast. *hen he /ent to slee . He /as sound aslee /hen it Nerked. *his ti5e he did not sit u . *hen the strin" Nerked and ulled hi5 u . %2. *hen he sat u and eered. )t /as da/n. He thou"ht he could see eo le 5ovin" about. He rubbed his eyes and looked a"ain. )t looked like eo le 5ovin" about. *hen he said: -H5S ) had better "o.1 He /ent there. %$. )t /as little boys layin" outside. *he little boys sa/ hi5: -0o5ebody over there, co5in" this /ayS1 they cried and ran into the house to tell the eo le inside. -6ver there so5e 5an /as co5in" this /ayS1 they said. %G. *hen the eo le /ent out also. -)t4s an old 5anS1 they cried. -Who can that old 5an be, li5 in" alon", leanin" on his caneR1 He ca5e, he ca5e to the house, he sat near the entrance. %?. -Where do you co5e fro5R1 one of the eo le asked hi5. -) have co5e a lon" /ays. ) ca5 ed over there last ni"ht. ) have co5e to teach you so5ethin". *hat4s /hat ) have co5e here for, to teach you. *he eo le /ho lived here before, they did /ron", and they are no 5ore. *hat4s /hy ) have co5e: to teach you not to be that /ay.1 %A. *hus he said, and then he icked out four 5en: -*hese 5en /ill take care of you. What ) a5 teachin" you, you 5ust not for"etS1 *hen he led out the four 5en and stood the5 a art. He stood in front of the5 and s oke: -*hese four 5en /ill "uard the la/ for you, they are your chief4s lieutenants.1 He turned around and ointin" to the fore5ost one: -*his one is your HeadBChief. )f you behave like the eo le before you, you also /ill be destroyedS *herefore, be "ood eo leS <ee the la/S (o not co55it incestS *he eo le before you did it, and they /ere destroyedP therefore don4t do like/iseS1 %@. *hus he s oke, and then he /ent o and brou"ht back so5e strai"ht sticks. 6ne lar"e stick he s lit, and in a trice he had 5ade a bo/ out of it. *hen he eeled the s5aller sticks and 5ade arro/s. *hen he /ent and brou"ht back so5e flint. He /ar5ed it in his 5outh and chi ed it and 5ade arro/heads.

%E. *hen he felt inside his little driedBu sack and brou"ht out so5e , 2E% , sine/, and he rolled it into a strin", a bo/strin". *hen he felt a"ain, and brin"in" out so5e feathers he s lit the5 in t/o. *hen in a trice he lashed the arro/heads to the arro/s and tied the feathers. %%. *hen he strun" the bo/. -*hat deer over there standin" Q shoot itS1 *he 5en looked at one another. *hen the 6ld >an called a fello/ /ho /as standin" behind the others: -Co5e over hereS +ou have "ood stron" ar5s Q *ry this bo/S1 *he 5an ca5e out and he "ave hi5 the bo/. *akin" the bo/ he stood lookin" at it: -What shall ) do /ith itR1 he said. -*hat deer standin" over there Q try it on hi5S1 and he "ave the 5an an arro/. *hen: -Where is he standin"R1 -*here Q he is standin" behind the bush Q =o out to/ard that tree and then shootS1 #00. *hen he /ent out and the 6ld >an acco5 anied hi5 sin"in" the deerBson" /hile the rest of the eo le /atched the5. *he deer /as standin" in a /aitin" attitude. *hen the 5an /ent out to/ard the tree, then he shot and knocked hi5 over dead. #0#. *hen the 5an /ho had shot the deer 5otioned to/ard the eo le, and t/o 5en ca5e out, they loaded the deer on their backs and de osited hi5 at the door of the house, but they did not kno/ /hat to do further. #02. *hen the 6ld >an ca5e u , and takin" out a iece of flint he skinned hi5 ri"ht there and then: -*his is the /ayS1 he said. *hen callin" the 5an /ho had shot the deer: -Watch and learnS1 he said, and he handed hi5 the flint: -*hat4s the /ay to skin. +ou /ill hunt deer for this villa"eS1 *hus he said. #0$. 9fter this he led the /o5en to a s rin" to di" roots Xfor basket/eavin"Y. He took out the roots, eeled the5, s lit the5, and s read the5 out on the "round. *hen he brou"ht out so5e /illo/ shoots, s lit the5, and co55enced a basket. When he /as startin" to /eave the u ri"ht art he called one of the /o5en. #0G. -*his is /hat you /o5en /ill doS1 he said, and he "ave the basket he had co55enced to the /o5an he had called. *hat /o5an started /eavin" ri"ht a/ay. *hen the others they too started di""in" for roots, eelin" the5 and dryin" the5 in the sun by the side of the /illo/ shoots they had "athered. #0?. *hen >aru5da built another basket and "ave it to the sa5e , 2%0 , /o5an. *his /as a oundin"Bbasket. *hen he /ent o and ickin" u a rock, in a trice he 5ade a estle out of it. *hen he icked u a flat slab and brou"ht it to the /o5an. -*hese are your tools for re arin" food,1 he said, and then he /ent o to/ard the hills. #0A. He looked for a s ot /here acorns had drifted in a ocket in the creek. -*hese you /ill "ather, and /ith the5 you /ill 5ake 5ushS1 *hen they co55enced ickin" u acorns. *hey s read the5 on a rock and cracked the5 the /ay he tau"ht the5, and in no ti5e they dried the5. *hen they took the5 ho5e and co55enced "rindin" the5 and took the 5eal out to the /ater. #0@. *hen >aru5da /ent /ith the /o5en. He du" a hole in the sha e of a ho er and filled it /ith sand /hich he atted do/n, and over this he oured the 5eal. *hen he brou"ht so5e /ater and oured it over the 5eal. -*his is ho/ you 5ust do to 5ake it s/eetS1 thus he tau"ht the /o5en. *hen the /o5en they also du" its in the "round and oured in the 5eal. *hey did as he had tau"ht the5. #0E. :o/ the 6ld >an /ent back to the house /ith so5e /illo/ /ands and sat do/n at the entrance.

*hen he started a basket, a lon" fishBtra it /as, and in no ti5e he finished it. *hen he 5ade a little hoo , he /ove it into a tra Binset, and /hen it /as finished he set it in the 5outh of the basket and braided it in. #0%. *he eo le /ere /atchin" hi5. -Have you learnedR1 said the 6ld >an. -+esS1 they ans/ered. :o/ he led the5 to the riverbank. He cut so5e fence alin"s, took the5 into the /ater, and stuck the5 into the botto5. *he 5en /ere /atchin" hi5. -*his is the /ay to do itS1 he said. *he tra door that he had 5ade, he blocked it on the sides. *hen he took the basketBtra into the /ater and set it facin" do/nstrea5, and he 5ade it fast /ith lon" oles driven into the botto5. ##0. He /ent ashore and after a /hile he looked back. -)t4s already filled /ith fishS1 he cried, and: -Brin" the tra ashoreS1 he cried. *hen the youn" 5en /aded into the /ater and they brou"ht the fishB tra ashore. )t /as full of fish. *hey could hardly brin" it ashore. *hen 5ore youn" 5en hel ed, and they rolled it ashore, and they oured out the fish. ###. 6ther 5en co55enced /eavin" ackBbaskets. *hey did it the , 2%# , /ay the 6ld >an sho/ed the5. :o/ they ut do/n their ackBbaskets all around the ile of fish. *hen the chief divided the fish. >eanti5e other 5en had laced the fishBtra back into the /ater and returned. ##2. *hey carried the fish ho5e. *hey built bi" fires. *he /o5en no/ leached the acornB5eal. *hey brou"ht rocks, cookin"Brocks, to the fire. *hey 5i;ed the 5eal /ith /ater in a cookin"Bbasket, and /hen the rocks /ere hot they thre/ the5 in. 9nd in no ti5e the 5ush /as cooked. ##$. 6ther /o5en brou"ht their 5ushBbaskets to the fire and filled the5 /ith 5ush. 9nd no/ they ate the fish they had cooked /ith the 5ush they had ut on the fire. >eanti5e in another lace they /ere eatin" the cooked venison. ##G. *hey had for"otten that the 6ld >an also 5i"ht be fond of food. *hen the chief said: -6 er food also to the 6ld >anS )nvite hi5 to eatS =ive hi5 so5e fish, "ive hi5 so5e venisonS1 6ne of the 5en /ho had brou"ht the fishBtra ashore then said: ->aybe he is still over there in the creek Q )4ll "o and seeS1 He /ent o to/ard the /ater but did not find hi5. *hen he searched around, but he could not find hi5. *hen he /ent back to the beach: -) can4t find hi5S1 he cried. ##?. *hen the boys &uit eatin": -We /ill all look for the 6ld >anS1 they said. 9lon" the river, in the brush, they searched for hi5. But they could not find hi5. -He 5ay have "one o so5e/hereS1 they said, and they returned ho5e. ##A. *hey returned ho5e feelin" badly. *he chief haran"ued the5: -*hat 6ld >an /ho /ent around teachin" us, he is the one /ho 5ade us. He /as teachin" us thin"s that /e did not kno/. )n the sa5e /ay he 5ust have "one so5e/here else to teach. He 5ust have left us to teach other eo le so5e/here else.1 *hus s oke the chief. ##@. 9fter a /hile the >aru5da /ent back to his lace in the north.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE WORLDR ,Y SNOW AND ICE

##E. *he ti5e assed, the ti5e assed, the ti5e assed, the ti5e assed, and then >aru5da sa/ in a drea5 that the eo le he had 5ade /ere

, 2%2 , actin" badly. -WahS What4s the 5atter /ith the /orldR1 he said, and he lay do/n. ##%. He took his i e out of his little driedBu sack, he ut tobacco in, he laced a coal on to , he ble/ on it, he ble/ it afire. He took the coal and ut it back in the sack, and then he u ed s5oke. -+ohS 0u5eeS1 he cried, -5ay this s5oke s read like a cloud over the earthS1 and then he &uit s5okin". -) /ill ask 5y elder brother /hy these eo le that ) 5ade are behavin" badly.1 *hus he said, and he /ent to see the <uksu. #20. He traveled for ei"ht days, and then he "ot there. 7our ti5es each /ay he /ent around the <uksu4s house, and then he knocked at the door. -6oo Q S1 he cried fro5 inside, -6oo Q S Co5e in on the east sideS Co5e in on the east sideS1 thus s oke the <uksu. #2#. >aru5da /ent in on the east side, and sat do/n in silence. He felt in his little driedBu sack and brou"ht out his i e. He filled it /ith tobacco and laced a coal on to . He ble/ on it, ble/ it afire, took the coal and ut it back in the sack. #22. *hen he s5oked. 7our ti5es he dre/, then: -Here, brother, take itS1 *he <uksu 5ade a 5otion four ti5es as if to take it, then he acce ted it, and said, -+ooS 0u5eeS What4s the 5atter /ith the /orldR *hey ou"ht to be "ood, but they are actin" /ron"lyS +ou 5ade the5 and they ou"ht to behave accordin" to your lanS *hey are your eo le, therefore do as you like /ith the5S1 #2$. *hen he s5oked. 7our ti5es he dre/, and then he "ave the i e back to >aru5da. >aru5da said: -6hS +ou have s oken /ellS +ou kne/S +ou kne/ that the eo le ) had 5ade /ere behavin" badlyS :o/ ) a5 "oin" to destroy the5 /ith sno/ and /ith iceS1 -9ll ri"ht,1 said <uksu, -you 5ay /ell destroy the5. 9fter a /hile you /ill try another kind.1 -6hS *hat is /hy ) ca5e here: to "et your a roval. 9nd no/ ) /ill "o back, and then ) /ill 5ake it sno/S1 9nd ri"ht a/ay he left. #2G. *hen the cloudBhouse floated back to the north. )t floated over above the earth, and the thunder roared in the north. 9fter that sno/ and hail fell, and in no ti5e the sno/ 5antled the earth. *he eo le /ere sno/ed in. *i5e assed. *he eo le /ere e;hausted fro5 cold and starvation. *i5e assed. >aru5da never looked back. He /ent on north. , 2%$ , #2?. 9fter a /hile he drea5ed that all the eo le /ere dead on the earth. -WahS1 he said, -)4ll "o and see if they are all e;ter5inated Q 1 and he /ent south. He /ent to the lace /here he had first 5ade eo le and he looked around. *here /as no oneP only birds /alkin" around. #2A. -Where are the eo leR1 he asked the birds. *he *hrasher ans/ered: -9ll the eo le have been destroyed.1 *he >eado/lark also ut in a /ord: --)wal "uhl=6i(its$ do/n they ski edS1 he said, the >eado/lark. #2@. *hen >aru5da /alked around. -6ooS1 he said, -there /ill be eo le here a"ainS1

FOURTH RE*CREATION OF THE WORLD

#2E. He /alked around the valley. By the side of a 5ountain he 5ade a s rin". *hen a little /ays fro5 there he du" a hole. *hen he lanted sticks around it. *hen he /ent a/ay fro5 the s rin". *hen he built a fire, and /ith his back to it he lay do/n to slee . *hen he /ished: -6ver there /here ) /ished it to be, eo le /ill beS1 and then he lay do/n to slee . #2%. Must before da/n he /oke u . He lifted his head &uickly. )t sounded to hi5 like eo le talkin". He

held his head u and listened, but he could not hear anythin". *hen he lay do/n a"ain and /ent sound aslee . While he /as sound aslee so5e little boys ca5e u on hi5. -Here is an old 5an lyin" aslee ,1 said the little boys. #$0. *hen the 6ld >an /oke u : -)s that you, little boysR1 *hen the little boys asked hi5: -Where do you co5e fro5R1 -) ca5 ed a lon" /ay fro5 here. 9re there any eo le around hereR1 -+es indeedS 6ver there there are lots of eo leS1 -Lead 5e over thereS1 he said, and then the little boys they lifted hi5 u , they ushed hi5 u , and they ulled hi5 u . #$#. *hen they led hi5 to the eo le. *he eo le "athered in front of the entrance to the dance house. -6ver there the little boys are leadin" an old 5an Q Where did they find hi5R1 they /ere /onderin". *hey led the old 5an to /here the 5en /ere "athered. -Where did you find , 2%G , that old 5anR1 -6ver there on the hillside he /as lyin" do/n,1 the boys ans/ered. #$2. >aru5da sat do/n by the entrance. ->enS =ather hereS1 he called. *hen he sat u and /alkin" a5on" the eo le he took one of the5 by the hand and led hi5 aside. -0tand hereS1 he said to hi5. -Let 5e teach youS +ou /ill be the HeadBChief of these eo le. +ou /ill teach the5. +ou /ill 5ake lans for the5. +ou /ill haran"ue the5. +ou /ill take care of the5. *his is your villa"e. 9nd they in turn /ill take care of youS1 *hus he s oke. #$$. 9nd no/, "oin" a"ain a5id the cro/d, he took one of the 5en by the ar5. -Co5eS1 he said, -and you also stand hereS1 9nd then he /ent back and took another 5an by the hand, and he led hi5 to the side of the first one. -0tand hereS1 he said. 9nd then he /ent back, and takin" another one by the hand he led hi5 to the side of the second one. -0tand hereS1 he said. #$G. -+ou /ill be the LieutenantBChiefs of all these eo leS +ou /ill take care of the5. +ou /ill teach the5 as children. +ou /ill take care of this villa"e. 6ver there on yonder 5ountain there is deer. )n that /ater over there, there is fish. 6ver there on that hill there are acornsP there are bayBnuts alsoP you /ill eat those. 6ver there on the lake there are birdsP you /ill eat those. 9ll this is your food.1 *hus s oke the >aru5da. #$?. 9fter a /hile he /ent and "ot so5e 5ilk/eed. He laid it do/n by the fire, and /hen it /as dry he cracked it /ith his teeth and scra ed it. )n no ti5e he had rolled the 5ilk/eed into a strin": -*his is the /ay you 5ust do.1 He /hittled a stick and 5ade it into a 5eshBstick, then he 5ade a shuttle out of another stick, and he /ound the strin" on it. 9fter that he tied the strin" to one end of another iece of /ood and strun" it in the sha e of a bo/. 6n this he co55enced a net, and in no ti5e he had it finished. #$A. *hen he /ent into the brush, broke o t/o strai"ht sticks, and ca5e back /ith the5. 6ne /as for the crossBbo/ of the net. *he other one /as for the lon" handle. 9nd no/ he led the eo le to the river. He took the net into the /ater. 9nd the youn" 5en also hel ed to hold the net in the /ater. -:o/, no/S 0 lash the /aterS1 he said. *hen the youn" 5en s lashed the /ater. *hen the fish /ent into the net and filled it. , 2%? , #$@. *hen he called the youn" 5en. *hey ran to hi5. *hey took hold of the net and ulled it shore/ard. 9ll kinds of fish. *he eo le /ho had re5ained on the bank /ere /atchin". *hen: -Build a fireS Build a fireS1 cried the >aru5da.

#$E. *hen they built a bi" fire. 7irst they laid the fish on the fire. *he very first batch they had ulled ashore, once it /as cooked, /as enou"h to su ly the /hole villa"e. *hey did not kno/ /hat to do /ith it. )t stood in a ile by the side of the fire like a 5ountain. #$%. *hen the 6ld >an took so5e of the fish, he laid the5 on the "round, s lit the5 o en /hile the eo le "athered around hi5, /atchin". *he 6ld >an ate the fish, he ate it all u . *hen: -*hat4s the /ay to eatS1 he said to the5. #G0. *hen he acted as if he /ere "oin" out for Nust a little /ay. But it /as to be forever. 9fter that they never sa/ hi5 a"ain. #G#. 9fter that he /ent over the hill to /here there /as a bi" valley, and he /alked around. -Here also there /ill be a villa"e,1 he said. He brou"ht so5e /illo/ /ands to the center of the valley, and du" a s5all hole. He lanted the /ands around the hole and then he /ent a/ay. #G2. He stood a little /ay o and he 5ade a /ish: -6ver there, there /ill be a dance houseS )n this dance house there /ill be eo leS1 *hus he s oke and then he /ent a/ay. He /ent a/ay and built a fire on a hillside. He lay do/n to slee by the side of the fire. He sle t all ni"ht. #G$. 9t sunrise the eo le ca5e ourin" out of the house, boys, youn" 5en, youn" /o5en, "ro/nBu 5en, /o5en, they s/ar5ed out. 6ne of the5 sa/ the fire. -6ver there Q a fireS1 he cried. 0o5e of the boys ran over there. -HeyS Here is an old 5an lyin" do/nS1 they cried. *hus they said and they ran back. #GG. *hey told the "ro/nBu eo le. *hen the "ro/nBu eo le, they /ent there. *hey /ent. -Why are you lyin" hereR1 they asked. *hen the 6ld >an turned over on his side. -)s it you 5y eo leR1 he asked. -+esS1 they ans/ered. -Co5e over there and teach usS1 they said, and they ulled hi5 u . #G?. *hen they led hi5 u , they continued to lead hi5, they led hi5 to/ard the dance house, they led hi5 into the house. *hey 5ade hi5 , 2%A , sit do/n in front of the centerB ost. ->ay you live ha ilyS >ay the food "ro/ in this valley for youS 6n that 5ountain over there, there /ill be acorns for you, bayBnuts, 5anHanita, for you to eat, for you to store a/ay. When your friends co5e, you /ill eat to"ether. *here are "oin" to be 5any eo le like this. *hey 5ay co5e to visit you fro5 afar. When they co5e you 5ust "reet the5 thus: -)n that river do/n there there is fish. 'at itS )t is food for you. 6ver on that 5ountain there are deer. Hunt the5S )t is food for you. )n that ond yonder there are birds. 'at the5S *hey are food for you. #GA. -+ou /ill build houses in /hich to d/ell. *his house /ill be a dance house in /hich to erfor5 your cere5onies. 6ver there on that 5ountain there is flint. +ou /ill 5ake arro/heads out of it so as to hunt deer.1 *hus he tau"ht the5, and then he /ent out. #G@. He /atched the boys layin". *hen he called the 5en to"ether. He took one of the5 by the ar5 and stood hi5 aside. -*his 5an /ill be your HeadBChief. He /ill 5ake lans for you. He /ill lace the kno/led"e for you.1 *hus s oke the >aru5da. #GE. 9nd then he took another 5an by the hand, led hi5 out of the cro/d, and stood hi5 by the side of the other one. *hen he took another 5an by the hand, led hi5 out, and stood hi5 by the side of the last one. *hen he took still another 5an by the hand, led hi5 out, and stood hi5 by the side of the others. -*hese eo le /ill advise you and haran"ue you. *he first one ) took by the hand, he /ill be your HeadChief. +ou 5ust not disobey his orders. *hese four 5en /ill take care of you.1 *hus s oke the >aru5da.

FOURTH AND LAST DESTRUCTION OF THE WORLDR,Y A WHIRLWIND

#G%. *hen >aru5da /ent back to his abode. *i5e assed, ti5e assed, ti5e assed, ti5e assed, and then he drea5ed. -What is the 5atter /ith the /orldR Why don4t they do as ) teach the5R *hey have thro/n a/ay the kno/led"eS Why have they turned a"ain to incestR ) forbade the5 to do thatS ) /ill have to see about it.1 *hus he said, and he started his cloudBhouse floatin". , 2%@ , #?0. He 5ade it float over the earth, and then he looked do/n to see /hat /as "oin" on. *hen he floated to/ard the <uksu. He floated out to the <uksu4s house. 7our ti5es he floated around it, and then he floated do/n to it. *hen he "ot out of his cloudBhouse and knocked at the door. -6ooS1 cried the <uksu fro5 inside, and he o ened the door. -6ooS 6n the east sideS 6n the east sideS1 he said. #?#. *hen >aru5da /ent in on the east side and sat do/n a"ainst the /all on the east side. He felt in his little driedBu sack, he took out his i e, he filled it /ith tobacco, he took out a coal and laced it on to of the tobacco, he ble/ on it, he ble/ it afire, he re5oved the coal and ut it back in the little sack, and then he s5oked. #?2. 7our ti5es he dre/, and then he "ave the i e to the <uksu. -Brother, you test it no/S1 he said. He /ent out to hi5, and four ti5es he 5ade as if to take it, and then he took it, and then he /ent back to the lace /here he had been sittin" before. -6ooS +o 0u5eeS >ay our conference be "ood, 5ay /e be /ell ins iredS1 *hus he said, and then he s5oked. #?$. 7our ti5es he inhaled, and then he returned the i e to >aru5da, and he /ent back to /here he had been sittin". -6oo Q S :o/ a"ain they have been doin" /ron", the eo le that /e 5adeS *herefore ) /ant your consent to destroy the5 for the last ti5e. :o/, this is /hat /e /ill do, /e /ill teach the5 to s eak di erent lan"ua"es so that they cannot understand each other. #?G. ->aybe it is because they s eak only one lan"ua"e that they are incestuous /ith their o/n children, /ith their older sisters, and /ith their youn"er sisters. *hat is /hy they are be"ettin" uny and defor5ed children. *herefore ) /ant to destroy the5S1 *hus s oke the >aru5da. #??. -6oo Q S *hat is /ell. +ou kno/ your o/n business. +ou 5ade these eo leP therefore it is your ri"ht to destroy the5. *his ti5e you had better blo/ the5 a/ay /ith a /hirl/ind. +ou "o and "et the Whirl/indB>an /here he lives in the east under the sun. He /ill blo/ the5 a/ay for you. *he eo le that you destroyed before, 5aybe they inherit their bad tendencies fro5 the bones in the "round, and that is /hy they are not &uittin" their evil /ays. #?A. -:o/ therefore you /ill scatter the5 /ith the /ind. 9fter that , 2%E , you /ill 5ake ne/ eo le, bi" ones. +ou /ill teach the5 di erent lan"ua"es so that they 5ay not understand one another.1 *hus s oke the <uksu. #?@. -6hS *hat4s "oodS *hat is /hat ) ca5e to hear. ) /ill /i e o the /hole /orld and then ) /ill co5e back to youS1 thus said the >aru5da. -9nd then /e /ill 5ake a di erent kind of eo le. +ou /ill 5ake eo le over there as you like the5, and ) /ill 5ake eo le here as ) like. 6hS ) /ill find you so5e/hereS 6hS :o/ ) /ill "oS1 -6hS =o your /ayS =o your /ayS1 said the <uksu.

#?E. -+ou /atch hereS Whatever ha ens ) /ill co5e back. )f not, then ) /ill call you, and you co5e to 5e in the north by the side of the /ater,1 thus said the >aru5da. -6ooS1 ans/ered the <uksu, -) /ill co5e. Wherever you are ) /ill co5eS1 thus said the <uksu. -6oo, "o your /ay, "o your /ayS1 #?%. *hen they se arated. *hen he "ot u in his cloudBhouse, and the house started to race like the /ind, "oin" east/ard. )n no ti5e it arrived at the Whirl/indB>an4s house. )t stood /hirlin" like a bi" 5ountain of s5oke. #A0. 7our ti5es he /ent around, and then do/n/ard he floated to it, and then he knocked at the door. -KlingA1 it said, and the door o ened. -HeyS heyS1 said the Whirl/indB>an, -it looks like the 6ld >anS >ust be so5ethin" /ron" that you ca5e. Co5e inS Co5e inS 6n the east sideS 6n the east sideS1 #A#. -6hS *he eo le have "one /ron", they are actin" badly. *hat4s /hy ) have co5e for you. 6ver there on the earth you 5ust destroy the eo le. *hey are behavin" badly. *hey ractice incest /ith their children, /ith their sisters. *hat4s /hy they are beco5in" uny and defor5ed, inca able of huntin" their food. *herefore ) /ant you to destroy these eo le. 9fter that ) /ill 5ake di erent and better eo le.1 *hus s oke the >aru5da. #A2. -6ooS 9ll ri"htS )t4s too bad for the5 to act that /ay, to disre"ard the rules, to for"et /hat they /ere tau"ht, to thro/ a/ay their kno/led"eS 9ll ri"ht then, ) /ill blo/ the5 a/ayS1 *hus s oke the Whirl/ind>an. -9ll ri"ht,1 said >aru5da. -Co5eS +ou /ill "o /ith 5e.1 -9ll , 2%% , ri"htS1 *hen >aru5da /ent out and "ot into his cloudBhouse, /ith the Whirl/indB>an follo/in" hi5. #A$. *hen the Whirl/indB>an /hirled his cane, he 5ade the cloudhouse /hirl, he /hirled it to the north, and he hi5self follo/ed. 9nd as he /ent over the land the /ater stood u and the trees /ere u rooted. #AG. :o/ the Whirl/indB>an /as in the lead /ith >aru5da follo/in". -:o/ /e are "oin" to destroyS :o/ /e are "oin" to destroyS1 he cried as he /ent ahead. Whenever the Whirl/ind reached a villa"e you could not see /here the eo le /ent. 0o5e ran into the dance house. *he Whirl/ind ble/ a/ay the house and scattered the eo le every/here. *hus he did and destroyed all the eo le. #A?. =roundB0&uirrel ca5e out of his hole. -WhyS all the eo le are destroyed and titsi#A1 he said. *he Whirl/ind heard hi5 and he ca5e back and ulled hi5 out of his hole. -Titsi#A1 he said and thre/ hi5 in the /ater. *hen he /hirled the /ater into a s out. =roundB0&uirrel scooted back under the "round. -*hat4s the /ay to treat eo le /hen they "et freshS1 said the Whirl/ind. #AA. 9nd no/ the Whirl/ind /as returnin". *he eo le /ere destroyed. Whirl/indB>an /as "oin" ho5e still on the lookout for eo le. *hen it /as that he ca5e across the 0kunk. He ran u to hi5 and said: -Ho/ do you ha en to be /alkin" aboutR1 *hen he "rabbed hi5 and started to /hirl hi5 around. *hen 0kunk farted, and Whirl/ind thre/ hi5 a/ay. -)f you /ere eo le ) /ould thro/ you in the /aterS1 he cried to hi5. *hen he chased hi5 into a hole in the rocks, and then he u turned the rocks. *hat4s the /ay 0kunk beat the Whirl/ind /ith his fart. #A@. 9fter this the Whirl/ind left hi5 and /ended his /ay north, lookin" for eo le that 5i"ht have esca ed, but he found no one. -*hat4s /hat ha ens to bad eo leS1 he said, and then he started searchin" for the 6ld >an. ->aybe so5ethin" /ent /ron" /ith hi5 Q He /as ahead of 5e Q and then ) didn4t see hi5 any 5ore Q ) had better search for hi5 Q 1 and he /ent north. He ran north like li"htnin", and in no ti5e he arrived at >aru5da4s house. -6hS +ou are hereS1 he said. #AE. -+esS1 said the >aru5da. -9nd you are aliveR1 -+es, ) a5 lyin" do/n but ) a5 alive.1 -Well,

everythin" is finished, Nust e;actly the /ay , $00 , you told 5e to do it.1 -9ll ri"ht Q Have a s5oke before you "o,1 said the >aru5da, takin" his i e out of the little driedBu sack. *hen he filled it /ith tobacco, ut a coal on to , ble/ on it, ble/ it afire, re5oved the coal, ut it back into the sack, and then he s5oked. #A%. *hen he assed the i e to the Whirl/ind. -+oooS 0u5eeS1 said the Whirl/ind. ->ay it be /ellS >ay his kno/led"e be ri"htS >ay /hatever he does be fitS When he 5akes eo le they /ill be ri"ht, they /ill be fine, they /ill be thrifty, they /ill not ractice incest /ith their o/n bloodS )f the eo le that he 5akes /ill listen to these /ords they /ill be all ri"htS +oooS 0u5eeS1 thus he said. #@0. *hen he inhaled four ti5es, and he "ave the i e back to >aru5da. -6hS *hat4s "ood, 5y son, that4s "oodS 9nd no/ you 5ay "o back and you /ill hear /henever ) 5ake those eo leS 6hS +ou 5ay "oS1 *hen the Whirl/ind "ot into his house. )t 5ade -Klin#A1 and then it raced, the Whirl/ind4s house, it raced like the li"htnin", and in no ti5e he "ot ho5e in the east, and it sounded lain as he /ent. #@#. 9nd no/ >aru5da started to look for eo le. -Have all the eo le been destroyedR1 he said to hi5self as he /ent alon". 9nd then: -'hS What shall ) doR1 he said, /alkin" alon". -6hS *here 5ust be eo leS *his earth cannot stay nakedS *here are "oin" to be 5any eo les on this earth. *hey /ill s eak di erent lan"ua"es. *hey /ill be di erent in color, the eo le on this earthS1

FIFTH AND LAST CREATION OF THE WORLD

#@2. 9nd then he /ent east/ard, the >aru5da. He arrived at a lar"e valley and /alked around it. -WahS1 he said, -/hy are there no eo le hereR Here there /ill be a villa"eS1 *hen he brou"ht so5e /illo/ sticks to the 5iddle of the valley. *here he du" a s5all hole, and all around he lanted the sticks. #@$. -+ohS1 he said, and then he /ent o a little /ay, there he built a fire, and then he /ent back. 9nd no/ to one of the sticks that he had lanted he tied the end of a strin" that he took out of his little driedB u sack. *hen he /ent back to the fire and lay do/n /ith his back to it after assin" the other end of the strin" throu"h his earBhole and 5akin" it fast. , $0# , #@G. He /as Nust doHin" /hen it Nerked, and he sat u . He looked back to /here he had lanted the sticks. He did not see anythin". -WahS1 he said, and he lay back to slee . He sle t. )n the 5iddle of the ni"ht it Nerked hi5, and he sat u . He looked to /here he had lanted the sticks, but nothin". He /ent back to slee . *o/ard da/n it Nerked hi5. He aid no attention. 9t daybreak it Nerked and ulled hi5 u . *hen he sat u . #@?. *his ti5e he eered. Where he had lanted the sticks it sounded like eo le talkin" a5on" the5selves. -'hS What ) lanned /ill stand trueS1 he said, and he /ent over. 9s he /as nearin" the roundhouse a 5an ca5e out of the door. -Where are you "oin"R1 he asked. #@A. -) have co5e to see ho/ the villa"es are doin". )n this valley you /ill hunt your foodS1 *hen the 5an called to the eo le inside and then ca5e out. -Ho/ are /e to hunt foodR1 asked the leader. #@@. -*hat4s /hat ) have co5e to teach you. Break o so5e of that /ood over there and brin" it here.1 *hen the 5an /ho /as in front of the others broke o so5e of the /ood and brou"ht it back. -:o/

break o so5e little ones and brin" the5 hereS1 *hen that 5an broke o so5e little sticks and brou"ht the5 back. #@E. *hen >aru5da s lit the lar"e iece of /ood and scra ed it, and in no ti5e he 5ade a bo/ out of it. *hen he eeled the little ones and 5ade arro/s out of the5. *hen: -Brin" so5e flint fro5 over thereS1 he said. He chi ed the flint /ith his teeth, and in no ti5e he 5ade arro/heads out of it. *hen he felt in his little driedBu sack and brou"ht out so5e sine/. #@%. He t/irled a strin", tied it to the bo/, and ulled. -*his is called a bo/,1 he said. *hen he felt in his little driedBu sack and brou"ht out so5e feathers, he s lit the5, and tied the5 to the end of the arro/s. *hen he fi;ed the flint arro/heads. -With this you /ill hunt deer,1 he said. #E0. *hen he said to the /o5en: -6ver there there is #uhum Xbasket/eavin" 5aterialY.1 -What is #uhumX1 they asked. *hen >aru5da /ent to di" so5e and brou"ht it back. -*his is /eavin" 5aterial for you.1 He also brou"ht so5e /illo/ roots. -With these you /ill 5ake baskets. 6ver on that 5ountain there are trees /ith acorns. *hese are food for you. )n that river over there there is fish for you to catch /ith nets. *hus you /ill live.1 , $02 , #E#. He felt in the little sack hun" around his neck and brou"ht out a strin". *hen he started a net and in no ti5e he /ove a lon" one. -*his is a gunam net Xa seineY,1 he said. *hen he /ove a 6u>al XfishBtra Y. -+ou /ill 5ake a da5 in yonder river, you /ill lace this tra in it, and then you /ill drive the fish into it.1 #E2. *hen he icked u a rock and ecked it, and in no ti5e he 5ade a estle. *hen he brou"ht out a flat rock. -*his is called a gushiI>a6e X5etateY, for oundin" seeds and acorns.1 *hen after a /hile he said: -:o/ ) a5 "oin". Live ri"hteously and your eo le /ill be healthyS1 *hus he said, and he /ent on. #E$. )n this fashion he /ent around the /orld. Wherever there /as a "ood lace, there he 5ade a villa"e. He /ent /here he had first 5ade eo le. -9re you livin" /ellR1 he asked. -+es, /e are livin" /ell. But /here have you beenR1 -Must a little /ay.1 -9re there other eo le like usR1 #EG. -+es, lots of the5S *here are eo le far fro5 here /hose lan"ua"e you don4t understand. *hey s eak di erent lan"ua"es. *hey live on the other side of that 5ountain. *hey s eak nearly like you. +ou 5ust 5ake friends /ith the5.1 #E?. *hus he said. *hen the chief sent t/o youn" 5en over. *he t/o youn" 5en /ent over the 5ountain and found a lar"e villa"e there, and they ca5e back. #EA. 9fter this the 6ld >an /ent a/ay so5eho/, and after this nobody ever sa/ hi5 a"ain in that villa"e. #E@. *hen he /ent o. He /ent over the hill to /here there /as a bi" valley, and he /alked around it. -Here also there 5ust be a villa"eS1 he said. He brou"ht so5e /illo/ /ands to the 5iddle of the valley, and there he du" a little hole. *hen he s lit the /ands /ith his teeth, he took so5e charcoal and crushed it. *hen he ainted the sticks /ith it. #EE. -*his one /ill be the son" leader. *hese /ill be the chorus. *hese /ill be the dancers. *hese /ill be the /o5en dancers.1 He felt in his little driedBu sack and brou"ht out a strin". He tied one end to one of the sticks, and the other end he tied to his o/n earBhole. #E%. *hen he lay do/n /ith his back to the fire. He /as sound aslee /hen the strin" ulled hi5 u .

*hen he "ot u . )t /as the dancers. *he , $0$ , eo le that he had /ished, they "ot u to dance, and then it /as that the strin" Nerked hi5. #%0. *hen he also started to dance. 9nd the boys, and the "irls, and the chorus, they all /atched hi5. *hey lau"hed at hi5: -Hurrah for the 6ld >anS1 But the chief sto ed the5 sayin": -(on4t do thatS *his is our 6ld >an >aru5daS He is the one /ho 5ade usS1 #%#. 7our ni"hts he 5ade the5 dance. When the sun /as hi"h the eo le "ot out of the dance house and the chief haran"ued the5: -:o/ you "o and hunt deer so that /e 5ay have a feastS1 #%2. 9nd then the /o5en ounded acorns, and /hen they /ere done they carried the 5eal to the /ater. *hey scoo ed out the "round like a bo/l and oured the 5eal in it. *hen they oured /ater over it to leach it. 9nd the boys brou"ht out a lar"e deer and ut it do/n at the entrance. #%$. *hey had already built a fire in re aration. :o/ the 5en &uartered the deer. :o/ the /o5en brou"ht in the dou"h. *he 5en had already heated the cookin"Brocks in the fire. *he /o5en soon dissolved the dou"h. *hey dro ed the cookin"Brocks in a basket and cooked the 5ush. #%G. 9fter this the 5en cut the deerB5eat into strin"s and ut it on the fire. 9s soon as so5e of the 5eat /as roasted they took it out of the fire and ut it on the table /hile other eo le cut 5ore venison into strin"s. *hus all the 5eat "ot cooked. #%?. 9nd no/ the chief called: -=ather hitherS1 *hen all the eo le "athered. *he /o5en brou"ht out the cooked 5ush and the 5eat. *hey brou"ht it out, and then the /o5en "athered in one lace. #%A. *hen the chief chose four youn" 5en. He took the leader by the ar5. *hen he Xthe leaderY took the ne;t one by the hand. *his one in turn took the ne;t one by the hand. *hus he led the5 around the food four ti5es back and forth. *hen he laced the leader on the south side. *he ne;t one he laced on the east side. *he ne;t one he laced on the north side. *he last one he laced on the /est side. #%@. *hen the chief s oke: -*hese eo le ) have chosen to be your "uardians. *hey /ill 5ake lans for you. *hey /ill address you in s eeches.1 , $0G , #%E. *hen the >aru5da s oke: -*his is /hat you eo le are "oin" to do. +ou are "oin" to "ather your rovisions, your venisonB5eat, your acorns, your valleyBseeds. *hen you /ill store it a/ay, and on this you /ill live in abundance. +ou /ill hold festivals. When visitors co5e fro5 a distance, take the5 into the house and artake of food /ith the5. When your friends co5e fro5 so5e/here to visit you, that4s the /ay you 5ust rovide the5 /ith food. #%%. -*here are "oin" to be 5any of you eo le. *herefore you 5ust take care of each other. *herefore you 5ust clai5 one another as friends, you 5ust clai5 one another as relatives. *hus you /ill live in ha inessS1 *hus s oke the >aru5da. 9nd then he de arted. 200. *hus it /as that eo le "ot ac&uainted /ith one another. *hey ackno/led"ed one another as friends and relations. *he youn" 5en hunted deer and cau"ht fish. *hey "athered acorns. *hey 5arried and brou"ht food in do/ry, and deer, and fish. *hus they did. 20#. *hus he /ent, the >aru5da, 5akin" villa"es on the shores of the lake, and he ca5e around a"ain to /here he had 5ade the first villa"e. *he little boys found hi5. -Here lies an old 5anS1 they said.

*he older boys ca5e near. -Where have you co5e fro5R1 they asked hi5. -6hS ) have co5e fro5 far a/ay Q 0ay, little boys, brin" 5e an acorn shell.1 *hen the bi""est of the boys said, -)4ll brin" itS1 202. *he boy ran ho5e and ca5e back /ith an acorn shell. -9re you "oin" to eat itR1 he asked the >aru5da. -:o, "ive it to 5eS1 *he boy "ave hi5 the shell. *hen >aru5da took it and thre/ it in the /ater. -HeyS1 cried the boy, -/hat did you thro/ it a/ay forR :o/ ) /on4t "ive you any 5ore. +ou thre/ it a/ayS :o/ ) /on4t "ive you any 5ore.1 20$. -Look over thereS1 said >aru5da. *he boys /ent to the shore and looked at the shell. )t /as floatin". *hen they also thre/ in acorn shells. >aru5da4s shell floated on Xthe /aterY and beca5e a boat. *he boys4 shells did not beco5e boats. -Why is it that your shell beca5e a boat but ours did notR1 asked the boys. 20G. -9re you "oin" to ride in itR1 they asked then. -+es, ) a5 "oin" across the lake in it.1 -9nd you are not afraidR1 -What should ) be afraid ofR1 said >aru5da. -Won4t the /aterBbears eat youR1 -*he /aterBbears are 5y lay5ates,1 said the >aru5da. -Look, boys, ) a5 "oin" no/.1 , $0? , He ushed the boat into the /ater, he "ot in, /ith his cane he shoved o, then he /hirled the cane, and that boat /ent o like a bird flyin". )n no ti5e it /as out of si"ht. -6h, he is "oneS1 cried the boys. 20?. :ot far fro5 there, there /ere so5e "ro/nBu eo le /atchin". -Who /as that old 5anR1 asked the boys. -What did you ask hi5R1 said the eo le. -*hat /as no old 5an. He Nust 5ade hi5self into an old 5an. 9nd then he "re/ /in"s. His na5e is >aru5da. He is the one /ho 5ade the /orld. He 5ade the lake. He 5ade everythin" that you see. +ou sa/ ho/ he 5ade a boat out of that shell that he thre/ in the /ater. He 5ade this bi" lake and he can dry it u . He also 5ade us eo le. He 5ade everythin" here on the earth. Understand that, boysS1 *hus s oke the chief. 20A. >aru5da4s boat /as already across. )t skidded ashore. *here /ere so5e boys layin" there /ho sa/ hi5 land. -HeyS 9n old 5an Nust landed out of the /aterS1 they cried. *hen a cro/d of eo le ca5e out, 5en and /o5en. -WhyS Here is our 6ld >anS =ive hi5 foodS1 cried the chief. 20@. *hen the /o5en /ent to the house to fetch food and they ca5e back /ith 5eal and 5ush for the 6ld >an. -*hank youS *hank youS1 he said, -) /ill freshen Xi.e., initiateY the boys for you /hen ) a5 throu"h eatin". Look to/ard the southS1 *he boys sa/ a 5onster runnin". -He is runnin" this /ayS1 they cried. 20E. *he 5onster a roached nearer and nearer, and the boys ran a/ay, but he headed the5 o. *hey ran to/ard the house. He rounded the5 u in one lace and drove the5 into the house. *hen he /ent around the house, four ti5es to the ri"ht, and four ti5es to the left, he /ent around. *hen he /ent over to /here >aru5da /as sittin". 20%. -6hS1 said the >aru5da, -that4s 5y older brother the <uksuS1 -+oun"er brother, ho/ are the eo le that you 5adeR 9re they behavin"R (id everythin" co5e ri"ht as you /ishedR +ou haven4t 5issed anythin"R1 *hus s oke the <uksu. 2#0. *hey /ere sittin" facin" the lake. -+es, ) 5ade everythin" as ) /anted, and then ) crossed over.1 -*hen ) a5 ha yS :o/ you 5ust 5ake the eo le hold a dance, a fourBday dance.1 -) told the5 the sa5e thin" over there across Xthe /aterY. We /ill /atch this dance and /hen , $0A , it is all co5 leted and /ell erfor5ed, /e /ill "o over there.1 *hus said the >aru5da.

2##. -9ll ri"htS1 said the <uksu. -+ou are ri"ht, your /ords are true. =ood /ords, sound kno/led"e and strai"ht. *herefore 5ake a s eech for the5 so that they 5ay learn fro5 you. 9lready they have their dancin" costu5es on.1 *hus s oke the <uksu. 2#2. *hen >aru5da "ot u and /ent to/ard the dance house. He stood on to of the dance house and haran"ued the eo le: -=ather for the danceS =ather for the danceS >y eo le, 5y boys, 5y "irlsS =ather for the danceS =o into the dance houseS1 *hen the eo le, the boys, the "irls, the children, everybody /ent into the dance house. 2#$. *he 5en "athered in front of the centerB ost. *he chorus sat do/n in front of the5. 9nd then >aru5da ca5e out in front of the5. *hen the eo le tried to sin" the son", but they didn4t kno/ ho/. 2#G. *hen >aru5da hi5self san" it. X06:=.Y -*his is the sittin"do/nBson",1 said >aru5da. 2#?. >ean/hile the 5en and the /o5en /ere fi;in" their dancin" costu5es. :o/ they san" the danceB son". >en and boys to"ether /ere fi;in" the5selves. Wo5en and "irls to"ether /ere fi;in" the5selves. *he dance house /as cro/ded /ith dancers. 2#A. )n the lead /ent the >aru5da. He erfor5ed in front of the5. 'i"ht ti5es he danced and sto ed, and then they rested. *hey danced all ni"ht for four ni"hts. *hey carried out the dance till Nust before da/n. *hen they took o their dancin" costu5es and carried the5 around the dance house four ti5es. 2#@. 9fter this the 5en /ent to the lake to bathe. *he youn" 5en /ent to the lake to bathe. *he /o5en /ent to the lake to bathe. *he "irls /ent to the lake to bathe. 9nd then they ca5e back to the shore. 2#E. *hereu on the sin"ers /ent to the lake to bathe. *hey ca5e out and started to/ard the dance house. *he sin"ers /alked in the lead. *hen ca5e the 5en, then ca5e the youn" 5en, then ca5e the /o5en, then ca5e the "irls. 2#%. 7our ti5es each /ay they /ent around the dance house, and then they /ent in. 9nd no/ they /ent around the centerB ost four ti5es each , $0@ , /ay. 9fter that they sat do/n inside the house. >aru5da stood in front of the centerB ost and delivered a rayer. 7our ti5es he s oke. 220. *hen he co55anded: ->ake donations of foodS1 *hen everyone in the villa"e brou"ht out donations of food. :o/ >aru5da selected assistant chiefs. He selected four of the5 to distribute the food. He selected four 5en, and he selected four /o5en chiefs to distribute the food. 22#. *hey first "ave so5e to >aru5da, a ball of 5ush. )n no ti5e he cleaned it u . 9nd then he /ent o. *hat /as forever that he de arted. 9fter that no one ever sa/ hi5. :o one kno/s /here he /ent. *hus it ha ened. 222. )n this /ise he visited every villa"e, teachin" the5 ho/ to erfor5 the dances. 'i"ht days and ei"ht ni"hts he /ould erfor5, and then it /as co5 leted. 22$. 9fter this he /alked about on a 5ountain, and he called to"ether the coyotes: -+ou /ill /atch over the villa"es that are strun" out on the land. )f ene5ies should a roach, you 5ust cry: Guhm a(a guhm a(a 'ne5ies Q ene5ies Q 1 *hus the >aru5da instructed the coyotes. 22G. 9fter this he called to"ether the /olves of the /oods: -+ou /ill travel in the /oods, huntin" your foodS1 *hus he instructed the5. 9nd then he called to"ether the u5as: -+ou /ill travel on the 5ountains, huntin" your foodS1 *hus he instructed the5. 22?. *hen he called to"ether the wi"(a Xunidentified ani5alY: -+ou /ill travel a5id the rocks, huntin"

your foodS1 *hus he instructed the5. *hen he called to"ether the lyn;es: -+ou /ill travel in the cha5ise brush, huntin" your foodS1 *hus he instructed the5. *hen he called to"ether the fo;es: -+ou /ill live inside hollo/ trees a5id the rocksS1 *hus he instructed the5. 22A. *hen he called to"ether the skunks. He ca5e out /ith his tail over his head. *here /as so5e noise, and he s&uirted in that direction. He 5ade the /hole land stink as he ca5e. -+ou 5ustn4t do thatS1 said >aru5da. -6nly if they threaten to kill you, then you 5ay do itS +ou /ill live in holes in the rocks and in the trees.1 *hus he instructed the5. , $0E , 22@. *hen he called to"ether the raccoons: -+ou /ill live in holes in the trees and there you /ill hunt your foodS1 *hen he called to"ether the s&uirrels: -+ou /ill build your nests hi"h u in the trees and fro5 there you /ill "o and hunt your foodS1 *hus he instructed the5. 22E. *hen he called to"ether the 5artens: -95id the rocks you /ill d/ell. 7ro5 there you /ill hunt your food.1 *hen he called to"ether the bears: -6n the 5ountains you /ill travel. *here you /ill d/ell in caves. 7ro5 there you /ill hunt your foodS1 22%. 9fter that he called to"ether the elk: -+ou /ill d/ell in the hills and you /ill hunt your food in the valleys.1 *hus he instructed the5. 9nd then he called to"ether the cha5iseBani5als Xthe deerY, and he addressed the5: -+ou, in the hills you /ill d/ell, a5id the sa"ebrush. +ou are d/ellers of the hills.1 *hus he instructed the5. 2$0. *hen he called to"ether the rabbits: -+ou /ill live in the valleys and in the 5ountains.1 *hus he instructed the5. 9fter this he called to"ether the "roundBs&uirrels, the 5oles, the "o hers, the field 5ice, the /oodBrats, the bad"ers: -+ou /ill d/ell under the "round, you /ill live in holesS1 *hus he instructed the5. 2$#. *hen he called to"ether the rattlesnakes, the lar"e "o herBsnakes, the s5all "o herBsnakes, the 5ilkBsnakes, the redBstri ed snakes, the 5ountain "arterBsnakes, the snakes /ith "reen back and red belly, the bi" liHards, the co55on liHards, the sala5anders, the "iant sala5anders, the snails: -+ou /ill live in the hills, a5id the rocks, in the trees, in holes under"roundS1 *hus he instructed the5. 2$2. *hen he called to"ether the birds, the ea"les, the condors, the ha/ks, the falcons, the "osha/ks, the kites, the bi" horned o/ls, the screech o/ls, the ni"htha/ks, the little horned o/ls, the "round o/ls: -+ou /ill live in the hills, in hollo/ trees, in holes in rocksS1 *hus he instructed the5. 2$$. *hen he called to"ether the blueNays, the blackbirds, the &uail, the cro/s, the flickers, the redB headed /ood eckers, the 5ountain Nays, the "rouse, the robins, the 5ountain robins, the to/hees, the blackandByello/ finches, the 5ountain &uail, the roadrunners, the ravens, the sa suckers, the /ood eckers, the thrushes, the bluebirds, the 5eado/larks, , $0% , the orioles, the "rosbeaks, the s/allo/s, the black s/allo/s, the shrikes, all of the5 he called to"ether and instructed the5: -+ou /ill live in the hills and the valleys, and in hollo/ treesS1 *hus he instructed the5. 2$G. *hen he called to"ether the /ater birds, blue heron, sandBhill crane, /hite crane, bittern, little "reen heron, s/an, "oose, 5allard, cor5orant, "rebe, 5er"anser, sea"ull, iedBbilled "rebe, little 5er"anser, 5udBhen, he called the5 to"ether and addressed the5: -)n the /ater you /ill live, in the /ater you /ill seek your foodS1

2$?. *hen he called to"ether the fishes: -7ishes /ho live in the /ater, all of you, co5e ashoreS1 *hus he s oke. *hen *urtle ca5e ashore first, and behind hi5 ca5e all the fishes. -+ou are not a fishS1 said >aru5da to the *urtle. -+ou /ill travel on the land. +ou fish, you are not to travel on landS +ou fish, you 5ust live in the /ater. +ou /ill eat food fro5 the /ater. 9nd you too, *urtleS1 *hus he s oke. *hen the fish /ent back into the /ater, and *urtle floated back into the /ater. 2$A. *hus sittin" on to of a 5ountain s oke the >aru5da. *hus he instructed everythin" on the earth. Ho/ they /ere to behave, /hat they /ere to eat, /here they /ere to live, he told the5 that /ay, everythin". *hat4s /hat he called the5 to"ether for. 2$@. He sat on a lar"e flat rock on to of the 5ountain, "ivin" instructions to everythin" that lives. *hen he "ot o and stood the rock on ed"e. -Peo le 5ust never co5e hereS1 *hus s oke the >aru5da. 2$E. *hen he de arted. -)f eo le co5e here this rock /ill fall and the eo le /ill live no lon"erS )f anyone co5es here he /ill die foreverS1 *hus s oke the >aru5da. 2$%. 9fter that he /ent to see the <uksu. He arrived at the <uksu4s lace and told hi5 /hat he had done. -+ou have done the ri"ht thin"S1 said the <uksu. -0in" a rayin" son", older brotherS1 said >aru5da to <uksu. *hen: -9ll ri"htS1 he said. X06:=.Y *hus s oke the <uksu. *hen >aru5da s oke: -6hS *hat4s "oodS 6oo Q 6oo Q 6oo Q 6ooS1 9nd then the >aru5da ulled out a son". X06:=.Y *hen he /ent back to his o/n abode. 9nd the <uksu also /ent back to his o/n lace. , $#0 , 2G0. 7our ti5es he 5ade us eo le. 7irst he dro/ned the5 in the /ater. *hen he destroyed the5 by fire. *hen he destroyed the5 by sno/. *hen he destroyed the5 by a /hirl/ind. *hus he destroyed the5 four ti5es. *his tale ) /as tau"ht by the old 5en, this tale of /orldB5akin", of 5akin" eo le, this is the tale as ) /as told. 2G#. *his is the tale that ) heard /hen ) /as little, /hen ) /as a boy. , $## ,

&F. The Tri!'$ ") Y"un% H!(S"uthern P"." &6CD

Annie ,ur-e2 n!rr!t"r Abr!h!. +. H!'3ern2 "''e t"r R"bert L. O$(!'t2 tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y RO,ERT L. OSWALT Hi$t"ri !' ,! -%r"und

*he ter5s 2omo and 2omoan refer to a fa5ily of seven related lan"ua"es and to their s eakers. *he diver"ence a5on" the seven lan"ua"es is si5ilar to that a5on" the various 8o5ance lan"ua"esP at the e;tre5es, the diver"ence is "reater than that bet/een 'n"lish and =er5an. 9t a 5ore distant level, Po5oan is related to so5e lan"ua"es classified as Hokan. *he Po5o lived in an area stretchin" rou"hly fro5 about fifty 5iles north of 0an 7rancisco north/ard for ninety 5iles, and fro5 the Pacific Coast inland for fifty 5iles to include 5uch of the shore of Clear Lake, /ith an o shoot to the northeast across the )nner Coast 8an"e. 'sti5ates of the total o ulation of the reBContact Po5o vary fro5 ei"ht thousand to t/entyBone thousand. *he 0outhern Po5o, /ho occu ied the draina"e syste5 of the lo/er half of the 8ussian 8iver, /ere , $#2 , one of the 5ore nu5erous of the lan"ua"e "rou s, constitutin" about $0 ercent of the Po5o total. *hey /ere not a olitical unit but lived in several inde endent villa"e co55unities. 9bori"inally all the Po5o lived by huntin", fishin", and "atherin" lant foods. 9corns /ere the sta le of their diet and re&uired a "reat deal of re aration: "atherin", dryin", crackin", "rindin", leachin" Cto re5ove the bitter tannic acidD, and cookin". *hey cli ed and "round cla5shells into beads, /hich /ere strun" and used as a store of /ealth. Lar"er and 5uch 5ore valuable beads /ere 5ade of 5a"nesite Ckno/n as -)ndian "old1D. *o kee account of the /ealth re resented by these beads, they develo ed a syste5 for countin" u into the thousands. Ho/ever, the Po5o have been 5ost fa5ed for their basketry, /hich /as /oven /ith "reat skill in a /ide variety of techni&ues. *he /o5en took ride in doin" artistic /ork, often takin" 5onths to co5 lete a fine, coiled si;Binch basket. *here has recently been a cultural renaissance, and a fe/ youn"er /o5en have learned to roduce the fancy baskets. Be"innin" in the early nineteenth century the 0outhern Po5o /ere disastrously affected by 5issioniHation, raids, disease, and settle5ent of their land by i55i"rants. By the early t/entieth century, in the southern5ost re"ion, containin" the resent cities of 0anta 8osa and 0ebasto ol, the survivin" biolo"ical descendants of the 0outhern Po5o had lost their ancestral s eech. 7urther to the north, t/o dialects survived, /ith, at 5idBcentury, erha s t/o doHen s eakers each: >ihilaka/na

[West 0trea5\, s oken in the (ry Creek 3alley Cno/ filled /ith vineyardsD, and >akah5o [0al5onhole\, s oken in the area of the to/n of Cloverdale. By the early #%A0s the nu5ber of s eakers had d/indled to about a doHen for each of the t/o dialects. 9nd by #%%%, there /as one s eaker of each dialect. *here are hundreds of descendants /ith so5e 0outhern Po5o blood, but they are 5uch assi5ilated and racially 5i;ed throu"h inter5arria"e /ith other )ndian "rou s, /ith >e;icans, and /ith /hite eo le. )n the recent cultural revival 5any of the youn"er "enerations have learned their traditional son"s and dances and erfor5 the5 in ublic.

Salvage /or,ers
)nto the situation in #%$% ca5e 9braha5 >. Hal ern C#%#GF#%E?D, to collect, over a oneByear eriod, le;ical 5aterial and te;ts /ith free translations , $#$ , and so5e /ordBbyB/ord translations in each of the seven Po5o lan"ua"es. Hal ern had s ent considerable ti5e studyin" +u5a Calso called JuechanD, s oken in far 0outheastern California, and he eventually roduced a "ra55ar of that lan"ua"e as a doctoral dissertation. He brou"ht north/ard /ith hi5 a honetic skill that enabled hi5 to record in the Po5o lan"ua"es the unusual sounds that had esca ed the occasional earlier collector. 7or 0outhern Po5o, Hal ern obtained seven Coyote stories, dictated by the one s eaker, 9nnie Burke. By #%A$, ) had co5 leted a "ra55ar and a volu5e of te;ts of the nei"hborin" <ashaya Po5o lan"ua"e and turned 5y attention to salva"in" as 5uch as ossible of the 0outhern Po5o lan"ua"e. >y first rinci al consultant /as 'liHabeth (ollar C#E%?F#%@#D, s eaker of the >ihilaka/na dialect, /ho /as able to furnish so5e Coyote stories, as /ell as 5uch le;ical 5aterial. 7ro5 the 5id #%A0s and for t/enty years, 'lsie 9llen C#E%%F#%%0D and ) /orked to"ether for a cou le of /eeks each year "atherin" le;ical and "ra55atical 5aterial on her 5other ton"ue. 0he did not kno/ any Coyote stories, nor did any other survivin" s eaker of the >akah5o dialect, and thus those dictated by her 5other, 9nnie Burke, re5ain the only real cor us for the "enre in that dialect. 9nnie Burke C#E@AF#%A0D, born 9nnie 8a5one, /as raised in a relatively traditional /ay, s eakin" only the >akah5o dialectP she learned 'n"lish later in life. 0he 5arried =eor"e Co5anche and /ith hi5 had t/o dau"hters. 0he "ave birth to her first /hile /orkin" in the ho fields and this child, 'lsie, /as to beco5e a chief consultant on the >akah5o. 9nnie4s second husband /as 8ichard Burke, and /ith hi5 she had one son, 0alvador. *he fa5ily lived on the Ho land 8eservation, /here the lan"ua"e /as Central Po5o, a lan"ua"e about as di erent fro5 0outhern Po5o as 7rench fro5 0 anish, and that beca5e the third lan"ua"e that 9nnie and 'lsie learned to s eak. 9nnie Burke /as a 5aster basket/eaver. Like 5any artists, she /as also a collector of the creations of other 5asters in her 5ediu5. 'arlier tradition had been that ersonal ro erty should be buried /ith the deceasedP ho/ever, 9nnie Burke re&uested that this not ha en to her baskets and that they be reserved for later "enerations to see. Her dau"hter 'lsie, /ho also beca5e a 5aster /eaver Cand /rote a booklet on Po5o basket/eavin"D, 5ade the sa5e re&uest for reservation, /ith the result that the fa5ily baskets are no/ on dis lay in the 5useu5 in the to/n of Willits. , $#G ,

Narrative Str'.t're
-*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 is of a class of narratives that the Po5o call -Coyote stories,1 told of a ti5e /hen ani5als had s eech and other hu5an attributes. Coyote often is the rinci al character, but, as here, it is not necessary for hi5 to be a artici ant for the tale to be a Coyote story. Ritu!' Nu.ber$. *he 5a"ical nu5ber a5on" the Po5o and nei"hborin" )ndians is four: a ritual Csub5ersion in /ater, in this storyD 5ay have to be erfor5ed four ti5es, "ood or bad luck 5ay co5e in fours, and the hero of a story 5ay have to overco5e four obstacles Cco5 are three and seven in 'uro ean talesD. 6n occasion, half or t/ice four has s ecial si"nificance: duality, the occurrence of characters in airsOt/o siblin"s, arent and child, t/o o onentsOis fairly co55on in Po5o stories. *his tale carries out the rinci le of duality to an e;ce tional de"ree. *he tale be"ins /ith t/o ha/k brothers but &uickly turns to follo/in" the trials of the youn"er brother alone. He has encounters /ith various airs, even airs of airs: t/o beaver brothers, then t/o "o her brothersP t/o red ant sisters, then t/o field 5ice sisters. *here is a shift to/ard the end of the tale to t/o se arate attacks fro5 sin"le o onents, an o"ress and thunder. *he story closes /ith reven"e taken on the older brother. Per$"n!' N!.e$ !nd 0in$hi3 Ter.$. 9ni5al characters are identified in the :ative te;t by s ecies na5e. )n other translations these have often been converted into ro er na5es by ca italiHin" the5. 9s a convention, that 5i"ht /ell have been done here, but it is not, because the desi"nations in 0outhern Po5o are not ro er na5es. 9s a ter5 of reference, #(aq6e#(a%( [shar Bshinned ha/k\ is used of either the older or youn"er ha/k brother, not as the na5e of one of the5. 8eal ro er na5es of individuals cannot be used in ordinary secular situationsP instead, a kinshi ter5 is al5ost invariably e5 loyed as a ter5 of address. Whether the characters are related or not, a kin ter5 suitable to the a"e di erence can be selected: so5eone t/o "enerations older 5i"ht be called by one of the "rand arent ter5sP a sli"htly older 5ale 5i"ht be addressed as -6lder Brother.1 *he Po5o lan"ua"es all have distinct ter5s , $#? , for the four "rand arents, each of /hich is 5ore inclusive than is su""ested by the 'n"lish translationP for e;a5 le, the 0outhern Po5o ter5 for -5other4s father1 includes all the brothers of the father of the 5other. 9t t/o oints in the tale the youn"er brother addresses the older, not by the relationshi of the addressee to the s eakerOthat is, -6lder Brother1Obut by a tecnony5, a ter5 based on the relationshi of the addressee to a child, in this case the ado ted ha/k: -6 7ather of his >other1 Cone /ord in 0outhern Po5oD. )t 5i"ht be noted that the t/o airs in the story addressed as ->other4s 7ather1 are hel ful, as older relatives should be. *he t/o airs of fe5ales are not addressed by a kin ter5 because they are otential 5ates and it /ould be incestuous for the5 to be ado ted into the e&uivalent of a close blood relationshi . *he sin"le o"ress is not a otential 5ate and can address the youn" ha/k by the dece tively friendly -=randson.1 Senten e C"nne t"r$. 0outhern Po5o has an elaborate syste5 of suff;es for subordinatin" one clause to another. When attached to the verb ha:miniI [do thus\ or [do so\ they for5 a /ord that links t/o sentences to"ether, "ivin" such infor5ation as the relative ti5in" of the successive sentences and /hether there has been a s/itch in subNect bet/een the rior sentence and the one /ith the connector. *he narrative 5ay roceed throu"h several clauses and sentences /ith no subNect e; ressed overtlyP even so, the a ro riate 'n"lish ronouns can be deduced fro5 the trackin" syste5 and su lied in the translation. )n the nativeBlan"ua"e e;tract that follo/s, taken fro5 the end of the fourth ara"ra h of the story, these characteristic features of 0outhern Po5o discourse are clearly on dis lay. rin:akh le heR:e
h

aRs4iBba, cro/n.of.head hair "rabbedBhavin" Havin" "rabbed the hair on

the cro/n of the head, 5a:B 4ikiBn, -ka:liBnBhkh ay huR:uciBnS1 nih:i/. o/nByoun"er. brotherBto u BtoB/ard turn. faceBi5 erative said he said to his youn"er brother, -*urn your face u /ardS1 ha:5iniBba, 5a:B 4ikiBn huR:uBkh beR akh:o baB:ci 4. done.soBhavin" o/nByoun"er. brotherBto eyeBrock t/o okeBout Havin" done so, he oked out his youn"er brother4s t/o eyeballs. , $#A , ha:5iniBba kh 5a:yo/, hidRa h/a:Bba, done.soBhavin" after, outside "one. outBhavin" 9fter havin" done so, havin" "one outside, RahcaBnBhkh ay ho:li/. houseBtoB/ard set.o he set o ho5e/ard. *he closest 'n"lish translations of these sentence connectors are hrases like -Havin" done so,1 -He havin" done so, the other,1 -While doin" so,1 and -While he /as doin" so, the other.1 )n the story, so5e of the connectors are fully translated, to convey the style of 0outhern Po5o narratives, but others are rendered 5ore si5 ly to avoid bein" e;cessively intrusive. -*hen1 and -and1 are co55on translations but deliver less infor5ation than the 0outhern Po5o connector. (efinite and indefinite articles also are su lied to fit the conte;t. 6ther 5aNor ele5ents that have been inserted to clarify the translation, but are not in the ori"inal te;t, are ut in s&uare brackets. Lu"t!ti4e$. 9nnie Burke4s rendition is curiously at variance /ith /hat is ty ical a5on" all other Po5oan traditional stories: 0he rarely e5 loys the evidential suff; Ido [it is said, they say\, used to 5ark that the narrator has been told of the events by so5eone else, and that they are not ersonal e; eriences. *he suff; a ears only in the fifth ara"ra h fro5 the end.

FURTHER READING
*he 5ost accessible reference on the culture of the Po5o is the Handbook of :orth 95erican )ndians, volu5e E, /hich, in three cha ters, covers the seven branches of the Po5o and includes a "ood listin" of sources for 5ore infor5ation. 'lsie 9llen, the dau"hter of the narrator of this story, /rote a s5all /ellBillustrated book, 2omo ?as#etma#ing, /hich also contains a bio"ra hical sketch of 'lsie 9llen by her "randdau"hter, Linda >c=ill. 0.9. Barrett4s 2omo 0yths contains #0E tales in 'n"lish only, fro5 the Central, :orthern, and 'astern Po5o, to"ether /ith a 5otif inde;, a "lossary of /ords in the three lan"ua"es, and an introduction /ith a discussion of such to ics as the 5ethods of storytellin" and the 5ytholo"ical , $#@ , syste5, and a descri tion of the 5any su ernatural bein"s. 8obert 6s/alt4s Kashaya Te>ts contains ei"htyBt/o te;ts in the nei"hborin" <ashaya Po5o lan"ua"e, to"ether /ith 'n"lish translationsP t/enty are Coyote stories, thirty 5ore are tales /ith so5e su ernatural ele5ent, nineteen are folk history, and thirteen are of 5iscellaneous "enres. 6s/alt4s -8etribution for >ateB0tealin"1 is a story told by 'liHabeth (ollar in 0outhern Po5o, >ihilaka/na dialect, /ith /ordBbyB/ord translation, free translation, and a "ra55atical sketch of the lan"ua"e.

THE TRIALS OF YOUNG HAW0

9 "rou of s5all birds and ani5als, /ho /ere all also eo le, used to live to"ether in a bi" co55unity. 9 shar Bshinned ha/k lived there alon" /ith his youn"er brother. *he ha/k4s youn"er brother al/ays erched u hi"h in the earth lod"e on the side /ith the fire. *he older shar shinned ha/k /as 5arried to a /ildcatP his /ife /as a /ildcat /o5an. 6ne ti5e 5any of the eo le set o east/ard to load u on fish. 9fter they all had left, the /ildcat /o5an /ent to her husband4s brother do/n in the earth lod"e and ulled her husband4s brother do/n fro5 /here he /as erched. Havin" ulled hi5 do/n, she dra""ed hi5 a/ay. *hen she scratched hi5, scratched hi5 every/here on his face, scratched his body too. When she had scratched hi5, he fled to /here the earthlod"e /as and ran do/n in. *here he erched u hi"h /here his bed /as. *hose eo le /ho had "one o to/ard the east no/ started for ho5e, brin"in" a load of fish. While they /ere on their /ay, the scrub Nay told the older ha/k, -+our /ife scratched your youn"er brother.1 )n the 5ornin", the older ha/k /ent do/n there to the earth lod"e. He then said to his youn"er brother, -Cli5b do/nS )45 "oin" to brush your hair.1 He s read a hide for hi5 to cli5b do/n onto. *he youn"er brother, havin" cli5bed do/n, sat do/n on the hide. *he older brother, the shar shinned ha/k, havin" sat do/n near his youn"er brother, brushed his head hair /ith a louse brush. 9ll of the head hair he brushed /ell. Havin" "rabbed the hair on the cro/n of the head, he said to his youn"er , $#E , brother, -*urn your face u /ardS1 *hen he oked out his youn"er brother4s t/o eyeballs. 9fter havin" done so, he /ent outside and set o ho5e/ard. *he youn"er brother cried and screa5ed and screa5ed, /rithin" around. But nobody at all sa/ thisP he Nust su ered it alone. :o/ ni"ht ca5e on and, /hen the eo le all lay do/n to slee , he, by cra/lin" around, felt the door, the earth lod"e door/ay, and throu"h there cre t outside. :o/ he Nust cra/led a/ay so5e/here on all fours. He didn4t kno/ /here he /as cra/lin" to. Wee in" he cre t alon"P "roanin" he cra/led this /ay and that. 7allin" do/n into brush, he rolled do/n a stee incline. Havin" cra/led around in this /ay, he cla5bered u onto an earth lod"e. When this ha ened, a beaver and his youn"er brother livin" there to"ether both heard the 5ove5ent on their earth lod"e. *he older beaver brother said to his youn"er brother, -Look outside thereS 0o5ebody is "roanin" a lot out there.1 When he said this, the youn"er brother said -9ll ri"ht1 and /ent outside. When he did so, he found the eastern ha/k and said, ->y oor childS )t 5ust be our child /ho has been cra/lin" around, 6 7ather of his >otherS1 *he older beaver brother also ran outside. *he t/o of the5 carried that ha/k do/n into the earth lod"e. When they had done this, the 5other4s fathers /e t. 9fter they had /e t, they built a fire and laced rocks in it. *hey filled a babyBbath basket /ith /ater, and, /hen the rocks had beco5e hot, they dro ed those hot rocks into that /aterBfilled baby bath. *hey dro ed the rocks, the hot rocks, into the babyBbath basket, in order to heat the /ater. When the /ater had beco5e hot, they /ashed the ha/k4s body. *hey fi;ed u his hair as /ell, the head hair that had beco5e so tan"led, so full of dry "rass, so full of fo;tails and burrs. */i"s and leaves /ere all snarled /ith that once fine hair. *he t/o of the5, sittin" beside that lace, fi;ed hi5 u . *hey 5ade everythin" "ood. 9fter doin" this, they ne;t "na/ed out round balls fro5

, $#% , /ood and set these artificial eyes into the eyesockets. )t didn4t look "ood, because it /as /hite, Nust /hite all over. 9t ni"ht, /hen his 5other4s fathers had "one to slee , he cra/led back and forth on all fours and then cra/led outside. He cra/led a/ay, not kno/in" /here he /as cra/lin". He Nust cra/led here and there on all fours, cra/lin" /hile cryin". Havin" cra/led around in this /ay, he cra/led u onto a "o her4s earth lod"e. 9 "o her lived there /ith his youn"er brother. *he older "o her said to his youn"er brother, -0o5e/here on to of the earthlod"e ) hear so5eone "roanin". =o and look u thereS1 -9ll ri"ht, )4ll "o look. +ou are such a co/ard,1 said the youn"er, and he /ent outside. When he did so, he found the ha/k. He then said to his older brother, -*he child 5ust be ours, 6 7ather of his >other.1 When the youn"er said this, the older follo/ed hi5 out. *he t/o of the5 icked Xthe youn" ha/kY u and carried hi5 do/n into the earth lod"e. *hey set hi5 do/n there /here they had s read so5ethin" out. When they had done this, the t/o of the5 /e t over their "randchild. When they had finished cryin", they set rocks on their fire and ut /ater in a babyBbath basket. *hen, /hen the rocks had beco5e hot, they dro ed those hot rocks do/n into the /ater. *he /ater heated u . *hen they /ashed the ha/k. *hey /ashed that body all covered /ith blood and scratched /ith brush. *hey also brushed his head hair /ell. *hey fi;ed hi5 u "ood. *hen the older "o her said to his youn"er brother, -Pick so5e asters and let us try to 5ake eyes out of the5.1 *he youn"er brother said, -9ll ri"ht1 and /ent outside, sna ed o the best aster blosso5s, "athered the5 u , and carried the5 do/n into the earth lod"e. 0o5e of these flo/ers they re ared /ell and set into the eyesockets. *hey looked at their /ork and it see5ed "ood. )t /as "ood. When they /ere finished, the ha/k said, -) see thin"s /ell. *hank you, >other4s 7athers, for "ivin" 5e eyes.1 His 5other4s fathers: -+ou should live here /ith us. (on4t "o a/ayS1 *he , $20 , ha/k: -:o, ) /ill leave. ) /ill Nust /ander about. ) /ill /ander /herever ) /ander.1 When he said this, his 5other4s fathers said, -9ll ri"ht, it is "ood. We /ill "ive you resents.1 *hey "ave hi5 arro/s, a bo/, a duckbo/. *he arro/s had been laced do/n into a &uiver. Havin" icked these u , the ha/k set out. )n this 5annerO/anderin", /anderin", /anderin"Ohe /andered all day lon". *hen he s ied a s5all house standin". */o red ant /o5en lived there, an older /ith her youn"er sister. *hose /o5en cau"ht si"ht of that 5an. -'y, a fine 5an is co5in".1 *he older sister: -He /ill be 5y 5an.1 *he youn"er: -:o, he is 5ine. +ou are oldP ) a5 the one /ho /ill 5arry hi5.1 -Co5eS Co5e hereS1 she said to the ha/k. *hen she had hi5 co5e into the house. *he older sister: -) a5 the one /ho /ill 5arry hi5. ) a5 the one he /ill lie do/n /ith.1 When she said this, the youn"er sister said, -:o, ) /ill have hi5 lie /ith 5e. +ou are an old /o5anP ) a5 the one /ho /ill 5arry hi5.1 *he older sister: -:o, /e /ill have hi5 lie in the 5iddle. We /ill both 5arry hi5.1 Havin" said that, ni"ht ca5e, and the three lay do/n to"ether. When they did this, these /o5en didn4t let the 5an slee . 9ll ni"ht lon" they /ere bitin" hi5. *hat4s /hy the 5an, early ne;t 5ornin", /hen da/n /as Nust bri"htenin" in the east, left. Havin" left, he /andered around. 9ll day lon" he /alked. *hen he s ied a s5all house, a s5all house standin".

*/o field 5ouse /o5en lived there, an older /ith her youn"er sister. 9t t/ili"ht, this youn"er sister: -6lder 0ister, a 5an is co5in". 9 fine 5an is co5in".1 *hen, havin" said, -'y,1 they /ent outOboth of the /o5en /ent out. *hen, to the ha/k, -Co5eS Co5e hereS :o/, /here do you co5e fro5R Co5e on into the houseS1 *hey had hi5 sit do/n in the house. Havin" , $2# , done that, the older sister said, -) /ill 5arry hi5.1 *hereu on the youn"er sister: -But ) sa/ hi5 first. ) a5 the one /ho should 5arry hi5. +ou are Nust an old /o5an.1 -:o, ) a5 the one /ho should 5arry hi5. +ou are /ay too i55ature.1 )t beca5e ni"ht. X*he older sister saidY, -:o, /e /ill lie do/n to"ether in one lace and /e /ill have hi5 lie in the 5iddle.1 Havin" said this, they lay do/n and had that 5an lie in the 5iddle. Because of this, the 5an /as dyin" for slee . :e;t, those /o5en ate his head hair, che/ed u his eyebro/s, bit out his eyelashes, che/ed u all his face hair, and nibbled o all the hair on his body. )n the 5ornin" the 5an a/oke. *hat erst/hile head of hair /as "one /hen he a/okeP he arose entirely s5ooth. 'ven his duckbo/ had been eaten u . *he &uiver had been che/ed u as /ell. *hose /o5en /ere "oneP he arose alone. He tried feelin" on hi5self /ith his hand for his 5issin" hair, but there /as nothin" thereP it /as erfectly s5ooth. *hen he /ent outside and set out. Havin" done so, he discovered a ond lyin" still. *hen he said, -+ou /ill cause 5y head hair to "ro/.1 9nd, -World lyin" around here, have ity on 5e and cause 5y head hair to "ro/S 7our ti5es ) /ill sub5er"e in the /ater.1 :o/, after havin" said that, he /ent do/n to the ond and into the /ater. *hen he dove under. When he reached the li5it of his breath, he lifted his head u out. *here /as nothin" there /hen he lifted his headP he lifted a s5ooth head. 9"ain he dove underP a"ain he lifted his head u out. With nothin" there, s5ooth, he lifted his head u . 9"ain he dove under. When he reached the li5it of his breath, he lifted his head u out. :o/ that body hair had s routed, and the head hair had s routed as /ell. 9"ain he dove under. 7or a lon" ti5e he ke t his head in the /ater. When he reached the li5it of his breath, he lifted his head u out. 7acial hair had "ro/n. 'yebro/s had "ro/n. *hat head hair had beco5e , $22 , lon"er. 9ll over the fine body hair /as "ro/in" out. *hat /ooden bo/ had beco5e ne/. *hat &uiver had beco5e ne/. 'verythin" /as "ood. :o/ he set out. He /as Nust /alkin" alon". Lookin" here and there he /andered around. *hen he s ied a house, a s5all house standin". 6ne old /o5an /as livin" there. Whoever visited there, she /ould kill. 6f the eo le /ho visited that old /o5an, not even one ever left alive.6f the eo le /ho visited her, that blind old /o5an killed every sin"le one. *he old /o5an /as blind. *he ha/k arrived there. -0it do/n hereS 0it do/n beside 5e, =randsonS Who have you been listenin" to that you co5e here to visit 5e, your 5other4s 5otherR1 *he ha/k sat do/n near there. 0he icked u her rock /alkin" stick and struck at the ha/k /ith it. *he ha/k dod"ed, causin" her to strike bare "round. *he old /o5an

5issed. When she did this, the ha/k shot that old /o5an /ith one of his arro/s. He killed her o, ut her to death. 9fter he had done thisO ut an end to that old /o5an, no/ dead in the houseOhe /ent outside. He ut a torch to the house, burned it u . *he old /o5an /as burned u as /ell. When he had done this, the ha/k set out a"ain. He Nust set out /anderin" around, set out lookin" at thin"s here and there. :o/ clouds for5ed and thunder sounded. )t thundered very loud. *he thunder 5an ke t on failin" to strike the ha/k. While the thunder 5an /as 5issin" hi5, the ha/k s ied, hi"h on a tree, an o en /ood ecker hole. When he did so, the ha/k cra/led a/ay and into the hole. *hen, the thunder 5an hovered around /here the hole /as. While he /as doin" so, the ha/k shot the thunder in the soft s ot above the front of the collarbone. When he shot, the thunder thudded onto the "round /ith the sound -Chol.1 , $2$ , When this ha ened, the ha/k cra/led u and out fro5 the hole. He looked at the thunder that he hi5self had shot. *hey say that the thunder /ore all kinds of blankets: rain blanket, fo"Brain blanket, hail blanket, sno/ blanket, /ind blanket, fo" blanket. )n these, they say, the ha/k dressed hi5self u , havin" re5oved the5 Xfro5 the thunderY. *hen, ne;t, he set out flyin" far a/ay to /here his o/n older brother had 5utilated hi5. Havin" beco5e the thunder, he set out flyin". *hen he caused rain to fall /here his older brother4s eo le lived. He caused thunder to sound. He caused it to rain a lot. When it had rained a lot, the earth lod"e filled /ith /ater. When this ha ened, his older brother kne/ Xthe causeY. *he older brother: -+oun"er Brother, +oun"er Brother, 5ake the rain end, 5ake the rain endS ) kno/ it is you, +oun"er Brother, /ho 5ake the rain fall.1 When he said this, he /ent a/ayP the thunder /ent a/ay. *hat is the end. , $2G ,

&<. The W".!n Wh" L"4ed ! Sn!-e

C! he Cree- P"." &6<<
+!be' +C0!82 $t"r8te''er Gre% S!rri$2 "''e t"r !nd n!rr!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y GREG SARRIS

>abel >c<ay /as born on Manuary #2, #%0@, in :ice, Lake County, California. Her father, +anta Boone, /as a Potter 3alley Po5o )ndian. Her 5other, (aisy Hansen, /as a Losel Cache Creek Po5o. >abel /as raised by her 5aternal "rand5other, 0arah *aylor, and al/ays considered herself a Losel Cache Creek Po5o. )t /as fro5 her "rand5other that >abel learned the Losel Cache Creek lan"ua"e and the rich and e;tensive history, not Nust of her tribe, but of 5any surroundin" Po5o and south/estern Wintun tribes. But this kno/led"e /as not /hat >abel /ould beco5e kno/n for. 0he beca5e an e; ert basket/eaver, erha s the finest of her ti5e, /eavin" brilliantly colored feather baskets and 5iniatures, so5e no lar"er than eraserheads. 9nd she beca5e a 5edicine /o5an, /hat /e call locally an )ndian doctor. 0he /as a -suckin" doctor,1 the 5ost hi"hly valued of the local )ndian doctors, and she /ould be the last suckin" doctor, not Nust a5on" the Po5o, but in all of California. 'very as ect of her life /as "uided by the dictates of her (rea5, her "eneral ter5 for her e; erience , $2? ,

FIGURE <. +!be' + 0!82 O t"ber &2 &6F&. C"urte$8 Herb Pu er. /ith and kno/led"e fro5 the 0 irit. *hese thin"sOher basket/eavin" and doctorin"O5ade her fa5ous. 6ther )ndians, anthro olo"ists, and basket collectors all flocked to her, seekin" infor5ation about this or that. But she /as uncanny, 5addenin" in her re lies. -What do you do for oison oakR1 a student once asked in a lar"e auditoriu5 /here >abel /as bein" intervie/ed as a :ative healer. -Cala5ine lotion,1 she ans/ered. 9t the ti5e this story /as recorded, in #%EE, ) had kno/n her for 5ore than thirty years, since ) /as a child.X#Y ) /as atte5 tin" to /rite her life story, both because she /anted 5e to and because ) had 5ade her life story 5y dissertation roNect at 0tanford. ) fi"ured because ) a5 )ndian C<ashaya Po5o!Coast >i/okD and because ) kne/ her so /ell ) /ould be able to understand her /ishes for her -book,1 as she called it, in ter5s of its content and narrative structure. :o such luck. -+ou Nust do Xthe bookY the best /ay you kno/ ho/,1 she said. -What you kno/ fro5 5e.1 , $2A ,

What ) kne/ fro5 her /ere narratives that circled around and around, connectin" /ith one another in s ace and ti5e in /ays ) couldn4t 5ake sense of, at least not for a book ) 5i"ht /rite. 9nd /hen ) countered /ith &uestions that 5i"ht hel 5e order these narratives in a /ay 5eanin"ful for 5e, ) heard the sa5e uncanny res onses the student heard about oison oak. ->abel, eo le /ant to kno/ about thin"s in your life in a /ay they can understand. +ou kno/, ho/ you "ot to be /ho you are. *here has to be a the5e.1 -) don4t kno/ about no the5e,1 she said. -9 the5e is a oint that connects all the dots, ties u all the stories,1 ) e; lained. -*hat4s funny,1 she said. -*yin" u all the stories. Why so5ebody /ant to do thatR1 'ventually, ) ca5e to see and feel /hat she 5eant. *he stories cannot be tied u , disconnected fro5 one another, not her story, 5y story, any story. 0tories live and chan"e in conte;ts, /ith chan"in" hearers and tellers. >abel re5inded 5e of this every ste of the /ay. ) beca5e a art of the story the 5o5ent ) heard it. )n hearin" stories, /e be"in to inter ret, or -5ake sense,1 of the5, and >abel al/ays see5ed to re5ind 5e of that fact. Must as >abel broadened the student4s notion of a :ative healer, lettin" the student understand that as an )ndian doctor >abel /as also a conte5 orary /o5an, so >abel continued to o en 5y eyes, re5indin" 5e of /ho ) /as and /hat ) /as thinkin" as a artici ant in her storytellin". )t /as i5 ortant that ) re5e5bered 5y life, 5y resence and history, as ) atte5 ted to understand >abel. 9s ) learned 5ore about >abel, ) learned 5ore about 5yself. *he stories, and the dialo"ue about the stories, served as a /ay to e; ose boundaries that sha e and constitute cultural and ersonal /orlds. *hus, ) understood ho/ ) 5i"ht /rite her story and her book. ) had to chart not Nust her -story,1 but the story of 5y hearin" her story. ) had to e; ose the everB/idenin" /orld the story co5es fro5 and beco5es. 0cholars fa5iliar /ith 5y /ork /ith >abel often &uestion the fact that 5y conversations /ith her /ere al/ays in 'n"lish. Would the situation and outco5e of the storytellin" event be the sa5e or di erent if she s oke Po5oR 6f course, ) don4t kno/ for certain, because ) only kno/ a fe/ /ords and hrases of her lan"ua"e and could never converse /ith her at len"th in that lan"ua"e. But ) sus ect not. What >abel invoked and ins ired /as , $2@ , an a/e and res ect for everythin" around her, a /ay of re5indin" oneself that the story, like everythin" in the /orld, /as al/ays 5ore than /hat you thou"ht, and erha s 5ore than you could ever i5a"ine. >ore than the interestin" facts of her life as a basket/eaver and 5edicine /o5an, >abel /anted to teach 5e that. 'n"lish see5ed to /ork Nust fine. 6thers have asked if >abel4s talkOher narratives, conversations, and res onses to &uestionsOare ty ical of older, say traditional, Po5oBs eakers. )t see5s in 5any /ays >abel /as uni&ue as a s eaker, but ) a5 not certain. ) have kno/n other Po5o storytellers /ho re5ind listeners of the conte;t in /hich they are hearin" stories. ) have also kno/n Po5o storytellers to i5 licate their listeners in /hat they are sayin". :one of the s eakers ) have kno/n, ho/ever, /as as consistent in these 5atters as >abel. But ) have not done a study or co5 rehensive survey. ) have only looked at >abel4s talk in ter5s of its e ect as ) have kno/n it, not in ter5s of the /ays it 5ay or 5ay not re resent traditional or ty ical Po5o discourse, /hatever that 5ay be. What ) /rote, finally, /as /hat ) kne/ fro5 >abel, the best /ay ) kne/ ho/.

NOTE
#. *he resent selection is taken fro5 cha ter 2 of =re" 0arris4s book$ Kee'ing Slug /oman ,live: , .olisti% ,''roa%h to ,meri%an 7ndian Te>ts. )n that edition of the story, the transcribed te;t of -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 is broken u , its arts resented out of narrative se&uence and e5bedded in a lar"er Cand fascinatin"D e;e"esis of the conte;t and story4s 5eanin". 7or this collection, /hat 0arris and ) have done is to e;tract the te;t of >abel4s narration fro5 its critical 5atri; and restore it to the chronolo"ical order of its ori"inal tellin". =re" has added a fe/ sentences of transition here and there to co5 ensate for the reorderin" of the te;t. 0arris4s e; eri5entation /ith the fra5e/ork of conte5 orary fiction to resent this story strikes 5e as an in"enious /ay of conte;tualiHin" the narrative, of incor oratin" both e; ressive and inter retive infor5ationO-at5os here1 and e; lanationOdirectly into the resentation itself, rather than handlin" it throu"h the 5ediu5 of footnotes and introductory essays. 9s a 5ethod for resentin" traditional narrative Cone that Mai5e de 9n"ulo e; eri5ented /ith as /ell, thou"h fro5 a very di erent ers ectiveD, it holds "reat ro5ise, at least for those editors and translators /ho have a -firstB erson1 recollection of the ori"inal erfor5ance. , $2E , *hou"h it is not reflected in the title of the iece, the reader /ill discover that >abel >c<ay actually tells two stories here, not Nust one. *he second story, about the firstBContact arrival of 'uro eans in <ashaya territory, is technically unrelated to the 5ain story about the /o5an and the snake. What ) find fascinatin" is ho/ the t/o stories, se arate until >abel called the5 u on this occasion, see5 to ada t toward each other in their ne/ surroundin"s. )t4s as if all her stories /ere really one, art of an endless, 5ultivocal braid. 6nce >abel has brou"ht the t/o stories into one li"ht, they re5ain forever intert/ined.Oh/l

FURTHER READING
=re" 0arris has /ritten a nu5ber of books, includin"Kee'ing Slug /oman ,live: , .olisti% ,''roa%h to ,meri%an 7ndian Te>ts Ca collection of literary essaysD and0a6el 0%Kay: /eaving the Dream Ca collaborative account of >abel4s re5arkable life, the -book1 referred to in this selectionD. He also has a collection of short stories, Grand ,venue$ and /rote the screen lay for the HB6 5iniseries of the sa5e na5e.

THE WO+AN WHO LOVED A SNA0E

6ne day ) took a collea"ue of 5ine fro5 0tanford University to the 8u5sey Wintun 8eservation to 5eet >abel >c<ay. -) /ant to 5eet this fa5ous Po5o 5edicine /o5an,1 5y friend said. -)4ve heard her talk and )4ve seen her baskets in the 05ithsonian.1 >y friend, Menny, had heard 5e talk about >abel also. ) had been recordin" >abel4s stories for a book about her life. 9s al/ays, >abel roved a "racious host. 0he served us hot buttered toast and co ee and, for lunch, tuna fish sand/iches /ith ickles and lettuce. 9s Menny and ) ate, >abel told about the /o5an /ho loved a snake. -0ee, her husband, he /ould /ork at ni"ht. [Lock the door,\ he4d tell her. [(on4t let nobody in.\ 'very ni"ht he4d "o o sayin" that: [Lock the door, kee everythin" locked u .\ 0he /ould fi; his dinner, then his lunch.1 >abel chuckled to herself. -By lunch ) 5ean /hat he takes to /ork. *hat4s /hat ) call lunch /hen ) /as /orkin" ni"htti5e in the cannery.

, $2% , -9ny/ay, this /o5an, she says [6<.\ 9nd so5eti5es, after he /ould leave, she4d stay u for a /hile. 0he4d clean u around, 5aybe do the dishes, "et thin"s ready for the 5ornin", for the breakfast. ) don4t kno/. -*hen one *)>' she hears a knock on the back door. [What is thatR\ she4s thinkin". 7irst she thou"ht 5aybe it /as her husbandP 5aybe he /as co5in" ho5e earlyP 5aybe he "ot sick or so5ethin". [But then /hy doesn4t he Nust co5e inR\ she /as sayin". Well, then she thou"ht 5aybe she /as hearin" thin"s. 0he Nust ke t /orkin" then. -But it ke t on, this knockin". *hen she "ot scared. 0ee in those days no hones u there. 9nd this /as far out, u on so5e /hite 5an4s lace there, /here her husband /orked. 0he could not yell, nothin". :obody to hear her. >aybe she4s thinkin" this to herself. ) don4t kno/. -[Who is thisR\ she is sayin". *hen ) don4t kno/ /hat he said. ) for"ot. 0o5ethin", any/ay. 9nd she o ens the door. Must a little bit. He co5es in and she stands there lookin" at hi5. But she doesn4t reco"niHe hi5. -9ny/ay, she fi;es so5e co ee. ) don4t kno/. =ives hi5 so5ethin" to eat. *hey4re talkin" around there. ) don4t kno/ /hat. -:e;t day, her husband co5es ho5e. [What4s thisR\ he is sayin". He4s standin" thereOby the bedroo5 Oand he4s lookin" do/n in so5e vase. 0o5ethin" there. )t /as on the table. [What are you talkin" aboutR\ she says. *hen she "oes and looks /here he4s lookin". 9nd she sees it, too: a snake, a little black snake all coiled u . [What is thisR\ he says to her. *hen he takes it out and uts it in the brush. He lets it out there. -:e;t day, sa5e thin" ha ens. *hen the husband, he "ets sus icious of that snake. [What is thisR\ he is sayin". *hen she "ets /orriedP no/ she kno/s /hat the snake is. But she don4t say nothin". [)45 "oin" to kill it,\ he says, [cho it to bits out in the brush.\ He4s testin" her, but she don4t say nothin". *hen she "ot real /orried, seein" hi5 "o out /ith that snake. -But ne;t day sa5e thin" it ha ens. >aybe she tried talkin" to that 5an. ) don4t kno/. [(on4t stay around here,\ she 5i"ht said to hi5. But it4s there a"ain, that snake. :o/ her husband, he shakes herP he kno/s so5ethin" is "oin" on. [What is thisR\ he4s sayin". But he had an idea about it any/ay. [+ou co5e /ith 5e,\ he says, [and /atch 5e kill it.\ He starts ullin" on her ar5, shakin" her, but she refuses hi5. 0he /on4t "o. 0he4s cryin" by this ti5e. -He takes the snake out, sa5e /ay, coiled around his hand. 0he Nust , $$0 , sees hi5 "o. *hen he co5es back. 0he doesn4t kno/ /hat ha ened. >aybe this ti5e he did kill it. 0he4s cryin" yet. Her husband, he co5es in and says nothin". Must "oes to bed. -But he never did cho that snake u . >aybe he did. ) don4t kno/. 9ny/ay, it /ent on like that Q 1 Menny, a Ph.(. candidate in 'n"lish, asked /hat the snake sy5boliHed. >abel didn4t see5 to understand the &uestion. 0he looked at 5e, then turned to Menny. -Well, it /as a roble5, ) don4t kno/.1 -Why didn4t he, ) 5ean the husband, Nust kill the snakeR1 Menny asked. With an incredulous look on her face, >abel focused on Menny. -Well, ho/ could heR1 she asked. -*his is /hite 5an days. *here4s la/s a"ainst killin" eo le. *hat 5an, he /ould "o to Nail, or 5aybe "et the electric chair, if he done that.1 >abel 5entioned that she kne/ the /o5an, that she often visited her /hen she lived in the sa5e area

north of Clear Lake. -*hen one ni"ht ) seen that 5an. He /as handso5e, too,1 she chuckled. -)t /as late. Lake ort "rocery /as closin" and ) seen hi5 co5e out /ith "roceries. He didn4t take the road. He /ent the creek /ay, north. *hen, ) say to 5yself, [) bet ) kno/ /here he4s "oin".\1 ->aybe he Nust carried the snake /ith hi5 and left it in the vase each 5ornin" before he left,1 Menny o ered. -Like a si"n.1 >abel lau"hed out loud. -Like a si"n. *hat4s cute. Why he /ant to do thatR1 0he lit a ci"arette. -0ee, ) kne/ he /as odd. He4s 5ovin" in cold, late at ni"ht. 0nakes don4t do that.1 -Well, /as it 5an or snakeR ) 5ean /hen you /ere lookin" at itR1 Menny /as des erate no/. -+ou "ot funny ideas,1 >abel ans/ered. -9ren4t ) sittin" hereR1 0he ta ed her ci"arette in the alu5inu5 ashtray on the table. -+ou do craHy thin"s like =re". 9nd he4s )ndianS He "ets ideas /here he /ants to kno/ this or that so he can /rite it all u for the eo le. Well, it ain4t like that /hat ) a5 sayin".1 9bout a 5onth later, after 5y tri /ith Menny, >abel and ) took a ride and arked alon" a road on the south side of Clear Lake, /here /e had a vie/ of the lake and of 'le5 8ancheria, the old villa"e site and resentday reservation of the 'le5 tribe of Po5o )ndians. >abel had been talkin" about her 5aternal "rand5other, 0arah *aylor, and about ho/ the 'le5 eo le initiated her into their dances and cult activities after 0arah4s , $$# , eo le, the Cache Creek Po5o, had been re5oved fro5 their land and cere5onial "rounds by the nonB )ndian invaders. -[+ou /ill find a /ay, a /ay to "o on even after this /hite eo le run over the earth like rabbits. *hey are "oin" to be every/here,\ he /as sayin". *hat4s 6ld >an, ) for"ot his na5e. He had only )ndian na5e, *aylor4s father, =rand5a4s "randfather. He4s the one sayin" these thin"s.1 >abel o ened her urse, ulled out a ci"arette. 0he lit her ci"arette and e;haled a cloud of s5oke. Belo/ us, on the narro/ eninsula of 'le5, s5oke rose fro5 the rusted chi5ney tins of the s5all, dila idated houses. 9 lone do" barked in the distance. -Well, it /as over here, belo/ the5 hills,1 >abel said, "esturin" south over her shoulder /ith her chin. -*his thin"s, they co5e over the hill in a trail, lon" trail. 0o 5uch that dust is flyin" u , like s5oke /herever they "o. 9nd first to see the5 this eo le do/n there, /here you are lookin". [What is thisR\ the eo le sayin". *hin"s /ith t/o heads and four le"s, bushy tail, standin" here on this hill so5e/here, lookin" do/n at 'le5 eo le. -Lots of eo le scared, run o, so5e far as our lace, Cache Creek. *hey tell /hat they seen then. 9ll )ndians, )ndians all over, talkin" about it then. [What is itR\ they is askin". :obody kno/s. Peo le is talkin" about it all over the lace. Lot4s scared. ) don4t kno/. Peo le say di erent thin"s. -0o5e eo le so5e/here seen the5 thin"s co5e a art, like art 5an, then "o back to"ether. *hen ) "uess 5aybe they kne/ it /as eo leO/hite eo le. ) don4t kno/,1 >abel said and chuckled. -*hey )ndians dance and ray. ) don4t kno/. *hen they /as sayin" these thin"s X/asY 5ean, killin" )ndians and takin" )ndians.1 >abel dre/ on her ci"arette and leisurely e;haled. -But he seen it in his (rea5, 6ld >an. He said /hat /as co5in" one day, ho/ this /ould be.1 -0o they kne/ /hat it /as co5in" do/n this hill,1 ) ventured. -H55,1 >abel said, "aHin" across the

lake. -*hey kne/ /hat he 5eant by [/hite 5an.\1 -0o /hy did they runR Why all the fussR1 >abel rubbed out her ci"arette and looked at 5e as if she had not understood /hat ) said. -)f they kne/ fro5 6ld >an4s ro hecy that /hite eo le /ere co5in", /hy didn4t they kno/ /hat /as co5in" do/n the hillR Why all the fussR1 >abel started chucklin", then e; loded /ith loud, uncontrollable , $$2 , lau"hter. 0he cau"ht her breath finally and asked, -Ho/ can that beR +ou ever kno/ /hite eo le /ith four le"s and t/o headsR >aybe you do. +ou4re raised around the5Oyour 5other4s eo le, ) don4t kno/,1 she said, chucklin" a"ain. 0he lit another ci"arette, then strai"htened in her seat. -0o5eti5es takes ti5e for (rea5 to sho/ itself. =ot to be tested. :o/ /e kno/ /hat he told about, 6ld >an. He /as told Q He said lots of thin"s: trails, bi" trails coverin" the earth, even "oin" into the sky. >an "oin" to be on 5oon he /as sayin".1 -But ho/ did he kno/ thatR1 -But so5eti5es (rea5 for"ets, too. Like the5 snakes. 6ld >an co5e in 5y drea5, "ive 5e rattlesnake son". [+ou "oin" to /ork /ith this snakesP they hel you,\ he is sayin". *hen, after that, ) seen the5. 9ll over 5y house ) seen the5: orch, closet, in 5y bathtub /hen it4s hot, all over. *hen ) say to hi5, to that s irit, [*his is 5odern ti5es, better take that son" out of 5e Q ) don4t /ant nothin" to ha en. Peo le around here 5i"ht call ani5al control lace.\ -+ou kno/, eo les around here they don4t al/ays understand thin"s like that.1 9fter >abel told the story about the eo le of 'le5 seein" nonB)ndian invaders co5in" -over the hill in a trail,1 /e headed east, back to the 8u5sey 8eservation. 6n the /ay ho5e, >abel a"ain told the story of -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake.1 -)t /as across there. U in the5 hills /here she lived. *hat ti5e Charlie XfY Charles >c<ay, >abel4s husband. X/asY runnin" stock u there. By stock ) 5ean the cattle. Charlie al/ays /anted to have the stock. *hat /o5an lived there. 0o5eti5es she /ould co5e do/n the road the other side there and talk to 5e. 9ny/ay, ho/ it ha ened, she /as alone at ni"ht. Her husband used to "o o /orkin", /here it /as ) don4t kno/. ) for"ot. Ho/ it ha ened, she hears this knockin" one ni"ht, at her door Q 1 ) /as &uieter no/, listenin". -Well, you see, ) kno/ about the5 snakes,1 she said as she finished the story. -*hey can teach about a lot of thin"s.1 >abel ulled her urse to her la and be"an ru55a"in" for her ci"arettes. , $$$ , ) looked to the cold, da5 /inter hills. *oo cold for snakes, ) thou"ht to 5yself. -H55,1 she said. ->aybe you4ll "et so5e idea about the snakes.1 ) looked at her and she /as lau"hin", holdin" an unlit ci"arette bet/een her fin"ers. -) kno/ you. +ou4ll Q you4re school /ay. +ou4ll think about it, then /rite so5ethin".1 0he /as ri"ht.

, $$G ,

&6. The De!d Pe"3'e/$ H".e

L!-e +i("&6<D
B!.e$ 0ni%ht2 n!rr!t"r C!therine C!''!%h!n2 "''e t"r !nd tr!n$'!t"r

INTRODUCTION ,Y CATHERINE CALLAGHAN

*his is a Lake >i/ok story, told to 5e in the su55er of #%E0 by Ma5es CMi55yD <ni"ht, at >iddleto/n 8ancheria in >iddleto/n, California. Lake >i/ok /as for5erly s oken in a trian"ular area south of Clear Lake, about ei"hty 5iles north of 0an 7rancisco. *his lan"ua"e is closely related to Coast >i/ok, once the lan"ua"e of the >arin Peninsula, and 5ore distantly related to the 'astern >i/ok lan"ua"es, once s oken on the /estern slo es of the 0ierra :evada 5ountains fro5 the 7resno 8iver north to the Cosu5nes 8iver, as /ell as on the floor of the =reat 3alley bet/een )one and >ount (iablo. 9bori"inally, Lake >i/ok culture rese5bled that of its Po5o and Wa o nei"hbors. Huntin", "atherin", and tradin" e; editions took Lake >i/ok )ndians fro5 the to of the Coast 8an"e to Bode"a Bay. 0ettle5ents /ere usually located alon" strea5 courses in fertile valleys. 9corns, harvested fro5 a variety of oak trees, co5 rised the starch sta le, and i5 ortant "a5e ani5als included deer, elk, rabbits, and s&uirrels, as /ell , $$? , as several s ecies of birds /hose feathers /ere so5eti5es /oven into elaborate basket desi"ns. Contact /ith the /hites durin" the nineteenth century /as trau5atic. 8anchers to the south often kidna ed Lake >i/ok )ndians for use in /ork forces, and there /ere at least t/o 5assacres of Clear Lake )ndians, one in #EG$ and one in #E?0. 9s a result, the Lake >i/ok o ulation, /hich 5i"ht never have nu5bered 5ore than five hundred, d/indled to fortyBone by the turn of the century, and there are no/ robably fe/er than half a doHen that re5e5ber the lan"ua"e, althou"h 5any 5ore can clai5 Lake >i/ok ancestry. B i55y <ni"ht /as in his 5iddle years /hen ) first started /orkin" /ith hi5 in the su55er of #%?A. ) had 5et hi5 throu"h >rs. 9l5a =race, 5y first consultant, /ho /as livin" in 0an 7rancisco. He and his brother, Mohn <ni"ht, conferred /ith 5e in >rs. =race4s cabin on the >iddleto/n 8ancheria. Mi55y told the stories, /hich his brother later translated sentence by sentence into 'n"lish. 9fter Mohn <ni"ht4s death in #%A0, ) /orked /ith Mi55y alone, usually at his ho5e. *his story is a version of the 6r heus >yth, co55on /orld/ide but sur risin"ly absent fro5 MudeoB Christian or )sla5ic traditions. Briefly, the hero Cor so5eti5es, the heroineD "rieves over the loss of a loved one and finds a 5a"ical route to the Land of the (ead, but after a brief encounter /ith the dead relative, is forced to leave because he or she is still livin". ) elicited an earlier version of this sa5e story fro5 Mi55y durin" the #%?0s, in /hich the 5ain

character is a heroic fi"ure fro5 Lake >i/ok history. 6ther/ise, the rinci al ele5ents are the sa5e. 9 brother "rieves over the death of his sister, /atches at her "rave until she rises on the fourth ni"ht, and follo/s her to the to of >ount 0t. Helena, /here her dead relatives "reet her and acco5 any her to the Land of the (ead in the 5iddle of the lake Cor oceanD. Her brother sli s ast the chief into the dead eo le4s s/eat house, but is forced to "o back, follo/in" a brief visit. He returns to Cotton/ood Place after sto in" a"ain on >ount 0t. Helena, beco5in" a o/erful erson /ho 5akes a hole throu"h a tree. 9lthou"h 5any ele5ents are di erent, this account 5ay be related to an earlier te;t that Lucy 7reeland elicited fro5 >a""ie Mohnson CMi55y4s auntD in #%22, featurin" a 5an /ho searches for a dead brother. , $$A , )n the resent version, >r. <ni"ht ersonaliHes the account by castin" his father and aunt as the rinci al characters. )ronically, >a""ie Mohnson is the dead sister. *his version also includes e;tensive hiloso hiHin", a feature that characteriHes the te;ts Mi55y <ni"ht "ave to/ard the end of his life. *he 6r heus >yth reinforces belief in an afterlife /here one /ill encounter dead relatives, as /ell as the ho e of seein" the5 even in this life. ) once elicited a :orthern 0ierra >i/ok version in /hich a "irl visits her dead 5other. >y consultant had heard this story after the death of her beloved "rand5other, /ho had raised her fro5 infancy. *he heroine 5ust /alk across a s/in"in" brid"e on her /ay to the Land of the (ead, an ele5ent in a +okuts 6r heus >yth Csee Z20a, this volu5e, for another e;a5 leD in /hich the hero is follo/in" the "host of his dead /ife. *his rese5blance su""ests a +okuts ori"in for the :orthern 0ierra >i/ok account. )t is also evident that the :orthern 0ierra >i/ok storyteller had altered its content to fit 5y consultant4s needsOsoothin" the "rief of a youn" "irl /hose "rand5other has Nust died. 3ersions of the 6r heus >yth /ere co55on throu"hout 0outhCentral California. *hey /ere al/ays localiHed to the storytellers4 o/n tribes, indicatin" that they had at so5e revious ti5e 5ade conscious or unconscious alterations to render the accounts 5ore relevant. 0uch traditions also facilitated the s read of the =host (ance durin" the #E@0s, /ith the belief that dancin" and "ood conduct /ould brin" about the return of dead relatives in the i55ediate future. B a5es <ni"ht /as a "reat storyteller, and he brou"ht verve to his art, so that it /as a Noy to /ork /ith hi5. His rare sense of irony colored the dialo"ue of his tales, renderin" other versions flat by co5 arison. 's ecially in his later years, he believed that his 5ission /as to trans5it his cultural tradition to Lake >i/ok children, and he /as distressed over their a arent lack of interest. )t is i5 ossible to re roduce his oral erfor5ance on the rinted a"e, and ) no/ re"ret that ) 5ade only ta e recordin"s and no videos. Unfortunately, he is no lon"er /ith us CMi55y died in #%EED, and the o ortunity is lost. *ranslation of an oral account fro5 a nonBWestern culture into readable 'n"lish al/ays resents a challen"e. ) have not included every instance , $$@ , of Lake >i/ok /ords such as (e#aal [then\, [aye [ho/ever\, and weno [they say\, /hich often function as &uotation 5arks or indicators of ne/ sentences, but ) have tried to re5ain as faithful as ossible to the ori"inal, so5eti5es at the e; ense of 'n"lish style. )n the nativeBlan"ua"e assa"e that follo/s, ) resent the o enin" sentences of the story Nust as Mi55y s oke the5 to 5e in Lake >i/ok. Underneath the transcri tion runs a /ordBforB/ord "loss of the te;t.

Underneath that co5es a 5ore literal translation of the sentence than is found in the translation ro er. :W5 4u WlByo5iBn h_uni kaBlLila/ 4ena. *his.is >a"icianBHo5eBof story )Btell /ill. *his is the >a"icians4 X(ead Peo le4sY Ho5e story )45 "oin" to tell. <anLi 4aye kaBlLila/ 5i i kanLi 4aye, ) ho/ever )Btell and ) ho/ever When ) tell it, ho/ever, kaB. i, kaB4enWene, kaB4_nu, kaB .a a, 5yBfather, 5yBaunt, 5yB5other, 5yB"randfather, 5y father, 5y aunt, 5y 5other, 5y "randfather, kaB/We4a5aBkon @e 5.Bt kaBhcoye. 5yBrelativeB lural also itBinto )B ut 5y relatives, tooO) ut the5 XallY in.

FURTHER READING
6ne te;t can only hint at the rich oral tradition Lake >i/okFs eakers once enNoyed. )nterested readers /ill find 5ore Lake >i/ok traditional stories in 'n"lish translation in C. Hart >erria54s The Dawn of the /orld. Lucy 7reeland4s -Western >i/ok *e;ts /ith Lin"uistic 0ketch1 rovides t/o Lake >i/ok te;ts in the ori"inal, acco5 anied by /ordforB/ord runnin" "losses and a free translationP these te;ts are -*he 0tory of the */o 0ha5ans1 and -*he 0tealin" of Ha/k4s Wife.1 9nother of Ma5es <ni"ht4s te;ts, -Coyote the )5 ostor,1 a ears in 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver4s Northern California Te>ts$ and yet another, -7ire, 7lood, and Creation,1 in Willia5 Bri"ht4s Coyote Stories$ both of /hich include /ordBforB/ord translations of the Lake >i/ok alon" /ith freer , $$E , renditions. 8eaders interested in the Central California culture area 5i"ht consult the a ro riate cha ters of >alcol5 >ar"olin4s The /ay /e 3ived.

THE DEAD PEOPLE/S HO+E

*he story )45 "oin" to tell is about the (ead Peo le4s Ho5e. When ) tell it, ) ut in 5y father, 5y aunt, 5y 5other, 5y "randfather, and also 5y relatives. *his /ay it4s easy to tell the story. )f ) ut in so5eone else, ) can4t tell it /ell. *hat4s /hy )45 tellin" the truth. )t4ll co5e out nicely in the end. )45 tryin" thisP that4s /hy )45 s eakin" Lake >i/ok. *his is Lake >i/ok )45 s eakin". *he /hite eo le /ill translate this and understand it, the /ords that )45 sayin". *hey clai5 that dead eo le used to rise fro5 the "rave in three or four days. *hey rise u fro5 there and land on the to of >ount 0t. Helena. *hat4s /hat they said, the old eo le /ho kne/. *hat4s ho/ they told it. *hen 5y aunt died. >y father /as distressed. -9ll ri"ht, ) /ant to see 5y sister. *hat4s /hy )45 "oin" to the "rave, and )45 "oin" to sit there. 9nd )45 "oin" to /ait for her,1 he said. *hen he sat there about four days or five days, that 5any days. He sat there day and ni"ht. He said he /as sittin" there four or five days, and so5ethin" like /ind ca5e. Lots of /ind. *hen he already kne/. >y father /as a drea5er. >y aunt /as a drea5er, too. 0o he Nust sat there. He didn4t cry, he Nust listened. )n the 5eanti5e, so5ethin" /hite a eared over his sister4s "rave. *his /as a "host. -0isterS 0isterS1 he said. -Brother, /hat are you doin" hereR1 said his sister. CHis sister4s na5e /as >a""ie MohnsonP her husband4s na5e /as Mohnson. 0o her na5e /as Mohnson.D -9ll ri"ht,1 she said. -+ou can4t

, $$% , "o /ith 5e, Brother. )45 "oin" to the Chief4s Ho5e no/, the (ead Peo le4s Ho5e. ) can4t ut you there,1 she said. He tells it, 5y father, /hose na5e /as Henry, Henry <ni"ht. Both /hites and )ndians kne/ he /as a doctor, you see. He /ent doctorin" all over. He /ent to U er LakeO/herever so5eone /as feelin" bad or sick, he /ent there and doctored the5. *hat4s /hy they kne/ hi5 all over. He 5ade a lot of life on this earth. Henry <ni"ht "rieved for his sister and /ent /ith his sister to the 5ountain to . 7ro5 ri"ht there, they fle/ to the 5iddle of the ocean, and they ca5e do/n ri"ht there to the 5iddle, ri"ht to the 5iddle of the Pacific 6cean. 9t that lace, there /as a "reat 5an, a chief, standin" inside the s/eat house. -9ll ri"ht, there4s one erson here that shouldn4t have co5e. 9nd that one /ill have to "o back fro5 here,1 he said, that4s /hat he told the5. *hen his sister, >a""ie Mohnson, s oke to her brother Henry <ni"ht, -9ll ri"ht, that4s you. +ou can4t "o to the (ead Peo le4s Ho5e. 0o you have to "o back fro5 here. +ou can4t "o around there. )45 "oin" to leave. 0o )45 not "oin" to see you a"ain.1 *his is ho/ they told the story 5any years a"o. *hen he ca5e back ho5e fro5 there, Henry did, fro5 the 5iddle of the ocean. He ca5e out of that s/eat houseOa beautiful one, he saidOthe s/eat house that /as over there. He left his sister there. He ca5e back to Cotton/ood Place. He ca5e to the to of the 5ountain and realiHed /here he had co5e. He fle/ fro5 there and hit a tree at Cotton/ood PlaceP he clai5ed he hit a bi" tree ri"ht in the 5iddle and 5ade a hole there. *hat tree used to be standin" there. But no/ they4ve ulled it out and destroyed it. *he chiefs and drea5ers and doctors kne/ hi5, 5y father, Henry , $G0 , <ni"ht. -Where have you beenR1 they asked. -)4ve been to the (ead Peo le4s Ho5e Q ) ca5e fro5 the >a"ician4s Place, but they /ouldn4t have 5e because )45 not dead. *hey sent 5e back fro5 the 5iddle of the ocean.1 *hat4s /hat he told the5. 6n that occasion, they danced for four days. 7or four days they "ave a bi" feast. *hey celebrated four days. 'verythin" used to "o on for four days. 9nd that4s ho/ he beca5e a "reat 5an. 7ro5 then on, he beca5e a doctor, because so5ethin" /as /atchin" over hi5. *hat4s /hy his sister /as "reat, too, and hel ed hi5. 0he hel ed hi5 throu"h drea5s. 0he "uarded hi5 /ith son"s. *hey rotected each other by talkin". *hey /ere both "reat. >y 5other /as a doctor, too. >y "randfather also /as a drea5er. 0o everythin" they did ca5e out /onderful, beautiful. *hey ran the land. *hey /orked for the earth. *hey cured eo le. *hey even 5ade dead eo le /ell. *hey did everythin" "reat. 0o5ethin" "reat "ranted the5 this o/er. 9s for 5e, ) clai5 that =od has "iven the5 this, because they kne/. Because they thou"ht "ood thin"s. Because they 5ade "ood rules. Because they had 5any relatives. Because they did everythin" the nice /ay. *hat4s /hy they /ere "ranted 5any "ifts. Because that4s ho/ it /as, that4s ho/ they tau"ht 5e. 0ince they e; lained it to 5e that /ay, here4s /hat )45 tellin" you no/. :o/ )45 uttin" /hat they told 5e a lon" ti5e a"o onto the ta e. 0o Xthe ta eY is tellin" you this. >y friends and relatives can listen and say, -+es, this is true.1 9s for 5e, )45 ha y about /hat )45 sayin" and /hat they kno/ about the "rave.

0o /hat )45 sayin" is this. 'verythin" used to ha en four ti5es. Look, no/ they die on this earth. 7ro5 there they dro into the /ater. 7ro5 there, they4ll "o to heaven. C:ot that lace, they couldn4t ut 5y father , $G# , in because he hadn4t died.D PrettyP u there everythin" is retty. Look, this is /hat they teach us. 0o /e should believe it. We should learn it, beco5e a/are of it. )45 sittin" here, talkin" this /ay no/. Here4s the /ay ) teach 5y children, because ) feel sorry for the5. 9s for 5e, )45 ha y to be talkin" like this today, Nust like those lyin" in the "rave. >y "randfather, 5y aunt, 5y relatives are lyin" in 9lready>yBHo5e, restin" there. 0o5eday )45 "oin" to see the5. *hat4s /hat ) feel. *hat4s /hat ) feel all the ti5e. *hey are ha y for 5e. 9nd 5e, ) kee drea5in" about the5. 0o5eti5es they co5e to hel 5e. -We4ve co5e to hel you,1 that4s /hat they sayP ) see the5 ni"ht and day. *hey kee askin" 5e &uestions, Nust like a strin" co5in" out. *hey co5e at 5e Nust like a drea5er. 9nd 5e, )45 "lad that so5ethin" is /atchin" over 5e. Look ho/ 5any ti5es )4ve "otten sick, ho/ 5any ti5es ) could have died, but ) haven4t "one to the "rave yet. ) haven4t yet "one to 9lreadyB>yB Ho5e. 0o5eho/ they sy5 athiHe /ith 5e because of the /ay ) talk and /hat )45 "oin" to teach the little ones. *he lan is still there. *hat4s the /ay )45 "oin" to /ork. *hat4s /hy so5ethin" "reat feels sorry for 5e fro5 so5e lace. 9s for 5e, ) attribute this to =od. 9nd so, )45 "rateful for this. ) al/ays "et u in the 5ornin" and slee in the evenin". 6h, )45 "rateful: 5ake 5e drea5 leasantly and /ake u fine in the 5ornin". What causes 5e ainO5y ar5, 5y eyesO ress and fi; everythin". -) /ish.1 *hat4s /hat ) say for 5y little ones, too. -9ll ri"ht, /atch over the5 /herever they are layin"Othey don4t understand. *hey4re this /ay because they don4t kno/.1 ) talk like this all the ti5e, 5ornin" and evenin". 9nd 5e, )45 "rateful for /hat He has ut in 5y head, 5y feelin"s, and 5y blood. 9s for 5e, here4s the /ay )45 "oin" to be fro5 no/ on. Look: 5y relatives , $G2 , are all there, 5y older and youn"er brothers, 5y father, 5y uncle, 5y "rand5other, 5y aunt, 5y 5other. When ) "et there, they4ll /elco5e 5e, that4s /hat ) feel no/. *hat4s /hy )45 Nust sittin" here not scared of anythin". )45 ha y about /hat )45 "oin" to do. ) Nust say, -*hank you.1 )45 "rateful and ) say, -*hank you.1 ) lau"h because )45 ha y. When )45 ha y, ) talk. When )45 ha y, ) tell thin"s. )45 "rateful for /hatever they sho/ 5e. When )45 ha y, )45 "rateful for everythin": trees, birds, /ater, food. Before ) eat anythin", before they hel 5e, ) talk to the5. 9s for 5e, here4s the /ay )45 "oin" to travel: /hen ) "o so5e/here, ) talk to everythin"Oall the cars, horses, carts. -9ll ri"ht,1 ) say. )4ve co5e this far and told this 5uch. :o/ /hen )45 tellin" this, )45 enNoyin" 5yself. *his far. 9ll ri"ht, that4s as far as )45 tellin" no/. >y relatives are in the "raveyard over there, fillin" it u . 0o )45 "lad they4re lyin" there eacefully. 0o5e day /hen ) see the5, )4ll teach the5. )4ll tell the5 ho/ /onderfully ) live, ho/ He takes care of

5e here on earth. *his is the reason ) kno/. *his is the reason )45 teachin" the little ones. *hat4s /hy )4ve been here a lon" ti5e. 9ll ri"ht, )45 ha y. *hat4s all no/. , $G$ ,

SOUTH*CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
<in"fisher, kin"fisher, cover 5e /ith your o/er, Sho ho$ sho ho$ na na$ het na na$ het$ ) a5 circlin" around. Wikcha5ni son" 9nna =ayton, -+okuts and Western >ono: 'thno"ra hy1

, $G? ,

SONG
But si&4ne&4r kne/ that the devil XlewelewY /anted to deceive hi5, and he be"an to sin": Now 7 am 6eginning$ ?eginning to ma#e my defense. 7 have 8ust 'ut my 'lant in this soil. 7 don(t #now the end. 7 6arely 'ut my foot on land. 7 %ome from a great distan%e$ from the %louds. 7 am the son of all the dead and That is why 7(m hungry. *he devil said to hi5self, -Where did this creature co5e fro5R What a5 ) "oin" to do /ith this little boyR Where did he co5e fro5R1 9nd the devil said to si&4ne&4r: -(o you kno/ that you are under this sun, and that you are seen by 5eans of its li"htR1 9nd the boy started thinkin", -*his fello/ is tryin" to "et 5e all 5i;ed u , but )45 "oin" to 5ake hi5 cry.1 0o he said to the devil, -(o you kno/ that /e all see by the li"ht in /hich /e areR1 ';cer t fro5 -*he si&4ne&4r >yth1 3enture2o Chu5ash, 7ernando Librado *ho5as Blackburn, De%em6er(s Child

, $G@ ,

9D. T(" St"rie$ )r". the Centr!' V!''e8

?Vi$it t" the L!nd ") the De!d@ !nd ?C"nd"r Ste!'$ F!' "n/$ Wi)e@
YO0UTS &6>&2 &6>DBOHNNY BONES AND ROSS ELLIS2 NNARRATORSSTANLEY NEW+AN2 COLLECTOR AND TRANSLATOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y GEOFFREY GA+,LE

*he +okuts eo le once inhabited the southBcentral ortion of California fro5 rou"hly the crest of the *ehacha i 8an"e in the south to 0tockton in the north and fro5 the Coastal 5ountains in the /est to the /estern slo es of the 0ierra :evada ran"e in the east. *his territory ran"ed about $?0 5iles fro5 north to south and about 200 5iles east to /est and resented "reat variation in /here the +okuts eo le lived, fro5 5arsh lands and lakes such as *ulare and <ern Lakes to the lush banks of river canyons of the *ule, <a/eah, <in"s and 0an Moa&uin 8ivers. *he +okuts eo le /ere divided into about forty s5all tribal "rou s /ith each tribe reco"niHable by its na5e and by its articular dialect. By and lar"e these tribes /ere friendly to one another, and their dialects /ere si5ilar enou"h that s eakers fro5 o osite ends of the territory could understand , $GE , each other. 6f the lan"ua"es and dialects once s oken, no 5ore than a fe/ are s oken today, and 5any of those s eakers live at the +ule 8eservation near 3isalia, California. 7or 5ost +okuts eo le, disturbance by /hite soldiers and settlers did not co5e until the early #EA0s. 0uch relatively late contact allo/ed the +okuts culture and lan"ua"e to re5ain relatively intact for a 5uch lon"er eriod of ti5e than is seen a5on" the coastal "rou s of California or in 5any other arts of :orth 95erica. *his 5eans that the tellers of the t/o +okuts stories resented here had learned the5 fro5 s eakers /ho had little or no contact /ith outsiders, thus considerably enhancin" the fidelity of the 5aterial.X#Y 6ur kno/led"e of the +okuts lan"ua"es and dialects ri5arily co5es fro5 the /ork of 9lfred L. <roeber C#%0@, #%2?D, Mohn P. Harrin"ton C#%#GF#%2?D, 0tanley :e/5an C#%GGD, and =eo rey =a5ble C#%@ED. *he +okuts lan"ua"e "rou is included /ithin the California Penutian stock, /here it is thou"ht to be 5ost closely related to Costanoan and >i/okan and 5ore distantly related to the >aiduan and Wintun fa5ilies. 0 ecific details of "enetic affiliation and sub"rou in" are still bein" /orked out. +okuts is a relatively closeBknit lan"ua"e fa5ily, and internal variation is 5ost clearly seen a5on" the lan"ua"es and dialects of the southernB5ost s eakers. *he t/o stories here, -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 and -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife,1 co5e fro5 the Cha/chila and +o/lu5ni dialects, /hich are fairly closely related lin"uistically. *he Cha/chila eo le lived in the northern third of +okuts territory, inhabitin" both the 0ierra foothills as /ell as the valley locations alon" the 7resno 8iver. 9 lar"e Cha/chila villa"e /as situated near the

resent to/n of 7riant /here the 7resno 8iver has no/ been da55ed to for5 >illerton Lake. 9s /ith other +okuts eo le, storytellin" /as an evenin" and /inter activity. =ood storytellers /ere clearly reco"niHed by their ability to e; loit the syntactic and se5antic richness of the +okuts lan"ua"e and to occasionally rovide creative t/ists on the classic stories kno/n to everyone. -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 is one of the bestBkno/n and fre&uently told stories a5on" the +okuts eo le and /as also /ellBkno/n by other tribes in the re"ion. *his version /as collected by 0tanley :e/5an in the su55er of #%$# fro5 Mohnny Mones, /ho lived at 7riant, California. 9 translation of the story /as first ublished by 9nna =ayton and 0tanley :e/5an in #%G0, but :e/5an had co5 leted a rou"h translation, , $G% , /hich for5s art of his loose note sheets in the :e/5an collection, 5uch earlier. Mones4s Cha/chila version of the tale not only 5aintains all the features of this classic story, but also rovides a richness that clearly indicates a skilled and talented storyteller. *he 5ain features of the story include a youn" cou le, recently and ha ily 5arried, /ho are unchin" at each other in layfulness. 9s the youn" /o5an cleans her ear /ith a s5all stick, her husband hits her ar5 and the stick ierces her ear, killin" her. *he distrau"ht youn" 5an then follo/s his /ife to the Land of the (ead, /here he is challen"ed by the -Ca tain1 of the dead eo le to identify his /ife. He does so and is allo/ed to take his /ife back to the land of the livin" under the condition that once they return they do not have se;ual intercourse until after ten days have assed. :aturally, they do not /ait the full ten days, and the youn" 5an dies. Mones4s version includes the youn" 5an4s confrontation /ith his 5other about the death of his /ife, a "raveside vi"il, a feast in the Land of the (ead, and a co5 le; dialo"ue /ith the leader of the dead eo le. *he second 5yth, -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife,1 /as told to :e/5an in the su55er of #%$0. 8oss 'llis is the 5ost likely storyteller, because so 5uch of :e/5an4s +o/lu5ni te;t 5aterial ca5e fro5 'llis. *his articular tellin" of the story, /hich /as kno/n not only a5on" the +okuts eo le but also by other tribes throu"hout the re"ion, is unusually rich in detail and co5 le;ity. *he story takes lace in 5ythic ti5es, /hen eo le and ani5al /ere one and the sa5e. *here is a "atherin" of the eo le to share food. While 7alcon is a/ay, Condor steals his /ife. 7alcon "oes to the leader, 'a"le, and asks for hel in findin" his /ife. 'a"le sends out a series of eo le to look for her CBottlefly is the one /ho finally finds herD, and eventually, after "reat darin" and sus ense, 7alcon succeeds in rescuin" his /ife fro5 the 5alevolent Condor. *hou"h the California condor today conNures u a recarious, s lit i5a"e of 5a"nificence and vulnerability for those follo/in" its stru""le a"ainst e;tinction, the +okuts tradition as reflected in this tellin" a ears to have focused 5ore on the bird4s enor5ous stren"th and tenacity. Here, Condor is little 5ore than a 5onster, a brute /ho /illfully kidna s his kins5an4s s ouse and forces her to be his /ife, kee in" her in a house hidden so hi"h a5on" the cra"s that it takes 5a"ic for 7alcon to reach it. Condor is so tou"h he can4t be killed, not even cre5ated: thou"h his body finally burns u , his head sli s a/ay durin" the ni"ht -by itself1 , $?0 ,

FIGURE 6. R"$$ E''i$ (ith hi$ $"n. C"urte$8 ") the ,!n r")t Libr!r82 Uni4er$it8 ") C!'i)"rni!2 ,er-e'e8. , $?# , and resu5es its ursuit. 7alcon, fleein" /ith his rescued /ife, re eatedly s5ashes the head /ith a rock, but the head Nust kee s on co5in". *aken as a latterBday ecolo"ical ro hecy, this story lays do/n o/erful odds for the condor4s survival. But if the on"oin" e orts at reintroduction ulti5ately fail, the story also leaves us a final 5onu5ent: the -'cho 8ock1 /here Condor4s head finally turned to stone.

NOTE
#. *he te;t of :e/5an4s translations has been sli"htly altered in the follo/in" /ays. 7irst, as it is clearly a ro5inent feature of 3alley +okuts narrative style for storytellers to use /hat /e call the -historic resent1 tense to hi"hli"ht key 5o5ents and assa"es in the narrative, these sentences have been cast in italics, as a visual correlate of this s ecial rhetorical hei"htenin" e ect. 0econd, to confor5 5ore closely /ith the unctuational style of -3isit to the Land of the (ead,1 and also to i5 rove readability, 5any cases of sentenceBinitial ,nd in -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 have been adNoined to the recedin" sentence, either /ith a co55a or a se5icolon. 7or instance, in the second ara"ra h of that story, the se&uence -9nd Coyote /ent to hi5. 9nd he &uestioned hi5.1 beco5es -9nd Coyote /ent to hi5, and he &uestioned hi5.1 *hird, bracketed inter olations Cso5e :e/5an4s, so5e the editor4sD have been allo/ed to su lant the rono5inal for5 they clarify. 7or e;a5 le, the sentence -But he XCondorY is already losin" stren"th1 beco5es -But XCondorY is already losin" stren"th.1 C*his tactic has been a lied to the first story as /ell.D 8eaders interested in checkin" :e/5an4s ori"inal resentation of -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 and -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 5ay consult the versions in =a5ble C#%%GD and =ayton and :e/5an C#%G0D, res ectively.OHWL

FURTHER READING
0ee Willia5 M. Wallace4s -0outhern 3alley +okuts1 and -:orthern 3alley +okuts1 for a "eneral overvie/ of 3alley +okuts cultureP also 9nna =ayton4s -+okuts and Western >ono: 'thno"ra hy.1 7or lin"uistic infor5ation, see 0tanley :e/5an4s -o#uts 3anguage of California$ =eo rey =a5ble4s /i#%hamni Grammar$ and 9lfred L. <roeber4s -o#uts Diale%t Survey. 0everal i5 ortant te;t collections have been roduced: =a5ble4s -o#uts Te>ts$ fro5 /hich the story -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 /as , $?2 , takenP =ayton and :e/5an4s -+okuts and Western >ono >yths,1 fro5 /hich the story -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 /as takenP Ho/ard Ber5an4s -*/o Chukchansi Coyote 0tories1P and =a5ble4s -Ho/ Peo le =ot *heir Hands.1 <roeber4s -)ndian >yths of 0outh Central California1 includes nu5erous +okuts 5yths in 'n"lish. )n a rare stylistic study rior to #%A0, :e/5an considers as ects of +okuts oetics in -+okuts :arrative 0tyle.1 0tanley :e/5an4s notes and field notebooks are housed at the >a;/ell >useu5 of 9nthro olo"y, University of :e/ >e;ico. Before :e/5an, M. P. Harrin"ton collected e;tensive 5anuscri t 5aterials on +okuts.

VISIT TO THE LAND OF THE DEAD

CHAWCHILA YO0UTSBOHNNY YO0UTS *hey /ere 5arried si; days. 9nd they loved each otherP they layed /ith each other and unched each other in fun. 9nd the /o5an "ot a little stick, and she t/isted it around in her ear. 9nd /hile she /as cleanin" her ear, her husband hit her /ith his handP and the stick stuck there in her ear, and she died. 9t his /ife4s death, he /ent to tell his 5other. ->a5a,1 he said, -5y /ife died.1 9nd his 5other said, -Ho/ did she dieR1 -) struck her /hile she /as cleanin" her ear.1 9nd his 5other scolded hi5. *hey 5ourned all ni"ht. 9nd after 5ournin" for t/o ni"hts, they buried her. 9nd, havin" buried her, the old ones /ent ho5e to their houses. 9nd they returnedP and the 5an stayed all ni"ht at the "rave, and he /as taken ho5e. 9nd he returned to the "rave and sle t there on the foot of the "rave. 9nd his sister "ot hi5 and took hi5 ho5e. 9nd a"ain he returned to that "rave in the evenin". 9nd he heard the dead one "ettin" u shortly after sunset. ,nd she 8um's u'.-'eee,1 she says, Nu5 in". 9nd the husband sa/ her Nu5 in" and "ettin" u . -) "uess 5y /ife is "ettin" better,1 he says. ,nd his wife is standing u'$ sha#ing the dirt from her; and she goes north. , $?$ , ,nd her hus6and follows. .e is snat%hing at her in vain. ,nd her hus6and 'uts his arms around her; he does not gras' her. When he snatched her, she 5elted a/ay. He ke t doin" this /hile "oin" alon". 9nd "oin" far ahead, she says to her husband, -Why are you follo/in" 5eR1 9nd her husband did not s eak at his /ife4s /ords. ,nd the two of them #ee' going north. ,lready they have gone far. When dayli"ht ca5e, she disa eared. 9nd at his dead /ife4s disa earance, he /ent to slee . 9nd to/ard dusk, he arose. 9nd the dead one /ent north. He follo/ed herP her husband /ent alon" behind her. He continued this /hile they /ere "oin". 9nd she says to hi5, -Why do you kee follo/in" 5eR 8eturnS1 .er hus6and does not hear what she is saying. ,nd the two of them #ee' wal#ing during the night. 9nd at daybreak he /ent to slee /here his /ife disa eared. ,nd again evening %omes. ,nd the dead one gets u' and wal#s. ,nd they %ontinue$ her hus6and following her.-8eturnS1 she says to her husband. 9nd /hen they arrive at the brid"e, Xshe saysY, -(on4t "et fri"htened. Cro/ /ill yell at usP Juail /ill flyP they /ill scare us. (on4t be fri"htened at Juail4s flyin". Perha s you /ill fall in the /ater and beco5e a stur"eon.1 9nd her husband re lies, -+es. ) don4t think ) shall fall in.1 9nd the /o5an /ent aheadP she crossed the brid"e and arrived on the other side. 9nd /hile she /as lookin" back at her husband, he took a ste on the brid"e. 9nd he shook the brid"e, and he crossed over and reached his /ife on the other side. 9nd /hile they /ere "oin" alon", she advised her husband, -(on4t follo/ 5eS +ou had better stay back thereS (on4t "o in /here the dancers areS +ou 5ust stay backS1 she says to the husband. 9nd the t/o of the5 arrived there /here the dead eo le are. .e follows his wife in vain. .e is sto''ed.-*hat is a live 5an. 0to S1 said the Ca tain to hi5. .e gras's Nthe manO with his hand. 9nd bein" s oken to, he sto ed thereP he stared at his /ife. 9nd /hen his /ife reached the lace /here the dead eo le /ere dancin", she /ent in. 9nd he stared at his /ife. ,nd he is trou6led there on his heart.-) a5 hun"ry,1 he says there on his heart. 9nd the dead Ca tain heard his /orryin" there on his heart. 9nd

, $?G , the Ca tain says to hi5, -Why are you troubledR +ou are hun"ryP you say you are troubled. :o/ ) shall "ive you so5e food.1 9nd he "ave hi5 acorn 5ush full of acornBheads. ,nd he is trou6led there on his heart.-) don4t think )4ll "et full on this. *here is too little.1 *he Ca tain says to hi5, -(on4t /orry about that. +ou /ill "et full soon.1 ,nd he drin#s the a%orn mush. 9nd /hile he /as drinkin" it, it e5 tiedP and a"ain it filled u . .e #ee's worrying all the time; doing this$ he gets full.-HereS ) a5 already full doin" this. *ake your food a/ayS1 he says to Xthe Ca tainY. 9nd he sa/ his /ife dancin"P he stared at his /ife. 9nd it beca5e 5ornin"P and the dead dancers disa eared. ,nd her hus6and sits all day where he had 6een standing. 9ll the dead ones disa eared. ,t sunset the messengers wa#e u'. They %all out; they are 6usy among themselves; they 6uild a fire; they run around loo#ing for wood. Some of them have already made a fire. Some Nof the deadO have already emerged from the fire; they have already sat down$ ready for their dan%e. 9nd /hen the Ca tain sa/ it, he arose ne;t to the lace /here the live 5an /as. 9nd the dead eo le e5er"ed. 9nd the 5essen"ers 5ade a fire for the dead Ca tain. 9nd the dead eo le danced. 9nd the Ca tain said to hi5, -Will you reco"niHe your /ifeR1 -+es, ) think ) shall reco"niHe 5y /ife,1 he said to hi5. -)f you /ill reco"niHe your /ife, then you /ill brin" her XoutY.1 9nd there /ere five dead /o5en, si5ilar to one another. 9nd they looked like recently dead /o5en, but they had been dead a lon" ti5e. *he five dead /o5en /ere alike beautiful. 9nd the recently dead /o5an ut on her dress. 9nd the Ca tain said to hi5, -8eco"niHe your /ifeS1 -+es, ) shall reco"niHe 5y /ife,1 Xsaid the husbandY. 9t his sayin" this, the si; /o5en ca5e out. They are very similarA )n the 5iddle, that recently dead /o5an /as laced. 9nd her husband sa/ her. 9nd havin" co5e out, they danced around hi5. -Can you reco"niHe your /ifeR1 -+es,1 he said. -Let us see. =o "et your /ife and brin" her.1 9nd the one /ho /as told /ent strai"ht to his /ifeP he "ras ed her on the ar5. -Co5eS1 he said to his /ife, lookin" back. -We shall "o to the Ca tain.1 , $?? , 9nd he brou"ht his /ife alon" to the Ca tain. -+es,1 said the Ca tain. -0it do/nS1 9nd she sat by the side of her husbandP and the Ca tain said to the5, -+ou /ill "o ho5e.1 9nd they Xstarted toY return. -Wait a little /hileS Listen to 5y /ordsS1 he said to the5. 9nd he advised the5, -9fter arrivin" at your house, you 5ust not have se;ual intercourse for ten days. )f you do so before ten days, you Xthe husbandY /ill return here &uickly. +ou 5ust finish all the days as ) a5 advisin". 9nd you /ill tell your eo le /hat you have seen here. +ou /ill tell your eo le, [) have seen the dead.\1 9nd after he said that, they /ent to the road on /hich they had co5eP and they crossed the brid"e that they had crossed beforeP and they /ent to slee /here they had sle t before. 9nd they /alked all ni"htP and they /ent to slee durin" the day. X*hey continued this /ay untilY near dusk they reached the lace /here she had died. 9nd in the 5ornin" he arose and "ot his eo le, his father. -) shall tell you /hat ) sa/ /here ) /ent.1 9nd his father said, -+es. *ell /hat you have seenS1 9nd he related, -) sa/ 5any dead ones. *hey had a "ood ti5eP they /ere al/ays dancin"P they had a lively ti5e. 6ur life here is bad. ) shall tell you everythin" that ) sa/.1 9nd his father said, -+es, 5y son, tell everythin" that you sa/ there.1 XButY he did not tell Xthe5Y, -*en days have been counted for 5e.1 He did not relate that he /as told, -(on4t have se;ual intercourse.1 9nd after ei"ht days he /anted to have se;ual intercourseP and she /ould not er5it hi5. XButY /hen

there re5ained only one day to co5 lete, she er5itted hi5. 9fter havin" se;ual intercourse, he died. 9nd it beca5e dayli"ht. 9nd his father said, -*ell your older brother to "et u S1 9nd bein" s oken to by her father, Xthe husband4sY youn"er sister /ent. -=et u , 6lder BrotherS1 He did not /ake u . -What4s the 5atter /ith 5y older brotherR ) think he died.1 9nd his father ca5e and shook hi5. -Wake u , 5y 0onS1 XButY he did not "et u . ->y son died,1 he said. 9nd they 5ourned, and his son /as buriedP he had died. 9nd that is all. , $?A ,

CONDOR STEALS FALCON/S WIFE

YOWLU+NI YO0UTSROSS ELLIS *here they /ere livin", above KAl5iu CClover PlaceD at the foot of this 5ountain. Their leaders are thin#ing a6out their meeting. 9nd 'a"le said, -*ell Cou"ar and Bi" 'a"le and his friend, the lar"e Cro/, and their crier, (ove, and Coyote and 7alcon and Wolf.1 9nd Coyote /as sent. Now he is going to assem6le the 'eo'le. -)n seven days /e /ill asse5ble.1 Now they will 6e told/ind and Thunder and Dog too. 9nd Coyote infor5ed the5, and Wind said, -6f course ) can "o any/here. But tell *hunder. Will he "oR1 9nd, -)45 not sure that he can,1 he added. 9nd the seven days ca5e, and already all the eo le /ere asse5blin" there. 9nd *hunder did not co5e. The 6ooming noise he ma#es is useless; he %an(t wal#. 9nd Coyote /ent to hi5. 9nd he &uestioned hi5, and *hunder said, -) can4t "o any/here. *ell 5y friend and he /ill co5e.1 9nd Wind /ent to hi5, and there he arrived. 9nd he said to hi5, -What4s the 5atter /ith youS 9ren4t you able to /alkR Haven4t ) been tellin" you, )4ll see to it that you /ill "o /here they /ant youR 9re you ready to leave no/R1 he says to hi5. -0tand u no/, and you /ill s eak,1 he says to hi5. -8eadyR1 Wind says to hi5. -+es,1 then says *hunder. -0 eak no/,1 he says to hi5. -Will /e "o no/R1 9nd *hunder s oke. Must as soon as he s oke, the t/o of the5 /alked o. 9nd they arrived there i55ediately, and their leader, 'a"le, said to hi5, -Have you arrived alreadyR1 he says to hi5. 9nd X*hunderY said to hi5, -*his "atherin" of ours is certainly a s5all one. Ho/ is thatR1 *hunder says. -*hese are i5 ortant eo le. ) a5 thinkin" about our "oin" /est,1 says 'a"le. -9ll the seeds are no/ "ettin" ri e a"ain.1 -=ood,1 they say. -But /ho /ill "o to look the5 overR1 they say. -9ntelo e,1 they say. 9nd 9ntelo e said, -)n the 5ornin" ) /ill "o.1 9nd he /ent, and there he arrived. *o his sur rise, there /ere a "reat 5any seeds. 9nd he took a "reat 5anyP he laced the5 in both his feet. 9nd he arrived after sundo/n. 9nd, as before, Coyote asse5bled the eo le, and all the eo le asse5bled. 9 lar"e coverin" /as already s read over the "round. En it he is , HSb U now going to 'our his load. 9nd he oured it, and they said, -*here is certainly a lot.1 9nd, -Count these i5 ortant eo le,1 they say to (ove. Now they are going to divide it. 9nd each of the5 took his share, and the uni5 ortant ones took /hat /as left, and all of the5 /ere leased. .aving ta#en their food$ all of them will now 're'are it. 9nd 7alcon4s friend, Cro/, ate a lot of black seeds, and he turned black. -Well,1 says their leader, -in seven days /e /ill "o.1 Now they are going to gather food. 9nd the seven days arrived, and so5e of the5 asked their leader,

-)n ho/ 5any days /ill /e returnR1 -)n three days.1 9nd they said, -*here is food enou"h for our children.1 9nd all the eo le /ent, and there they arrivedP and they "ot 5any seeds. 9nd in three days they returned. 9nd 7alcon robably "ot a "reat 5any. 9nd he said to his /ife, -)4ll take so5e of this, and )4ll co5e ri"ht back.1 9nd his /ife /as /orkin"P she /as "ettin" 5ore. 9nd the /o5an heard hi5 co5in". She loo#s a6out$ 6ut she does not see anything. 9nd Condor ali"hted close to her, and after ali"htin" he said to her, -9re you the /ife of 5y youn"er brotherR1 he says to her. -)s he your youn"er brotherR1 she says to hi5. -+es,1 he says. -His na5e is *so ni;.1 9nd the /o5an said to hi5, -What is your na5eR1 she says. -Condor,1 he says. -0o /e /ill "o no/,1 Condor says to her. He says to her, -*ake o your necklace.1 Her necklace /as 5oneyOs5all beads and bi" dark beads and s5all bone beads. 9nd she said, -:oS1 but it /as useless. -Why should )R1 she says to hi5. -)45 afraid he4ll be an"ry,1 she says to hi5. -:o,1 she says. -We /ill "o no/,1 XCondor saidY. He took her a/ay by force. 9nd then 7alcon arrived after they had "one, and he couldn4t find his /ife. 9nd in vain he looked for their foot rints. He found nothin". 9nd fro5 there he returned. 9nd he arrived at the leader4s house, and the leader said to hi5, -Why are you aloneR1 -) can4t find her,1 he says. 9nd the leader said, -) think she has been stolen fro5 you. :o/ /e4ll asse5ble the eo le,1 the leader says to hi5. 9nd he sent (ove. -9sse5ble the eo le,1 he says. 9nd (ove "ot all the eo le. -7alcon4s /ife has been stolen,1 he says. -:o/ 'a"le /ill ask the eo le,1 he says. -Who4s "oin" to find herR1 he says. , $?E , 9nd all the eo le asse5bled, and he asked all of the5, -Who can find out /here she /entR1 9nd BuHHard said, -)4ll try. But he 5ust take 5e /here she /as stolen,1 BuHHard said. 9nd there 7alcon took hi5 /here she /as stolen, and there they arrived. -7or one day ) /ill search for her,1 he says. 9nd BuHHard searched all the ravines. .e loo#s down all the im'assa6le 'la%es. .e %omes down. /here is she hiddenX ,nd in vain he goes u' again. .e finds nothing. He did not find anythin". He /orked for one day, and he returned. 9nd, as before, all the eo le asse5bled, and they asked hi5, -What ha ened on your NourneyR1 -) didn4t find anythin",1 he says. -) /alked over the /hole /orld, but it /as useless,1 he says. -) didn4t find anythin".1 9nd the leader said, -:o/ you,1 he says to Wind. -+es,1 says Wind. -) think ) can do so5ethin". ) try to "et in every/here over the /hole /orld,1 says Wind. 9nd there 7alcon took hi5, and they arrived there. -)s this itR1 says Wind to hi5. -+es,1 says 7alcon. -Well, )4ll /alk no/,1 he says. -) /ill arrive there after sundo/n,1 he says. 9nd 7alcon says to hi5, -Well, ) a5 "oin" no/,1 he says. 9nd Wind /alked over the /hole /orld. He did not find anythin". He /orked for one day. 9nd he arrived late at the leader4s house, and the leader asked hi5, -What ha ened on your NourneyR1 he says to hi5. -) didn4t find anythin",1 he says. -:o/ you,1 Bottlefly is told. 9nd there 7alcon took hi5, and they arrived there. -(id she "o fro5 hereR1 he says to hi5. 9nd he stood ri"ht there /here the /o5an had been sittin". 9nd he said to 7alcon, -+ou 5ust not "o any/here. +ou 5ust /ait for 5e ri"ht here,1 he says to hi5. 9nd Bottlefly says, -7ro5 here )4ll find out /here she /ent. )4ll turn around here,1 he says. -'ast,1 and also, -:orth,1 he says, and also, -West,1 and also, -0outh.1 9nd 7alcon said, -Where is sheR1 he says. -:ot there,1 Bottlefly says. -0he /ent far u ,1 he says. -+ou 5ust /ait for 5e ri"ht here,1 he says. 9nd there he /ent far u , and there he re5ained. .e sni s in all dire%tions. 9nd he turned around, and he sa/ a house. )t /as the house of the thief. 9nd there Bottlefly /ent. 9nd on enterin" his house, he

sli ed. .e falls on his 6a%#. His house /as sli ery. 9nd it /as &uiet there. 9nd he sa/ the /o5an. 7ro5 there he returned. He see5ed to be very &uick. , $?% , He ca5e there /here 7alcon re5ained, and he reached 7alcon, and 7alcon said to hi5, -WhereR1 9nd he said to hi5, -0he is u there.1 -) have kno/n it for a lon" ti5e. ) have been thinkin",1 says 7alcon. -)t is best that /e return, and ) /ill "o in the 5ornin".1 9nd they returned, and they arrived at the leader4s house, and the eo le asse5bled. Now they will listen to the one who found her. 9nd all the eo le asse5bled. 9nd the leader &uestioned Bottlefly. -*he t/o of us arrived there /here she /as stolen,1 he says. -We arrived there,1 he says. -9nd ) couldn4t find her east or north or /est or south,1 he says. -WellS 0he /ent above,1 he says. -9nd there ) arrived far u ,1 he says. -*here she /as,1 he says, -that /o5an.1 9nd Coyote said, -) have kno/n it for a lon" ti5e,1 he says. 9nd he na5ed hi5. -*hat is his na5e,1 he says. -Condor,1 he says. -9ll of his body is stone, but his heart can be seen throu"h his back,1 he says. 9nd 'a"le said to hi5, -)s he certain to fi"ht us if he co5esR1 he saysP and then he said, -0 arro/ Ha/k is 7alcon4s youn"er brother. +ayil is his na5e.1 9nd 7alcon said, -)n the 5ornin" ) /ill "et her,1 he says. 9nd in the 5ornin" 7alcon /ent. He took his 5usical bo/. 9nd far o there he arrived, and there he laced it /here his /ife had been. 9nd there he sat on his 5usical bo/. 9nd he /ent u . *hat 5usical bo/ of his took hi5 u . 9nd far above he ca5e out throu"h a hole in the /orld, and after co5in" out he stood there. 9nd there he sa/ the house. 9nd there he /ent. 9nd there he arrived at the door, and he said to her, -Co5e out.1 9nd she said to hi5, -Who are youR1 9nd 7alcon said to her, -)t is ).1 -0o it is you,1 she says to hi5. -:o/ ) /ill co5e out,1 she says to hi5, and she ca5e out /ith a strin" of hu5an bones around her neck. 9nd 7alcon said to her, -*ake o your necklace. :o/ /e /ill "o,1 he says to her. 9nd fro5 there they /ent to the lace /here he had co5e out, and they arrived there, and there he laced his 5usical bo/. *hey sat in the 5iddle of it. 9nd fro5 there they descended far belo/. 9nd fro5 there they /ent to their house /here their leader /as. *here they arrived. ,t their arrival$ the 'eo'le are ha''y. 9nd then Condor, the fi"hter, arrived at his house, and there he sa/ their , $A0 , /ife4s necklaceP she had thro/n it on the door. 9nd at that he i55ediately "ot ready to "o. Now he is going to follow his wife. 9nd he descended far belo/P and fro5 there he /ent. Now he will go toward them. 9nd far o there he arrivedP and he asked the5, -Where does *so ni; liveR1 he says. 9nd 7alcon /as told, -Condor is lookin" for you.1 -Has he co5e alreadyR1 he says. -+es,1 says the s eaker. 9nd there /ent 7alcon. 9ll the eo le are "ettin" very fri"htened. -Hello,1 *so ni; says to hi5P -)t is really you.1 -Hello,1 says Condor. -0o you took our /ife,1 he says. -*herefore,1 Condor says to hi5, -therefore, /e /ill settle it bet/een ourselves. )f you kill 5e, then you /ill take our /ife. But if ) kill you, then ) /ill take her,1 he says. -Which one /ill shoot firstR1 he says. -) /ill be first,1 says 7alcon. 9nd they /ent far o to an o en lain. -8eadyR1 7alcon says to hi5. 9nd it see5s that he conNured u a fo". 9nd -8eadyR1 says his o onent. 9nd 5any stones fell /here 7alcon /as standin". 9nd Condor asked hi5, -Where are youR1 his o onent says to hi5. -)4ll take 5y turn /ith you. :o/ ) co5e,1 7alcon says to hi5. 9nd he conNured u a fo" a"ain. Soon his younger 6rother will go in a %ir%le around him. .e has many wiregrass N%aneO arrows now. .e is shooting at the heart through Condor(s

6a%#. There this heart of his %ould 6e seen.-Well, "et ready no/,1 7alcon says to hi5. -:o/ ) /ill shoot at you. *hree ti5es ) /ill shoot at you,1 he says to hi5. -8eady,1 he says to hi5. -=et ready no/. :o/ ) /ill shoot at you.1 9nd he shot at hi5. >any stones dro ed fro5 his body /hen he shot. 9nd he shot at hi5 a"ainP and, as before, stones dro ed there. 9nd, -Where are youR1 7alcon says to hi5. -Here ) a5,1 he says. -:o/ ) /ill take 5y turn /ith you. ) co5e ne;t,1 Condor says to hi5. -=ood,1 says 7alcon. -8eadyR1 he says to hi5. -8eady,1 then says 7alcon. .is younger 6rother still #ee's shooting at him through his 6a%#. 9nd he conNured u a fo" a"ain, and 5any stones dro ed /here he /as standin". 9nd a"ain he /ent far o to a di erent lace. 9nd he says to hi5, -Where are youR1 -) a5 standin" here,1 says 7alcon. -9nd no/ ) /ill take 5y turn /ith you. ) /ill co5e ne;t a"ain,1 7alcon says to hi5. ,lready Condor is losing strength. Now he is going to shoot at him again. 9nd a lot of stones fellP they see5ed to be very lar"e ones. , $A# , -9"ain,1 7alcon says to hi5. 9nd he shot at hi5 a"ain. -*here is one 5ore,1 he says to hi5. -:o/ )4ll shoot at you a"ain,1 he says to hi5. ?ut NCondorO is already losing strength. 9nd, -9"ain,1 he says to hi5. 9nd finally he fell do/n. -et he does not sto' tal#ing. 9nd then they rested. Now he does not get u'. Now he has fallen. 9nd, -What are /e "oin" to do /ith hi5R1 says Coyote. -We /ill burn hi5,1 say all these eo le. 9nd all of the eo le "athered /ood. *hey iled it there /here he had fallen, and it /as set on fire, and the fire died out. :othin" /as burnin". -Hello,1 says 7alcon to hi5. -Hello,1 then says Condor. -0oS +ou are still alive,1 7alcon says to hi5. -*here is nothin" you can kill 5e /ith,1 XCondorY says to hi5. 9nd another kind of /ood /as "atheredP and, as before, it /as a"ain iled there /here he is lyin", and, as before, it /as set on fire. )t /as not burnin" any lon"er. -Hello,1 7alcon says to hi5. -)t is really you. Hello,1 he says to hi5. -) a5 /ell,1 he says. -0oS +ou /ill not die,1 7alcon says to hi5. 9nd Coyote /as asked, -What /ill /e burn hi5 /ithR He does not burn u ,1 they say. 9nd, -With "rass,1 Coyote saysP -/ith that he /ill burn,1 he says. 9nd a lot of "rass /as brou"ht. Now he will 6e 6urned with it. 9nd it /as set on fire. 9nd all of his body /as burnin". ?ut his head still tal#s.-We have robably killed hi5 no/. Leave hi5 ri"ht there,1 he says. 9nd they stayed over ni"ht. 9nd durin" the ni"ht the head, by itself, /ent a/ay. His body /as not there. 9nd 7alcon "ot the head and took it a/ay. 9nd the head "ot an"ry at bein" taken. Now the head will try many times to harm him. ,nd again Fal%on ta#es it in his hands. Now he is going to #ee' smashing it down on these stones. 9nd a"ain it ke t tryin" to har5 hi5. 9nd finally 7alcon said, -We had better "o to 5y father4s sister.1 9nd 7alcon and his /ife /ent o. Now they are going to run away. 9nd the t/o of the5 /ent. 9nd no/ the head ca5e a"ain. )t /as trailin" the5 no/. 9nd a"ain it overtook the5. 9"ain it failed to do any har5 to 7alcon. 9nd, as before, 7alcon took it and ke t s5ashin" it do/n. He broke it in 5any ieces. 9nd a"ain the t/o of the5 /ent o. 9nd a"ain it overtook the5 as they /ere nearin" his father4s sister4s house. 9nd, as before, he a"ain ke t s5ashin" it do/n. 9nd /ith that the t/o of the5 /ent , $A2 , o a"ain. 9nd his father4s sister shouted, -8un,1 she says to hi5. -+ou are co5in" close no/,1 she says to hi5. *hey /ere "ettin" very near. 9nd no/ the head /as a roachin" the5 a"ain, and already it /as overtakin" the5. Must as it a roached, the rock closed shut. Must as it closed, the head arrived there.

*here the head broke. *here it beca5e 'cho 8ock. 9nd then 'a"le /as asked, -Where /ill you "oR1 he is asked. -Here in the 5ountain ) a5 "oin" to roa5,1 he says then. 9nd Cou"ar also /as asked, -Where /ill you "oR1 he is asked. -Here in the 5ountain ) a5 "oin" to roa5,1 he says. -)4ll kill 5any deer,1 he says. 7alcon also says, -) too /ill /alk here in the 5ountain,1 he says. 9nd Coyote /as also asked, -Where /ill you "oR1 he is asked. -Here ) /ill /alk on the lains. >aybe ) /ill steal so5ethin" there,1 he says. 9nd Cro/ also /as asked. -)4ll /alk /est,1 he says. ->aybe so5ethin" /ill die, and ) /ill eat its eyes,1 says Cro/. *hat is the end. , $A$ ,

9&. The C"nte$t bet(een +en !nd W".en

TS,ATULA,AL ir ! &6>9+I0E +IRANDA2 NARRATORER+INIE WHEELER VOEGELIN2 COLLECTOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y CHRIS LOETHER

*he classic 5yth -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 transcends the cultural 5ilieu of its ori"ins in the universal, ti5eless a eal of the issue at the heart of the story, the "ender roles layed out by 5en and /o5en in hu5an societies.X#Y *he story /as told to 'r5inie Wheeler 3oe"elin, in 'n"lish, by >ike >iranda durin" one of her su55er fieldtri s to *]batulabal country in Central California bet/een #%$# and #%$$. 0he had been collectin" ethno"ra hic infor5ation fro5 >iranda, /ho oered this 5yth in ans/er to her &uestion of /hether /o5en had ever had a role in huntin". >ike >iranda, /hose *]batulabal na5e /as +ukaya, /as about fortythree years old at the ti5e he /orked /ith 'r5inie. 9lthou"h his 5other /as fro5 the nei"hborin" +okuts tribe, his father, 0teban >iranda, /as the last hereditary chief of the *]batulabal. C9fter his father4s death in #%??, the *]batulabal /ere ruled by a Council of 'lders until the early #%@0s. 9t that ti5e they Noined /ith the nei"hborin" <oso 0hoshone and , $AG , <a/aiisu tribes to for5 the <ern 3alley )ndian Co55unity, /hich "ained ta;Be;e5 t status in #%E@, thou"h they are still fi"htin" for federal reco"nition by Con"ress.D *he *]batulabal consisted of three bands in abori"inal ti5es: the Pahkana il, the Pala"e/an, and the Bankalachi, /hich occu ied three connected valleys for5ed by the confluence of the <ern 8iver and the 0outh 7ork <ern 8iver in the southern 0ierra :evada 5ountains. *he *]batulabal have no 5i"ration 5yths such as the >oNave and :avaNo haveP accordin" to their traditions, they have al/ays lived in those three valleys. Lin"uistic and archaeolo"ical findin"s confir5 that they have been ri"ht /here they no/ are for a very lon" ti5e indeed. *he archaeolo"ical evidence indicates that the *]batulabal4s ancestors robably occu ied <ern 8iver territory as early as #200 b.c. *hey are clearly distin"uished archaeolo"ically at this early ti5e fro5 their :u5icBs eakin" nei"hbors in ter5s of settle5ent atterns, lithic 5aterials, rock art, and 5illin" e&ui 5ent C>oratto #%EG:??%D. 9nd the co5 arative lin"uistic evidence indicates that, by #?00 b.c., the *]batulabal /ere already beco5in" distinct in lan"ua"e fro5 their closest lin"uistic relatives, the :u5icBs eakin" eo les of the =reat Basin, such as the 0hoshone, Western >ono C>onacheD, 6/ens 3alley Paiute, and <a/aiisu.

*he *]batulabal first encountered the /hite5an in #@@AOironically, the 95erican year of inde endenceO/ith the arrival in their territory of t/o di erent 0 anish e; editions. But the eo le /ere s ared the brunt of outside i55i"ration into :ative California until the #E?0s, /hen the California =old 8ush brou"ht hordes of ne/co5ers into their valleys. 9 turnin" oint Cthou"h not a "ood oneD ca5e in #EA$, /hen so5e thirtyfive to forty innocent *]batulabal 5en /ere 5assacred by the local /hite o ulation in retaliation for cattleBraids by )ndians in the 6/ens 3alley. 9fter this ti5e it /as no lon"er safe to be a *]batulabal in *]batulabal country. *he early California anthro olo"ist 9lfred <roeber esti5ated the *]batulabal o ulation to have been bet/een five hundred and one thousand at ti5e of Contact C#%2?:A0ED, thou"h this fi"ure 5ay be lo/. By the early #%%0s there /ere a ro;i5ately four hundred *]batulabal /ho still lived in the three valleys, and an additional five hundred livin" a/ay fro5 the traditional ho5eland CHol5esBWer5uth #%%G:AA#D. 9s of this /ritin", there are less than half a doHen fluent s eakers of the lan"ua"e. Culturally the *]batulabal straddle the border bet/een t/o :ative , $A? , culture areas: California to the /est and the =reat Basin to the east. *he *]batulabal sho/ influences fro5 both culture areas. )n their three valleys the *]batulabal had access to both acorns Cthe 5ain sta le of California )ndian eo leD and ineBnuts Cthe 5ain sta le of =reat Basin )ndian eo leD. )nfluences fro5 these t/o culture areas see5 to er5eate all as ects of *]batulabal culture. *heir 5ytholo"y has been classified as bein" =reat Basin in character C=ayton #%$?:?EE, ?%?D, but their reli"ious rituals and 5aterial culture are clearly 5ore si5ilar to their California nei"hbors, such as the +okuts. *hese dual cultural influences are reflected in -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 /here, contrary to the nor5 in *]batulabal society for each olitically inde endent band to have but one chief, there are t/o chiefs, 'a"le and Coyote. 'a"le is the character /ho is 5ost often the chief in Central California 5ytholo"y, and Coyote is the cultureBhero ar e;cellence of =reat Basin 5ytholo"y. *he *]batulabal yearly cycle /as si5ilar to that of their 0ierran nei"hbors. *hey s ent the /inter in er5anent villa"es alon" the rivers in the three valleys and then 5i"rated to fa5ily ca5 s in the 5ountains durin" the su55er 5onths. 0e; roles /ere strictly deter5ined in *]batulabal society, /ith the 5en huntin" and the /o5en "atherin". Contact bet/een /o5en and 5en /as strictly li5ited durin" certain critical eriodsO articularly /hile /o5en /ere 5enstruatin", and for a severalday eriod before 5en /ent huntin". *here /ere, ho/ever, s ecial ti5es /hen everyone artici ated in certain food "atherin" activities, such as fishin" in Muly, the ineBnut harvest in early fall, the acorn harvest in late fall, or occasional rabbit and antelo e drives. *]batulabal cos5olo"y and /orldvie/ /ere si5ilar to that of their nei"hbors in that they believed in a revious /orld that had been inhabited by ani5als /ith su ernatural o/ers and very hu5an characteristics. *hese 5ytholo"ical -ani5al eo le1 beca5e the ani5als of this /orld /hen the current /orld, alon" /ith hu5ans, /as created. *he story "iven here is set in the /orld of 5ythBti5e. Let us no/ look at so5e of the cultural as ects found in the 5yth itself, /hich addresses the a"eBold &uestion of /hy the se;es lay di erent roles that see5 in so5e /ay inherently redeter5ined. )n this 5yth, it a ears that 5en and /o5en /ere created e&ual in the be"innin", since the story hints that, /ere it not for Coyote4s 5a"ic at the last 5o5ent, the division of labor 5i"ht /ell have turned out di erently. 9s the story o ens, /e find the 5en all livin" by the5selves. While

, $AA , they are out huntin" all day, Coyote stays ho5e, "atherin" and stackin" /ood for each 5an4s ca5 . CCoyote here is layin" the traditional role of the 6erda%he$ the 5an /ho stays in ca5 and does /o5en4s /ork, such as "atherin" and re arin" food, and therefore 5ust /ear /o5en4s clothes.D What is notable is that the 5en kno/ only ho/ to huntOthere is no 5ention of any lant foods Cthe roduct of /o5en4s laborD in their ca5 . *he /o5en, on the other hand, /ho are also livin" by the5selves, enNoy both hunted and "athered foods. When the 5en discover the /o5en4s ca5 , they send 8oad 8unner to investi"ate.X2Y )nterestin"ly enou"h, after 8oad 8unner has arrived in the /o5en4s ca5 and been o ered food to eat, it is the chia, a lant food, that 5akes hi5 sick. (es ite its the5atic sy5bolis5, thou"h, the scene /here 8oad 8unner loses his lunch also ha ens to be one of the best co5ic 5o5ents in the story: Pretty soon he vo5itedO oh, vo5itedSO and everythin" ca5e u P LiHard ca5e u P he vo5ited LiHard and the chia too. LiHard, he chased all those /o5enP they "ot u , and ran, and those /o5en said, -What kind of food does this 5an eatX1 they said. *he /o5en, a sensible cre/ overall, are clearly dis"usted by this startlin" turn of events. 6n to of it all, LiHard, once on the loose a"ain, starts runnin" around like a se;Bstarved 5aniac /hen he sees all the /o5en standin" around "a in" at 8oad 8unner. 9fter three days, the /o5en 5ove to the 5en4s ca5 . :o/ be"ins the bi" adNust5ent for the 5en C/hich, one can ar"ue, is still bein" layed out a5on" hu5ans todayD. 9t first they take turns /ith the daily tasks. 7irst the 5en "o huntin", /hile the /o5en stay at ho5e and re are the acorn, ineBnuts, and other lant foods. :e;t the /o5en hunt, and the 5en stay at ho5e. Unlike the revious day, thou"h, the /o5en are all successful in their huntin"P further5ore, 5ost of the 5en have roble5s in re arin" the lant foods. *his leads to a lot of "ru5blin" on , $A@ , the art of the 5en, es ecially Coyote, /ho devises the final -shootin" contest1 to deter5ine /ho "ets to "o out huntin" and /ho has to stay at ho5e to "rind seeds.X$Y *he /o5en in this 5yth see5 to be inherently su erior, in overall co5 etence, to the 5en. *his ortrayal in turn sets u the co5ic necessity for Coyote to have to -cheat1 in order to /in the contest, thereby "arnerin" for 5en the -ri"ht1 to hunt and establishin" for all ti5e the division of labor bet/een the se;esOthe "ender roles that characteriHe *]batulabal society in their native /orld. *he *]batulabal have traditionally believed that they should 5odel their behavior on that of the revious /orld, because the 5ytholo"ical ani5al eo le /ere so 5uch 5ore o/erful and kno/led"eable than hu5ans are today. 9fter all, 5yths Cin any cultureD not only e; lain the ori"ins of the /orld as /e kno/ it, but also validate its status &uo. Must as every story has a ur ose, every storyteller has a reason for tellin" a articular story at a

articular 5o5ent to a articular audience. *his ti5e, the story /asn4t told to a :ative *]batulabal audience, but /as told in 'n"lish to a fe5ale anthro olo"ist, /ho /rote it do/n in a notebook in the course of collectin" ethno"ra hic infor5ation. Before the advent of recordin" e&ui 5ent, takin" do/n a te;t /as a very tedious and ti5eBconsu5in" rocess, involvin" constant breaks in the flo/ of the narration. (es ite these difficult conditions, >ike >iranda 5ana"ed to kee his 5ind in his story and resent a coherent te;t, for5ally structured and richly detailed, /ith its co5ic flair intact. 6ne is al/ays te5 ted to look for the storyteller in the story itself. )f >ike >iranda is -in there1 at all Ohis cultural beliefs, his chiefly fa5ily back"round, his sense of the /orldOit is robably his "ift for hu5or that is best revealed in -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en.1

NOTES
#. *he only ublished source for this 5yth is in 'r5inie 3oe"elin4s ethno"ra hy of the *]batulabal C#%$@:?$F??D. *he version of the story that a ears here is taken fro5 the Charles 7. and 'r5inie 3oe"elin Pa ers C#%$#F#%$$: 2AF$#D in the Bancroft Library at Berkeley. *he t/o versions are virtually the sa5e in te;tP the only si"nificant chan"e fro5 either involves the resentational for5 of the story as it a ears in this volu5e. *he ra""edBline for5at /as discerned by the , $AE , editor, Herbert Luthin, based strictly on the trans arently rosodic unctuation atterns in 'r5inie 3oe"elin4s rose transcri tion. Punctuation therefore follo/s rosodicBintonational contours, rather than the usa"e rules of for5al /ritten 'n"lish. C*he ara"ra h boundaries of the ori"inal ty escri t are indicated by the conNunction of a line s ace and a flushBleft 5ar"in.D 7inally, in the Bancroft ty escri t, 3oe"elin notes occasional acco5 anyin" "estures and other erfor5ance cues that she recorded at various oints in the story. *hese "esture notes, or their likely content, are resented in the ri"ht 5ar"in of the te;t. 2. We have o ted not to nor5aliHe 'r5inie4s rather char5in" s ellin" of 8oadrunner4s na5e.OHWL $. *his contest see5s si5ilar in so5e /ays to ublic contests that /ere traditionally held bet/een sha5ans to sho/ o their skills and instill res ect and a/e in the lay o ulation.

FURTHER READING
7or those interested in further readin" concernin" the *]batulabal, 'r5inie 3oe"elin4s -*]batulabal 'thno"ra hy1 is the best ri5ary source. *he 5ost co5 lete ublished collection of *]batulabal 5yths and le"ends is found in Carl 7. 3oe"elin4s -*]batulabal *e;ts,1 includin" the bilin"ual autobio"ra hy of the storyteller, >ike >iranda C#%$?:22$F2G#D. *here is also a collection of lar"ely un ublished *]batulabal stories in 3oe"elin and 3oe"elin4s -*]batulabal >yths and *ales1 at the Bancroft Library in Berkeley. 6ther "eneral sources that include sections on the *]batulabal are 9lfred <roeber4s .and6oo# of the 7ndians of California$ Charles 05ith4s article -*]batulabal1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#$ and Carol Hol5esBWer5uth4s article -*]batulabal1 in Native ,meri%a in the Twentieth Century: ,n 1n%y%lo'edia.

The C"nte$t bet(een +en !nd W".en

*here /ere a lot of eo le livin", and 'a"le and Coyote /ere chiefs O

and all of the5 /ere 5enP there /ere no /o5en. , $A% , 9nd they hunted rabbitsP every day. Coyote stayed ho5e every ti5e they /entP he never /ent huntin", he Nust hauled /ood for the5P he hauled /ood for every ca5 . *hat4s all Coyote did all the ti5e. 9nd /hen they "ot tired of rabbits, you kno/, they /ent to hunt deer for a chan"e. 9nd /hen all of the5 /ent to hunt deer the ne;t day they /ent farther o, /ay u in the 5ountains. 9nd they sa/ s5oke fro5 there, /ay across u on another 5ountain. 9nd they said, ->aybe so5ebody is livin" over thereO eo le.1 9nd one of the5 said, -) think /e should tell Coyote about it, /hen /e "et ho5e toni"ht.1 *hat4s /hat he said. 9nd they ca5e ho5e in the evenin"P every one had a deer, and Coyote had all the /ood, iled u at every ca5 . 9nd they cut a little iece of 5eat, every one, and "ave it to Coyote for his /ork. Coyote ate that. 9nd retty soon they told Coyote after su er, -We sa/ s5oke fro5 the to of the 5ountain, across on a 5ountain, far a/ay.1 9nd Coyote said, ->aybe so5ebody is over thereP let4s send so5ebody to5orro/ and find out.1

, $@0 , 9nd they icked one 5anP they said, -*his fello/O 8oad 8unner. He "oes fast,1 they said. 9nd ne;t 5ornin" 8oad 8unner /ent, after breakfast, and those fello/s /ent a"ain, to hunt deer. 9nd Coyote stayed ho5e, and hauled /ood for the ca5 . 9nd that fello/, he /entP NgesturingO he /ent /ay u on the 5ountain, and /hen he sa/ LiHard runnin" &uickly, close to hi5, 8oad 8unner ran close, NgesturingO "rabbed LiHard, icked hi5 u , and ate hi5. LiHard /as his life, ) thinkO 8oad 8unner Nust s/allo/ed hi5. 9nd those /o5enO lots of /o5en over there at a bi" it 5ortar bed O NnoddingO a lon" oneP and there lots of /o5en /ere "rindin" ineBnuts. *hey /ere all sittin" do/n there, "rindin" the5. *here /ere no 5enP all /o5en. 9nd retty soon one /o5an said, -6hS1 she said, -the ed"e of 5y va"ina is shakin",1 and they lau"hedP all lau"hed. 9nd retty soon another /o5an over there

said, N'ointingO -6hS >ine too. , $@# , *he ed"e of 5y va"ina is shakin".1 Pretty soon so5ebody said, ->aybe so5ebody is co5in"P so5e 5an is co5in".1 9nd they said, ->aybe.1 9nd then one of these /o5en looked that /ay and sa/ one 5an co5in". NnoddingO 0he said, -+ou see. ) told you, so5ebody is co5in", co5in" over there no/.1 9nd 8oad 8unner sa/ those /o5en, lots of /o5enP he sa/ those /o5en sittin" do/n there, all of the5. 9nd 8oad 8unner ca5e thereP he said, -HelloS1 9ll those /o5en said, -Hello,1 and they asked hi5 /hat he /as doin" /ay u there. 9nd 8oad 8unner said, -*hose fello/s sa/ s5oke yesterday,1 he said, -fro5 a lon" /ay across the 5ountainP and they told 5e to co5e and find out if so5ebody /ere livin" here. 9ll of the5 are 5en over there,1 he said. -9nd here no 5en,1 they told 8oad 8unnerP -all /o5en.1 9nd retty soon they all of the5 "ot u , and they called to 8oad 8unner, -Co5e onP

co5e on do/n to the house,1 and 8oad 8unner /ent /ith the5. , $@2 , When they ca5e do/n to the house, they told 8oad 8unner, -Co5e in,1 and they took a bi" basketO homol$ you kno/O and they 5i;ed chia in there, about full, and they "ave it to that 5an, to eatP and a iece of 5eat: deer 5eat. 9nd 8oad 8unner drank it all, you see, and /hen he /as throu"h eatin", he sat do/n there for a /hile, and retty soon the chia 5ade hi5 sickP he felt like vo5itin", that 5an. Pretty soon he vo5itedO oh, vo5itedSO and everythin" ca5e u P LiHard ca5e u P he vo5ited LiHard and the chia too. Ngrma%ingO LiHard, he chased all those /o5enP they "ot u , and ran, and those /o5en said, -What kind of food does this 5an eatR1 they said. LiHard /as alive, you kno/. 9nd those /o5en ca5e back after the 5an "ot all ri"htP the 5an recovered, you kno/P and those /o5en ca5e back. 9nd one /o5an /ent into the house and brou"ht chia seeds, tied u in a little ba". 0he said, -When you "et ho5e,

, $@$ , "ive this to that >ountain Lion >an,1 she said. 9nd 8oad 8unner said, -9ll ri"ht.1 C*hat4s a >ountain Lion Wo5anO all that co5 any of /o5en, /ere all di erentO Ha/k Wo5an, >ountain Lion Wo5an, Coyote Wo5an. 9nd it /as Nust the sa5e over there O N'ointingO >ountain Lion >an, Ha/k >an, and all the rest.D 9nd another /o5anO Ha/k Wo5anO ca5e out, and she had the sa5e thin", a little ba" of acorns. 0he "ave it to that 5anP -When you "et ho5e you "ive this to that Ha/k >an.1 8oad 8unner said, -9ll ri"ht.1 Well. 9ll of the5 "ave that 5an a little ba" for those fello/s. 8oad 8unner said, -9ll ri"ht.1 9nd last of all ca5e one bi" /o5an, a fat /o5anP she had a little ba", and she said, -+ou "ive this to Coyote.1 9nd those /o5en said, -9fter three days /e /ill "o over thereP three days fro5 no/ /e /ill all "o over there.1 8oad 8unner said, -9ll ri"ht,1 and set o for ho5eP he had a bi" load. , $@G , 9nd Coyote, over thereO

N'ointingO Coyote looks all the ti5e to /atch for 8oad 8unner4s returnP he is in a hurry, he /ants to see. He "oes u a hill and looks, every little /hile, to see /hen 8oad 8unner returns. *hen he sa/ 8oad 8unner co5in", in the evenin". Coyote /ent over to 5eet hi5P he /as curious. Coyote said, -(id you find out, about everythin" over thereR1 9nd 8oad 8unner said, -6h,1 he said, -+ou4d better /aitP you don4t /ant to find out no/P you4d better /ait.1 Coyote Nust ca5e alon"side of 8oad 8unnerP he said, -.urry u' Nwhis'eringO you(d 6etter tell meAF 8oad 8unner said, -Wait, until those fello/s co5e ho5e. *hen you4ll find out,1 he said. Pretty soon those fello/s ca5e in in the evenin"P those 5en. 9nd after su er they all "athered to"etherP they are "oin" to find out no/. 9nd 8oad 8unner said, -*hey are all /o5en over there, lots of the5. 9nd they "ave 5e little ba"s,1 he said. , $@? , -*hey told 5e to "ive the5 to you.1

CWell, 5aybe that4s a resentO so5ethin", you kno/, to "ive to the 5en.D 8oad 8unner "ave all those 5en /hat the /o5en had "iven hi5P 8oad 8unner told those 5en, -*hose /o5en said they /ere "oin" to co5e, in three days,1 and Coyote said, -=ood, "ood, "oodS1 said Coyote. NlaughingO 9nd after three days, those /o5en ca5e, after three days. 'very one of the5 had a loadP so5e had acorns, chia, ineBnuts, all kindsP all di erent seeds. 9nd all of the5 had bo/s and arro/sP all of the5 had arro/s, all those /o5en. 9nd 8oad 8unner /ent to 5eet those /o5en, you seeP he /as "oin" to tell the5 about each 5an, /here each /as livin", you seeO in /hich house. 9nd 8oad 8unner said, -*here4s that >ountain Lion >an4s house over thereP he is livin" over there,1 and >ountain Lion Wo5an /ent over there. -9nd there4s Ha/k4s house over thereO Ha/k4s,1 and Ha/k Wo5an /ent over there. 9ll those /o5en, , $@A , every one, /ent this /ay, N'ointsO

and that /ay, N'ointsO and the last oneO ohSO a bi" /o5an, ca5e, and 8oad 8unner said, -*here4s Coyote4s house, /ay over there,1 N'ointingO and the bi" /o5an /ent over there. *he ne;t day all those 5en /ent huntin", you kno/, and those /o5en, all of the5 /ent to "rind acorns, and chia, you kno/. 9nd those 5en returned in the evenin", and those /o5en had everythin" ready, all cooked, and those 5en ca5e ho5e and ate. 9nd the ne;t day those /o5en told those 5en, -We are "oin" to hunt no/, and you 5en "o "rind so5e acorns1P they told those 5en that, you kno/. 9nd those /o5en returned in the evenin" and they had deer, every one of the5, you kno/O those /o5en. 9nd those 5en, so5e of the5, had "otten throu"h earlyP they had returned ho5e, and so5e of the5 /ere still over there, cookin" acorns, you kno/O they didn4t kno/ ho/ to very /ell, you kno/. 9nd ca5e sundo/nP Coyote hadn4t co5e ho5e yetP he /as still u at the it 5ortar /orkin". , $@@ , Coyote /as retty 5adP

at sundo/n he hadn4t co5e ho5e yet, and his /ife /ent over there, to hel her 5an. 9nd they "ot throu"h, and ca5e ho5e. 9nd the ne;t day all the 5en /ent u on the hill to hunt, and all the /o5en /ent to "rind acornsP all of the 5en /ent to hunt deer, Coyote too. He didn4t haul any 5ore /oodP he /ent to hunt deer. When they "ot /ay u in the 5ountains, Coyote said, -+ou fello/s /ait,1 he said. -We are "oin" to talk about those /o5en,1 he said, and they sto ed. 9nd Coyote said, -*hese /o5en, they have arro/s, and they hunt, and they send us over there to "rind acorns,1 Coyote said. -*hat4s not ri"ht,1 he said. -) think /o5en better handle the 5ortar,1 he said, Cyou kno/, /here they "rind ineBnutsOD -that4s Nust ri"ht for the5P that4s /o5an4s /ork,1 he said. -:ot 5an4s,1 he said. -9nd to5orro/,1 Coyote said, -/e are "oin" to talkP to have a bi" talk,1 he saidP -/e are "oin" to shoot at a tar"et,1 he said. -)f those /o5en /in, , $@E , then they can handle the arro/,1 he said, Coyote said. -)f we /in, then /e kee huntin" and handle the arro/, and /o5en kee handlin" the 5ortars, all the ti5e.1

9nd everybody said, -9ll ri"ht, /e4ll do that.1 When they returned ho5e in the evenin", after su er Coyote told those 5en and /o5en, everybody, to "atherP he said, -We are "oin" to have a bi" talk here.1 9nd Coyote told the5 all, -*o5orro/ /e are "oin" to shoot a tar"etP if you /o5en /in then you can handle the arro/s and /e can handle the 5ortars, and "rind acorns,1 he said. -But this /ay, you /o5en hunt and /e handle the 5ortarsP that4s not ri"ht,1 said Coyote. -*hat4s /o5an4s /ork,1 he said. -*o5orro/ 5ornin",1 Coyote said, -) /ill ut u a tar"et over thereP /e /ill shoot,1 he said. *hose /o5en said, -9ll ri"ht.1 9nd Coyote didn4t slee that ni"ht, you kno/P he "ot u , at 5idni"htP he /ent /ay u on to of the 5ountain, you kno/, and built a fire /ay u on to . , $@% , 9nd /hen he ca5e back ho5e he said, -+ou fello/s "et u no/P the 5ornin" star is u no/P you "et u , hurry.1 9nd 8oad 8unner looked and said, -6h, that4s not the 5ornin" star over thereP that4s a fire you built u there on to of the 5ountain, you devil,1 8oad 8unner said.

Coyote said, -Hurry u S1 but everybody /ent back to slee a"ain. 9nd /hen dayli"ht ca5e they all "ot u P and after breakfast Coyote /ent out, and set a tar"et over there, and Coyote said, -'verybody line u ,1 he said, -"et ready.1 9nd one of those /o5en, >ountain Lion Wo5an, /as a retty "ood shooter, retty hard to beat /ith an arro/. 9nd every /o5an stood here /ith her husband, and they /ere "oin" to shoot to"ether, each /o5an and her husband, NgesturingO at the sa5e ti5e. 9nd Coyote and his /ife stood /ay over there on the ed"e. 9nd Coyote said, -)45 "oin" firstP )45 "oin" to shoot first.1 NlaughingO He /anted to /in, you kno/. NlaughsO 9nd Coyote said, -+ou readyR1 and his /ife said, -+es,1 , $E0 , and they shot. 9nd they never hit the tar"etP Coyote 5issed the tar"et, and his /ife tooP they didn4t hit the tar"et. Coyote said, -:e;t,

ready,1 he said, and the ne;t t/o shot, and they never hit the tar"et. 9nd all of the5 5issedP Nust t/o, >ountain Lion and his /ife, had not yet shot. 9nd Coyote said, -+ou fello/s ne;t,1 and then Coyote, he ca5e round to >ountain LionP he told >ountain Lion, -+ou shoot "oodP NgesturingO your /ife is a "ood one, but you shoot "ood,1 he said. 9nd /hen they /ere ready to shoot, one 5an shotO N'antomimes drawing 6owO that /as >ountain Lion, and his /ife shot too. Coyote said, -Break, you strin", breakS1 and >ountain Lion Wo5an4s strin" broke, and her arro/ /ent to one side. 9nd that >ountain Lion, >ountain Lion hit ri"ht in the centerP that 5an hit it. 9nd those /o5en lost, you kno/P the 5en /on. Coyote said, , $E# , -:o/,1 he said, -all ri"htP you /o5en handle the 5ortars,1 he said, -/e /ill handle the arro/s,1 he said. -We are 5en,1 said Coyote.

9nd those 5en /on, and lived there. *hat4s the end. , $E2 ,

99. The D"% Gir'

INESETO CHU+ASH &6&>+ARUA SOLARES2 NARRATORB. P. H!rrin%t"n2 COLLECTORRICHARD APPLEGATE2 TRANSLATOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y 0ATHRYN 0LAR

*he Chu5ash occu ied the territory of Coastal California fro5 about Paso 8obles and 0an Luis 6bis o in the north do/n to >alibu Ca 3enture2o na5e, humaliwo [ lace /here the /aves 5ake noise\D in the south. *he first kno/n recordin" of any California )ndian lan"ua"e /as 5ade by the Catalonian soldier Pedro 7a"es C robably in >ay #@@2DP the lan"ua"e for /hich 7a"es recorded so5e seventy vocabulary ite5s fro5 the -natives of the 5ission of 0an LuLs and t/enty lea"ues round about there1 /as /hat is no/ called 6bis e2o Chu5ash. 9lthou"h 9lfred <roeber asserted the relationshi of the Chu5ash lan"ua"es in the first decade of the last century, a definitive "rou in" of the fa5ily had to a/ait the erusal of Mohn P. Harrin"ton4s fieldnotes in the #%@0s. *he Chu5ash fa5ily turns out to have been re5arkably diverse, /ith three 5ain lan"ua"es C:orthern, Central, and )slandD, each "rou consistin" of one or 5ore dialects /ith salient distin"uishin" features. :orthern Chu5ash , $E$ , Ct/o dialectsD is very di erent fro5 any of its co"nates, and )sland Chu5ash Cone dialectD is also &uite distinct fro5 Central Chu5ash Cfour or 5ore dialectsDP but re"ular honolo"ical corres ondences can be adduced for all the lan"ua"es, and an outline of the rotolan"ua"e can be tentatively reconstructed. *his attern ar"ues for a "reat ti5e de th for the fa5ily and, by e;tension, a lon" occu ation of so5e or all of the historical territory. *he sa5e thin"s that still attract residents and visitors to this art of California Cfine cli5ate, beautiful scenery, and an abundance of 5arine and terrestrial resourcesD enabled the Chu5ash to live beyond 5ere subsistence. *heir culture /as technolo"ically and verbally so histicated, and the land su orted a dense o ulation or"aniHed into to/ns headed by chiefs, both 5ale and fe5ale. Chu5ash lan"ua"e and culture, broadly construed, /as the field to /hich Mohn P. Harrin"ton "ave his "reatest and 5ost continuous e ortsP fro5 #%#2 until his death in #%A#, there is no "reat stretch of ti5e in /hich he /as not en"a"ed in so5e as ect of his Chu5ash /ork. Harrin"ton4s na5e loo5s so lar"e in Chu5ash studies that it is so5eti5es hard to re5e5ber that, /ithout the halan; of /orkers /ho ca5e after hi5 and dili"ently deci hered his fieldnotes, al5ost none of the 5aterial he collected and re/orked /ould be available or usable to :ative eo le, scholars, or the "eneral ublic. *hose /ho /ork /ith the Chu5ash lin"uistic 5aterials and stories Harrin"ton collected are, erforce, a s ecific variety of researcher kno/n as a hilolo"ist C-one /ho is fond of /ords or learnin"1D. *heir -field1 is not the last s eakers of Chu5ash lan"ua"es or the best storytellers or the finest basket5akersP rather, the hilolo"ists /ork /ith the a ers, /a; cylinders, and alu5inu5 discs on /hich Harrin"ton the field/orker recorded his consultants4 infor5ation about these thin"s. *here is no /ay ever to add

another /ord or sentence to the Chu5ash cor us, but the hilolo"ical /ork of or"aniHation and analysis /ill ensure that Harrin"ton4s vast cor us can be utiliHed to its fullest. 9ny discussion of this 5aterial thus i5 licitly reco"niHes the contribution of those /ho have brou"ht it to ublishable for5 as necessary artners in the "rand endeavor in /hich Harrin"ton /as en"a"ed throu"hout 5ost of his life. Harrin"ton /as born in Waltha5, >assachusetts, in #EEG. *he fa5ilyOfather 'lliott, 5other >ary Lydia, Mohn, and youn"er brother 8obertO5oved C robably for reasons of 'lliott4s healthD to Pasadena, California, in #E%#. *hey then 5oved to 0anta Barbara in #E%2, /here , $EG , the fa5ily established a ho5e in the city that re5ained Harrin"ton4s 5ain base of o erations throu"hout his life. 7ollo/in" his "raduation fro5 0tanford University in #%0?, Harrin"ton s ent his wander8ahr studyin" at the Universities of Lei Hi" and Berlin /ith lin"uistic "iants such as 'duard 0ievers and <arl Bru"5ann. He evidently lanned to return to study /ith 7ranH :ikolaus 7inck in Berlin, to /ho5 he beca5e close durin" this =er5an yearP the lan /as cut short by 7inck4s unti5ely death in #%#0. 9t this oint, Harrin"ton /as seriously considerin" e;tended field/ork a5on" the lan"ua"es of the Caucasus. 7inck, both ersonally and throu"h his ublished /ritin"s, 5ay have been instru5ental in sha in" the youn" Harrin"ton in his characteristic /ay of a roachin" unfa5iliar lan"ua"es. 7inck4s #E%% /ork on an )rish =aelic dialect, Die araner 0undart C*he dialect of the 9ran )slandsD, is based u on the result of a brief, intensive eriod of livin" -in the field1 /ith the islanders in the re5ote /estern e;tre5e of )reland. 7inck stressed the need for /ork /ith re5ote dialects, even of relatively /ellBkno/n lan"ua"es Cas =aelic /as at the ti5eD, in order to carry out co5 rehensive co5 arative /ork on related lan"ua"es. *hese ideas are features of Harrin"ton4s /ork throu"hout his life. Bet/een #%0A and #%#2, Harrin"ton cast about for a ur ose in life. He never see5ed to /ant to venture far fro5 his boyhood ho5e for lon" Chis letters ho5e fro5 =er5any are touchin"ly do5esticD, and a5on" other thin"s, he tau"ht 5odern lan"ua"es C=er5an and 8ussianD at 0anta 9na Hi"h 0chool, /orked on >oNave and +u5an Cat <roeber4s behestD, /orked in several south/est fields in connection /ith e5 loy5ent at the 0chool of 95erican 9rchaeolo"y, hel ed 'd"ar Lee He/ett re are e;hibits for the #%#? Pana5aBCalifornia '; osition in 0an (ie"o, and "ave several series of su55er lectures on anthro olo"y and lin"uistics in Colorado and Washin"ton 0tate. He considered so5e acade5ic o tions: further study in =er5any, a "raduate fello/shi in anthro olo"y at Berkeley Carran"ed by <roeber, but turned do/n by Harrin"tonD, /ork on Caucasian lan"ua"es, and "raduate study at the University of Chica"o. )n #%#2, ho/ever, for so5e reason Chad he heard that <roeber /as busy in the Chu5ash areaRD he returned ho5e and be"an the /ork that for5ed a focal oint for 5uch of the rest of his life: his Chu5ash field/ork. He /orked on every Chu5ash dialect for /hich he could find a s eaker, in a frenetic atte5 t to record everythin". He and his ne/ bride, Carobeth, s ent their Mune #%#A honey5oon /orkin" on 6bis e2o and Purisi5e2oS , $E? ,

FIGURE &D. +!rV! S"'!re$. Ph"t"%r!3h b8 B. P. H!rrin%t"n. C"urte$8 S.ith$"ni!n In$tituti"n. Harrin"ton did 5ost of his )nese2o /ork bet/een about #%#G and #%#%. 9bout his rinci al consultant, >arLa )sabel del 8efu"io 0olares, little is kno/nP there is no "ood, e;tensive source of infor5ation on the field/ork /ith her, only the lin"uistic notes the5selves. 0he /as born in #EG2 at >onterey, and

died in #%2$, robably in 0anta )neH. *hat she /as a fluent )nese2o s eaker and a 5aster storyteller is clear fro5 her story -*he (o" =irl.1 0he also a arently s oke so5e Purisi5e2o, thou"h Harrin"ton never recorded any te;t in that dialect fro5 her or anyone else. 0o 5uch 5aterial has been reserved in various Chu5ash lan"ua"es that /e have an o ortunity rare in California, that of "ettin" so5e idea of both the ran"e and de th of cultural e; erience and verbal de;terity of the eo le. -*he (o" =irl1 is the 5erest dro of this 5aterialP but like a dro of honey, it is very satisfyin" and leaves one cravin" 5ore. Because the story has been left, as closely as the translator is able, in the style in /hich it /as told, one senses the rhyth5 of the storyteller4s art and the hearer4s rece tion. 9s Leanne Hinton noted Cabout +ahiD in her , $EA , introduction to 7shi(s Tale of 3i<ard$-0o5e hrases are re eated a lot, and there is a rhyth5 in the tellin" that 5ake it so5ethin" like a oe5. 8ead it out loud if you have a chance to: it sounds best that /ay.1 *his a lies as /ell to this story. )t /as ara hrased in *ho5as Blackburn4s De%em6er(s Child Can e;tre5ely rich collection of Chu5ash narrative folkloreD, but because Blackburn /orked only /ith Harrin"ton4s notes in translation, the full lin"uistic richness of the te;t /as not realiHed. Blackburn4s lon", conNoined, /rittenB'n"lish hrases are not characteristic of the Chu5ash oral storytellin" style Cas indeed they are not characteristic even of 'n"lish oral styleD. *he short Chu5ashBlan"ua"e assa"e that follo/s Cthe nine o enin" lines that constitute the introductory scene of -*he (o" =irl1D should "ive readers a better sense of >arLa4s storytellin" style, /hich can be for5al, co5ic, and 5ovin" by turns. Here, the 5ost strikin" rhetorical feature lies in the careful dis osition of her hrases and the stately, al5ost rocessional rhyth5 that results: 0ikk4u54e/ar ahuTu: *here /ere so5e very oor do"sP

riya&ya&uye r ariyarIiInP they scaven"ed to eatP 5a4ur4urkuyar4 riya&iye r. refuse, they scaven"ed. WahaT4 aT4iT4ihi4: kasilunan4, siyo&h o yila4. tiyu;nirukutaTur: siyu&5a/ilP *here /ere lots of children: they "re/, they /ere all thin. *hey /ere &uick to stand: they /ere su erin"P

they scaven"ed bones. riya&uye r ash ese4. *he fine, for5al balance of this assa"e, based on incre5ents of three, is readily a arent. 9s Hinton said of )shi4s story, >arLa4s tale is so5ethin" like a oe5, /ith short narrative e isodes full of concrete i5a"ery strun" to"ether /ithout a /asted /ord. 8e etitions unctuate the narrative and dra/ attention to i5 ortant actions.X#Y *his techni&ue de5ands close attention by listenersP nothin" is overtly e; lained, and the se&uence of events 5ust be closely observed. *he tale is 5eant to be heardP take Hinton4s advice, and your enNoy5entOand understandin"O/ill increase i55easurably. , $E@ ,

NOTE
#. 8eaders /ill find a 5ore e;tended discussion of the oetics of re etition in -*he (o" =irl1 in the essay ->akin" *e;ts, 8eadin" *ranslations1 Cthis volu5eDOHWL

FURTHER READING
7or a eo le so o ulous in a land so abundant /ith a culture so rich, sur risin"ly little has been ublished Cand re5ained in rintD on Chu5ash for a "eneral audience. 9 series of books ublished C/ith one e;ce tionD in the #%@0s, all based ri5arily on Harrin"ton4s notes, re5ain the best co5 ilations, thou"h one 5ay have to look for the5 in libraries. Ca5 bell =rant4s Do%# 2aintings of the Chumash is an e;cursion into the beautiful, 5ystical /orld of Chu5ash art and re5ains accessible and readable. *ho5as Blackburn4s De%em6er(s Child brin"s to"ether 5any shorter and lon"er Chu5ash stories fro5 throu"hout the Harrin"ton cor usP the overall or"aniHation of the 5aterial is Blackburn4s, ho/ever, not that of Harrin"ton or the storytellers. The 1ye of the Flute$ edited by *ravis Hudson, Blackburn, 8osario Curletti, and Manice *i5brook, "athers 5aterials about Chu5ash traditional ritual fro5 Harrin"ton4s /ork /ith 7ernando Librado. Crystals in the S#y by Hudson and 'rnest Underhay 5ay be of articular interest to a /ide audience, because it deals /ith Chu5ash archaeoastrono5yP it is a "ood inter retive co5 anion iece to =rant4s book on rock art. Tomol$ edited by Hudson, *i5brook, and >elissa 8e5 e, o ers a detailed look at the buildin" of a Chu5ash lank canoe accordin" to the instructions of 7ernando LibradoP it includes 5aterial on the cultural co5 le; surroundin" Chu5ash 5arine culture. 8eliable Chu5ash lan"ua"e 5aterials tend to be un ublishedP the best "ra55ar is 8ichard 9 le"ate4s e;e5 lary doctoral dissertation, -)nese2o Chu5ash =ra55ar.1 Published dictionaries and le;icons do not e;ist, thou"h several are in re aration for various dialects. 7or "eneral overvie/s of Harrin"ton and his /ork, one can read Carobeth Laird4s re5arkable 1n%ounter with an ,ngry God$ /ith the caveat that this is the for5er /ife4s version of events, told /ith 5ore than fifty years of hindsi"ht. Carollyn Ma5es4s iece in Smithsonian 0aga<ine$ -9 7ield Lin"uist Who Lived His Life for His 0ubNects,1 is sketchy but accurate. , $EE , >ore recently, Leanne Hinton4s -9shes, 9shes1 fro5 News from Native California "ives so5e of the seldo5Bheard )ndians4 vie/s on Harrin"ton and his /ork. >uch Harrin"ton lore re5ains in the real5 of oral traditionP a fullBscale bio"ra hy is bein" undertaken by <athryn <lar.

The D"% Gir'

*here /ere so5e very oor do"s: they scaven"ed to eatP refuse, they scaven"ed. *here /ere lots of children: they "re/, ? they /ere all thin. *hey /ere &uick to 5ake the5selves stand: XfY *he idio5atic 5eanin" of this line is unkno/n. *he Chu5ash te;t reads ciyIu>niIcu#utaIJ@i@c: ciyI J@i@c WH 23. DF3VQ$ u>niIW"ui%#lyQ$ suI#uta( [to cause to stand\ Cliterally, then, so5ethin" like

[*hey &uickly 5ade the5selves to stand\D. 9 /ild "uess as to the lost 5eanin" of the e; ression 5i"ht be -*hey /ere &uick to be"1Obut this inter retation 5akes so5e unverifiable assu5 tions, ho/ever lausible, about the /ay the Chu5ash interacted /ith their do"s.OHWL they /ere su erin"P they scaven"ed bones. 6ne of the children Cshe /as already "ro/nD #0 cli5bed a ran"e of hills, and she sa/ 5any eo le. *he 5en /ere layin" the hoo "a5e. *here she sat: she /atched the eo le. #? 0he said: -0o 5any eo le, so 5any eo leS 9 to/nS1 *hey called out: -Co5e, co5eS1 0he didn4t "o do/n. 20 0he said: -*o5orro/ )4ll "o do/n there.1 When it /as evenin" she /ent ho5e. , $E% , 0he told her 5other, she said: ->any eo le ) sa/P 2? they /ere callin" to 5e,1 she said. -) didn4t "o.1 0aid her 5other: -Why didn4t you "oR Weren4t they indul"ent /ith youR XfY Harrin"ton4s notes rovide a 0 anish "loss for this line: no te %hi"u!asA [(on4t indul"e CadornRD yourself\. Ho/ever, the Chu5ash te;t reads (inicamucti#ti#us$ /hich 5eans so5ethin" like [*hey /ere not indul"ent /ith her\, 5akin" this a narrative line, not a line of dialo"ue. *he 0 anish "loss has been follo/ed in this instance, because it a ears to flo/ better and 5ay have re resented a revision on the narrator4s art.O89 +ou4re "oin" to dis"race yourself. $0 =o on over there.1 -)4ll "o to5orro/.1 the girl said -Co5e here so ) can co5b youO her mother said you /ill be "oin" /here there are eo le.1 0he co5bed her,

$? she readied her by co5bin": the do" /as beautiful. :e;t day the "irl "ot u before da/n. XkY With res ect to this and the recedin" line, note that the do" "irl is referred to so5eti5es as -the do"1 and so5eti5es as -the "irl1O erha s de endin" on /hich as ect of the do" "irl4s character the narrator is e5 hasiHin" or sy5 athiHin" /ith at any "iven oint in the story.O89 -*ake heart,1 said her 5other, -(on4t dis"race yourselfS G0 +ou /ill see fine eo le.1 0he /ent, she ca5e to her s ot. *hey sa/ her, they called out to her: -Juick, &uickS Co5e, G? co5eS1 0he /ent to the5P they /ent to 5eet her. )t /as "ood: the "irl /as beautiful, ?0 she /as retty. , $%0 , -Co5e, co5eS 'at so5ethin"S1 *hey took her to the chief4s houseP XfY *his /as the old custo5 that a stran"er /as taken to the chief4s house and "iven food, etc.OMPH they "ave her food. XkY 7or so5e reason this line /as crossed out by Harrin"ton.O89 0he sa/ the food: ?? acorn 5ush, islay, chia, 5any kinds of foodP fish, deer 5eatO the hunters /ould "o out to hunt, and brin" it to the chief4s house. XlY )nfor5ant added that 5en /ere also in for5er ti5es sent to the beach to brin"R ur&oyiTar [shellfish\. *hey brou"ht it to the ca tain4s house, /hereu on the chief aid the5 and /o5en cooked it u for the eo le.OMPH A0 *hey "ave her food. 0he ate: there /as a lot of foodP she "ot full.

)n the evenin" she said: -) have to "o ho5e A? already.1 0he /as very full. *hey said to her: -Be content, co5e backS1 Back at her house, she vo5ited. @0 *he children ate itP the 5other ate it, too. 0he said to her: the girl to her mother -)t4s not enou"h, not a lot of food.1 XvY Literally, [it4s not "ood, lots of food\, /hich doesn4t &uite 5ake sense, thou"h the /ords are si5 le and una5bi"uous. Perha s [*his Xreferrin" to the do"Blike act of re"ur"itationY is not "oodO @? Xthere /asY lots of food\, an inter retation that /ould tie in /ith the the5e of do" behavior bein" -sha5eful1Oin /hich case, the follo/in" line C-) 5ade a 5istake1D 5i"ht be inter reted as [0orry dau"hter, ) /as actin" like a do"\.O89 ->y oor child, ) 5ade a 5istake.1 said her mother

, $%# , -) /ill "o a"ain to5orro/.1 said the girl -Be of "ood cheerP said her mother E0 ) /ill co5b you, co5e &uick so ) can co5b you.1 0he /ent, in the morning

she sat do/n a"ain at her s ot. *hey called: -Co5e, co5eS1 *he chief4s son took a fancy to the E? "irl. *he chief4s son no sooner sa/ her than he took a fancy to her, he fell in love /ith her. He didn4t s eak to her, %0 he Nust looked. *o his 5other he said: ->other, ) like this "irl.1 *hat /as the custo5 of the ancient eo le lon" a"o. He said to his 5other: %? -) like the "irl.1 *he old /o5an said: -=ood, ) /ill s eak to her, 5y son.1 9s soon as the "irl ca5e, the old /o5an called her. #00 0he said to her: -Be &uick to eat, eat so5ethin"S1 9s soon as she had eaten, she said to her: ->y child /ants to 5arry you, #0? he /ants to 5arry. What do you sayR1 she said to her. 0he didn4t 5ake a sound. the dog girl -0 eakS1 she said to her. to the girl 0he said: the %hief (s son ##0 -6hSO) can4t saySO =ood eo leO :oSO , $%2 , ) /ill tell 5y 5other to see /hat she says.1 0aid the chief4s /ife: -=ood.1

)n the evenin" Cit /as already lateD, she said: ##? -)45 "oin" alreadyP ) /ill tell 5y 5other.1 0aid the old /o5an: -=ood.1 *hey "ave her dinner, #20 a "ood 5ealP she /as full. *hey "ave her food to take to her house. 0he "ot back ho5e: she vo5itedP #2? they ate /hat she had -carried.1 Her 5other said: -Ho/ did it "o for you, 5y childR1 0he said to her: -=ood, 5y 5other O the chief4s son /ants to 5arry 5e. #$0 What do you say, >otherR1 0he said: -What a5 ) to sayR =ood, "oodS1 she said to her, ->arry hi5S1 -*o5orro/ ) /ill "o, ) /ill return.1 #$? said the girl 0aid her 5other: -=ood.1 0he /entP in the morning he ca5e out to 5eet her. *hey /ere 5arried: 5uch food did the eo le eat at the house of the #G0 chief. *hey /ere 5arried at the chief4s houseP his /ife /as beautiful. *he boy had a sisterP the sister liked her sisterBinBla/ very 5uch. #G? His 5other said: -(on4t let your /ife "o hun"ry.1 -8i"ht,1 he said. , $%$ ,

9s for the do" "irl: she had a bracelet, #?0 a bracelet of fine beadsP she had a necklace, a endant, a endant of a'@i@ beads, of a'@i@ beadsP #?? a nose stickP a basket hatP she had 5any orna5ents. Her hair /as all fi;ed u in a braid /ra O she had braid /ra sO #A0 and her a ron, her a ron /as of otterskin. His /ife /as /ell dressedO she /as adorned. But after a /hile, she reverted to her old habit, #A? of eatin" e;cre5ent. 9nd after a /hile, her sisterBinBla/ sa/ her doin" it, her sisterBinBla/ sa/ her cito>Jh oc ic'iliwac. *here are several /ords ) can4t fi"ure out hereOunfortunately crucial ones. *he undeci herable /ords are si5 ly retained in the ori"inal Chu5ash.O89 *hat4s /hat the "irl /as doin": the "irl /as eatin" shitS *he sister sto ed to look at herP #@0 she said nothin". *hat4s /hat the do"4s sisterBinBla/ sa/P she Nust sat there. *he sister returned ho5e. #@? ->y 5other,1 she said, -5y sisterBinBla/ has been eatin" e;cre5ent.1 0he /as oundin" so5ethin". *he chief4s /ife /as re arin" food, robably acorn 5eal or chia seeds.OHWL -(on4t s eak of this,1 she told her. -+our oor brotherS #E0 0tay here. (on4t follo/ her /here she "oes.1 , $%G , 9s for the /o5an,

the dog girl she stood u and /entP she hid. -) don4t /ant to 5ake 5y husband unha y,1 she #E? said. 0he took nothin"P there /as nothin"P she took nothin". He said to his sister: the %hief(s son #%0 -Where did she "oR Call for herS1 He looked aroundP he couldn4t find her. -) don4t kno/ /here she /ent,1 she said, #%? -nobody4s there.1 *he 5an /ent out hi5self: he looked for his /ife, he didn4t find her. 9nd his 5other said to hi5: ->aybe you scolded her.1 *hey looked for her. 0he had already "one. 0he /ent u the hillP she headed back to her villa"eP 20? she /e t. -) did it to 5yself: there /as lots of food, but ) had to "o and eat e;cre5ent. -7f only 7 had worn my 6ra%eletA NsingingO 2#0 7f only 7 had worn my ne%#la%eA 7f only 7 had worn my 'endantA 7f only 7 had worn my 6as#et hatA X iya yaya yayaA -But ) didn4t. -7f only 7 had 6rought my a'ron$ 7 would 6e ha''yA

2#? NsingingO 7f only 7 had 6rought my 6ra%elet$ 7 would 6e ha''yA , $%? , 7f only 7 had 6rought my 6raid wra's$ 7 would 6e ha''yA 7f only 7 had 6rought my otters#in$ 7 would 6e ha''yA X iya yaya yayaA XfY *he second son" here is reconstructed fro5 notes in Harrin"ton4s notebook, /here he transcribed the first line C[)f ) had brou"ht 5y sm@i@l@i@$ ) /ould be ha y\D, but 5erely alluded to the rest: -son" "oes on to 5ention wacta'($ ti#(otuc.1 9 lausible obNect for the son"4s 5issin" but structurally i5 lied fourth line has been su lied.O89 ->y otterskin a ronO) didn4t brin" it. 220 >y husband /ould be asha5ed. What ho e have ) of bein" ke tR >y husband /ould be asha5ed. :o/ ) /ill turn into an ani5al: 22? /hen ) "et back ho5e, ) /ill turn into an ani5al.1 0he "ot back ho5e. -Ho/ did it "o for you, 5y childR1 -) had bad luck: there /as no lack of food, but ) /anted to eat shit. >y sisterBinBla/ sa/ 5e. ) don4t /ant to "o back there, but )4ll be leavin" soon.1 *hey all turned into ani5alsP 2$? they /ere asha5ed, all of the5. *he 5other and the children, all of the5, turned into ani5als. *he ani5als, in the old days, kne/ sha5eP 2G0 no/adays, eo le do not kno/ sha5e. , $%@ ,

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
) have told you to co5e a/ay fro5 the shore, Because the s5all crabs /ill bite youO +ou X/illY /ant to say, -9iS 9iS 9iS 9iS 9iS1 Coyote son", 0an Buenaventura C3enture2o Chu5ashD 8obert HeiHer, -California )ndian Lin"uistic 8ecords1

, $%% ,

SONG
Whatever is it, that stu, that s5oke, /hen it "oesO it burns, and /hen the s5oke "oes, the erson, the one /ho has co5e to an end and is finally "one "oes into the sky as s5oke, he "oes like this and like this, he is the one, and they "o back and describe it a"ain: that one is cloudy, and it4s /indy, and it stays in the sky like thisP it4s cloudy, like thisP it4s /indy, and it stays in the skyP and as for the 5oon, the 5oon is "ivin" instructions, that4s the one, it "oes back like this, it "oes that far in ti5e and it rains, it "oes that far in ti5e and it4s cold, it "oes that far in ti5e and it4s hot, it "oes that far in ti5e and it4s cloudy and shady, and so, it "oes alon"P

, G00 , that4s the tradition, that4s /hat it 5ust be, they say, that4s the tradition, and it co5es back like this. ';cer t fro5 an account of -*he 0oul1 Juechan, *o5 <elly, #%@E 9braha5 Hal ern, Kar(&# , G0# ,

9>. The Cre!ti"n

SERRANO &67>SARAH +ARTIN2 NARRATOR0ENNETH C. HILL2 COLLECTOR AND TRANSLATOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y 0ENNETH C. HILL

0errano is a UtoB9Htecan lan"ua"e for5erly s oken around the 0an Bernardino >ountains in 0outhern California. With the advent of the 5issions, so5e s eakers of this lan"ua"e retreated into the 5ountains, /hence their na5e, 0 anish for -5ountaineer.1 9bori"inally, 0errano 5ay have had around #,?00 s eakers C9. <roeber #%2?:A#@D, but at the ti5e of 5y field/ork in #%A$ and #%AG, on the >oron"o )ndian 8eservation at Bannin", California, there /ere only about half a doHen kno/n s eakers. >rs. 0arah >oron"o >artin told 5e this story /hen ) /as /orkin" on the 0errano lan"ua"e /ith her in the su55er of #%A$. >rs. >artin had learned this story fro5 her 5other, 8osa >oron"o, /ho also told it to 8uth Benedict. Benedict ublished a version of this story in her -0errano *ales1 C#%2AD.X#Y >rs. >artin had a co y of Benedict4s ublication, /hich she used to No" her 5e5ory before retellin" it to 5e in 0errano.X2Y C)t /as only 5any years later that ) learned that the reason she , G02 , felt she had to use the /ritten co y to "et her started on a story /as robably a cultural constraint: ) /as /orkin" /ith her in the su55er, and stories of this sort are nor5ally su osed to be told only durin" the /inter.D 0he be"ins the story by citin" her 5other as her source. )n this /ay it is overtly ackno/led"ed that the narrator is not res onsible for the content of the story. But then, neither is the erson she learned the story fro5 directly res onsible: al5ost every story sentence is 5arked by a -&uotative1 5odal article C#wun [it is said\D, indicatin" that the content of the sentence co5es not fro5 ersonal e; erience, but rather fro5 /hat so5eone has said. ';ce t in the narrator4s coda, ) have re resented the &uotative force of each sentence either by the use of the 'n"lish narrative tense Cthe si5 le ast tenseD or by -they say.1 0entences that don4t use #wun are rendered either as 'n"lish resent tenses or as a ro riately 5odaliHed for5s. 9t one oint in the narrative, the &uotative 5arker is o5itted for a cou le of sentences. *his see5s to create a sense of i55ediacy: *aa&ta5 #wun u oahu4k.

95a4 uuBna4 ovia uk hoonav. 6via 5u5u4. 6viaB5 5aahoa4n. 95a4 #wun /ahi4O ya4i. *he eo le /ere in a circle, it is said. *heir father is already lyin" in the 5iddle. He is already dead. *hey are already cre5atin" hi5. *he coyote, it is said,O ran. )n the translation, such lines are set in italics, as a /ay of conveyin" this hi"hli"htin" e ect visually. >rs. >artin didn4t like to translate sentenceBbyBsentence, but rather one /ord at a ti5e, and she left it to 5e to understand the sentence structure. *he translation o ered here is 5y o/n, therefore, and is &uite literal, thou"h ) have o5itted the occasional false start. *he division into , G0$ , lines is based on /hat the narration sounds like on the recordin" ta e, and the indentation attern is based on 5y understandin" of the 5eanin" of the te;t. 0o that the reader 5ay obtain so5e notion of the distance that se arates an ori"inal oral te;t fro5 its translation, ) resent the o enin" lines of the story here, as transcribed directly fro5 the ta e of >rs. >artin tellin" the story.X$Y *he translation o ered here is so5e/hat 5ore literal than is the case in the finished translation. 7alse starts are "iven in italics and do not a ear in the finished translation. :iByukchoi4v aB wwvchan ivi4. >y late 5other ` her story ` this *his XisY 5y late 5other4s story. .iita(uO! SomethingIorI other 6viht 5oto4 vum! Lon" a"o ` still ` 9X: Oivi( taamiat #wu(! this ` sun ` 9X: ivi4 ti]vaIt( this ` earth O5oto4 na5aa4i 2iaa/P still ` soft ` bein" k/unu5u4 &aIt( /xh. JU6*BtheyBP90* ` sit!d/ell `

t/o there /ere t/o. PuuBtu/anO *heir na5eCsD X/ereY Pa&xoktach a5i4 <okiitach. Pa&xoktach ` and ` <okiitach. , G0G , </unu oyoOto5 hiiti icho4kin ii ti]vavO JU6*Bthey ` all ` ):* ` so5ethin" ` 5ake ` here ` on earth )t is said XthatY they 5ade everythin" here on earth. >ia ta5u4 hii2i5O wwhavi5O >ay ` theyBP90* ` so5ethin"BorBother ` su ernaturally o/erful bein"s *hey 5ust have been o/erful bein"s. </unu icho4kinO oyo to5 hiiti. JU6*Bthey ` 5ake ` everythin" )t is said XthatY they 5ade everythin". Wii4/unaiBk/unuO WantBJU6*Bthey *hey /anted, it is said, Haok O X) 5ean thatY one Xof the5Y a5a4 <okiitach k/un /ii4/un O the ` <okiitach ` JU6* ` /ant <okiitach, it is said, /anted taa&ta5 ]]B&xi4va4, XthatY eo le ` u on their death uvai a4 ta &xi4v a5i4 taOmii(Rami( tamRO if ` they ` /ill die ` and ` they ` 9X: ` and ` they9X: should they die, /hen they &xi4v /ill die 5i"ht die, a5iC4D ta 5xch 5ana4&It(oi4v, and ` they ` /ill return they should return a"ain

, G0? , iin"k/a4 iin"k/a4, to here ` to here this /ay this /ay, ivi4 ti]vaika4. this ` to earth to this earth. 9s a final note on the translation, the characters in this story are rendered as -the fro"1 and -the coyote1 rather than as -7ro"1 and -Coyote1 because that is ho/ >rs. >artin s oke of the5 in 'n"lish. :a5es are rarely used in 0errano stories. 'ven /hen individual na5es are kno/n, characters tend to be referred to as -her older sister,1 -the boy,1 -that old /o5an,1 and so on.

NOTES
#. Benedict says of the stories she ublished: -*hese stories are recorded as told by old 8osa >oron"o, /ho learned the5 fro5 her fatherBinBla/, chief of the >arina C>oron"oD X[>aarun"a\OkchY local "rou , /ho died thirtyBfive years a"o1 C#%2A:#D. 2. 7or co5 arison, here is Benedict4s ublished version of 8osa >oron"o4s story C#%2A:#D, the version that 0arah >artin referred to to No" her 5e5ory before she retold it to 5e: *H' C8'9*)6: )n the be"innin" /as darkness. *hen there /ere t/o: PakrokLtatc and <_kitatc. *hey 5ade the ani5als. *hey &uarreled, and PakrokLtatc de arted, and <_kitatc lived /ith his eo le. <_kitatc said: -When eo le die, they shall co5e back.1 But the eo le said, -)f they co5e back, the /orld /ill fill u , and there /ill be no roo5. We /ill "et rid of <_kitatc.1 *hey e5 loyed a o/erful sha5an to be/itch <_kitatc. He /atched and sa/ that <_kitatc ca5e out every ni"ht to defecate in the ocean. *herefore he sent 7ro" to bite his e;cre5ent. <_kitatc heard that the e;cre5ent did not s lash as it fell into the /ater, and he kne/ that 7ro" /as belo/. :o/ he kne/ he /as "oin" to die. He told his eo le to send Coyote far a/ay to the north for /ood to burn his body, and he said, -)55ediately, as soon as ) a5 dead, burn 5y body.1 He died, and his eo le li"hted the funeral yre. Coyote had not yet "one far, /hen he sa/ the yre burnin", and he kne/ that <_kitatc /as dead. , G0A , *he eo le /ere standin" close to"ether all around the funeral fire, so close nothin" could "et throu"h, for they /ere re ared lest Coyote should co5e back before the body /as burned. Coyote ran round and round the circle and could not "et in. But at last he sa/ his chance. Bad"er /as standin" bo/Ble""ed Cas al/aysD and Coyote sli ed in bet/een his le"s and snatched <_kitatc4s heart before it /as burned. He ran a/ay /ith it and ate it. C9ll rayers in the old ti5e /ere addressed to <_kitatc.D $. *he letter u is used for the hi"h back Cor centralD unrounded vo/el, the -barred i1 of 5ost UtoB 9Htecan studiesP o re resents the 5idBtoBhi"h back rounded vo/elP the a ostro he is the "lottal sto P d$ C$ 5 are retrofle;ed C-rcolored1D vo/elsP e is a tI or tsI like sound 5ade /ith the ti of the ton"ue. Word stress is on the first syllable. *he follo/in" abbreviations a ear in the "loss lines: &uot, -&uotative1P

int, -intensifier.1

FURTHER READING
7or "eneral infor5ation on the 0errano, see Lo/ell Bean and Charles 05ith4s entry -0errano1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#. M. P. Harrin"ton collected fieldnotes on the 0errano, /hich are a5on" his a ers in the 05ithsonian. 8uth Benedict ublished so5e -0errano *ales1 in 'n"lish translation, as /ell as -9 Brief 0ketch of 0errano Culture.1 <enneth Hill has /ritten -9 =ra55ar of the 0errano Lan"ua"e1 and edited a cou le of 0errano tales C-*he Coyote and the 7lood1 and -*he 0even 0isters1D.

THE CREATION
*his is 5y late 5other4s story Q Lon" a"o /hen this earth /as still soft, there /ere t/o. *heir na5es X/ereY Pa&xoktach and <okiitach. *hey 5ade everythin" here on earth. , G0@ , *hey 5ust have been o/erful bein"s. #0 *hey 5ade everythin". *hey /anted, ) 5ean that one of the5, <okiitach, /anted that eo le, u on their death, #? should they die, /hen they 5i"ht die, they should return a"ain this /ay this /ay, to this earth. -:o,1 said his older brother, 20 -because if they could return a"ain, then you could be cro/ded here,1 he said.

2?

$0

$?

G0

Well, they &uarreled then, and that one /ent a/ay. *hat Pa&xoktach /ent a/ay, he /ent a/ay so5e/here. 9nd then his youn"er brother stayed /ith his relatives, /ith the5, /ith the eo le. He stayed there. He /ent on creatin" everythin" then. *hen the eo le "ot tired of hi5. *hey didn4t like hi5. *hey /ere unha y. 9nd then they said, -We ou"ht to kill this one.1 *hen, -+es,1 they said. 9nd then they 5ust have sent the sha5an to be/itch hi5. He beca5e ill. 6nce he didn4t even "o to the ed"e of the /ater. , G0E ,

He /ent there to relieve hi5self, al/ays. 9nd so they said, -)t looks like /e can4t do anythin" /ith hi5.1 G? -+es, but /e can tell the fro". >aybe he can s/allo/ his e;cre5ent,1 he said then. -+es,1 he said. 9nd then, he did "o there to relieve hi5self. ?0 9nd then that fro" /as there. 9nd then he s/allo/ed his e;cre5ent. He already kne/. <okiitach said, -:o/ indeed )45 "oin" to die,1 ?? he said. -He has already eaten 5y e;cre5ent,1 he said.

A0

A?

@0

@?

He /ent a/ay. He lay do/n at ho5e. -)45 already dyin",1 he said. 9nd then he called the eo le. 9nd then he told the5, -) a5 already dyin", and you should send that coyote a/ay to the ed"e of the earth. 6ver there is a dry stick. He Xthe coyoteY should "et it. +ou should cre5ate 5e /ith that,1 he said. -Because he 5i"ht do so5ethin",1 he said. 9nd then they sent the coyote o. He /ent a/ay. He ran o. But he kne/. , G0% , -0o5ethin" 5ust have ha ened, 1 he said. ->y father 5ust have died,1 he said. C7or that erson /as their fatherD. *hen he /ent. He /ent u on the 5ountain. 9nd then he looked back. He looked back as he /ent. He didn4t see anythin". 0uddenly he sa/ s5oke. ->y father has already died,1 he said. He ran, "rabbed the stick. 9nd then /ith it he returned. He arrived. *he eo le /ere in a circle. Their father is already lying in the middle. .e is already dead.

E0

E?

%0

%?

They are already %remating him. *he coyoteO ran. 9nd then he said, -Let your hands #00 "o, so ) can "o inS1 he said. ->ove aside, 5ove aside, #0? so ) can "o inS1 he said. :obody 5oved. He /as runnin". He ke t "oin" around the circle. *he bad"er /as standin" there. ##0 His le"s /ere s read far a art. , G#0 , 9nd then the coyote dived throu"h there. .e dives through. :o/ his father4s heart /as still not burnin". ##? He "rabbed it and s/allo/ed it. With it, /ith it he ran a/ay. 6ut of the circle and a/ay he ran. U the 5ountain he cli5bed. *here this earth bein" still soft, #20 /here he cli5bed, they say his foot rints still sho/. *he blood all s illed out fro5 it. But he s/allo/ed his father4s heart. *oday they say he lives far o, #2? far a/ay. -*o the Pines1 XBi" BearY /e say no/. *hat is /here, lon" a"o, they stood in the circle. *hey stood in the circle.

*hey say those ines /ere the eo le, #$0 /ho /ere standin" cryin", /ho /ere cryin" for their father, for their father. :o/ they are in our son"s, the ine trees, far a/ay at -*o the Pines.1 Lon" a"o, it /as di erent fro5 the /ay it is no/, #$? because lon" a"o they chan"ed it. )t isn4t there any 5ore. Lon" a"o they cleared it all o. *his is the end. , G## ,

9C. A H!r4e$t ") S"n%$ )r". Vi''i!n! C!'! H8de

LUISETO &6<<A&669VILLIANA CALAC HYDE2 SINGER AND TRANSLATORERIC ELLIOTT2 COLLECTOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y ERIC ELLIOTT

*he follo/in" son" te;ts /ere selected fro5 -um y# -um y# CHyde and 'lliott #%%GD, a co5 ilation of ersonal 5e5oirs and historical te;ts narrated in Luise2o by 3illiana Hyde.X#Y Luise2o is a 5e5ber of the Cu an branch of the *akic subfa5ily of the UtoB9Htecan fa5ily of lan"ua"es. *he UtoB9Htecan fa5ily includes lan"ua"es s oken fro5 the 95erican :orth/est to Central 95erica. *he Cu an lan"ua"es /ere all s oken /ithin the boundaries of 5odern California. Within the Cu an lan"ua"es, Luise2o is 5ost closely related to the no/Be;tinct Cu e2o lan"ua"e. Born 3illiana Calac, >rs. 3illiana Hyde /as a native s eaker of Luise2o and a roud 5e5ber of the Luise2o co55unity at the 8inccn 8eservation of 0an (ie"o County. )n Luise2o ortho"ra hy the na5e -Calac1 is s elled -J..la&1 and literally 5eans [Cthe earthD caves in\. )n co5 lete contrast to the literal 5eanin" of the fa5ily na5e, the Calac , G#2 , fa5ily has a lon" history of never -cavin" in,1 but rather of standin" tall and rovidin" the co55unity and the /orld beyond /ith ro5inent leaders. *rue to the Calac fa5ily tradition of servin" the co55unity, >rs. Hyde found her niche early on as historian and lin"uist. 7orbidden to s eak Luise2o at 0her5an )ndian 0chool in 8iverside, California, >rs. Hyde beca5e ainfully a/are at a youn" a"e that her lan"ua"e and culture /ere in eril. 9s a youn" /o5an she "ained an acute understandin" of /hat it 5eans for a lan"ua"e and culture to die. >rs. Hyde4s o/n 5otherBinBla/ /as a native s eaker of Cu e2o, Luise2o4s closest "eo"ra hic and lin"uistic nei"hbor. *he Cu e2o eo le, includin" >rs. Hyde4s 5otherBinBla/, had been forcibly evicted fro5 their ho5e at Warner 0 rin"s. >rs. Hyde /atched as her 5otherBinBla/, no/ livin" a5on" (ie"ue2o and Luise2o s eakers, sa/ her lan"ua"e and culture fade into e;tinction as the fe/

re5ainin" Cu e2o s eakers assed a/ay around her. >rs. Hyde thus had a clear understandin" of the o5inous task of reservin" her lan"ua"e and culture for future "enerations. Her for5al career as a lin"uist be"an in the #%A0s, /hen she first collaborated /ith Professors >ar"aret Lan"don and 8onald Lan"acker of the (e art5ent of Lin"uistics at the University of California, 0an (ie"o CUC0(D. *his /ork eventually cul5inated in the ublication of >rs. Hyde4s first book, ,n 7ntrodu%tion to the 3uise+o 3anguage C#%@#D. 95on" those /ho collaborated /ith >rs. Hyde on the 7ntrodu%tion /ere Lan"acker and the lin"uists Pa5ela >unro and 0usan 0teele, all of /ho5 have continued their lin"uistic research on Luise2o lan"ua"e to the resent day. 9s an under"raduate student at the University of California, )rvine, ) had the "ood fortune to stu5ble onto >rs. Hyde4s 7ntrodu%tion to the 3uise+o 3anguage. Lon" fascinated by the indi"enous lan"ua"es of California, ) also ha ened to si"n u for a class on 95erindian lan"ua"es oered by Professor >ary <ey, a lin"uist /ho had s ent decades /orkin" on various 95erican )ndian lan"ua"es of >e;ico and 0outh 95erica. Professor <ey encoura"ed 5y interest in :ative 95erican lan"ua"es, o enin" u her office and ersonal lin"uistic library to 5e. When ) sho/ed u /ith >rs. Hyde4s 7ntrodu%tion$ Professor <ey further encoura"ed 5e to contact >rs. Hyde and Professor >ar"aret Lan"don of the (e art5ent of Lin"uistics at UC0(. , G#$ , 9t the ti5e, >rs. Hyde4s tele hone nu5ber /as listed in the directory. ) si5 ly called u directory assistance, "ot her nu5ber, tele honed >rs. Hyde, and asked her /hether she /ould teach 5e 5ore about her lan"ua"e. >rs. Hyde "raciously a"reed. 9r5ed only /ith the 7ntrodu%tion, 5y ta e recorder, and Willia5 Bri"ht4s 3uise+o Di%tionary$ ) drove to >rs. Hyde4s house. 6ur techni&ue /as si5 le. ) /ould ask >rs. Hyde about a articular subNect of interest. 0he /ould tell 5e details on ta e in Luise2o. ) /ould take the ta e ho5e, transcribe the Luise2o, analyHe it 5or holo"ically, translate it into 'n"lish as best ) could, and brin" the /ork back to >rs. Hyde for editin". 9t first, the /ork /as ainstakin"ly slo/. >rs. Hyde, /ho o ened u her ho5e to 5e 5ost 0aturdays, thou"ht nothin" of /orkin" fro5 nine o4clock in the 5ornin" until as late as five o4clock at ni"ht. >rs. Hyde and ) ended u collaboratin" for 5ore than ei"ht years. 6ur /ork has thus far yielded -um y# -um y# C[lon", lon" a"o\D, and /e also have a dictionary and "ra55ar in the 5akin". >rs. Hyde assed a/ay in #%%G, several /eeks before -um y# -um y# /as ublished. >rs. Hyde /as a "ood friend to 5e. 0he /as also an ideal lin"uistic consultant. With her assin" ) lost a friend and also the ossibility of further data collection or further clarification of 5aterial already "athered. *he follo/in" e;cer ts fro5 -um y# -um y# are therefore resented ra/, as they a eared in the ori"inalO that is, /ith no further inter retation or e; lanation on 5y art. >rs. Hyde rovided e; lanations /here she felt the5 necessary in -um y# -um y#. 9s /ith any culture4s history, or as /ith any individual4s o/n life story, there /ill al/ays be facets of that history that are 5ore readily co5 rehensible to outsiders, and other as ects that are less trans arent. )n order to fully understand the culture of a "iven co55unity or individual, one has to be a 5e5ber of that culture. ) a5 not a 5e5ber of the Luise2oBs eakin" culture resented in -um y# -um y#$ a culture /here s eakin" Luise2o and havin" one4s "allstones re5oved by a sha5an CHyde and 'lliott #%%G:#@?FEGD /ere as natural to >rs. Hyde as s eakin" 'n"lish and "oin" to the dentist for a fillin" is to 5e. +et, the 5ore one reads of >rs. Hyde4s life and ti5es, the better icture one for5s of her culture, /hich really did e;ist not so lon" a"o. )t is 5y ho e that these selections /ill rovide readers /ith a "li5 se of the "race and beauty of the lan"ua"e and culture that >rs. Hyde /orked so hard to docu5ent.

, G#G ,

NOTE
#. 0on" nu5bers here refer to te;t nu5bers in Hyde and 'lliott4s -um y# -um y# C#%%GD. 7or the sake of reference, they have not been renu5bered for this volu5e. *he titles of son"s "iven in Luise2o, in the absence of an e; lanatory hrase at the be"innin", 5ay be translated /ith reference to the first line of the son" itself.OHWL 7U8*H'8 8'9():= 7or a "eneral orientation to Luise2o culture and history, see Lo/ell Bean and 7lorence 0hi ek4s article -Luise2o1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian .and6oo#. Willia5 Bri"ht has /ritten , 3uise+o Di%tionary. Helen 8oberts4s Form in 2rimitive 0usi% contains nu5erous Luise2o son"s collected in the #%$0s. 3illiana Hyde roduced ,n 7ntrodu%tion to the 3uise+o 3anguage. Lastly, Hyde and 'lliott4s -um y# -um y# 93ong ,go: contains hundreds of 3illiana Hyde4s stories, son"s, and re5iniscences, in interlinear te;t for5at.

A HARVEST OF SONGS FRO+ VILLIANA CALAC HYDE

,ADGER SONG :W&><; *hese are the ones /ho looked do/n *hese are the ones /ho eered do/n *he bad"er and the vulture, lon" a"o *hese ones XareY the vulture Q Look at his stained hand /ith a rin" around it Look at his s eckled hand *hese are the ones /ho looked do/n *hese are the ones /ho eered do/n , G#? , ) s eak of 5y Xo/nY s irit ) try to s eak of 5y heart ) try to s eak of 5y s irit ) try to s eak of 5y heart -They too loo#ed down. ,nd that(s why they loo# that way. That 6adger saw$ he loo#ed down.F XfY *hese e; lanations /ere rovided by >rs. Hyde and are not art of the son" itself. *he re5ainin" lines of the son" are a arently lost.

0XX+ALA SONG :W&C=; Child, X @#at(s son": *he ones inside her rolled and 5oved *he ones in her chest, the ones in her chest rolled and 5oved *he ones inside her, their beloved sons, rolled and 5oved TE+YYNGANISH SONG :W&C6; THE DAWN SONG [K# ?The8 ("u'd $in% thi$ $"n% t"(!rd d!(n2@ +r$. H8de e13'!ined. :The $t!r n!.e$ .!'"1,&al !nd ,a"2(&al .!8 re)er t" !ni.!'$. The Vu'ture St!r i$ Ar turu$.; ) s eak of the 'ast ) s eak of the 'ast ) tell 5y story, of ho/ ) /as dyin" )n the first little 5onth called T wsanmaytal *he %huy&#mal star, the #ay (mal star >ade "ro/lin" sounds *hey o ened their 5ouths /hen ) /as dyin" )n the first little 5onth called T wsanmaytal *he bullfro" and the an"le/or5 Q ) s eak of the 9ntares star of the 'ast , G#A , ) s eak of the 3ulture star of the 'ast ) tell 5y story of the 'ast ) tell 5y story of the 'ast LULLA,Y IN I+ITATION OF A CRIC0ET CHIRPING :W&=>; THE CRIC0ET/S SONG *he oak trees are standin" there *he oak trees are standin" there )n the house, in the house, in the house

PU/+U0VOL SONG :W&79; DEATH SONG [J# The $"n% h!$ t(" 3!rt$2 !$ nu.bered. # *he m >wala ha/k, the was==mal ha/k *hey left s eakin" of their s irits, of their hearts *hey left sin"in" of their s irits, of their hearts 2 *he " w"aw bird, the kin"bird and the was==mal ha/k *hey left s eakin" of their s irits, of their hearts PA/LXX0WISH SONG :W&7=; THE PA/LXX0WISH ,IRD/S SONG >y ne he/, "et your arro/ *o shoot and kill so5eone CHALXXWAAT SONG :W&7F; THE CHALXXWAAT :?STANDING UP@; DANCE ) su ose )4ve survived the first little 5onth ) su ose )4ve survived the first bi" 5onth , G#@ , 6h, ) a5 survivin" throu"h the days ) a5 survivin" throu"h the days PIWUUSH SONG :W&FD; THE +IL0Y WAY SONG :SECOND PART; [J# The 3hr!$e &a,es &e s ar, i$ ! 3"eti idi". .e!nin% ?-ee3$ .e !(!-e.@ The ("rd rattle !t the be%innin% ") 'ine$ > !nd C tr!n$'!te$ 'iter!''8 !$ ?.8 'itt'e )ire.@ )t kee s /akin" 5e u )t kee s /akin" 5e u )t 5akes 5e s ark >y rattle, 5y turtleshell rattle

>y rattle kee s 5e a/ake LANXXL LANXXWUT SONG :W&F&; *he valley &uail and the 5ountain &uail sin"ed their hair XkY *his is not the /hole of the -Ja;..l Ja;../ut1 son". *he t/o stanHas resented here re resent t/o se arate arts of the son". :either art be"ins the co5 lete son", but they are not necessarily se&uential either. *hey cut o their hair, /ith tears and la5entations *hey sin"ed their hair *he 5ountain &uail sin"ed o his hair *he 5ountain &uail sin"ed o his hair *hey cut o their hair, /ith tears and la5entations *he flicker bird and the roadrunner *hey cut o their hair, /ith tears and la5entations *hey sin"ed their hair *he flicker bird sin"ed o his hair *he roadrunner sin"ed o his hair *hey cut o their hair, /ith tears and la5entations PU/ TZZWISH HUL[Y0A SONG :W&FC; 9nd the s irit landed 9nd the little dove landed , G#E , 9nd it sto ed to /arn 9nd so it /andered around to /arn 9nd the coyote landed 9nd it sto ed to /arn 9nd so it /andered around to /arn *he o/l landed 9nd the fo; landed 9nd it sto ed to /arn 9nd so it /andered around to /arn *he screech o/l landed 9nd the '!!'imal bird landed 9nd it sto ed to /arn 9nd so it /andered around to /arn *he ' ta'i duck landed

9nd the n))%ha"i duck landed 9nd it sto ed to /arn 9nd so it /andered around to /arn *he ' wnat bird landed 9nd the killdeer bird landed 9nd it sto ed to /arn 9nd so it /andered around to /arn TZZWISH +INYYL SONG :W&F<; *he s irit, the dove *his s irit XcriedY over 5e *his dove XcriedY over 5e 9nd so it cried over our future death 6ver 5y future death 6ver 5y future disa earance 6ver 5y future disa earance *he fo; XcriedY over 5e Q , G#% , WUNXL PU/ TU+X+0AWISH SONG :W&<&; *here /as an earth&uake in the north 6ur future death ru5bled >y storehouse /as shaken u 6ur hearts ru5bled 6ur future death ru5bled >y darkness /as shaken >y darkness /as shaken 6ur future death ru5bled *here /as an earth&uake in the north 6ur future death ru5bled >y storehouse /as shaken u 6ur hearts ru5bled 6ur future death ru5bled >y darkness /as shaken >y darkness /as shaken 6ur future death ru5bled XSinger 6egins dan%ingY 6ur future death ru5bled >y storehouse /as shaken u 6ur house ru5bled

>y darkness /as shaken >y darkness /as shaken 6ur house ru5bled SECOND 0XX+ALA SONG :W&<9; THE CHILD SONG *he dust fro5 the area around P..ya;chi Billo/ed u fro5 their feet as they /alked alon" 9nd erred alon" the /ay , G20 , CHALXWYAN +ILA +ZZTA SONG :W&6D; *he "o her danced the %hal wya> XfY *he %hal wya> and y&ngish are dances. *he "o her and 5eado/ 5ouse4s father is >cyla Wuycct Cthe >oonD. *he vocables h!! h!! at the end of the son" /ork in 5uch the sa5e /ay that the /ord amen doesOby -sendin" the son" to heaven.1 *he 5eado/ 5ouse danced *hey danced the %hal wya> and the y&ngish 9fter their father *hey danced /hen their father died *hey danced all ni"ht *hey danced, h!!$ h!!$ a5en Q , G2# ,

9=. Fr". ?The Li)e ") H!(- Fe!ther@

The ,e!r E3i$"de$
CUPETO &6792 &669ROSCINDA NOLASLUE\ AND SALVADORA VALEN\UELA2 NARRATORSBANE HILL AND PAUL*LOUIS FAYE2 COLLECTORSBANE HILL2 TRANSLATOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y BANE HILL

*he -Bear ' isode1 is one art of a lon"er account of the life of Ha/k 7eather, the "reatest hero in Cu e2o history. 8oscinda :olas&ueH told 5e t/o arts of the -Bear ' isode1 /hen she /as teachin" 5e the Cu e2o lan"ua"e durin" the su55er of #%A2. )n #%20 PaulBLouis 7aye collected several events fro5 this e isode in a sin"le te;t. *he teller /as robably 0alvadora 3alenHuela, because, a5on" the te;ts /here 7aye bothers to note his consultants4 na5es, she is consistently listed as the teller of the

lon"er and 5ore elaborate stories. 0alvadora 3alenHuela co5es fro5 a linea"e of storytellers and authorities on Cu e2o cultureP her 5other, >rs. >anuela =riffith, /as a rinci al consultant for Willia5 (uncan 0tron". >iss :olas&ueH had kno/n >rs. 3alenHuela and considered her to be a articularly skilled narrator of Cu e2o history. *he #%20 te;t has so5e , G22 , ele5ents that >iss :olas&ueH4s t/o later tellin"s lack, but hers includes so5e details that are absent in the te;t that 7aye recorded. *his ublication "ives us an o ortunity to ut the t/o arts of the Bear ' isode to"ether. )n addition to brin"in" to"ether versions by t/o narrators, /e have inserted into the story the te;ts of the son"s that a teller /ould have sun" in a for5al /inter recitation. 7aye a arently recorded the son" te;ts se arately fro5 the story Cand left us no 5usical notation for the5D, but on the story te;t itself, in 7aye4s fieldnotes, there are instructions about /here the son"s should be. ) have laced the5 there, /ritin" the5 in italics. *he story of Ha/k 7eather is in the "enre that Cu e2os refer to /ith the verb root a(al>i [tellin" history\. Histories tell us ho/ the /orld has co5e to be the /ay that it is today. *he story of Ha/k 7eather is only one art of a lon"er history that be"ins in the creation of the /orld and continues into the resent day. 9n i5 ortant ne/ history in the a(al>i "enre includes stories about the re5oval of the Cu e2o in #%02 fro5 their ancestral co55unities at Pal 9tin"ve [Hot 0 rin"s\ C/hich included the villa"es of <u a [7ire Place\ and Wilakal a [Buck/heat Place\D, kno/n to nonB)ndians as Warner4s Hot 0 rin"s. Ha/k 7eather is born into chaos, as ene5y /arriors C0tron" X#%2%Y says that they /ere (ie"ue2osD attack and burn the villa"e of <u a. His 5other flees /ith her baby to live /ith relatives at 0oboba, called +uykat. *he boy "ro/s into a "reat hunter. But, erha s because they are Nealous of his acco5 lish5ents, eo le do not like hi5, and he hunts alone. )t is in the Bear ' isode that his s ecial o/ers are first 5anifested, /hen he blo/s u the skin of the dead bear and brin"s it to life. )n 0alvadora 3alenHuela4s tellin" of ho/ he did this, she says, He carried the hide to the brush. He "athered the softest "rass that he could find. He stu ed the hide. He se/ed u the hide into the sha e of a body. 9nd then he ble/ it u . 9nd then it breathed. 9nd he tied it /ith cords, for it /as tryin" to run a/ay. >iss :olas&ueH4s se"5ent of the narrative ends in the touchin" 5o5ent /hen Ha/k 7eather be"s his 5other not to be afraid of hi5. 9t , G2$ , this oint in the story, /e s/itch narrators, turnin" to 0alvadora 3alenHuela4s tellin" fro5 #%20. We ick u her story /hen the hero and his 5other set forth /ith the bear to kill their ene5ies, travelin" across a countryside unctuated /ith laceBna5es that record the 5o5ents in their &uest. But /hen they reach <u a, the bear is killed by the terrified eo le. *hey 5ana"e to take a/ay fro5 hi5 the 5a"ic stone that /as his -heart1 Caccordin" to PaulBLouis 7aye4s notesD, and the /o5en co5e and -cut his beads1 fro5 the carcass. *he #%20 te;t Cas /ell as the resent versionD ends there.

)n her second set of e isodes fro5 the life of Ha/k 7eather, >iss :olas&ueH narrates Ha/k 7eather4s 5aturityOevents in his life that occurred after the death of the 5a"ic bear. He takes t/o /ives. *hey bear three sons, /ho are the founders of the three Cu e2o linea"es. Ha/k 7eather continues to e;hibit 5a"ical o/ers: his dances control /hether oak trees /ill bear the acorns that /ere the sta le of the Cu e2o diet. 6ne of the 5ost deli"htful 5o5ents in >iss :olas&ueH4s art of the Bear ' isode sho/s her s ecial "ift for s arklin" narrative. *his is the section /here the hero tries to fi"ure out /ho 5i"ht be stealin" his caches of 5eat. >iss :olas&ueH seiHes the o ortunity to oke fun at Coyote, throu"h the voice of the hero4s 5other. C8oscinda :olas&ueH kne/ innu5erable Coyote stories and took "reat leasure in the hu5or in these te;ts.D *hus lines GEF?G of her story "o like this in Cu e2o: >uku4ut aye eye eyik eya&al, -)sh5i4ishe ne4ey ni4itu&a,1 eya&al ku4ut. -)vi4a/ ha5 iya;/e,1 eya&al ku4ut. Pi4isni&al e;uchi. -)0)L+ she e1 eya&al ku4ut eye. -)silye5 e4 eyetS >eshe e isilya i4itu4&aS1 eya&al ku4ut. 9nd then they say he said to his 5other, -0o5ethin" 5ust be stealin" fro5 5e,1 they say he said. -Here is ho/ it looks,1 , G2G , they say he said. He dra/s the outline of a foot rint. -)t >U0* be a C6+6*'S1 they say his 5other said. -Coyote is 0UCH a *H)'7S )t 5ust be Coyote /ho is 0*'9L):= fro5 youS1 they say she said. 6ne interestin" feature of Cu e2o historical te;ts that /e can see in this assa"e is that all narrative sentences Ce;ce tin" those in &uoted s eechD contain the &uotative article #u(ut [they say\. Here, ) have translated all the &uotatives, so that their fre&uency is obvious. )n the 5ain translation, only a fe/ of these re5ain, but in Cu e2o every sentence in a history is 5arked /ith this article, reiteratin" a"ain and a"ain and a"ain the authoritative force of the story and the teller4s hu5ility before tradition. 9nother strikin" feature of 8oscinda :olas&ueH4s storytellin" style in art # is the e;a""erated e5 hasis, /ith loud, dra/nBout syllables C5arked in the te;t in ca ital lettersD that she "ives to the s eech of the 5other as she dia"noses the foot rint: 7S73- she'e [C6+6*' 5ust be hi5S\, 'e(1-et [He is such a *H)'7S\, i(iTK("a [He is 0*'9L):= fro5 youS\ *his /ay of tellin" the story 5ust have

5ade audiences lau"h out loud, thinkin" of all the ti5es Coyote has foolishly stolen so5ethin" that turned out to do hi5 no "ood. *he sole5nity of history, thus unctuated /ith a "ood Noke, is rendered deli"htful, and the serious rivile"es of hu5or are e&ually revealed. T here are any nu5ber of interestin" roble5s in inter retin" this story. 6ne of the5 is /hy >iss :olas&ueH finished her tellin" at the 5o5ent /hen Ha/k 7eather reassures his 5other that she need not be afraid of hi5. 0o5e are internal to the storyP others are e;ternal to it, ointin" to the inter ersonal conte;t of the recordin" session itself. >iss :olas&ueH4s story really centers around Ha/k 7eather4s relationshi /ith his 5other. >iss :olas&ueH herself had a very close relationshi /ith her son and /ith her "randchildren. )ndeed, >iss :olas&ueH /as kno/n to everyone at Pala as -=rand5a1 :olas&ueH. 7urther5ore, there /as every reason for her to think about 5otherhood /hen she /orked /ith 5e, because , G2? , in 9u"ust #%A2 ) /as seven 5onths re"nant /ith 5y first child. C*he ne;t su55er, 'ric /ent /ith 5e in his ortable crib as a notBsosilent listener to >iss :olas&ueH4s teachin".D 7inally, because ) hardly kne/ any Cu e2o, 5ost of the stories >iss :olas&ueH hel ed 5e /ith that su55er /ere si5 le stories a ro riate to children. *he art of the Ha/k 7eather e isode that she told is, in fact, e;cellent entertain5ent, /ith 5a"ic and hu5or. :o ene5ies are killed in itOinstead, Ha/k 7eather tricks the5 into usin" u all their arro/s, /hich he adds to his o/n arsenal. Ho/ever, the story "ro/s darker /hen Ha/k 7eather, his 5other, and the et bear set out to/ard <u a, slau"hterin" their ene5ies alon" the /ay. *he death of the et bear at the hands of the ene5ies /ho re5ained in <u a is an es ecially sad 5o5ent in the history. *his art of the e isode 5i"ht be fri"htenin" and confusin" to little children, or ina ro riate to an at5os here of "rand5otherly nurturin", as o osed to the sole5n /orldBrene/in" ritual conte;t of the /inter tellin"s. *hus >iss :olas&ueH4s version of the Bear ' isode su""ests ho/ she could use the story as a fle;ible resource, dra/in" fro5 it for entertain5ent and for 5oral conte5 lation as a art of everyday life. 9nother roble5 involves Ha/k 7eather4s na5e. >iss :olas&ueH used the na5e <isily Pe/ik [Ha/k HisBWin"!Plu5e\ for this hero. PaulBLouis 7aye4s #%20 version calls hi5 <isily Pe/ish [Ha/k HisB (o/n\, and this is also the na5e recorded by 0tron". *he roble5 is, >iss :olas&ueH had the latter /ord only in the 5eanin" [feces\. 9 arently in her s eech t/o ancient UtoB9Htecan /ords had 5er"ed in ronunciation. *he first, listed by Wick >iller C#%A@D as ProtoBUtoB9Htecan, is ff'i [feather\ C robably it /as ff'i(wi:$ /ith Cu e2o retainin" only the second syllableD. *he second /ord is listed as ff#wita [to defecate\P its ety5olo"ical refle;es often 5ean [feces\ Cin Cu e2o, the sound ff#w a ears as !/!, and fft as !sh!, yieldin" wishD. *his a5bi"uity "ave 8oscinda :olas&ueH4s son, 8obert Lovato, the o ortunity to tease 5e /ith a nau"hty bilin"ual unOthat the hero4s na5e /as really <isily Pe/ish, or -Ha/k His:u5ber */o1S 7or this translation, ) have decided in favor of <isily Pe/ikOthat is, Ha/k 7eather rather than Ha/k (o/n Cor /orseD. *he 5onolin"ual for5at of this volu5e re&uires a final note or t/o on the translation. ) /ish that the te;t did not have to be translated at allP ) /ish that it /ere bein" told, every /inter, in co55unity "atherin"s, and bein" &uoted /ith leasure, and that its son"s /ere bein" hu55ed, by s eakers of the lan"ua"e. ) hate havin" to ut it in 'n"lish, , G2A , so 5y translation is in a /ay an act of resistance to 5y o/n lan"ua"eP it is as literal as ossible, consistent /ith the Noy and di"nity of the ori"inal. ) have left in as 5any &uotatives as ) could "et a/ay

/ith, because ) think that their dru5beat rhyth5 is art of the o/er of this history. 9nd about the lines. *he division of the te;t into lines artly reflects the /ay that 8oscinda :olas&ueH divided her recitation into /hat lin"uists call -breath "rou s1 or -intonation units1P that is, it reflects her attern of slo/in" do/n, and s eedin" u , and ausin". 7or the #%20 te;t, ) have si5 ly "uessed about this, based on 5y e; erience /ith >iss :olas&ueH4s s eech. *he line divisions also serve to o en the te;t u and 5ake it 5ore readableOthey re resent the flo/ and hrasin"s of ordinary s eech. Ho/ever, they do not reflect the sort of rhyth5ic erfor5anceOHy5es4s -5easured verse1Othat is found in so5e :ative 95erican lan"ua"es, es ecially in the Pacific :orth/est. *his is, in 5y o inion, rose, not verse, and the narrative sentences are very di erent fro5 those in son"s.

FURTHER READING
3ersions of the story of Ha/k 7eather are also found in Willia5 0tron"4s ,6original So%iety in Southern California C#%2%:2@0D and in 'd/ard =i ord4s -Clans and >oieties in 0outhern California1 C#%#E:#%%D. 9lfred <roeber briefly notes the story in The .and6oo# of the 7ndians of California C#%2?:A%2D. Both 8oscinda :olas&ueH4s t/o tellin"s and the #%20 version collected by 7aye a ear in Mane Hill and :olas&ueH4s 0ulu(wetam, /hich also includes a brief "ra55atical sketch and vocabulary of Cu e2o.

FRO+ ?THE LIFE OF HAW0 FEATHER@M THE ,EAR EPISODE2 PART &
R"$ ind! N"'!$]ue52 &679 6ne youn" 5an, it is said, lived there, and he /as al/ays huntin". , G2@ , He /ould "o to the 5ountains, and he /ould al/ays kill deer, ? and he /ould brin" the carcass to his 5other. His 5other never /anted to eat, for of course it /as not ro er for a /o5an to eat such deer. #0 -*ake it to the chief in the Bi" House,1 she /ould sayP -*o the chief4s house.1 9nd he /ould take it there, to the chief4s house, for the eo le to eat the deer. 9nd he /ould "ather his relatives to"ether, #? and they /ould all eat that deer. But not his 5other. 7or if a erson kills a deer, then he should not eat it. 9nd his 5other never /anted to eat, since her son /as the one /ho had killed it. 20 9nd he /ould "o o a"ain. He /ould "o o, it is said, to a certain lace,

"oin" lookin" here and there, and he /ould al/ays kill so5ethin", a rat, or a rabbit, and he /ould take it o to his 5other. 2? But she did not eat. -*o the other lace, to the Bi" House,1 she /ould sayP -*hey /ill eat it there.1 9nd it is said that the eo le really did dine there, $0 they ate /hat he had killed. 9nd then he /ould "o out a"ain. He used to "o huntin", it is said, at a certain lace, and he /ould kill a deer, and he /ould leave it there. 9nd al/ays, /hen he returned a"ain in the $? 5ornin", his cache /ould be "one, for so5ethin" /as al/ays stealin" it. 9nd the 5an said, , G2E , -) /onder /ho is stealin" fro5 5eR1 he /ould say. 9nd he /ould "o o a"ain. )t is said he /ould kill so5e rats so5e/here, and brin" the5 fro5 there to his 5other. But /hen he ca5e around, -*o the Bi" House,1 she /ould say. 9nd he /ould take it there, even if it /as only one thin". But he said to his 5other, -0o5ethin" 5ust be stealin" fro5 5e,1 he said. -Here is ho/ it looks,1 he said. He dra/s the outline of a foot rint. -)t >U0* be a C6+6*'S1 said his 5other. -Coyote is such a *H)'7. )t 5ust be Coyote /ho is 0*'9L):= fro5 you,1 she said. 9nd he /ent o a"ain. 9nd it is said then he arrived a"ain at that sa5e lace, and a"ain he sa/ a foot rint there. *hat foot rint /as hu"eS 9nd he said to his 5other, -0o5ethin" is obviously co5in" around. ) sa/ the track there,1 he said.

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-+ou4ll catch it,1 she said, -in a tra ,1 she said. -Here is ho/ /ide the foot is,1 he said. A? 9nd his 5other said, -)t 5ust be a B'98S1 she said. 9nd he /ent o a"ain. :o/, his 5other, it is said, al/ays stayed behind /hen he /ent huntin". 9nd he killed that bear, @0 and then he carried it back. )t /as a really bi" bear. But he carried it back fro5 there, and he brou"ht it to his 5other. , G2% , 9nd his 5other said, @? -*o the chief4s house,1 she said, -) cannot eat this, for this is a hu5an bein",1 she said. 9nd then, it is said, he skinned it, the 5an skinned the bear. He took it 9LL out, all of that flesh, E0 and he re ared the hide. 9nd he BL'W it u , he BL'W it u , until he 5ade it really ':68>6U0. 9nd his 5other /as there, E? and she /as /atchin" /hile he 5ade the body of the bear. 9nd then he layed /ith it there. )t /as Nust like a do"P it /as layin", %0 it /as Nu5 in" around. 9nd it is said his 5other /ent o to tell the other eo le. 6n the /ay she crossed a strea5, and she scratched u her feet, /ith all the sticks, so 5any, %? /here she crossed several ti5es fro5 this side to that. 0o her feet /ere co5 letely scratched u . 9nd still she ke t "oin"P she /as lookin" back. 0he "ot ho5e, and she said, #00 -He is definitely over there,1 she said, -the Bear. He is Nust like a do".

*he t/o of the5 are layin",1 she said. 9nd so 5any eo le set o. )t is said they readied their bo/s and arro/s. #0? 9nd they /ent o. 9nd there he /as, under a shelter. 9nd fro5 under there, a a/ 8'9CH'( out. , G$0 , 9nd then it disa eared a"ain. 9nd it ca5e outO it /as the body of the bear. 9nd then it disa eared a"ain. 9nd then the eo le shot at hi5, their arro/s fle/ every/here. Underneath the shelter he /ould duck, he /ould turn into so5ethin" di erent, he /ould co5e out a"ain, and a"ain they shot. Back under the shelter he "oesS *hen their arro/s /ere used u , fro5 all their shootin". 9nd then they /ent a/ay. 9nd they said, -)t is i5 ossible for us to kill hi5,1 they said. 9nd then he ca5e out. He "athered u 9LL those arro/s. 9nd he iled the5 u . ,rrows in 'iles -ou went loo#ing around -ou went %rawling around -ou went tou%hing the ground -ou were wea# That is all 9nd then, it is said, his 5other ca5e. 9nd he said, -Where did you "oR1 said the son. 9nd his 5other said, -) /ent over there to the foot of the 5ountain.1 -+ou 5ust have /ashed your feet. +ou "ot your feet all scratched u ,1 he said. ->y feet did "et /et there,1 she said.

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9nd then she ke t standin" there, she ke t standin" there. His 5other /as afraid of that bear. #G? 9nd her son said, , G$# , -(on4t be afraid,1 he said to his 5other. -)t /as only 5e,1 they say he said.

FRO+ ?THE LIFE OF HAW0 FEATHER@M THE ,EAR EPISODE2 PART 9

S!'4!d"r! 4!'en5ue'!2 &69D 9nd then, it is said, /hen the sun rose, all of those 5any /arriors ca5e a"ain. 9"ain they called hi5, and he ca5e out as an old 5an. )n the sa5e /ay no/ they shot at hi5, but they could not hit hi5, since he /ould duck back under the shelter. ->other,1 he said, -:o/ ) a5 "oin" to co5e out in the sha e of a baby, and they4re "oin" to see 5e, and they4re "oin" to shoot at 5e, and all of the5 are "oin" to "rab at 5e. 9nd ) /ill co5e back in here, and you and 5y et bear /ill co5e out. *hey have no arro/s left. *hey are "oin" to "o a/ay, they are "oin" to say that they /ill co5e a"ain to5orro/. 9nd no/ ) /ill say that ) /ill sho/ the5 5y et.1 9nd then they said, -+ou /on4t sho/ us your et bear.1 -:o/ you /ill see it, and no/ you /ill kill 5e as ) co5e out to you.1 -:o,1 they said, -/e /ill do it to5orro/.1 9nd they say that he said to his 5other, -:o/ /e are "oin" to chase the5.1 9nd he "ave her his club. 9nd he said to his 5other, -*his et of 5ine /ill co5e out of the bushes at the5, , G$2 , and ) /ill shoot the5 fro5 ato a level lace, and you /ill hit the5 about the ears, breakin" their Na/s.1

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9nd then, it is said, they chased the5, he and his 5other, they cau"ht u /ith the5, he shot the5, he killed the5. When they tried to esca e into the bushes, $? the bear then ca5e out at the5, reachin" out his ar5s to the5. *he bear killed the5, /hile the 5an ca5e alon" shootin" the5 /hile his 5other ca5e alon" clubbin" the5 about the ears. .alaylaA .ahahalaylaA G0 The 6ear$ his 'awsA .alaylaA .ahalaylaA The 6ear$ his 'awsA 6ne ene5y /ould run to the south, another, in the sa5e /ay, to the /est, but it /as no use, they could not ass. :o/ t/o of the5 a eared, and the 5an chased those t/o. He cau"ht u /ith the5, he "rabbed the5, and he dashed the5 re eatedly a"ainst a White 6ak. 9nd they say that he said, -+ou /ill all "o and tell one another, so the na5e of this lace /ill be [Where He (ashed *he5 a"ainst the White 6ak,\ and you /ill tell about 5e, ho/ ) finished the5 o.1 9nd they /ent a/ay to tell. 9nd then, it is said, he and his 5other returned to their victi5s, in order to scal their heads. 9nd they acked the scal s into their carryin" net, to take the5 to their shelter,

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, G$$ , to take the5 there. 9nd he said, ->other, to5orro/ ) think that /e /ill "o ho5e A? to <u a.1 )n the 5ornin" they left, he and his 5other, carryin" their burdens on tu5 lines. 9nd at a certain lace he adNusted his burden.

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9nd they say that he said, -*his lace /ill be called [Where He 9dNusted His Burden\P its na5e /ill be thus.1 9nd they /ent on. 9nd then at a certain lace he /as cli5bin", and he cau"ht his breath. -*his lace /ill be called, [Where He Cau"ht His Breath.\1 9nd they /ent on. 9nd at a certain lace he sto ed to eat. 9nd they say that he said, -[>eal Place\ is its na5e.1 9nd then they /ent on fro5 there. 9nd then they ca5e to >ek/ash5a, and because of hi5 its na5e is [7lea Place.\ 9nd then, it is said, /hile they rested there at >ek/ash5a, he turned his et bear loose. 9nd the bear killed /o5en, and 5en, and children, those /ho re5ained of his ene5ies. 9nd at <elelva, the bear /ould co5e out in the 5ornin", to "raHe in the 5eado/ "rass. 9nd there also he killed those /ho re5ained. 9nd so the old /o5en /ent to the chief of the *eshvekin"a Clan. *hey said to hi5, -+ou 5en 5ust do so5ethin" for us, you should kill that bear for us, for he has al5ost finished us o. When the sun rises, that is /hen he a ears.1

, G$G , 9nd it is said that there is a lace /here there are rocks on each side. 9nd the 5en set o. 6ne sat on this side, on to of one of the rocks. 9nd another did the sa5e on the other. #00 9nd then the bear a eared. 9nd they tried to shoot hi5. 9nd he cau"ht their arro/s, he broke the5 in half. 9nd then the bear shook his head. #0? 9nd a stone fell fro5 the back of his neck. 9nd he s/allo/ed it. 9nd then those 5en /ent a/ay, for their arro/s /ere

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e;hausted. -*o5orro/, /e /ill co5e a"ain.1 )t is said that a"ain, in the 5ornin", they ca5e. *he ones on the rocks ke t /atch. 9nd one of the5 said to the other, -:o/ ) /ill tell you /hat he is carryin" on the back of his neck. 9nd you /ill shoot at it firstP you are to shoot. 9nd ) /ill Nu5 do/n fro5 here, and ) /ill knock that thin" far a/ay, so that he cannot s/allo/ it, and /hen he tries to "rab it, /e /ill shoot hi5 fro5 both sides.1 9nd then, it is said, the bear a eared. *he 5an did as he /as told, he shot hi5. *he bear shook hi5self as before. 9nd the 5an on to of the rocks Nu5 ed do/n, and knocked the stone a/ay. *hey shot at the bear, they killed hi5. 9nd they skinned hi5, and the lace is na5ed [BearBskinnin" Place.\ 9nd /hen the bear lay dead, , G$? , those old /o5en ca5e. #$0

9nd the bear /as cut, they cut loose the bear4s beads. -He /as "oin" to eat us, he /as "oin" to catch us.1 The 6ear(s 6eads #$? They were %ut They were %ut loose -.e is going to eat usF -.e is going to ta#e usF , G$A ,

97. In the De$ert (ith Hi3!hi3!

+OBAVE &6D9INYO*0UTAV^RE2 NARRATORBAC0 BONES2 INTERPRETERA. L. 0ROE,ER2 COLLECTOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y A. L. 0ROE,ER
XThe te>t that follows is an e>%er't from a mu%h$ mu%h longer 9yet still in%om'lete: 0o8ave migration e'i% %olle%ted 6y ,. 3. Kroe6er in Z^g`. The 'ortion re'rodu%ed here$ M7n the Desert with .i'ahi'a$F is the ninth of eighteen se%tions distinguished 6y Kroe6er.X#YThe introdu%tion is ta#en$ with a few emendations and redu%tions$ from Kroe6er(s own general introdu%tion to the study as a whole. The orthogra'hi% %onventions used for writing 0o8ave words and names have %hanged sin%e Kroe6er(s time 9as indeed has the s'elling of M0ohaveF itself$ 0o8ave 6eing the 'referred form today:. .owever$ 7 have %hosen not to moderni<e Kroe6er(s s'elling system in the 'resent sele%tion$ not only 6e%ause they are a''ro'riate to the era of %olle%tion 9Z^g`:$ 6ut to avoid %onfusion for readers who may %onsult the remainder of this fas%inating e'i%. Deaders'arti%ularly those who ta#e the trou6le to %onsult the original 'u6li%ationmay find that some of Kroe6er(s %omments and evaluations of the te>t as a wor# of oral history seem unne%essarily dismissive. /e must #ee' in mind$ though$ that he has %ome to his %on%lusions on the 6asis of "uite e>haustive investigations into the su6stantive histori%al %ontent of this and other versions of the narrative. 1ven so$ 7 thin# that s%holars today would 6e far less li#ely to dismiss the oralIhistori%al 6asis of do%uments su%h as this one$ see#ing instead to understand 6etter the nature of the intera%tion 6etween dreaming and traditional #nowledge.HWLY , G$@ ,

Cir u.$t!n e$ !nd N!ture ") the T!'e

*he story of the recordin" of this tale is this. )n a revious visit to the >ohave ) had learned of their 5aleBlinea"e clans or simulye$ kno/n each by the na5e /hich all the /o5en born in the clan shared, these na5es in turn havin" tote5ic reference or connotation, thou"h in 5ost of the na5es no ety5olo"ic denotation of the tote5ic ani5al or obNect /as a arent. *here is no evidence that these clans functioned other than as re"ards coresidence and e;o"a5y: they had no ritual associations. 0ettle5ents nor5ally consisted of kins5en in the 5ale line, and thereby of 5en of the sa5e clanP but there /ere said to be usually several laces thus -belon"in"1 to each clan, es ecially if it /as lar"e. ) found it difficult to en"a"e >ohave interest in recitin" to 5e a list of such clan localiHations: the simulye /ere no/ -all 5i;ed u ,1 they said, co5 ared /ith old ti5es. When ) said it /as the old ti5es that ) /anted to kno/ about, the ans/er /as, that ho/ it /as /ith the clans in the old days, ho/ they ca5e to be, /as kno/n only to certain old 5en /ho had drea5ed about that and about the travelin" and fi"htin" of the >ohave. 7tcI#anav# ["reatBtellin"\ /as the na5e of that kind of storyP eo le /ho had not drea5ed thatOthat is, did not s ecialiHe in itO/ould kno/ nothin" of 5o5ent about it. 0everal old 5en /ere 5entioned as infor5antsP but a train of ill luck acco5 anied 5y endeavors to secure fro5 any one of the5 the full version of /hat he kne/. *he /ellBinfor5ed on the subNect, or at any rate those "enerally re uted /ellBinfor5ed, /ere evidently all of an advanced a"e that 5ade their 5ortality hi"h in the first decade of this century. 9s this clan or 5i"ration le"end also /as not associated /ith a cycle /hich /ould be sun" at festivals or funerals, the series of 5en inclined to -drea51 itOto hear, learn, and refantasy itO/ould be retty thorou"hly and suddenly cut o /hen the re5odelin" of >ohave life by 95erican contacts had reached a certain oint. *o 5en /ho had /orked,

ho/ever inter5ittently, on rail/ay 5aintenance of /ay, in the loco5otive roundhouse or in the ice lant, a le"end about ancient 5i"rations of bands that lived o the land 5ust have see5ed irrelevant and fairly ointless, and even 5ore so to the ros ective allBni"ht audiences /hose interest /ould rovide 5uch of the sti5ulus for drea5in" u the tale. By contrast, sin"in" has an a eal in itself, reinforced for the >ohave by the e5otional associations of their custo5 of sin"in" their cycles as a "ift at i5 endin" , G$E , deaths of kins5en. 9round #%0$, accordin"ly, son"Bcycle 5yths /ere still bein" learned and drea5ed by individual >ohavesP but ) no/ sus ect that no one had then learned and reelaborated a version of the 5i"ration le"end in several decades. )f this is a fact, it /as the very last of the cro of a"ed 5i"ration drea5ers that ) encountered at :eedles about #%00 to #%0?. Ho/ever, in >arch #%02, 5y custo5ary "uide and inter reter, Mack Mones, took 5e across the river fro5 :eedles and so5e t/o or three 5iles inland, 5ore or less to the settle5ent 9h4aBk/inyevai, Q Xon theY eastern side of >ohave 3alley. ) /as urchasin" ethno"ra hical s eci5ens on the /ay. 9t 9h4aBk/inyevai, in a sandBcovered >ohave house, /e found the old 5an /ho5 /e had co5e to see, )nyoBkutavyre [3anished ursue\, /ho /as re uted to kno/ about the ori"in of clans. He ad5itted that he did, and /ould tell 5e the story. )t /ould take a day, he said /hen ) asked the len"th. 9s that day /as artly "one, ) arran"ed to co5e back in the 5ornin". 6f course he did not realiHe that it /ould take Mack about as lon" to 'n"lish to 5e his tellin" in >ohave as that took hi5, and ) overlooked the fact, or had lon" since learned not to be too concerned about inaccuracy of ti5e esti5ates by natives. Ho/ever, he /ent on for si; days, each of three to four hours4 total narration by hi5 and as 5any of translation by Mack and /ritin" by 5e.X2Y 'ach evenin" he believed, ) think honestly, that one 5ore day /ould brin" hi5 to the end. He freely ad5itted, /hen ) asked hi5, that he had never told the story throu"h fro5 be"innin" to end. He had a nu5ber of ti5es told arts of it at ni"ht to >ohave audiences, until the last of the5 dro ed o to slee . When our si;th day ended, he still, or a"ain, said that a day /ould see us throu"h. But by then ) /as overdue at BerkeleyP and as the ros ective day 5i"ht once 5ore have stretched into several, ) reluctantly broke o, ro5isin" hi5, and 5yself, that ) /ould return to :eedles /hen ) could, not later than ne;t /inter, to conclude recordin" the tale. By ne;t /inter )nyoBkutavyre had died, and his tale thus re5ains unfinished, thou"h its central the5e, the final con&uest of >ohave 3alley and the takin" of lands by the clan leaders, is co5 leted. ) 5ade e orts to find other old 5en /ho 5i"ht continue /here )nyoBkutavyre had left o. ) ca5e to realiHe soon after/ard that no >ohave could -continue1 the narration of another.X$Y *he versions di er too 5uch throu"h bein" after all individually refantasied, as ) /ould construe the core to be of , G$% ,

FIGURE &&. B! - B"ne$. C"urte$8 Ph"ebe A33er$"n He!r$t +u$eu. ") Anthr"3"'"%8 !nd the Re%ent$ ") the Uni4er$it8 ") C!'i)"rni!. /hat the >ohave 5ean by -drea5in".1 With a di erent infor5ant it /ould have been necessary to "et a ne/ version of the entire taleP only in that sense could )nyoBkutavyre4s tale have been -finished1 by another. Ho/ever, ) /as "iven the na5es of t/o survivin" old 5en /ho 5i"ht furnish a co5 letionP

and in the s rin" of #%0$, and a"ain of #%0G, ) returned , GG0 , to :eedles to look the5 u : only to find that one of the5 /as s eechless fro5 a aralytic stroke. *he other, ) /rote on 9 ril #?, #%0G, to 5y chief, 7. W. Putna5, ) had as yet been unable to "o to see because he lived too far fro5 the tele"ra h office at :eedles, to /hich ) /as then tied by an e; ected 5essa"e. ) do not recall no/ /hy ) /as unable to connect /ith hi5 laterP and before lon" he too died. )n #%0E ) /as a"ain at :eedles. *he >ohave see5ed to think that their reco"niHed drea5ers of the clan 5i"ration /ere all "one. But 5eetin" an old 5an called <unalye, ) asked hi5 /hether he kne/ anythin" of Hi ahi a, the "reatest hero in )nyoBkutavyre4s version. He affir5ed that Hi ahi a /as the na5e of a <utkilye clan band livin" in >ohave 3alley in ancient ti5es, and roceeded to tell 5e their story on >arch #. ) returned to hi5 on >arch $ for another install5ent, in /hich as yet the /arfare that /as to be the central the5e of the lot /as only bein" threatened. *he old 5an then beca5e ill. ) had to discontinue, and so another atte5 t re5ained fra"5entary. Q 7or the ti5e s ent in its recordin", its te;t is ro ortionally briefer than )nyoBkutavyre4s tellin", o/in" robably in art to 5y havin" as inter reter Leslie Wilbur, youn"er and less accusto5ed to 5e and the /ork than Mack Mones /as. *o return to )nyoBkutavyre. He /as stone blind. He /as belo/ the avera"e of >ohave tallness, sli"ht in fi"ure, s are, al5ost frail /ith a"e. His "ray hair /as lon" and unke5 t, his features /ere shar , delicate, XandY sensitive. Q He sat indoors, on the loose sand floor of his house, for the /hole of the si; days ) /as /ith hi5, in the fre&uent osture of >ohave 5en, his feet beneath hi5 or behind hi5 to the side, not /ith le"s crossed. He sat still /hether recitin" or a/aitin" his turn, but drank in all the 0/eet Ca oral ci"arettes ) rovided. His house5ates sat about and listened, or /ent and ca5e as they had thin"s to do. *he tale is discussed in detail in arts G, ?, and A Xof <roeber #%?#Y. 9 fe/ of its 5ore salient &ualities are 5entioned here no/ by /ay of reli5inary orientation. Like al5ost all elder >ohave, the narrator asserted he had drea5ed his narrative, had seen it. Q *he story is /holly /ithout son"s. )t has -historical1 a earance in that it 5i"ht have actually ha ened al5ost as told. *here is no 5a"ic or su ernatural in"redient in the tale, beyond such occasional deeds as the >ohave believed livin" 5e5bers of , GG# , their tribe /ere able to erfor5 or e; erience: sorcery, char5in", o5ens. *he stren"th or siHe of a leader is so5eti5es e;a""erated, but al5ost never /ith any "reat e;trava"ance. *he story is therefore factually sober. 9s re"ards its content and for5, it 5i"ht /ell be history. 9t the sa5e ti5e there is nothin" to sho/ that any of the events told of did ha en, or that any of the nu5erous ersona"es na5ed ever e;isted. *he ty e of events is lar"ely dra/n fro5 >ohave reB Caucasian actual tribal e; erienceP but ) doubt /hether any of the s ecific incidents /ere really handed do/n by tradition. )n short, the story is a seudohistory. )t is a roduct of i5a"ination, not of recollection, and therefore XisY an e ort at literature. )n that circu5stance lies erha s its "reatest interest. )t can in e ect be characteriHed as a rose e ic, or at least an eort at one. )t is also a secular e ic: it contains neither 5ytholo"y nor ritual ele5ents, Nust as it is /ithout trace of 5etrical or other for5ally styliHed lan"ua"e, e;ce t to a very sli"ht de"ree in the na5es of ersona"es.XGY )n 5y o inion, the one ite5 of ossible historical fact in the tale is that it 5ay reflect a ti5e /hen the >ohave /ere not yet er5anent residents of >ohave 3alley but /ere in the rocess of occu yin" it.

Beyond that, the enu5eration and localiHation of tote5ic bands or subclans after the con&uest of >ohave 3alley, as "iven in ara"ra hs #@GF#@A Xof <roeber #%?#Y, robably rests on fact. But this list is static: it reflects the landholdin"s as they /ere 5ore or less re5e5bered to have e;isted synchronously a fe/ "enerations a"oO robably /ithin a century before the tellin". 9ll the eo le and events of the lon" story ) consider to be a fantasy, roduced as an end in itself by the drea5erBnarrator Oand, /ith analo"ous but lar"ely inde endent content, by a fe/ other likeB5inded individuals. *he successful attain5ent of an a earance of historicity in a fantasy creation /ithin an unlettered tribe, es ecially one /holly lackin" 5ne5onic devices, is si"nificant as a cultural event because of its une; ectedness and nearBuni&ueness. *he historicB5indedness of the story is further evidenced by the consistent -nativeness1 of the culture de icted: /heat, chickens, red cloth, /hite 5en are never even hinted at, thou"h they have cre t both into ori"in 5yths and ritual son"Bcycle tales of the >ohave. :o urist ethno"ra her reconstructin" the old culture could have been any stricter than )nyoBkutavyre. , GG2 , )n our recordin", Mack Mones allo/ed the old 5an to roceedOfor erha s five to ten 5inutesOuntil the inter reter had as 5uch as he could re5e5ber, then 'n"lished it to 5e. With o5ission of re etitions, condensation of verbia"e, and so5e abbreviatin" of /ords, ) nearly ke t u /ritin" in lon"hand. )f Mack "ot too far ahead, ) si"naled hi5 to /ait. 6n the other hand, if na5es of ne/ laces or ersons ca5e too thickly, Mack /ould sto translatin" and ask )nyoBkutavyre to re eat the na5es slo/ly, directly to 5e.

NOTES
#. 9t the end of his introduction, <roeber 5akes the follo/in" co55ents, /hich are i5 ortant to understandin" the for5at of the te;t as resented here: *o "ive a narrative of the roli;ity of this one so5e or"aniHation, ) have divided it into #%@ ara"ra hs, accordin" to sense, and then "rou ed these into #E sections desi"nated 9 to 8 Xof /hich the resent e;cer t is section )Y. 7or orientation ) have also refi;ed to each ara"ra h a su55ary sideBhead of 5y o/n 5anufacture, as /ell as title headin"s to the #E sections. *hese heads are arbitrary: but ) a5 sure they /ill hel the reader. *he need of or"aniHation /as "reater in this narrative than for 5ost >ohave 5yths, /hich co5e unctuated by son"s so that the narrator, as he concludes each incident or to ic, naturally says -so 5any son"s1 and co5es to a ause. *he translation is heavily annotated in the ori"inal ublication C9. <roeber #%?#DP the section resented here, for e;a5 le, contains #G@ endnotes. 6nly the 5ost literarily "er5ane of these notes have been included here, as footnotes. )n addition, to o en u the a"e for the reader and hel 5ake sectionB internal rhetorical or"aniHations 5ore trans arent, ) have -subB ara"ra hed1 the te;t /ithin the nu5bered sections of <roeber4s ori"inal resentation.OHWL 2. *hey /ere not continuous. ) took about t/o days o to /ander about and ick u s eci5ens, believin" that even so )nyoBkutavyre /ould finish by the date on /hich ) ou"ht to return to the university. $. Unless ossibly, in so5e de"ree, a youn" 5an /ho /as still learnin" fro5 a father or other kins5an. G. Unfortunately, because <roeber did not record the >oNave and "reatly reduced the a5ount of re etition and -e;cess verbia"e1 Csee re5arks in the final ara"ra h of this introductionD, there is no /ay today to verify or contradict his assertion here.OHWL

, GG$ ,

FURTHER READING
Besides <roeber4s , 0ohave .istori%al 1'i%$ fro5 /hich this selection /as taken, the reader 5i"ht /ish to look at <roeber4s Seven 0ohave 0yths and 0ore 0ohave 0yths$ Her5an =rey4s Tales from the 0ohaves$ =eor"e (evereu;4s ->ohave Coyote *ales,1 or the bilin"ual selection of >oNave te;ts in Leanne Hinton and Lucille Wataho5i"ie4s S'irit 0ountain. Leslie 0 ier4s 0ohave Culture 7tems rovides so5e ethno"ra hical infor5ation, and Pa5ela >unro4s 0o8ave Synta> rovides infor5ation on as ects of >oNave "ra55ar. IN THE DESERT WITH HIPAHIPA I. IN THE DESERT WITH HIPAHIPA 69. E+PTY HOUSES AND FOOTPRINTS >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe said: -We /ill not "o east. We /ill follo/ this valley north/ard. ) kno/ these 5ountains ahead: ) kno/ their na5e. But /e do not /ant to "o there: /e do not /ant to "o east. We /ill "o north.1 *hen they /ent north, follo/in" the valley. )n the afternoon they turned east/ard. *hen they /ere in the center of the valley. XfY *hey are in -Basin and 8an"e1 country. )n the 5iddle of the valley /as a little "ulch, but there /as no /ater in it. *here they found t/enty houses. *here /ere ten houses on the /est side of the dry ravine and ten on the east side. Wells had been du": ten of the5. *here /ere no aths about, but they sa/ tracks of boys and "irls and /o5en and 5en all about. *hey looked inside the houses but sa/ nobody. )t /as one 5an /ho lived there: he 5ade his foot lar"e and s5allOlike a 5an4s, like a /o5an4s, like a child4s. He o/ned these t/enty houses and lived in the5, but he /as not there no/: he had been "one five days. His na5e /as Hi ahi a. XkY 6ur introduction to one of the "reat heroes of the tale. Hi a is the "irls4 na5e of the Coyote clan. He used to hunt. He did not hunt deer , GGG , or rabbits, but rattlesnakes. *he rattlesnakes did not bite hi5. He icked the5 u /ith his hands and hun" the5 by their heads under his belt, /ith their tails han"in" do/n and rattlin". XfY *his is &uite a ictureOthe lonely 5an /earin" a rattlin" snake skirt, livin" in t/enty e5 ty houses, /ith foot rints about as a /hole villa"e. He has "one /ildP but /hy so, the story does not tell. )n this /ay he took ten of the5 ho5e. *here he cooked the5 in the sand. *hus he lived. 6>. A RATTLESNA0E DIET *here /ere t/o 5en. CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a, /ho lived at 9viBnyBulka and 9haBk/aBhyl on rats and rabbits and Nackrabbits. X:o/, shortly before,Y they had been huntin" and had cooked their 5eat Xnear Hi ahi a4s ho5eY /hen Hi ahi a ca5e to the5.

XkY *his is "oin" back to the ti5e before the arrival of the travelin" band, and is to e; lain /hy Hi ahi a /as a/ay fro5 his t/enty houses /hen they arrived. *hey "ave hi5 5eat and said: -'at /hat /e eatS1 He ut a iece into his 5outh. He said: -) do not like to eat that: it is not "ood. What ) eat are rattlesnakes: see, ) have so5e /ith 5e.1 *he t/o 5en took u their 5eat, 5ade it into a bundle, ut it on their backs a"ain Xand /ent ho5eY. *hen Hi ahi a cooked his rattlesnakes and ate the5. But he thou"ht: -*hat /as "ood food /hich CutB bloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a "ave 5e. Why did ) not eat itR What ) eat is not "oodP it is rattlesnakes. XlY He had refused their food childishly or, like a her5it, "one &ueerP no/ he be"ins to re"ret it. ) /ill "o to their houses and see /hat they eat.1 *hen he /ent to 9viBnyulka and 9heBk/aBhyl, arrivin" at sunset. *hen they "ave hi5 their 5eat, he ate it, and liked it. He lived /ith the5 five days. *hen he said: -*oday ) /ant to "o back. ) have t/enty houses and t/enty /ells and live alone. ) do not live like you. +ou have /o5en and children and 5any eo le. When ) a5 at ho5e you kno/ /hat ) eat. 9t ni"ht ) brin" ho5e rattlesnakes: in the 5ornin" ) eat the5: that is ho/ ) live. :o/ ) /ant to "o back. But ) /ant all of you to kno/ this before ) "o.1 *hen they all said: -)t is /ell. +ou can "o back.1 XvY 9ssent, not er5ission. Hi ahi a said: -) a5 ready.1 His houses /ere to the north/est, and he /ent north/est/ard. , GG? , 6C. HIPAHIPA DISCOVERS HI+SELF AS AN OLD FRIEND *hen he sa/ eo le livin" in his houses: he sa/ s5oke. XfY :o/ he encounters the 5i"rants. He thou"ht: -) /onder /ho is livin" thereR ) /as alone, but ) see s5oke. Well, ) 5ust "o, for they are 5y houses.1 He ca5e nearer and heard the noise of the eo le. He said: -) see /o5en and boys and "irls all livin" in 5y houses.1 *hen he /ent near and sa/ children layin" about. *hey sa/ hi5 and /ent and told >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe: -We have seen so5eone.1 -+ou have seen so5eoneR1 -+es. 6ver there.1 *hen he sent a 5an to see Hi ahi a. He sa/ hi5 and returned. >azk/e5trutra5Bk/ilyyhe asked hi5: -(id you see hi5R1 and he said: -+es.1 -What did he look likeR1 -He looks "ood: he is as lar"e as /e are.1 *hen the four leaders said, -We had better "o to see hi5.1 Hi ahi a shouted loudly t/ice, and the children said: -(o you hear hi5R1 *he 5en said: -+es. He shouts like a 5an. We shout like that.1 XkY ).e., he is not a "host. Hi ahi a /as standin" behind a bush. He did not /ant the eo le to co5e nearer to hi5. 9s they a roached he dre/ back. >azk/e5trutra5Bk/ilyyhe said: -Why do you "o backR Why do you not 5eet 5e so that /e can talkR1 Hi ahi a continued to retreat. XlY He has turned /ild and shy in his isolation. >azk/e5trutra5Bk/ilyyhe said a"ain: -Why do you "o backR >eet 5e and /e /ill talk.1 *hen Hi ahi a ca5e out and they all stood to"ether. Hi ahi a said: -9ll those are 5y houses.1 >azk/e5B trutra5Bk/ilyyhe said: -Well, if they are your houses, let us "o inside.1 *hen the eo le /ere outside cookin". *he sun /ent do/n. )t beca5e dark and all /ent indoors.

Hi ahi a said: -) think none of you kno/ 5e. (o you not kno/ 5eR +ou have seen 5e before. ) /as at <oh{ye Xnear Barsto/Y /ith you. ) /as a youn" 5an then, and a bad 5an. ) kicked and ran and fou"ht. ) drea5ed that /ay: that is /hy ) did it. ) could not hel it. ) /as youn" then. >y na5e /as :oiseB unrulyBni"ht. :o/ ) a5 called Hi ahi a. ) have co5e here fro5 <oh{ye. <uny{rB4ikoravtri and his eo le /ent a/ay fro5 there and ) /ent /ith the5, "oin" east. When /e ca5e to <e etri&{ and 0elye4ayeB5etri /e crossed the XColoradoY river to this XeasternY side. We ca5e to 95a ya4a5a and 9halyBkuirve. *hen /e ca5e to HataiBk/a4i and 9h5oBkuBtrez4ilye. *here /e sle t. *hen /e ca5e to 9viBnyeBha5okyy and 9&/a/aBhave. When , GGA , /e ca5e there it /as nearly sunset and /e ca5 ed. )n the 5ornin" the rest /ent on, but ) stayed there. ) did not "o on. ) thou"ht: [Why do ) "o /ith the5R ) do not /ant to "o /ith the5. ) /ill "o another /ay.\ *hen ) started alone and /ent east. ) found this lace. ) thou"ht: [) /ill stay here and 5ake a house and di" a /ell and live here. ) /ill call 5y lace HalyeraveBkutrakya ve. ) /ill call it also HanyeBk/yva.\1 *hus Hi ahi a told it all to >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe. *hen >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe said: -:o/ /e kno/ you. We used to see you at <oh{ye: you are the 5an.1 Hi ahi a said: -+es. ) a5 the one.1 >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe said: -*hen you /ere a youn" 5an. :o/ you are lar"e, as lar"e as /e. )f you had not told us, /e /ould not have kno/n youP but ) kno/ you no/. +ou /ere called :oiseBunrulyni"ht then. :o/ you have chan"ed your na5e and are called Hi ahi a. XfY >ohave style: reaffir5in" /hat is kno/n or has Nust been said. *hat is /hy /e did not kno/ you. Well, /e have co5e to your houses.1 Hi ahi a said: -3ery /ell. +ou say: [Whatever you say /e /ill follo/ it.\1 >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe said: -+es, that is /hat ) said.1 Hi ahi a said: -Well, ) do not eat /hat you eat. +ou eat 5elons and u5 kins and seeds. ) a5 not eatin" those: ) eat rattlesnakes. But ) sa/ 5en livin" in that direction X ointin"Y. ) /ill take you there. ) /ant you to "o /ith 5e. When ) take your eo le there, erha s those there /ill "ive the5 so5ethin" to eat, and you /ill live there. )n the 5ornin" /e /ill "o.1 6=. UNDESIRED VISITORS )n the 5ornin" Hi ahi a said: -) /ill not "o /ith you. ) /ill "o ahead to sho/ the /ay.1 He had a crooked tu#oro stick. He said: -) /ill "o ahead and dra/ a line for you /ith this and you can follo/ it. *here is a lace XcalledY HatruvavekBaha /ith a s rin"P /hen you reach it, drink. 7ro5 there, tell your eo le to carry /ater. ) /ill continue fro5 there 5arkin" a line, and you follo/ it. 9s you "o on farther, you /ill co5e to a valley and /ill see s5oke there. *hat /ill be 9haBkuBhyl and 9viBnyBulka, /here ) /ant you to "o.1 *hus he told the5 ho/ to "o. 0tartin" that 5ornin", they ca5e to the s rin" HatruvavekBaha. >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe said: -*his is the s rin" he told of. Here /e /ill drink and take /ater to carry.1 *hey /ent on a short distance and sa/ , GG@ , s5oke. -*hose are the laces 9haBkuBhyl and 9viBnyBulka.1 *hen all kne/ those laces. Hi ahi a had "one ahead: he had be"un to cut brush in order to 5ake a house. -) /ant >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe to live here,1 he thou"ht. *hen he /ent east and brou"ht a load of /ood. He /ent a"ain and a"ain and brou"ht five loads. 9ll about /ere 5en layin" /ith Xhoo andY oles, but Hi ahi a did not s eak to

the5. 0o5e of the5 thou"ht: -) /onder /hy he clears that lace and /hy he is "ettin" five loads of /oodR1 But they did not ask hi5P therefore he did not say a /ord. *his /as in 5idafternoon. When >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe a roached fro5 the north/est, those /ho /ere layin" /ith oles looked u . *hey said: -)s it /ind and dustR ) think so5eone is co5in".1 6ne of the5 told HaB yezayyz/a and CutBbloodBknee: -) think eo le are co5in". *here is dust over there.1 *he t/o leaders said: -9ll co5e here to this houseS 9ll stand hereS +es, eo le are co5in".1 Hi ahi a said nothin". *he t/o leaders said: -*hose /ho are a roachin" co5e for /ar, ) think. 9ll you /o5en and children cli5b the 5ountainS 9ll you 5en stay hereS (o not run oS1 *hen all the /o5en and "irls and old 5en and children cli5bed u the 5ountain. CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a said: -We /ill stay here and 5eet the5 and fi"ht.1 *hese t/o leaders /ent to 5eet >azk/e5trutra5Bk/ilyyhe4s eo le. Hi ahi a sa/ the5 close to"etherP they had nearly 5et: then he ran to/ard the5. He ran in front of >azk/e5Btrutra5k/ilyyhe: then he turned and /ent to/ard CutB bloodBknee and HaByezayyz/aP >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe follo/ed hi5. *hen CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a said: -) do not think that they /ant to fi"ht: Hi ahi a has brou"ht the5 here.1 *hey called the /o5en and children to co5e do/n fro5 the 5ountainP and they ca5e. Hi ahi a led >azk/e5trutra5Bk/ilyyhe4s eo le to the lace /hich he had cleared o. CutBbloodknee and HaByezaB yyz/a said: -*hese eo le are travelers. *hey have co5e to 5y house: "ive the5 to eat.1 *hen their eo le "ave the5 rabbits and other 5eat and 5escal. :o/ the ne/co5ers had enou"h to eat. 67. WILL THERE ,E FOOD ENOUGHI CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a thou"ht: -) /ant to see the stran"ers,1 and /ent into >azk/e5B trutra5Bk/ilyyhe4s ca5 . He said to the5: , GGE , -) /onder /here you have co5e fro5. +ou kno/ that /e all started fro5 one lace. XfY *his 5ay 5ean 9vik/a5e, /hen they /ere still /ith >asta5ho, but 5ore likely it refers to the ti5e before the e5i"ration fro5 >ohave 3alley. *hen you scattered over the 5ountains. 9nd /e have traveled, lookin" for you: no/ /e have found you.1 *hen one of the t/o said: -We are scattered over the country: /e have taken all the s rin"s: there is no lace for you to stay. XkY *he s rin"s /ould be crucial for occu ation of this southeast desert tract. 'very/here our tribes have 5ade 5onu5ents of trees or brush to clai5 the land. *here is no roo5 for you.1 >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe said: -We are not lookin" for that. We are not lookin" for a lace to live in XhereY. +ou have heard of the fi"htin" and ho/ one arty /as beaten. We are on the /ay to take back our country. We /ant to fi"ht /ith the eo le there: that is /hy /e have co5e.1 CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a said: -We do not /ish /ar. We live /ell here: /e su ort ourselves: our /o5en and children like livin" here. We do not /ant to take the5 a/ay: they 5i"ht die in the desert.1 Hi ahi a said: ->azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe, listen to /hat ) tell you. ) /ant you to build a house for your eo le. )f it rains, all that is outdoors /ill be /et, but if you 5ake a house and it rains you can "o inside and 5ake a fire and it /ill be /ell.1 *hen they built houses and lived like the other eo le there.

6F. ANTELOPE +AGIC CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a had a friend called PutBitBintoBea"ledo/n. *his 5an had no bo/ and arro/s: he Nust /ent in any directionOnorth or east or southOand brou"ht back rabbits and Nackrabbits. He cau"ht the5 /ith his hands, seiHin" the5 by the neck, /ithout shootin": that is ho/ he lived. Hi ahi a told >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe: -*hey XCutBbloodBknee and his artnerY "ive you 5eat, but they do not "ive you enou"h. ) a5 like that 5an: ) hunt, but /ithout a bo/. ) can catch anythin" ) /ant /ith 5y hands. Let us "o to 9htat#BkuB|eth}auve and 9haBkuB aka. We /ill all "o to that 5ountain. *ake this 5an /ith you /ho has no bo/ but can kill antelo e, XlY :o/ /e rise fro5 rabbits to antelo e. *he char5in" of the s/ift antelo e /hich live in o en lains is a Basin 0hoshonean s ecialty, found also a5on" the +okuts. But 5ountain shee CammoD, bi" horns, /ould be 5ore a ro riate to a 5ountain ran"e than are antelo e CumulD. and ) /ill "o /ith you. *he antelo e have tracks like this.1 , GG% , When they ca5e to the lace, Hi ahi a said to PutBitBintoBea"ledo/n: -0it hereS +ou, >azk/e5B trutra5Bk/ilyyhe, take your 5en and "o around the 5ountain and drive the antelo e this /ay. *hen ) /ill kill the5. 9nd this 5an sittin" here /ill kill the5 too. *hen /e shall have antelo e 5eat.1 0o they started to "o around the 5ountain to drive the5. Hi ahi a thou"ht about PutBitBintoBea"leBdo/n: -) do not think he is /ise. ) do not think he is a doctor. ) think ) can beat hi5.1 *hereu on PutBitBintoBea"leBdo/n could not "et u . He /as /eak and s/eaty: Hi ahi a 5ade hi5 be thus. *he antelo e ca5e by but he could not see the5: they all /ent ast hi5. 6thers ca5e to Hi ahi a and he seiHed their necks, broke their le"s, and killed 5any. He killed the5 all and iled u the 5eat. *hen all the eo le ca5e back there. -What is the 5atter /ith this 5anR1 they said. PutBitBintoBea"leBdo/n said: -) do not kno/: ) a5 sick: ) cannot /ork /ith 5y hands.1 *hen they divided the 5eat, and all ate. PutBitBintoBea"leBdo/n returned, and at ni"ht he said to CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a: -) have killed antelo e for you, but ) cannot kill the5 any 5ore. ) a5 sick. *o5orro/ 5ornin" ) a5 "oin" back to 5y lace at 9viBk/eBhunake.1 )n the 5ornin" he ate 5escal, took his crooked tu#oro$ and /ent o, /alkin" like a sick 5an, slo/ly. 6<. S0IN CLOTHING *he eo le of CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a shot deer and rabbits: Hi ahi a killed antelo e as before. He did it a third ti5e. :o/ the antelo e hides lay iled u hi"h. *hen he said: -9ll you /o5en and "irls are oor. ) see you /earin" /illo/ bark Xas skirtsY. +ou have /orn it t/o years: )t is /orn thin. *oday ) /ill kill 5ore antelo es: today /e shall all stay ho5e. ) /ant to 5ake buckskin.1 *hen they ut /ater into lar"e dishes and baskets and laid the hides in to soak. *hen they /orked on the5. )t did not take the5 lon" to cure the skins: in one day they had re ared the5 all. *he ne;t day they 5ade /o5en4s dresses and 5occasins: -0o that you can "o out a/ay and "et fire/ood,1 said Hi ahi a. -9ll these eo le here have 5occasins.1 Before this they had been afraid to "o out far into the cactuses because they /ere barefooted. When they had 5ade all the , G?0 , dresses, Hi ahi a said: -Pick each the one that /ill fit you.1 *hen all icked dresses that fitted the5. :o/ all the /o5en had dresses and 5occasins, and all the 5en had 5occasins and le""in"s and shirts,

and they /ere all dressed. 66. HUNGER AND BEALOUSY :o/ it /as about t/o years XlaterY. )n the ni"ht they "athered, XfY CutBbloodBknee and the old residents of the re"ion. )n s ite of sayin" that they /ere on their /ay to /ar, the /anderers have by no/ stayed another t/o years. and HayezaByyz/a said: -Kwahe'ilye seeds and maselye(aye seeds, and deer and antelo e, and 5escal, and rabbits and rats: those are /hat /e live on. When Hi ahi a ca5e here ) told hi5 /hat /e ate: he kne/ it. *hen the 5an >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe ca5e here. :o/ /hen Hi ahi a kills antelo e, /hy does he not "ive 5e 5eatR Why does he not treat 5e /ellR *hat 5an only /andered in here, but Hi ahi a "ives hi5 5uch food.1 :o/ these eo le Xthe old residentsY /ere shootin" their "a5e /ith bo/s and arro/s. *hus it ha ened that so5eti5es they did not have enou"h to eat, because so5eti5es they 5issed /hen they shotP /hereas Hi ahi a 5erely seiHed the ani5als, and so >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe4s eo le al/ays had enou"h. *hen Hi ahi a said Xto the ne/co5ersY: -We have taken all the antelo e that are here: there are none left. Let us "o south to 9viBkaBhayihayi and 9haBtala5e: there /e shall find 5ore antelo e. 9nother 5an lives there: he also hunts the5, but only /ith bo/s and arro/s.1 *hat ni"ht the eo le Xori"inallyY livin" there ca5e back an"ry because they did not have enou"h to eat, /hile >azk/e5Btrutra5k/ilyyhe4s eo le had abundance. &DD. DOCTOR/S SORCERY *he ne;t day in the 5ornin" they /ent huntin" a"ainP the /o5en and children stayed ho5e. :o/ 8edB sky /as a doctor of CutBbloodBknee and HaByezaByyz/a. *he children /ere layin" about the houses. *he boys took "round maselye(aye and #wahe'ilye seed, thre/ it u into the air, and , G?# , cau"ht it in their 5ouths. >azk/e5Bk/a aive4s boy /as /ith the5. XfY U to no/ X>azk/e5Bk/a aive /asY a sort of secondBinBco55and to >azk/e5B trutra5k/ilyyheP >azk/e5Bk/a aive fro5 here on re laces hi5 in the tale. He had reviously let his dau"hter "o in 5arria"eP no/ he loses his boy, then collects "ifts fro5 his eo le for funeral destruction, and, /hen the entry into >ohaveland finally takes lace, he is Hi ahi a4s co5 anion and dies in battle by hi5 /hen Hi ahi a is driven out. X)n contrastY, >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe, thou"h the first leader of all to be 5entioned in the tale, is a sin"ularly allid ersonality throu"hout: he leads al5ost abstractlyP nothin" ever ha ens to hi5 as an individual. *hen 8edBsky killed hi5: XkY By 5a"ic or 5ana. the boy died ri"ht there. *hen a boy /ent and told the old 5en and /o5en /ho had stayed at ho5e: ->azk/e5k/a aive4s boy is dead.1 *he old eo le /ent to see. -Well, he is dead indeed,1 they said. *hey stood by the body and cried. *hey said to *ukyetBnyiBhayi: -7ollo/ the 5en and say: [>azk/e5B k/a aive, your boy is dead.\ *ell the5 that.1 *he 5en had co5e to 9vilBheBtala5e and /ere drinkin" /hen *ukyetBnyiBhayi arrived and told the5: ->azk/e5k/a aive, your boy is dead.1 *hereu on they did not hunt but all ca5e backP by 5idafternoon they returned to the houses. *he boy

/as lyin" /here he had fallen on the "round. 9ll stood around hi5 and cried. Hi ahi a took a ro e, /ent east/ard, and "athered /ood. He broke it /ith his hands or /ith stones and, 5akin" a bundle, brou"ht it back to the house. *hen they burned the boy. Hi ahi a said: -)f this boy had been sick, he /ould have died after t/o or three days. But he /as not sick. ) kno/ /ho did this: it /as the doctor. ) kno/ his na5eP it /as 8edBsky. *oni"ht ) /ill kill hi5.1 But >azk/e5Bk/a aive said: -:o, do not kill hi5. When /e traveled here, 5y dau"hter "ot 5arriedP it /as the sa5e as if /e had lost her. We kne/ that before. :o/ 5y boy is dead, and it is as if ) had lost 5y son and 5y dau"hter. 0o /e /ill cryP that is all. (o not kill 8edBsky.1 *hen they cried. &D&. NOTIFICATION OF A DAUGHTER )n the 5ornin" >azk/e5Bk/a aive said: -) told you to cry, and /e have cried all ni"ht. ) a5 tired. *oni"ht /e /ill cry a"ain. )n t/o days in the 5ornin" ) /ill "o to tell 5y dau"hter. )t /ill take 5e t/o days to "o there. *he sun /ill be nearly do/n or it /ill be do/n /hen ) arrive: ) do not kno/ /hen ) shall arrive there. ) /ill stay there t/o ni"hts. *hen , G?2 , ) /ill co5e back. )t /ill take 5e t/o days to co5e back a"ain. *hat /ill be si; days.1 9ll said: -=ood. +ou say you /ill be a/ay si; days.1 *hen >azk/e5Bk/a aive started. He sle t at Hih{Bkusave. *he ne;t ni"ht he sle t at <a otakBivauve. *he third day he follo/ed the river. When he had nearly co5e to /here his dau"hter lived, the eo le there sa/ hi5 co5in". *he layers ca5e to the house and said: XfY 9s al5ost al/ays in this tale, so5ebody is outdoors layin" hoo and oles, and the settle5ent is referred to as if it consisted of one house. ->azk/e5k/a aive is co5in"P ) think it is he.1 But so5e said: -:o, that is not the 5an. >azk/e5B k/a aive has lon" hair.1 XkY )t is taken for "ranted that he had cut it shorter in 5ournin", but of course they did not yet kno/ of the 5ournin". *hen he arrived and all sa/ that it /as he. *hey said: ->azk/e5Bk/a aive, is that youR1 He said: -+es, it is ). ) have co5e to tell 5y dau"hter that 5y son died.1 *hen the /o5an cried. WhiteBdrea5, her husband, the head 5an of the lace, cried, and all his eo le cried. 9ll "ave >azk/e5Bk/a aive beads or other thin"s to burn. XlY *o e; ress sy5 athy, and honor to the dead. *he destruction of ro erty at a funeral is called tcu'ily#. *hey "ave hi5 a lar"e ile, and he burned it all. He said: -*oni"ht ) /ill slee here. *o5orro/ 5ornin" it /ill be one ni"ht. *o5orro/ ) /ill stay, and slee here a"ain. *hat /ill be t/o ni"hts. )n the 5ornin" ) /ill "o back.1 *he second 5ornin" he /ent back. He sle t a"ain at 6taBkevauve and then at Hih{B kusave, and after t/o days Xon the /ayY he returned /hen it /as nearly sunset to /here he lived. *hen he said to his eo le: -) told you ) /ould be "one si; days. :o/ it is si; days.1 &D9. TO 0_TP`+A )t /as ni"ht. Hi ahi a said: -We have lived here four years. +our son died here. +ou have burned your clothes and cut your hair. ) do not feel "ood. ) /ant to 5ove fro5 this lace. ) do not /ant to stay here. We /ill 5ove to <~t 5a and )k/eBnyeBva. We /ill "o and live there and eat tule roots and beaver and

av(a seeds.1 XvY *ule is cattail rush, S%ir'us a%utus. >eal fro5 the roots is a lo/B"rade food. >azk/e5Bk/a aive said: -9s you say. )f you say that /e should 5ove, /e /ill 5ove, because you have done "ood to us. When you /ant to "o, /e /ill "o.1 Hi ahi a said: -We /ill start in t/o days.1 , G?$ , 9fter t/o days, in the 5ornin" they all started and ca5e north/est. When it /as nearly noon they ca5e to 6valyeha and drank there and rested. *hat ni"ht they sle t at 9htat#BkuB|eth}auve. *hat ne;t ni"ht they sle t at 9h4aBkuva\y: that /as t/o ni"hts. *he ne;t 5ornin" they started and ca5e to <~t 5a and )k/eBnyeBva. *here is a strea5 there, a little river /hich e5 ties into this XColoradoY river. :o/ they had co5e to this strea5: that is /here they /ere /antin" to live. *hen so5e boys /ould "o fishin", the /o5en /ent to "ather av(a seedsP so5e 5en /ent to hunt deer, others to "et rats, beaver, or tules. &D>. EATEN OUT *hen Hi ahi a said: -We have Xno/Y lived on these thin"s here for four years and there are not 5any of the5 left. ) think /e /ill 5ove a"ain. We cannot stay here /ithout food: /e cannot live /ithout it. *here are t/o laces. HatuiB5e|eth}au and >asta5hoBtesauve. ) think /e /ill "o there. We /ill "o do/nstrea5 to those laces, and /e /ill eat there the sa5e thin"s that /e eat here.1 *hen they /ent to those laces. *hey stayed there t/o years. *hey ate the sa5e thin"s as at <~t 5a: fish and beaver, and tules and av(a. *hen Hi ahi a said: -) think /e have eaten it all out.1 He sent four or five 5en to "o back to <~t 5a: -=o and look around /here /e lived before.1 *hey found 5any fish and beaver and tules and av(a a"ain. XfY *he subsistence 5ar"in is sho/n to have been both close and resilient, in these nonfar5in" areas, by the /ay in /hich a band could eat out a tract and it /ould then recu erate in so5e years. Psycholo"ically, it is re5arkable ho/ interested and infor5ed the far5in" >ohave /ere about these desert conditions. *here is a arallel in the fact that in the X>asta5ho and 6ri"insY 5yths, 5ore s ace is "iven to the institution of /ild desert foods than a"ricultural ones. )t 5ay be that the >ohave interest rests on fa5ine e; eriences at ho5e, /hen "rou s of the5 te5 orarily lun"ed into the desert for subsistence. &DC. +EETING A STRANGER *hen the /ife of >azk/e5Bk/a aive /ent u strea5 to <~t 5a to "ather av(a. XkY 0he is the third 5e5ber of his fa5ily to /ho5 so5ethin" ha ens. When she ca5e there she 5et a 5an, PutB5arkBaroundneck. He /as sittin" under the shade of a cotton/ood tree and had four Nackrabbits. He asked her if she /anted so5e. 0he said: -+es,1 and he , G?G , cooked so5e in hot sand. *hen he took her into the shade Xof the treeY and cohabited /ith her. XfY *he ter5 -cohabit1 /as a co55on eu he5is5 for -co ulate1 at the ti5e this te;t /as taken do/n. OHWL. When the 5eat /as cooked, he "ave her of it and she ate. 0he said: -)t is "ood. ) like to eat this.1 PutB 5arkBaroundneck asked her: -What /ill you do no/R1 0he said: -) a5 "oin" back.1 When she returned

ho5e, she brou"ht no seeds /ith her. &D=. A PASSION IN THE DESERT )n the 5ornin" the /o5an /ent out to "ather seeds and she /ent to the sa5e lace. 0he had a"reed to 5eet PutB5arkBaroundBneck there. 0o she 5et hi5. X*his ti5eY he had si; Nackrabbits. *hen he undressed XherY co5 letely, and the sa5e thin" ha ened. He "ave her the 5eat, and she said: -) a5 "oin" ho5e.1 :o/ this /o5an had a little boy. 9ll day he cried. >azk/e5Bk/a aive carried hi5 on his ar5 all day tryin" to &uiet hi5P Hi ahi a hel ed hi5. While the /o5an /as returnin" she thou"ht: ->y husband 5i"ht kno/. But in this /ay he /ill not kno/: ) /ill leave 5y basket and take u a stick, and /alk slo/ly like a sick /o5an. *hen he /ill not kno/.1 0o she arrived at the house and said to >azk/e5B k/a aive: -) do not kno/ ho/ it is: ) a5 sickP ) can hardly /alk. ) a5 very sick.1 #0A. elo e5ent )n the 5ornin" all "ot u and the /o5en /ent out to "ather a"ain. *his /o5an /ent too. 0he said: -) a5 XstillY sick, but ) think ) shall be able to "ather seeds for 5ush to eatP ) /ill not stay ho5e.1 0o she /ent o /ith the other /o5en, but hid, and ran o fro5 the5, and /ent back to the sa5e lace as before. *here she 5et PutB5arkBaroundBneck the third ti5eP he had four XNackYrabbits /ith hi5P and they did the sa5e /ay. *hen he said: -What /ill you do no/R1 0he said: -) /ant to "o back.1 But he said: -:o, no. ) a5 your husband no/. (id you not take o your clothes, and ) sa/ you, rivates and allR When a 5an does that to a /o5an, she is 5arried to hi5. XkY )nti5acy i5 lies 5arria"e, esca ades are furtive: such see5s to be the senti5ent. 9nd you kno/ that ) a5 a 5an: ) , G?? , a5 not a bird. XfY -He 5eant that he had a house to live in,1 the inter reter e; lained. ) /ill take you to 5y house. ) /ant you to co5e /ith 5e.1 )t /as 5idafternoonP then he took her /ith hi5. *hey /ent southeast/ard ast 95a Bakano to 6 uiBkuBtru5aka and Hu5zeBvinyeBhaliava /here he lived. &DF. HIPAHIPA RECOVERS THE ERRANT WIFE :o/ the /o5an /as "one all ni"ht: she had not co5e back. Hi ahi a said: -What is the 5atter /ith herR ) thou"ht she /ould co5e back at ni"ht. :o/ it is 5ornin" and she has not returned. >azk/e5B k/a aive, your /ife has been "one all ni"ht. +ou and ) /ill "o to see.1 *hey ate and started o. *hey ca5e to <~t 5a and sa/ tracks. *hen >azk/e5k/a aive said: -) kne/ it. ) kne/ that so5eone took 5y /ifeP but ) /as asha5ed to say it. XkY 9 natural enou"h senti5entP but he "ets and takes her back. *here see5s to be 5ore ublic sha5e than ersonal resent5ent. *hat is /hy she /ent a/ay.1 *he /o5an had left her basket, and they found it. *hey tracked her and PutB5arkBaroundneck. *hen they ca5e near his house. Hi ahi a said: -0tand here no/. He /ould see youP but he /ill not see 5e. ) /ill 5ake all /ho live there blind so that they cannot see 5e. ) /ill cause the5 to kno/ nothin".1 >azk/e5Bk/a aive said: -=ood. ) /ill stand here.1

:o/ those eo le used seeds, and the /o5an /as "rindin" the5. 0he stood in front of the house at the east corner. Hi ahi a ca5e around the house, stood behind her, "ras ed her around Xthe 5iddleY, and ran o /ith her to /here his friend stood. X6nlyY /hen he had "one so5e distance did the eo le there see hi5. *he /o5an /as un/illin" and scratched Hi ahi a4s face. -) do not /ant to "o /ith you,1 she cried. 0he tore out his nose orna5ent and thre/ it a/ay. *hen Hi ahi a /as an"ry: he tore o all her clothes,. XlY 'vidently in resent5ent, to hu5iliate her by her nakedness. X6r erha s to ne"ate the clai5 of - ossessionBbyBe; osure1 advanced by PutB5arkBaroundBneck.OHWLY till she had nothin" onP still she stru""led. Hi ahi a said: -(o not stru""le: let us "o.1 *hen they ca5e to /here >azk/e5Bk/a aive /as /aitin" and started back. *hey 5ade her /alk in front of the5. *hey ca5e to <~t 5a and took /illo/ leaves to 5ake a dress for her. *hen they returned to their house: it /as afternoon. , G?A , &D<. TO 0_TP`+A AGAIN *hen they lived as before and ate the sa5e food for a year. XfY 9 year bet/een talkin" of the 5ove and 5akin" itS *he chronolo"y is in round nu5bers. *hen Hi ahi a said: -Let us "o XbackY /here /e /ere.1 0o they all 5oved back to <~t 5a. *hey 5ade houses there and lived as they had before. &D6. HIPAHIPA INCITES THE+ TO RETURN *hey /ere there at <~t 5a t/o years. *hen Hi ahi a said: -We have eaten u all the food Xabout hereY. *he /o5en have "one far and taken all the seeds. We have killed all the rabbits and rats and fish and other ani5als.1 Boys and "irls /ere layin" outside. *hey icked u handfuls of yello/ "ravel and said: -*his is red beans. *his is black beans. *his is /hite beans.1 Hi ahi a said: -*here is no 5aiHe. ) see no red beans or /hite or blue or yello/ beans. ) think these boys and "irls say /isely. *hey have drea5ed /ell. 0oon /e shall have that. )n the lace fro5 /hich /e ca5e there are those thin"s.1 *he children layin" said: -*his is yucca. *his is 5elon. *his is /ater5elon.1 Hi ahi a said: -*hey have drea5ed /ell. 9fter a ti5e /e shall have all those.1 )t /as ni"ht. Hi ahi a said: -*here is another thin" that ) al/ays think of. +ou kno/ /hat 5ade us an"ry. Let us be "oin" a"ainst those eo le to fi"ht. What do you say to /hat ) say, >azk/e5Btrutra5B k/ilyyhe and >azk/e5Bk/a aiveR +ou do not /ant your eo le to die so5e/here out in the desert.1 XkY -)f you do not fi"ht for better land, you are likely to starve here.1 >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe and >azk/e5Bk/a aive said: -=ood. 9s you say.1 */o, four, five ti5es Hi ahi a s oke thus Q XlY Characteristic e; ression. *he >ohaves are not afraid of nu5bers, either e;act or a ro;i5ativeP and, accordin" to situation, the nu5bers 5ay be either for5ally -round1 CritualD or -odd1 and s ecific. )t is no/ Hi ahi a, the converted and esca ist her5it, /ho is ur"in" invasion and /ar on the leaders /ho set out so full of ur ose of recon&uest. He said: -Well. ) a5 "oin" to say the sa5e thin". Let us "o to fi"ht the5. *hey are rich. *hey have enou"h to live on. *hey lau"h at us all. *hey say of us: [*hose in the 5ountains, they have died

so5e/here. But /e live /ell: /e live better than they.\ 9nd they do have lenty. *hat is /hat 5akes 5e an"ry. X*hou"hY /hen /e "o there /e shall X erha sY die before dayli"ht.1 , G?@ , *hen >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe and >azk/e5Bk/a aive said: -)t is /ell: /e /ill "o /ith you. We /ill follo/ you. +ou say that /hen you arrive there you shall not live until the ne;t day, but that you shall die. Well, /e shall die before another day. We are not afraid.1 Hi ahi a said: -) /ant all of you /o5en and "irls and old 5en and all to co5e alon". )f all the stron" 5en "o and are killed there, the old eo le /ill not be able to live here: they are too old. )f /e die, erha s they /ill die tooP so /e /ill all "o. Perha s they /ill kill all of usP erha s half of us. But if they do that, it /ill be /ell.1 *hen >azk/e5Btrutra5Bk/ilyyhe and >azk/e5Bk/a aive told their eo le: -9ll of you X re are toY "oS :o one stay hereS1 9nd Hi ahi a said: -*here is another thin" that ) /ant to tell you. ) /ant to "o east to 9viBkaBha4sale, to <uny{re and 6skiivetekyyre. ) /ill see those /ho live there. ) /ant to tell the5 that /e are "oin", tell the5 before /e start. >any live there. *hen all /ill hear of it. 9fter that /e /ill "o.1 &&D. VISIT TO AN ALLY *hen Hi ahi a started for 9viBkaBha4sale in the 5ornin". He arrived there at nearly sunset. 9t ni"ht he told the5 /hy he had co5eP he s oke to (ustyBsunrise and 0hado/Bsun, /ho /ere the leaders there. -) a5 "oin" to 5ake /ar. ) /ill take 5y eo le north. ) /anted to infor5 you before ) /ent to /ar. *hat is /hy ) ca5e here. When /e arrive there, erha s /e shall die. )f /e die there, you /ill not have seen 5e for t/o or three years, /hen you /ill think of 5e, and re5e5ber ho/ ) looked.1 Before dayli"ht, /hen the 5ornin" star /as u , (ustyBsunrise stood and said Xto his o/n eo leY: XfY -0tandin" u 1 5eans that he is oratin" for5ally, - reachin".1 -+ou kno/ /hat Hi ahi a says. He says: [) a5 "oin" to /ar. )t is the last ti5e you /ill see 5e.\ +ou all hear /hat he says. He says that in the 5ornin" he is returnin". ) /ill tell you /hat to do. =ive hi5 so5ethin"S1 XkY >erely as an honored "uestR 6r in antici ation of his death in /arR *hen all said: -)t is "ood. We /ill "ive hi5 so5ethin".1 )n the 5ornin" Hi ahi a ate. When he had eaten, the /o5en "ave hi5 s5all baskets and lar"e baskets. *hey /ere iled as hi"h as that. *he 5en "ave hi5 /oven blankets and /oven sashes and cloth shirts. *hey , G?E , iled these thin"s as hi"h as that. Hi ahi a said: -Well. ) do not kno/ ho/ to roll the5 into a bundle. (o it for 5eS1 *hey said: -We /ill do it for you.1 *hen they 5ade t/o bundles and tied the baskets to the bundles by strin"s. Hi ahi a took the bundles on his back. -Well, this is the last ti5e you see 5e, ) say.1 &&&. GIFTS DISTRI,UTED *hen he returned to <~t 5a /here he lived, nearly at sunset. He left the bundles lyin", /ithout untyin" the5. He said: -*o5orro/ 5ornin" all of you co5e. 9ll the /o5en and "irls take a basket. Let everyone take one that she likes, a lar"e one or a s5all one. *he 5en do the sa5e. 0o5e of you like

feathers, so5e of you buckskin shirts and le""in"s, so5e /oven blankets or coats or shirts. ) /ill not "ive the thin"s to you: take the5 yourselvesP but not toni"ht: to5orro/ 5ornin" take the5.1 )n the 5ornin" the "irls ca5e and took s5all baskets, the /o5en lar"e ones. *he 5en took blankets and clothes and feathers. Hi ahi a said: -)f this /hich ) have brou"ht is not enou"h Xto "o aroundY, ) /ill "o a"ain. But ) /ill not "o to the sa5e laceP and ) /ill not "o today. *his is not enou"h erha s. Have all so5ethin"R1 *hey said: -:o, not all. Half have nothin".1 Hi ahi a said: -) /ill "o to5orro/. )t /ill be t/o days. ) /ill "o to Huvalilyeskuva and PakatBh{ave. *here are eo le there. *o the5 ) /ill "o.1 ##2. another ally visited 9fter t/o days he /ent in the 5ornin". He ca5e a"ain to 9viBk/aBha4sale nearly at sunset. *hen they "ave hi5 to eat, and at ni"ht he /ent into the house, but he said nothin". XfY >ade no s eech. )n the 5ornin" he started a"ain. He ca5e to 9s aBnyeBvaBkeBholyve and /ent ast it. He ca5e to )X. artialdiffYoBke4a e and a"ain /ent ast it, not restin". *hen he sa/ s5oke in the south. -*hat is the lace to /hich ) /ant to "o.1 When it /as nearly sunset he reached there. *here /ere five leaders there: 'arthB"uts, 0kyB"uts, HoldBinsideB5outh, , G?% , HoldBinBhands, and Lyin"BonBdust. XfY We have already encountered these five in ' ?0 Xcf. the full te;t in <roeber #%?#Y at the sa5e lace. *hey are tobacco clan, and a arently >ohave, since one of the5 artici ates in the recon&uest. Hi ahi a s oke to Lyin"BonBdust: -) kno/ that you live here. ) sa/ your eo le about the lace. ) have not co5e to stay here: ) have co5e to tell you /hat ) have to say. ) have told 5y eo le: [) /ant to "o to /ar.\ 9ll those at the laces fro5 /hich ) have co5e ans/ered: [=ood.\ *hat is /hat ) /anted to co5e to tell you.1 Lyin"BonBdust said to his eo le: -+ou hear /hat Hi ahi a says. He says: [) a5 "oin" to /ar. *his is the last ti5e you /ill see 5e. ) shall die so5e/here in that country. *o5orro/ ) a5 returnin".\ *hat is /hat he says. )n the 5ornin" ) /ant you to "ive hi5 so5ethin"Obaskets and s5all baskets and feathers and other thin"s.1 Lyin"BonBdust "ave hi5 a bo/ and arro/s and a &uiver. -) "ive you this,1 he said. He also "ave hi5 a lar"e bunch of lon" red feathers, sayin": -*ake this /ith you: you 5ay die there.1 Hi ahi a stayed there all day. *he second day in the 5ornin", after eatin", he said: -8oll all the thin"s for 5eS >ake t/o bundlesS1 *hen he took the5 on his back. -:o/ is the last ti5e you see 5e,1 he said. &&>. GIFTS TO GO AROUND )n the afternoon he ca5e to *enyiBkuBtanak/e and drank at the s rin" there. He stood and thou"ht: -) /ill "o by another /ay. *he /ay ) ca5e is aroundP this /ay is strai"ht.1 *hen he /ent on. :ear sunset he ca5e to 9h4aBkuvate. He 5ade a fire, lay by it, and sle t. 'arly in the 5ornin" he started, "oin" /est/ard. When it /as nearly noon he ca5e to 9htat#Bkitre, /here there is a s rin", and he drank and rested. He /ent ast +a5asaveBkatakalalve to 9haBnyeB vi|eth}utreP there he also /ent by. 7ro5 there he follo/ed the "ulch to </ilBkeBholyve. He also /ent by that lace and ca5e to <uyaBnyBit.yr&e. *here he stood a /hile. 0tartin" a"ain, he reached <~t 5a at sunset as all /ere co5in" ho5e for the day. *hen he said:

-*o5orro/ 5ornin" all of you co5e. 9ll the /o5en and "irls take a basket. Let everyone take one that she likes, lar"e or s5all. Let the 5en do the sa5e. 0o5e of you like feathers, so5e like deerskin shirts and le""in"s, so5e /oven blankets or coats or shirts. ) /ill not "ive the thin"s to you. *ake the5 yourselves, but not toni"ht. *o5orro/ 5ornin" take the5S1 , GA0 , )n the 5ornin" the eo le ca5e and took the thin"s. :o/ all had so5ethin". &&C. THE UNDERTA0ING URGED AGAIN *hen Hi ahi a said: -) do not /ant you to /ear /hat ) "ave you. (o not /ear the thin"s out in this country. ) a5 thinkin" of another country. When /e co5e there, 5ake friends /ith those eo le. )f they do not follo/ /hat /e say, if they /ish so5ethin" else, then /e /ill 5ake /ar on the5. ) kno/ that they are 5any there, but they are not as brave as ) a5. ) a5 a brave 5an. )n t/o days /e /ill "o north.1 , GA# ,

9F. An A "unt ") Ori%in$

LUECHAN :YU+A; &6D<TSUYU0WERXU :BOE HO+ER;2 NARRATORB. P. HARRINGTON2 COLLECTOR AND TRANSLATOR

INTRODUCTION ,Y B. P. HARRINGTON
X/hat follows is an e>%er't from the introdu%tion that a%%om'anied .arrington(s original 'u6li%ation in the Mournal of 95erican 7olklore in Z^g].X#YSome of .arrington(s %omments here on the *ue%han refle%t the times he lived in. ,nthro'ologists today no longer 6elieve in the oldIfashioned distin%tion 6etween soI%alled 'rimitive and modern %ultures$ on%e a sta'le of anthro'ologi%al dis%ourse. ,ll %ontem'orary human %ultures 6y definition are modern %ultures$ regardless of level of te%hnology or so%ial organi<ation. 7n any %ase$ what .arrington a''ears to mean here is more along the lines of Mun%ontaminatedF 96y 1uro'ean influen%es:$ rather than M'rimitiveF 'er se$ with all its negative %onnotations.HWLY *he +u5a occu y a central osition in the Central =rou .X2Y *hey held both banks of the Colorado fro5 fifteen 5iles south to si;ty 5iles north of the =ila confluence. *hey are no/ nearly all settled on the +u5a )ndian 8eservation, California, /here they nu5ber in #%0E about %A0, includin" over si;ty ersons belon"in" to other tribes. *he +u5a are still ri5itive in reli"ion, and lar"ely so in life. *he Christian influence has been sli"ht. */o 5issions /ere established a5on" the5 in #@E0 by the 5ilitary co55ander of 0onora, but /ere , GA2 , destroyed by the +u5a the follo/in" su55er. *hey /ere then free fro5 5issionaries for over a hundred years. *he resent Catholic Church is attended by fe/ )ndians. *he Protestants have as yet no 5ission buildin". *he 5edicineB5en, /ho have 5uch influence over the eo le, talk o enly a"ainst the

5issionaries and re"ard their traditions as a erverted for5 of the +u5a traditions. *he reli"ion of the +u5a, like that of the other tribes of the Central =rou , is based on revelations received in drea5s. (rea5in" is declared to be 5ore real than /akin". 'very individual -can drea5 vivid drea5s1P and /hatever is drea5ed is believed either to have once ha ened or to be about to ha en. 6nly a fe/ 5en, ho/ever, drea5 roficiently and rofessionally. *hese are kno/n as -drea5ers1 Csum t%D. *hey have o/er to reach in their drea5s the cere5onial house on the su55it of 9vik/aa5W, a "i"antic flatBto ed 5ountain thirty 5iles north of :eedles, California, called -=host >ountain1 by the /hites. *here the drea5er finds everythin" as it /as in the 5ythic ast. *here he receives instruction fro5 <u5asta5;o, the youn"er of the t/o "reat "ods of the +u5a. 9ll sin"in" and dancin" cere5onies are tau"ht by <u5asta5;o and his assistants on the to of that 5ountain, and the drea5er of such a cere5ony is bidden to teach the others /ho are to artici ate. *he various ractices for curin" the sick 5ay be learned there, and there only. *hus -doctor1 C#wasidh!D and -drea5er1 Csum t%D are synony5ous. When a 5an drea5s 5yths, he usually drea5s his /ay first to the to of that 5ountain, and there erceives /ith his senses everythin" /hich is narrated in the 5yth. *he -best drea5er1 a5on" the +u5a is *suyuk/er.u, a 5an of the Kavts.ts -nation,1 /hose 'n"lish na5e is Moe Ho5er. He is about fortyfive years old, and the sy hilis has already a ected his eyes so that he is al5ost totally blind. Besides the +u5a account of ori"ins ublished here/ith, /hich it takes hi5 four days to tell, he kno/s a score of ani5al stories, so5e very lon" tales of adventure, and si;tyBfour cere5onial son"s.X$Y *his 5aterial /as collected by 5e at 5y o/n e; ense. )t has been carefully revised by the narrator hi5self. Moe Ho5er 5ade to 5e at various ti5es the follo/in" state5ents concernin" his o/ers and trainin" as a drea5er: Before ) /as born ) /ould so5eti5es steal out of 5y 5other4s /o5b /hile she /as slee in", but it /as dark and ) did not "o far Q. 'very "ood , GA$ , doctor be"ins to understand before he is born, so that /hen he is bi" he kno/s it all. Q When a little boy, ) took a tri u to 9vik/aa5W >ountain and sle t at its base. ) felt of 5y body /ith 5y t/o hands, but found it /as not there. )t took 5e four days and ni"hts to "o u there. Later ) beca5e able to a roach even the to of the 5ountain. 9t last ) reached the /illo/Broof in front of the darkBhouse there. <u5asta5;o /as /ithin. )t /as so dark that ) could hardly see hi5. He /as naked and very lar"e. 6nly a fe/ "reat doctors /ere in there /ith hi5, but a cro/d of 5en stood under the /illo/Broof before the house. ) tried to enter, but could not. *he li"htnin"s /ere layin" all about. *hey hurt 5y eyes. 0ince then ) have "ro/n blind. Q When ) /as a boy, ) used to eat Ni5son/eed leaves Csmaly #aa'=taD lucked fro5 the /est side of the lant, in order to 5ake 5e drea5 /ell. Q) no/ have o/er to "o to <u5asta5;o anyti5e, toni"ht if ) /ant to. ) lie do/n and try hard, and soon ) a5 u there a"ain /ith the cro/d. He tells 5e everythin" ) /ant to kno/, and it takes only a little /hile to "o there. QHe teaches 5e to cure by s ittin" and suckin". QHe tells 5e /hen ) -s eech1 or sin" /ron". Q6ne ni"ht <u5asta5;o s it u blood. He told 5e, -Co5e here, little boy, and suck 5y chest.1 ) laced 5y hands on his ribs and sucked his sickness Chir vaD out. *hen he said, -+ou are a consu5 tion drea5er. XGY When anybody has the consu5 tion, lay your hands on hi5 and suck the ain out continually, and in four 5onths he /ill be /ell.1 When ) returned ho5e, ) /ent to 5y ne he/, /hose lun"s /ere all rotten. He s it all the ti5e. ) took hi5 to 5y house for four 5onths. ) sucked his chest till ) sucked the sickness out. :o/ he is /ell and is "oin" to school. Q)t takes four days to tell all about </iku5at and <u5asta5;o. ) a5 the only 5an /ho can tell it ri"ht. ) /as resent fro5 the very be"innin", and sa/

and heard all. ) drea5ed a little of it at a ti5e. ) /ould then tell it to 5y friends. *he old 5en /ould say, -*hat is ri"htS ) /as there and heard it 5yself.1 6r they /ould say, -+ou have drea5ed oorly. *hat is not ri"ht.1 9nd they /ould tell 5e ri"ht. 0o at last ) learned the /hole of it ri"ht. *his a roval and disa roval by the old 5en, it /ould see5, tends to unify versions of the sa5e 5yth ori"inatin" in the drea5s of various drea5ers, renderin" the +u5a 5yths less variable than those of so5e eo les /ho do not clai5 to drea5 their 5ytholo"y. 0ince the /riter ho es to ublish in a subse&uent nu5ber of this Nournal shorter creation 5yths of the Coco a, >ohave, and Walla ai, a discussion of Moe Ho5er4s +u5a account /ill be reserved till then.X?Y Let hi5 here, therefore, 5erely hint at Christian influence, and oint out ho/ , GAG , this 5yth di ers fro5 si5ilar 5yths found a5on" the >ohave.XAY *he 5yth di ers fro5 any si5ilar account /hich has been found a5on" the >ohave in the ro5inence and creative activity of </iku5at Cin >ohave, >atavLlyaD, /ho in >ohave 5ytholo"y 5erely leads the eo le to 9;avoly c, builds a house there, and diesP in the 5ention of BlindB6ld>anP in the doctrine of four destructions of the eo leP in the ro5inence of >ar;okuvek, -the first +u5a )ndian1P in the instruction of the eo le by <u5asta5;o Cin >ohave, >asta5;cD at 9;avoly c as /ell as at 9vik/aa5WP and in the vivid descri tion in the story of 8attlesnake and the account of the cre5ation of </iku5at.

NOTES
#. ) have done little to e5end or 5oderniHe Harrin"ton4s #%0E te;t. 8eaders should note, therefore, that Harrin"ton4s s ellin" of Juechan /ordsOas also his s ellin" of certain tribal desi"nations, like ->ohave1 and -Walla ai1Ois no lon"er consistent /ith conte5 orary ractice. C7or a lay erson4s "uide to 5odern Juechan ortho"ra hy, see Hinton and Wataho5i"ie #%EG:2%AF%@.D )n only three areas have ) felt the need for editorial -tinkerin".1 7irst, both introduction and translation are heavily footnoted in Harrin"ton4s ori"inal, 5ostly /ith ety5olo"ical infor5ationP ) have retained only those notes that are "er5ane to the story itself. 0econd, for convenience of reference in such a lon" and co5 le; 5yth, ) have added nu5berin" to Harrin"ton4s ori"inal ara"ra hs and, on occasion, seen fit to break so5e of the lon"er ara"ra hs into Cunnu5beredD -sub ara"ra hs.1 *hird, ) have inserted section titles in brackets at three oints in the narrativeP these titles corres ond to a arent divisions at the hi"hest level of the5atic or"aniHation and are intended as -"uide osts1 for the reader. 7inally, a /ord about the Latin assa"es encountered in the translation. )n deference to the 5ore delicate sensibilities of his ti5e, Harrin"ton translated the -dirty bits1 of this 5yth into Latin, as /as then custo5ary in ublications of this nature. 0ince fe/ readers today are likely to be conversant in Latin, ) have had these assa"es translated into 'n"lish. )nstead of silently re lacin" the Latin te;t /ith 'n"lish, thou"h, ) have "athered the translated assa"es in a section of their o/n at the end of the 5yth Onot out of so5e out5oded sense of decoru5, but si5 ly because ) find the Latin assa"es of the ori"inal version leasantly &uaint. Harrin"ton4s translationOlike all translations, /hether /e are a/are of it or notOis very 5uch a roduct of his literary ti5e and fashion. *o re lace the Latin, ) felt, /ould have da5a"ed this translation4s atina of a"e.OHWL , GA? , 2. *he -Central =rou 1 that Harrin"ton 5entions here refers to an earlier classification Cno/ no lon"er

considered to be a sin"le branch of +u5anD that includedOin addition to Juechan Ca.k.a. -+u5a1D itselfO>oNave, >arico a, (ie"ue2o, and Coco a.OHWL $. 6nly a fe/ of these son"s /ere recorded by 5e. *hey, as /ell as the son"s /hich occur in the 5yths and ani5al stories, abound in archaic, 5utilated, and re eated /ordfor5s. Co5 are the son" -wat% am r um r$ wa#y a#y!r u#y!r1 C[the house /ill burn, the house /ill crackle\D /ith +u5a rose, -avat% ham r#$ ha#y!r#.1 G. 9 +u5a doctor usually treats only one class of diseases. He is a -s ecialist.1 ?. Harrin"ton refers here to the \ournal of ,meri%an Fol#lore$ /here this 5yth ori"inally a eared.O HWL A. *he )ndians co5 are </iku5at /ith the =od, BlindB6ldB>an /ith the (evil, and <u5asta5;o /ith the Mesus of the Christians.

FURTHER READING
C. (arryl 7orde4s 1thnogra'hy of the -uma 7ndians$ besides bein" a ri5ary source of Juechan C+u5aD cultural infor5ation, is full of son"s and ethno"ra hic te;ts. Moe Ho5er, the narrator of this 5yth, /as the rinci al consultant for 'd/ard =i ord4s -+u5a (rea5s and 65ens,1 /hich contains e;tensive drea5 narratives and related co55entary. Leanne Hinton and Lucille Wataho5i"ie4s bilin"ual antholo"y, S'irit 0ountain$ contains a selection of Juechan oral literature, includin" son"s and re5iniscences. 7rances (ens5ore4s -uman and -a%"ui 0usi% is a classic study of California and 0outh/estern son" traditions. 9braha5 Hal ern ublished a 5uch shorter version of art of the Juechan creation cycle, -<uku5at Beca5e 0ickOa +u5a *e;t,1 in >ar"aret Lan"don4s -uman Te>ts.

An A "unt ") Ori%in$

[The A%e ") 0(i-u.!t# #. *here /as /ater every/here. *here /as no land. </iku5at and another 5an /ho at that ti5e had no na5e ke t 5ovin" at the botto5 , GAA , of the /ater. 0uddenly /ith a ru5blin" sound </iku5at e5er"ed and stood on to of the /ater. *he other 5an /ished also to co5e to the surface. He asked </iku5at, -Ho/ did you e5er"e fro5 the /aterR1 </iku5at said, -) o ened 5y eyes.1 He had really held the5 closed. When the other 5an o ened his eyes, the /aters fell into the5 and blinded hi5. 9s he e5er"ed, </iku5at "ave hi5 his na5e: </era.k <ut.r C[BlindB6ldB>an\D. 2. 9ll /as dark. *here /ere neither sun, nor 5oon, nor stars. </iku5at /as not leased. He took four ste s north, and four back. He then ste ed in like 5anner /est, south, and east. *his 5ade the /ater subside. He stirred the /ater /ith his forefin"er as he san" four ti5esO 7 am stirring it around$ 7 am stirring it around. 7t will 6e dry land$ it will 6e dry land. *he lace about /hich he stirred beca5e an island. $. -9&a,1 said BlindB6ldB>an, -it is too s5all. *here /ill not be roo5 enou"h for the eo le.1O-Be

atient, you old foolS1 said </iku5at. BlindB6ldB>an seated hi5self on the "round and took u so5e 5ud. He sha ed out of it clay dolls Chanta' 'D such as boys no/ 5ake. He 5ade the5 after his o/n fashion, askin" </iku5at for no instruction. He stood the5 in a ro/. </iku5at stood behind BlindB 6ldB>an. -What are you tryin" to 5akeR1 asked he. -Peo le,1 said BlindB6ldB>an. -+ou 5ust first /atch ho/ ) 5ake the5,1 said </iku5at. BlindB6ldB>an said nothin". He /as an"ry. G. </iku5at said, -) /ill 5ake the 5oon first.1 He faced the east. He laced s ittle on the forefin"er of his ri"ht hand and rubbed it like aint on the eastern sky until he 5ade a round, shiny lace. 0aid BlindB 6ld>an, -0o5ethin" is co5in".1O-) call it the 5oon Chaly( D,1 said </iku5at. He 5ade Nust one star at the sa5e ti5e. </iku5at said, -*his 5oon shall not stand still. )t shall 5ove to/ard the /est.1 BlindB6ldB>an said, -But it /ill "o into the /ater, and ho/ /ill it "et out a"ainR1O-) shall turn the sky, so that the 5oon /ill 5ove alon" the northern horiHon and thus reach the east a"ain.1 ?. -) do not believe that,1 said BlindB6ldB>an, as he continued /orkin" on his 5ud eo le. </iku5at sat do/n also and took u so5e 5ud. , GA@ , He feared that BlindB6ldB>an 5i"ht antici ate hi5 in creatin" eo le, and that BlindB6ldB>an4s eo le 5i"ht be /ron"ly 5ade. 7irst he 5ade a +u5a 5an, then a (ie"ue2o 5an, then a +u5a /o5an and a (ie"ue2o /o5an. :e;t he 5ade a Coco a 5an and a >arico a 5an, a Coco a /o5an and a >arico a /o5an. *hey lay there on the "round. A. BlindB6ldB>an sho/ed </iku5at so5e of the eo le he had 5ade. *hey had feet but not toes, hands but no fin"ers. -*hey are not ri"ht,1 said </iku5at, -the fin"ers are /ebbed. Ho/ can your 5an use his handsR Like you, ) 5ade hands, but ) also 5ade fin"ers and fin"ernailsP like you, ) 5ade feet, but ) also 5ade toes and toenails.1 Blind6ldB>an felt "rieved at this. -But 5y 5an is better, because, if he /ishes to ick u anythin", he can ick u lenty of it.1O-:o,1 said </iku5at, -your 5an is not ri"ht. ) 5ade ten fin"ers. )f 5y 5an inNures so5e of the5, he has still so5e left, and can use his handsP but /hen your 5an hurts his hand, it /ill beco5e sore all over.1 0ayin" this, he s ran" to/ard BlindB6ldB>an and kicked the fi"ures /hich he had 5ade into the /ater. BlindB6ldB>an, ra"in" /ith an"er, sank into the /ater after the5, 5akin" a "reat /hirl ool /hich e5itted all kinds of sicknesses. </iku5at ro5 tly laced his foot u on the /hirl ool. But so5e foul /ind still esca ed. )f none had esca ed, there /ould be no sickness in the /orld. BlindB6ldB>an re5ained beneath the /ater, e5ittin" sickness. </iku5at stood lon" on the shore, /atchin" and listenin". @. When </iku5at returned to the eo le he had for5ed, he icked u the +u5a 5an. Liftin" hi5 by the ar5 its, he s/un" hi5 far north and back, /est and back, south and back, east and back. Previously this 5an had been as lon" as a hu5an hand. :o/ he /as as lon" as /e are. *his 5an had all his senses, but he could not talk. </iku5at co55anded hi5 to kee his eyes closed. *hen </iku5at ani5ated the other eo le in the sa5e /ay. He s/un" the Coco a 5an south first, then east, /est, but did not s/in" hi5 north, for he /as to d/ell in the south. He s/un" the >arico a 5an east, north, south, but did not s/in" hi5 /est, for he /as to d/ell in the east. E. </iku5at ne;t "ave the eo le s eech. He took the +u5a 5an aside and thrice co55anded hi5 to s eak. He understood, but could not s eak. 9t the fourth co55and he s oke a fe/ /ords. *hen </iku5at , GAE ,

"ave hi5 his na5e, </itcy.na. )n like 5anner </iku5at 5ade each of the other 5en talk. He na5ed the (ie"ue2o <a5y., the Coco a </ika ., the >arico a Kat .. </iku5at did not teach the /o5en to talk. *hey learned fro5 the 5en. %.*he +u5a 5an looked into the face of the (ie"ue2o, and the t/o beca5e friends. *he Coco a 5an stood close to the >arico a, and the t/o beca5e friends. #0. *he +u5a /o5an 5editated, -Why did </iku5at 5ake /o5en di erent fro5 5enR Ho/ shall children be bornR1 9 5an overheard her and said, -) /ill ask </iku5at.1 But </iku5at said to the /o5an, -) kno/ already the thou"hts /hich you are hidin" in your heart. Why be bashfulR Wo5en alone cannot conceive children. +ou 5ust 5arry that +u5a 5an.1 Hearin" this, the /o5an felt ha y. But she 5editated a"ain, -) /ant a "oodBlookin" husband. ) do not /ant that +u5a 5an. *he Coco a 5an is handso5er.1 0he /ished to 5arry the Coco a 5an. 0he looked very s/eetly at hi5. </iku5at said, -(o not 5arry the Coco a 5an, for you and he are destined to d/ell in di erent laces.1 *he /o5an did not believe </iku5at. 0he /ent aside and sulked. BlindB6ldB>an arose out of the /ater and found her here. He said, -(o not believe /hat </iku5at tells you. He can do nothin" for you. But if you believe in 5e, you /ill have 5any ossessions and eat si; 5eals each day.1 </iku5at had beco5e a/are of BlindB6ldB>an4s resence, althou"h he did not see hi5. 9s he s ran" to/ard the /o5an, BlindB6ld>an disa eared in the "round. </iku5at said to the /o5an, -+ou did not believe /hat ) told you. *herefore ) shall destroy you and all the other eo le.1 </iku5at then faced the north and talked ra idly four ti5es. *hen it rained for four days. Water covered the earth. *he eo le /ere still s/i55in" about /hen the rain ceased. </iku5at icked the5 u , and said, -) /ill 5ake you into /ild beasts.1 He 5ade fro5 the Coco a the 5ockin"bird Csu#wily l DP fro5 the (ie"ue2o the deer Ca#w #DP fro5 the >arico a the buHHard Cas!D. *he +u5a 5an only he retained in hu5an for5, and na5ed hi5 >ar;ckuvWk. XfY 9ncestor and es ecial friend of the +u5a )ndians. )n +u5a and >ohave, mar>) 5eans ["rounds&uirrel\. -) cannot acco5 lish 5uch thus alone in the /orld,1 said >ar;ckuvWk. </iku5at said, -) /ill teach you , GA% , ho/ to 5ake other eo le, and ho/ to hel 5e fi; u the /orld. ) 5ade earth, sky, 5oon, and star, and even the darkness of ni"ht, and ) shall 5ake other thin"s also.1 </iku5at /as standin" on the /ater. He san" four ti5esO This water is not dee'. 7 %ould drin# all this water. This water is good. 7 %ould drin# it. He told >ar;ckuvWk to close his eyes. 9s he did so, the /ater /ent do/n until they stood on the "round. ##. -) 5ade ei"ht eo le,1 said </iku5at, -and they had no faith in 5e. *his ti5e ) shall 5ake t/entyB four. 9nd ) shall 5ake the5 ri"ht.1 He ke t /anderin" about. He /ent /est, then east. 9t last he said, -Here is the center of this /orld. Here ) shall build 5y darkBhouse.1 XfY )n +u5a, ava#utiny mOa house /ithout o enin"s, used, accordin" to this 5yth, like any other +u5a house, both as a d/ellin" and for reli"ious ur oses. He icked four headBlice Cny i=lyD o hi5self and thre/ the5 on the 5ud. *hey beca5e little blackB

abdo5ened ant C>ur&D, little red issBant C>ana'&#D, bi" red ant Ct%y amadh&l yD, and bi" black ant that lives on the 5esa Ct%y amadhuly aviD. *hey du" holes. *hey drained the 5ud dry. -Ho/ /ill you build your houseR1 asked >ar;ckuvWk. He did not have a stick or a ole or a cotton/ood trunk. He created these by thou"ht. 7our osts /ere born in the darkness, then other 5aterial. *hen he built his darkB house. -) call this lace Cotton/ood Post C9;avoly cD,1 he said. #2. >ar;ckuvWk 5ade a 5an out of 5ud. He asked for no instruction. His 5an looked "ood to ride on, so he Nu5 ed on his back. </iku5at cried, -:o/ that you have ridden on hi5, he /ill never /alk on his hind le"s only. ) call hi5 the burro Calav&rD.1 #$. </iku5at created a /o5an and a 5an. *he 5an asked the /o5an, -Has </iku5at told you any secretsR1O-:one,1 said the /o5an, -but ) a5 "oin" to ask hi5.1 *he /o5an /ent to the darkBhouse, and >ar;ckuvWk called </iku5at thither. -) /ant you to 5arry the +u5a 5an /ho5 ) have Nust 5ade,1 said </iku5at. -But ) /ant to bear a child,1 said the /o5an, -and he does not kno/ /hat to do.1 </iku5at said, -) /ill sho/ you, but do not tell anybody.1 He told >ar;ckuvWk to revent the +u5a 5an fro5 co5in" about. *he /o5an /as fri"htened. , G@0 , 0he thou"ht that she /ould conceive by 5erely standin" there in the darkhouse. Kt virgo 6ene intellegeret$ i'se ei "uid fa%turum esset demonstravit. Cum ea enim humi %on%u6uit et "uater %o'ulavit. Femina$ multum sudans$ si6i sudorem "uater mani6us a6stersit. X0ee . GEE, 9.Y </iku5at then na5ed the /o5an Kavasu5kulyL, and the 5an Kavasu5ku/.. )n four days the /o5an beca5e sick. 0he /anted a doctor. *here /as none to be had. But the baby /ithin her /as already a /ise doctor. He told her, -Lie do/nS1 *hen he 5ade hi5self very s5all, so that he /ould not cause the /o5an ain. )n a fe/ days he could /alk and talk. </iku5at na5ed hi5 <u5asta5;c, and told hi5 that he /as his son and assistant in fi;in" u the /orld. #G. -)s it to be dark al/aysR1 asked <u5asta5;o. -*he 5oon and the star shine di5ly.1 <u5asta5;o s it on his fin"ers and s rinkled the s ittle over all the sky. *hus he 5ade the stars. *hen he rubbed his fin"ers until they shone, and, dra/in" the sky do/n to hi5self, he ainted a "reat face u on it, rubbin" till it shone bri"htly. -What are you "oin" to call thatR1 asked </iku5at. -*his is the sun Ciny D. *he 5oon "oes /est and returns, it dies and in t/o days it is born a"ain. But ) have 5ade the sun at a di erent ti5e, and it shall 5ove di erently.1 <u5asta5;o allo/ed >ar;ckuvWk to 5ake dayli"ht and darkness. -Both eternal darkness and eternal dayli"ht /ould strain our eyes. *herefore one half of the ti5e it shall be ni"ht Ctiny mD, and one half day Ciny me #D. 0o5e creatures /ill slee by day, so5e by ni"ht.1 #?. </iku5at 5ade another +u5a 5an and a (ie"ue2o 5an and instructed the5 in the darkBhouse. *hen he 5ade a Coco a 5an, a >arico a, an 9 ache, a Walla ai, a Havasu ai, a Che5ehuevi, and a <a/ia, and a /ife for each. >ar;okuvek said, -*hese are enou"h. )f you 5ake 5ore eo le, this earth /ill be too s5all for the5.1 </iku5at told hi5 that the earth /as "ro/in" bi""er all the ti5e. #A. <u5asta5;o sta5 ed until he shook earth and sky. 'verythin" /as fri"htened. </iku5at /as in the darkBhouse. He kne/ that <u5asta5;o /as tryin" to 5ake cracks in the earth, so that lants and trees 5i"ht "ro/ u . *he arro/B/eed Cis vD /as the first lant to "ro/ u throu"h the cracks in the 5ud. #@. <u5asta5;o talked north four ti5es. He said, -)t /ill hail.1 But the skyBkernels Camainy etadh=t%D /hich fell /ere not hailBstones, but "rains

, G@# , of corn. *he eo le be"an to eat the5. -(o not eat the5 all,1 cried <u5asta5;o. -Plant so5e.1O-Ho/ shall /e lant the5R With our handsR1 He sent the eo le north to "et sticks. 'ach one found a shar stick. -*his is corn Ctadh=it%D,1 said <u5asta5;o. -*ake it, lant it.1 #E. <u5asta5;o then 5ade seeds of the "ourd Ca>m D and 5elon Ctsemet)D. He 5ade the5 out of s ittle. He "ave the5 to the Coco a. He "ave seeds of the rickly ear Ca D to the >arico a. *he eo le lanted the seeds in the /et "round. #%. :obody kne/ ho/ to 5ake it rain. -*o the >arico a 5an alone ) "ive o/er to roduce and to sto rain,1 said <u5asta5;o. -When the eo le thirst, let the5 re5e5ber 5e, for ) have o/er to cover u the face of the sun /ith a rainBcloud and to send a rainB/ind every day. When a 5an lants u on dry "round, let hi5 re5e5ber 5e. )f he calls 5y na5e and sees 5e, it /ill rain four or five days, and he can lant his seed.1 20. </iku5at said, -) a5 tired. ) think ) shall take a rest. )t is about ti5e to have so5e darkness.1 <u5asta5;o said, -) /ill "ive you all the darkness you /ant.1 He fastened the sky so that the sun could never rise a"ain. But </iku5at sta5 ed four ti5es. *his Narred the sky free, and the sun ca5e u . <u5asta5;o /as in the darkBhouse. He said, -) see the dayli"ht co5in". Who did thatR1O-) did,1 said </iku5at. 2#. >ar;ckuvWk tried to 5ake so5e eo le. He 5ade the coyote C>atal y w=D. Coyote be"an at once to look for so5ethin" to eat. He /ould not stand still. >ar;ckuvWk also 5ade the raven Ca# #D, the 5ountainlion Cnum!taD, and the cou"ar Ca>ata#&l yD. </iku5at a ointed Coyote as head 5an C'ii' >e l tan #D over these three. >ar;ckuvWk ne;t created a "irl and a boy. He /as about to na5e the5 /hen Coyote said that he /ished to. Coyote na5ed the "irl 0akily kily na5., XfY Moe Ho5er tells a very lon" 5yth about 0akily kily na5., /ho /eds >adhe5k/is.5. and the boy 9;4aly es5etny itcyct. 22. </iku5at noticed that none of these eo le /ere behavin" ro erly. >ountainBlion tried to catch 0akily kily na5.. </iku5at told hi5 to sto . 9fter that he ro/led about, tryin" to catch >ar;ckuvWk and <u5asta5;o, and even </iku5at hi5self. -) 5ust "et rid of these ani5als,1 said </iku5at. He asse5bled all the "ood eo le in the darkhouse. He talked ra idly at each of the four corners, invokin" a flood. , G@2 , 7irst ca5e a blindin" dust stor5. *hen it rained thirty days. :o /ater entered the darkBhouse. )n vain the /icked besou"ht </iku5at to let the5 in. >ost of the5 /ere dro/ned. Burro has, since then, "reat /hite s ots on his belly. 2$. 8aven fle/ u to heaven. He hun" by his beak at the very to of the sky. *he /ater rose until it /et his tail. 6ne can see /here the /ater touched it. *hen <u5asta5;o caused the /ater to subside, for he did not /ant to dro/n this bird, for he /as so retty. 8aven /as black at first, and /as then called a# #; but <u5asta5;o "ave hi5 5anyBcolored feathers, and then na5ed hi5 #u#). XfY )n Walla ai, #u#w)#a 5eans [/ood ecker\. <u5asta5;o built hi5 a ca"e, and in this he floated on the subsidin" /aters. <u5asta5;o built the ca"e out of nothin", because he loved <uko so 5uch. When the ca"e rested on the earth, <uko /ished

for freedo5. )n return for his freedo5, he ro5ised to be a faithful servant of <u5asta5;o. He acco5 anied <u5asta5;o every/here he /ent. He /ould ascend hi"h in the air and, descendin", re ort to hi5 /hat he sa/. He could hear the tread of an ene5y a day4s Nourney distant. XkY )n Moe Ho5er4s version of the </iyu 5yth, <uko "uides <u5asta5;o to the d/ellin" of 9;alykutatc. 2G. When the /ater had subsided and the earth be"an to "ro/ dusty a"ain, </iku5at told the eo le that they 5i"ht "o outside the darkhouse. 7ar in the /est the stor5 /as disa earin" over the ocean. 2?. *he /ater sank so lo/ that little /as left in the ocean. BlindB6ld>an feared it /ould dry u . He cra/led out u on the northern shore. He found Kavasu5kulyL and Kavasu5ku/. in the darkBhouse. He ro5ised the5 5any thin"s if they /ould renounce </iku5at. He told the5, -</iku5at is "oin" to kill you by and by.1 Kavasu5ku/. believed hi5. But Kavasu5kulyL sho/ed that she did not believe hi5, and feared hi5. BlindB6ldB>an tried to seiHe her. 0he ran. He cau"ht her. He ro5ised her si; 5eals a day. -Brin" the5 here, then,1 she said. -) /ould like to,1 he said, -but ) fear </iku5at.1 </iku5at a roached, and BlindB6ldB>an sank into the earth. -He had a tail, and cla/s on his fin"ers,1 said Kavasu5kulyL. -He /ishes to take you do/n under the earth,1 said </iku5at. -Ho/ could you catch anythin" to eat do/n thereR1 , G@$ , 2A. Kavasu5kulyL /alked over to /here the eo le /ere standin", and told the5 ho/ to roduce children. *hey did not believe her. Ne% invitus unus e> viris %onatus est ea agere "uae i'sa di>isset. 2enem autem in anum et non in vaginam inseruit. M0o> 'ariam ali"uid$F di>it femina. 1>s'e%tavit 'arere infantem 'aene eodem tem'oris momento. Cum id non a%%ederit ea femina et %eterae ira %ommotae sunt. MCur in me in%ensae estisXF in"uit Vavasum#ul yL. ,t"ue iterum e>'li%avit$ M4aginae 'enem insereAF ,t ille vir in vaginam "uidem non 'enem sed testes inseruit. Turn rediens ea marito di>it illas mulieres num"uam %on%e'turas esse. Kwi#umat eam in%usavit "uod di>isset %eteris ea "uae i'se eam o%%ultim do%uerat. MNe% metuo ne intellegant$F Vavasum#ul y = in"uit. Kwi#umat 8ussit: MDu% has mulieres gradus "uattuor ad se'tentriones$ ad o%%identem$ ad meridiem$ ad orientem et ego$ item$ viros du%am.F .a% saltatione fa%ta im'eravit omni6us ut humi 8a%erent et %o'ularent. X0ee . GEE, B.Y 2@. Because </iku5at had /earied in his /ork and had sta5 ed the sun loose a"ain, <u5asta5;o felt an"er a"ainst hi5 and boasted that he /as the "reater of the t/o. </iku5at said, -+ou are only 5y little boy, too youn" to do better.1 <u5asta5;o /ent into the darkBhouse and drea5ed </iku5at and >ar;ckuvWk sick. 2E. </iku5at beca5e craHy. He tried to turn the sky north instead of /est. *hen he /alked fro5 the darkBhouse out into the desert. He /alked east, then /est. 0ince he had turned the sky the /ron" /ay, it "ot stuck, and /ould not turn at all. -Can ) assist youR1 asked <u5asta5;o. 2%. </iku5at seated hi5self on a 5ountain and thou"ht that he /ould 5ake so5e 5ore eo le. 0o he icked u a little stick, and, takin" 5ud on his forefin"er, he lastered it u on one end. *hen he thre/ the stick a/ay. *his 5ade it an"ry. )t beca5e the rattlesnake Cav e (D. *he 5ud beca5e the rattle. 8attlesnake feared the eo le, and they feared hi5. But the eo le discovered hi5 and surrounded hi5. He tried to catch a /o5an. But the 9 ache )ndian seiHed hi5 and tied hi5 around his /aist. </iku5at "ave hi5 o/er to do this, and he in turn "ave o/er to his friends. 8attlesnake bit several ersons. 95on" those bitten /as >ar;ckuvWk. 'verybody said, -<ill that snake.1 But >ar;ckuvWk /as

un/illin" to kill it, for he kne/ that this /ould dis lease the 9 ache. -) su die,1 said >ar;ckuvWk.

ose that ) a5 "oin" to

, G@G , -:o, you /ill not die,1 said </iku5at, /ho then bade the eo le catch 8attlesnake and ull o his rattle, so that if 8attlesnake should thereafter bite anybody, the bite /ould not oison. </iku5at then thre/ 8attlesnake far to the north. *here he 5ade a roarin" sound, tryin" to 5ake his rattle "ro/ a"ain. 9 5an said that 8attlesnake had other rattles in his 5outh. </iku5at cau"ht hi5 a"ain and o ened his 5outh. He found no rattles, no teeth, no oison. He then hurled 8attlesnake so far to the north that he fell into the ocean. He s/a5 s/iftly throu"h the /ater, but soon /ent to the botto5, /here he d/elt and "re/ fat. $0. *he eo le asked <u5asta5;o, -)f /e fall sick, /ho /ill cure usR1O->en /ho have been instructed,1 said <u5asta5;o. -We do not believe that,1 said the eo le, -for /hen you "et sick, you cannot even cure yourself.1 <u5asta5;o called all the +u5a 5en into the darkBhouse. -+ou are 5y favorite eo le,1 said he, -and ) /ill tell you all secrets.1 He then 5ade a dust stor5 arise in the east. )t covered u the sun. )t beca5e like ni"ht. -:o/ slee ,1 said <u5asta5;o. (rea5s ca5e. 6ne 5an noticed that <u5asta5;o4s eyes /ere sore. He rubbed s ittle on the5 and cured the5. 9nother 5an sa/ that <u5asta5;o had rheu5atis5. He found the ain and ressed it out. *o another 5an <u5asta5;o a eared to have the diarrhea. <u5asta5;o san", and this 5an san" /ith hi5, till it beca5e cured. When a 5an talked /ron"ly, <u5asta5;o sto ed hi5, and asked another 5an to talk. ->ost of you fello/s talk ri"ht,1 he said, -and /ill be "reat doctors. )f a 5an "ets sick, let hi5 call a +u5a doctor.1 $#. >ar;ckuvWk had died fro5 the snakebite. </iku5at said, -Co5e here, you doctors, and cure this 5an. )t is a difficult case. He is already dead. Well, ) /ill sho/ you ho/.1 He "ras ed >ar;ckuvWk4s hands. He then 5ade hi5self i5a"ine that >ar;ckuvWk /as breathin". -*his 5an is not dead, but slee s. ) shall a/aken hi5.1 He then took a stride in each of the four directions, reachin" the ocean /hich surrounds the earth each ti5e. *hen a /hirl/ind ca5e and breathed u on >ar;ckuvWk. He stood u /ith closed eyes. </iku5at then called the thunder fro5 the /est. 9ll the laces about "re/ bri"ht. >ar;ckuvWk o ened his eyes. -+ou /ere slee in" too lon",1 said </iku5at, -so ) a/akened you.1O-*he snake bit 5e, and ) felt dro/sy,1 said >ar;ckuvWk. -+ou died,1 said </iku5at, -but the /hirl/ind ca5e and cured you.1 When the eo le , G@? , learned that 5edicineB5en had such o/er, they /ere afraid that they 5i"ht kill as /ell as cure. $2. 9ll the /o5en asked one another, -What is co5in" /ithin 5eR1 *hey asked Kavasu5kulyL /hat /as to ha en, but she /ould not tell. 9ll the children /ere born on the sa5e day. *he /o5en /ere disa ointed in the5. -Why so s5allR1 they said. -We /ished to bear bi" 5en and /o5en. *hese have not even hair on their heads, and cannot stand erect on their hind le"s.1 *hey did not kno/ that babies have to "ro/ u . </iku5at told the5, -+ou /ill bear no 5ore children unless you cohabit a"ain.1 $$. </iku5at created four 5ore 5enOthe Walla ai, >ohave, White, and >e;ican. 0o5e of these held the5selves aloof fro5 the other eo le. </iku5at sta5 ed four ti5es in an"er, and fire s ran" u all over the earth. <u5asta5;o saved the "ood eo le by coverin" the5 u /ith sno/. *he >e;ican and the White esca ed by fli"ht. -*his /ill not do,1 said <u5asta5;o. -+ou 5ake eo le and then destroy the5, only because you yourself did not 5ake the5 ri"ht.1 </iku5at felt asha5ed, and &uenched the fires by rain.

$G. </iku5at took t/o /hitish sticks. 6ne he thre/ east, /here it beca5e a horse. *he other he thre/ into the /ater, /here it beca5e a boat. He "ave boat and horse to the /hites. $?. <u5asta5;o told the /hites that if they /ould enter the darkhouse, he /ould instruct the5. But they distrusted hi5. *hey /ere rich and stin"y. <u5asta5;o told the )ndians to drive the5 a/ay. When the latter hesitated to do this, <u5asta5;o invoked a hot /indstor5, and the /hites fled far to the /est in a boat. $A. *he eo le heard a "reat noise in the /ater. )t see5s that the fi"ures 5ade by BlindB6ldB>an /hich </iku5at had kicked into the /ater had co5e to life. *he eo le /ere the duck C>anam)D, the beaver Ca'!nD, the turtle C#u'!taD, and the /ild "oose Cyel #D. *heir fin"ers and toes /ere /ebbed. -) fear they /ill kill us,1 said </iku5at. $@. <u5asta5;o 5ade bo/ and arro/s and "ave the5 to the eo le. He then thre/ a handful of 5ud north, /here it beca5e a bird. -0hoot that,1 he said. *he Coco a 5an shot at it. But the arro/ broke, for the bird /as hard as stone. *he 5an felt sad. He had no 5ore arro/s. <u5asta5;o ulled u an arro/B/eed and sho/ed ho/ to 5ake arro/s. , G@A , He then /ent /est and turned hi5self into a deer. He asked the +u5a 5an to shoot the deer. He refused, for he kne/ it /as <u5asta5;o. *he 9 ache, ho/ever, shot into the hind&uarters of the deer, /hich fell to the "round. When he tried to skin it, <u5asta5;o said, -7oolish 5anS *hat deer is of stone.1 *his e; lains /hy the 9 ache kill deer. <u5asta5;o /as an"ry because the 9 ache shot at hi5 and "ave bo/ and arro/s to the +u5a 5an alone, and forbade the others to use the5. 9 bi" stone /as co5in" out of the "round. *hat /as the bo/. $E. </iku5at 5ade another flood. *he /aves 5ade the 5ountains and the hi"h laces as they no/ are. Before then the earth /as flat. <u5asta5;o lifted one 5an and one /o5an of each kind of eo le u on his shoulders. Nonnulli refugium 'etierunt in e8us anum as%endentes. X0ee . GEE, C.Y 6thers stood on the to of 9vihaat.c >ountain. When these entreated <u5asta5;o to save the5, he turned the5 into rocks. )t rained forty days. <u5asta5;o s read his ar5s four ti5es. *he /aters /ent do/n. $%. When the earth /as dry a"ain, </iku5at created Nust one erson 5ore, 9koik/itcy.n C[+u5aB6ldB Wo5an\D. 0he belon"ed to the Kavtsats nation. [THE DEATH OF 0WI0U+AT# G0. </iku5at had no /ife, but he had a dau"hter, Kavas_5kula l. C[BlueB=reenBBotto5BofBherB 7oot\D. Peo le no/ call her the 7ro" CKanyWD. 0he /as born in the /ater, like </iku5at hi5self. *hey lived in the darkhouse. </iku5at lay at the north /all of the house. 7ro" lay naked by the door. </iku5at felt sick. He sta""ered outside to defecate. 9s he assed 7ro", he touched her rivate arts /ith his hand. He /ent south and defecated. 7ro" strai"ht/ay turned over and burro/ed under the earth. Co5in" u under </iku5at, she o ened /ide her 5outh, into /hich fell four ieces of e;cre5ent. 0he then burro/ed back to the hut and lay do/n as before. </iku5at ca5e back into the house diHHy and "roanin". 9ll his stren"th had left hi5. 7ro" said, -7ather, /hat ails youR1 -7 am si%#$ 7 am si%#. /hat made me si%#X /hat made me si%#X , G@@ ,

Did rainI%loud ma#e me si%#X Did foulIwind ma#e me si%#X 0y head is si%#$ my 6elly is si%#$ 0y lim6s are si%#$ my heart is si%#.F </iku5at lay /ith his head turned successively in all four directions. *he eo le s&uatted around. 9ll the doctors to"ether could not cure hi5. G#. *he Bad"er C>a;/.D fetched cool sand and laced it on his breast. 9lthou"h Bad"er /as not a doctor and did not kno/ the reason for his o/n action, </iku5at said, -) think ) a5 "ettin" better.1 *hen he "re/ sicker. He said, -) do not think ) shall live lon", ) a5 "oin" to die. But ) shall feel all ri"ht a"ain so5eti5e, so5e/here.1 *he eo le did not understand /hat he 5eant by -die.1 His /as the first death. </iku5at s/eated. His s/eat is /hite i"5ent. *hey "et it north of +u5a. Beaver thre/ so5e clothes over hi5, for he felt cold. *hat is /hy eo le /ear clothes. </iku5at called to <u5asta5;o, -Little boy, co5e hereS1 *he fourth ti5e <u5asta5;o heard hi5. </iku5at told hi5, -) a5 "oin" far a/ay. ) leave everythin" in your care. Co5 lete 5y /orksS ) have tau"ht you lon". (o everythin" ri"ht.1 7ro" said, -He is nearly dead. ) /ill flee fro5 here.1 0he burro/ed under the earth. G2. When the da/n ca5e, </iku5at died. He lay in the darkBhouse. His head /as to/ard the /est. 9ll the eo le /ere silent. *hey thou"ht he /as aslee . Wren CKanavtcL D said, -He is dead. He is a shado/. He is a /ind. +ou /ill never kno/ hi5 5ore.1 G$. </iku5at, /hen dyin", told Coyote, -0ince ) laced you as chief over three, you 5ust behave yourself and set a "ood e;a5 le.1 </iku5at kne/ that Coyote intended to steal his heart, and all the others kne/ it also. Wren said to Coyote, -+ou take 5y heart as a substitute1 C[7ny!' iw madh u# matsin y)>aQD. XfY 6ften said at cre5ations in a fi"urative sense. 9nd the eo le understood that Coyote /ould take Wren4s heart instead of </iku5at4s. GG. Wren deliberated silently ho/ he 5i"ht th/art Coyote in his ur ose. He asked hi5self, -0hall /e hide the bodyR 0hall /e thro/ it into the /aterR 0hall /e burn it u R1 Wren said to the eo le, -We 5ust burn hi5 u .1 Wren then told Beaver, -7etch cotton/oodBlo"s fro5 the north, , G@E , /here you /ill find the5 standin" dry, ready to burn.1 Beaver felled the5 /ith his teeth. He brou"ht the5 back /ith his teeth. Wren told the antlion Cmanisa rD, -(i" a hole here &uicklyP di" it as lon", broad, and dee as a 5an.1 When the hole /as finished, Wren co55anded Beaver to fill it /ith dry arro/B/eed, and then to lay three lo"s len"th/ise across the hole, and t/o 5ore on each side of these. Beaver had brou"ht only four. He had to fetch three 5ore. 6n these lo"s Beaver and others iled dry lo"s and arro/B/eed. G?. *here /as no door nor o enin" in the darkBhouse. -Which side shall /e tear o en in order to take the body outR1 asked <u5asta5;o and >ar;ckuvWk. *hey decided to bear it south. Wren said, -Because so5e of us are born in the north, bear it north.1 Wren said, -Lift hi5 u S1 *hey seiHed the body /ith their hands. *hey took one ste north. *hen they laid it do/n. *hey /ere still inside the house. <u5asta5;o broke o en the north /all /ithout touchin" it. *hen they took another ste north and laid it do/n a"ain. *hus /ith four ste s they laid it, head south and face do/n, on the yre, and iled /ood and arro/B/eed over it. GA. 9ll /as ready. But they had no fire. Wren sent Coyote east to "et fire. He told hi5 to run to the

lace /here <u5asta5;o had rubbed his s ittle on the sky. He did not /ish to have Coyote about. Coyote reached the da/n /ith four bounds. He rubbed his tail in the /hite fire. >ean/hile Wren directed t/o /o5en to 5ake fire. *hey /ere the HouseB7ly CKales5cD and Bi"BBlueB7ly C</i;vaccD. *hey took turns at t/irlin" a dry arro/B/eed stalk on a iece of /illo/B/ood. *hey fed the s arks /ith /illo/Bbark. <u5asta5;o said that all eo le /ould 5ake fire thus. LiHard C</aatulyD li"hted a /is of arro/B/eed. He li"hted the southeast corner of the yre first, and last of all the south/est corner. Coyote ca5e boundin" back, his tail all li"ht. He lea ed strai"ht for the burnin" yre. He /as an"ry. *he li"ht on his tail /ent out. *hat is /hy it is black on the end. -0tand close to"etherS1 all the eo le cried, -for he is "oin" to Nu5 .1 *hey cro/ded thickly about the fire. Bad"er and 0&uirrel CKo5irD /ere the shortest 5en. Coyote s ran" over these, seiHed </iku5at4s heart in his teeth, and then, s rin"in" back a"ain, ran s/iftly south/est. ChickenBHa/k C)ts4craD /as the best runner in the cro/d. *hey sent hi5 after Coyote. But Coyote left ChickenBHa/k far behind. 0till he did not sto . 6nly /hen he had reached the >arico a country did he lay the heart do/n and eat it. *he heart beca5e a 5ountain. , G@% , )t is called =reasy >ountain C9vik/a;csD. )t is "reasy fro5 the fat of the heart. )t is al/ays shady about this 5ountain. G@. 9fter Coyote ate that heart, his 5outh /as black and his ton"ue bloodBred. *hey /ere burnt by the heart. <u5asta5;o said, -Coyote is not /orthy of bein" called a 5an. He shall be /ild. He shall have neither a friend nor a ho5e. He shall sneak about the 5ountains and slee /ith the NackBrabbits. ) call hi5 Kuksaraviyxu.1 Coyote /as craHy. He tried to 5arry his o/n dau"hter. 6ne day he noticed a "irl a5on" the bushes %ui erat vagina ul%erosa et 'utrida$ "uam omnes fugerent. Cum ad eam lu'us de%urreret$ e>territa in manus genua"ue des%endit. Tum lu'us %um ea %o'ulavit. X0ee . GE%, (.Y He could not disen"a"e hi5self. *he "irl carried hi5 /ith her u to the sky. Coyote 5ay still be reco"niHed as the dark s ot on the 5oon. GE. 9ll sat in silent "rief about the burnin" yre. *he old eo le felt saddest, for they kne/ they 5ust soon share </iku5at4s fate. But none kne/ about cryin". )t /as the +u5a 5an /ho cried first. His na5e /as Kanav.. He is no/ a kind of red bu" /hich cries, -*ciBtciS1 He /as sittin" on a 5es&uiteB tree, lookin" at the "round. He raised his little voice, and cried, -*ciBtciBtciBtciS1 *hen *iny a5;/or;/.r Noined in. He cried, -K/urr;/urrS1 He /as sittin" on a /illo/Btree. He is no/ a "reen bu". 9ll the eo le be"an to cry, everythin" cried. *he /ind cried. *he sky cried. <u5asta5;o shouted, -Because /e have lost our father, all eo le /ill lose their fathers. 6ur father dies. 'verybody dies. Peo le are born and 5ust die. 6ther/ise there /ould be too 5any eo le. *hey /ould have to slee on to of one another. >aybe so5ebody /ould defecate all over you.1 9s he said these /ords, all the eo le tri55ed their hair Cor feathersD and thre/ it into the fire. (eer C9k/.kD, MackB8abbit C9k_lyD, CottonB*ail CKaly./D, and Bear C>a;/.tD cut their tails o and thre/ the5 in. *hey found it hard to 5ake their tails "ro/ a"ain. 8oadrunner C*aly cD /as the only 5an /ho ke t his tail lon". He needed it. G%. 9 /hirl/ind no/ ble/ all about. *he eo le thou"ht that </iku5at /as about to a ear a"ain. -:o,1 said <u5asta5;o, -that is the holy s iritB/ind. 0o5eti5es it /ill co5e very near you. But you /ill see nobody, only dustBladen /ind.1 He san" four ti5esO The wind is wandering$ is

wandering. The wind is wandering$ is wandering. , GE0 , *hen all the eo le cried ane/. ?0. <u5asta5;o said, -Wren /as a oor 5ana"er. Henceforth ) /ill attend to everythin" 5yself.1 ?#. 7ro" ke t burro/in" beneath the earth /ith "uilt and fear in her heart. 0he felt that she 5ust e5er"e in order to o en her 5outh and cool it, for it /as burnin" hot fro5 the e;cre5ent /hich she had eaten. But hearin" the /ailin" of all thin"s, she burro/ed under a"ain, lest the eo le discover and kill her. 0he e5er"ed four ti5esOC#D at 95atko;/Ltc, a round it near >ellen, 9riHonaP C2D at 0a5kctcave, XfY )n this hole the +ava ai are said to have 5arried. a hole in the "round near Bill Willia5s 7ork, three 5iles above its confluence /ith the ColoradoP C$D at 9vi;a., Cotton/ood >ountain, a 5ile east of +u5a, 9riHonaP CGD at 9vi;anyW, 7ro" >ountain, near *ucson, 9riHona. 7ro" /as transfor5ed into this 5ountain. [THE AGE OF 0U+ASTA+NO# ?2. 8attlesnake re5ained in the ocean. He feared to co5e on shore, lest the eo le take ven"eance u on hi5 for havin" bitten >ar;ckuvWk. He "re/ to such enor5ous siHe that he could encircle the earth /ith his body. *he eo le feared that if <u5aiav^ta /ere allo/ed to "ro/ 5uch lar"er, he 5i"ht co5e on land and kill the5 all. <u5aiavPta /as a o/erful doctor. <u5asta5;o feared that he 5i"ht send forth estilence fro5 under the /ater, or that he 5i"ht eat so5ebody4s e;cre5ent, as 7ro" had done. *herefore <u5asta5;o resolved to destroy <u5aiav^ta. -We /ill su55on hi5 to 9;avoly o,1 said <u5asta5;o, -and ) /ill 5ana"e the rest.1 <u5asta5;o sent 0 ider CKaly tctD to re&uest <u5aiav^ta to co5e to 9;avoly o in order to cure a sick 5an there. 0 ider darted do/n and back. -<u5aiav^ta says that he does not /ish to co5e.1O-*ell <u5aiav^ta that the 5an /ill die if he does not hasten hither,1 said <u5asta5;o to 0 ider. When 0 ider delivered this 5essa"e, <u5aiav^ta said, -)t is 5y duty as doctor to "o, althou"h ) kno/ e;actly /hat you fello/s are tryin" to do. ) have, ho/ever, one re&uest. =rind corn and lace so5e of it at four laces on 5y /ay, that ) 5ay not fa5ish on the lon" Nourney.1 When <u5aiav^ta reached the first sto in"B lace, he found 5ore corn there , GE# , than he could eat. He thou"ht, -) kno/ no/ that they /ish to kill 5e, since they have laced a lunch for 5e here. But it is 5y duty to "o ahead.1 0 ider said, -+ou had better hasten, lest the 5an die.1 9t that <u5aiav^ta "re/ an"ry. He shook his tail, 5akin" a noise like thunder. 'nvelo ed in stor5Bdust and li"htnin", he reached 9;avoly o. *he eo le all fled fro5 the darkBhouse /hen they sa/ that <u5aiav^ta had four heads. 6nly <u5asta5;o re5ained /ithin. <u5aiav^ta s5elled of the house. -:obody is in there,1 said the eo le. -+es, a sick 5an is there,1 said <u5aiav^ta. -*hat is true,1 said the eo le, -but /e thou"ht you /ould refer not to have us about /hen you cure hi5, so /e ca5e outside.1

<u5asta5;o stood inside the house, /est of the door. )n his hand he held a "reat stone knife. *here /as no sick 5an there. He had 5erely thro/n u earth in the center of the floor, so as to rese5ble a sick 5an. <u5aiav^ta tried in vain to /ed"e his heads throu"h the door. <u5asta5;o 5ade the door /ider. <u5aiav^ta then cau"ht scent of <u5asta5;o. He ushed his four heads inside the house. With a sin"le blo/ <u5asta5;o severed all four heads fro5 the neck. *hen he s ran" outside, leavin" the heads in the roo5. He brandished his knife before the eo le. -When you /ant to kill so5ebody, use this.1 *his is /hy eo le have knives. He tossed it u and cau"ht it. <u5asta5;o said, -Because <u5aiav^ta has been killed, other bad doctors /ill be killed.1 *here is blood and s ittle in the 5ountains all alon" /here <u5aiav^ta4s body lay. *he /hites call the red -"old1 and the /hite -silver.1 <u5asta5;o took the four heads, cut the5 a art, and ounded u each one se arately /est of 9;avoly o. *hey are no/ "ravelBbeds. <u5asta5;o said, -) kno/ you all fear that there /ill be another flood. *here have been four floods. *here /ill never be anotherP for ) shall take this "reat body and lace it alon" the shore about the /hole /orld, and above it the /ater shall not rise. But if you kill 5y bird <uko, ) /ill 5ake the /ater rise and dro/n you all.1 When <u5aiav^ta /as killed, he urinated freely. *he ocean is his urine. *hat is /hy it is salty, has foa5 on XitY, XandY is not "ood to drink. ?$. <u5asta5;o said, -*his lace is unclean. ) shall burn the house.1 >ar;ckuvWk said, -:o, leave it thereP for ) /ill call the birds and /ild ani5als, and they /ill d/ell about there /hen /e have already Nourneyed forth.1 X0on", re eated four ti5es:OY , GE2 , The house will 6urn$ will 6urn. The house will 6e %ra%#ling$ will 6e %ra%#ling. 7t will 6la<e. /e are going to Ndan%eXO. 7t is going to 6e lighted. 7t is going to 6e lighted. 7t will 6la<e. /e are going to Ndan%eXO. Something 6irdIli#e is %oming. ?irdIli#e tra%#s will 6e a6out the 'la%e. XfY When a 5an dies, and his house is burned, seeds are thro/n into the fire. Birds co5e later and ick the5 u . /e are going to light this un%lean house. 7t will 6la<e$ 6la<e. <u5asta5;o took four ste s, li"htin" the house at the four corners. *hen they all danced. When they ceased, <u5asta5;o called :i"htHa/k CWi_D. He tau"ht :i"htBHa/k to sin" /hen the da/n is co5in", so as to a/aken the eo le. <u5asta5;o ro5ised hi5 "reat /isdo5 if he /ould do this re"ularly. -Let 5e slee a little lon"er,1 said :i"htBHa/k. 9fter a /hile :i"htBHa/k called out, -JrrE rrE rrE rrES1 When he calls thus, the eo le kno/ it is ti5e to /ake u . ?G. <u5asta5;o said, -Let us leave this laceS1 He took four "reat strides to the north. *he eo le 5oved /ith hi5. He had a /ooden s ear. He 5ade it out of nothin". He ressed the shar end into the "round and 5oved the other end to/ard and fro5 hi5self four ti5es. *hen he ulled it out to/ard the north. Water "ushed forth and started to flo/ north. He sto ed it /ithout touchin" it. 9 second ti5e he

dre/ the s ear out to/ard the /est. He sto ed the /ater. *hen to/ard the east. He sto ed the /ater. *hen he thre/ it out to/ard the south. He let the /ater flo/ freely. He took four strides south. 9t each stride he 5ade a "reat scratch /ith his s ear in order to "uide the /ater to the ocean. Where he held the s earBblade flat, the river is broad. Where he held it side/ise, the riverBchannel is narro/, and 5ost of the /ater flo/s on one side. 9t +u5a he cut the 5ountains asunder to let the river throu"h. *akin" four 5ore ste s, he returned to the source. X0on", re eated four ti5es:OY , GE$ , This is my water$ my water. This is my river$ my river. /e love its water. /e love its driftwood NfoamwoodO. 7t shall flow forever. 7t shall flow forever. /hen the weather grows hot$ 7t shall rise and overflow its 6an#s. 7t shall flow forever. ??. <u5asta5;o 5ade a raft of cotton/oodBlo"s out of nothin". 6n it he laced four 5edicineB5enOa >arico a, +u5a, (ie"ue2o, and Coco a. 6n a second raft he laced four 5ore 5edicineB5en. 6ne of these /as a >ohave. *he other eo le /alked do/n. ?A. *hey sto ed first at a /hirl ool near </iyuhit. , north of >ellen, 9riHona. XfY >ohave, </ayuhit. 5ave C[ lace XaveY /here </ayu /as killed Xhita'Y\D. </ayu /as a "i"antic cannibal. 9 "reat snake CKik/LrD /as travelin" south/ard -behind the river.1 He /anted to bite so5ebody. <u5asta5;o cau"ht hi5. *hat he 5i"ht al/ays stay in the /ater, and never beco5e a 5an, <u5asta5;o ulled the snake4s teeth out. XkY >y infor5ant e; lains that his body is a red stratu5 on the California bank. :earby is a cave. )f one enters, Kik/Lr /ill not bite, but /ill 5ake one sick. He stabs in the abdo5en, and blood flo/s forth. 9ll about lie Kik/Lr4s teeth. *hey are shiny and as lar"e as fin"ers. ?@. 9t 9vikarut.t, south of Parker, they sto ed a second ti5e. <u5asta5;o told the +ava ai to live there on the 9riHona side. He forbade the5 to cross the river. *hey did not kno/ ho/ to s/i5. 9t last they crossed on a tuleBraft. <u5asta5;o 5ade a bri"ht li"ht shine forth fro5 9vikarut.t >ountain. But the California side /as dark. ?E. <u5asta5;o said to the eo le, -Because you are "ood eo le, ) /ant you to find a "ood lace to stay. We are "oin" to 5ove u to the to of a hi"h 5ountain, and ) shall teach you everythin" u there. 7ro5 there /e can see far over the earth.1 He 5oved north /ith four ste s. *he eo le 5oved /ith hi5. -*his is 5y ho5eland,1 said he, -this is Hi"h >ountain C9vik/aa5WD.1 ?%. -Here is the lace for the darkBhouse,1 said he. He sent Beaver to brin" four cotton/oodB osts. 9ntB Lion C>anisa.rD du" four holes. , GEG , brou"ht /illo/B oles. Bi" 8ed 9nt C*ca5adh_lyD brou"ht sand and laced it on the

LiHard

C</aat_lyD

roof. A0. <u5asta5;o stationed the learners in the northeast corner, the "ood doctors in the south/est corner. (ead eo le stayed in the southeast corner, for they "o in that direction /hen they die. *he door /as in the northern side. <u5asta5;o 5ade the bad -s eechers1 sit do/n. He did not allo/ the5 to be/itch one another. <u5asta5;o alone be/itched, and "ave only those sicknesses /hich others had o/er to cure. A#. <u5asta5;o said, -) should like to kee all of you in here all the ti5e. But it is so cro/ded that you cannot learn /ell. 0o ) ask you to "o outside.1 He sent the5 out. 6nly 95 ota ;asark/itiny.5 re5ained /ithin. <u5asta5;o roduced a "reat star and sho/ed it to hi5 there in the dark. -+ou are a "ood [s eecher.\ With this find the road, /ith this find your o/n house in the darkest ni"ht. *his is the "reat star C>amas! vat iD. XfY *hat is, the 5ornin" star. *ake this out /hen you cannot see /ell.1 <u5asta5;o called in each of the "reat doctors se arately. He tau"ht so5e of the5 ho/ to kill a 5an in four days. A2. <u5asta5;o called all the eo le into the darkBhouse a"ain. He 5ade everythin" dark. 9ll fell aslee . He ascended into the sky. *he eo le could not find hi5. He entered the darkBhouse a"ain, and they discovered hi5 there. *hen the sun, 5oon, and stars disa eared. *here /as consternation a5on" the drea5ers. 'ven >ar;ckuvWk did not kno/ ho/ to 5ake a li"ht. But after a /hile a certain 5an ulled out the 5ornin" star. )t shed li"ht all about. *hen <u5asta5;o took the very sky a/ay /ith hi5. *hey found hi5 /ith it in the darkBhouse. He tau"ht by alar5in" the eo le and then assistin" the5. A$. <u5asta5;o 5ade a cotton/oodBtree "ro/ u in the darkBhouse. He cut the roots /ith his 5ind. )t fell to/ard the /est. -Who /ishes to have this treeR1O-We,1 said the +u5a. -We /ill tie feathers alon" the sides of it and 5ake the sacred sticks C>au#w=lyD used in +u5a fiestas.1 AG. <u5asta5;o bade the eo le "o outside. He tau"ht the5 ho/ to fi; u and fi"ht. He "ave the5 bo/s and arro/s and /arBclubs as they /ent out. , GE? , A?. He ke t the eo le outside. He allo/ed only one +u5a 5an and one (ie"ue2o 5an to enter. He tau"ht the5 ho/ to 5ake fiesta houses Cava#ar&#D. XfY 0hadeBroofs built of cotton/oodB oles and /illo/Bbranches for cere5onial use durin" the various -fiestas.1 *hat +u5a )ndian /as Pa5avLitc, ancestor of all the /o5en /ho bear the na5e >avW. *hey had no cotton/ood nor /illo/ trees. *hey built it out of nothin". *hey 5ade a shadeBroof. >ean/hile all the other eo le /ere standin" in a line east of the house, and facin" east. <u5asta5;o announced that all /as finished. When the eo le turned about, they beheld not one but t/o fiesta houses, one for the +u5a, and one for the (i"ue2o. <u5asta5;o led one half of the Coco a under the (ie"ue2o house and tau"ht the5 ho/ to 5ake one for the5selves. *hese told the other Coco a eo le. <u5asta5;o said, -When you lose a bi" 5an, you /ill have a fiesta so5e 5onths after he is dead.1 AA. )t beca5e dark. <u5asta5;o detailed 95 ota ;asark/itiny.5 to take char"e of the s eeches. <u5asta5;o "ave hi5 5any son"s. *hen <u5asta5;o chan"ed the darkness into dayli"ht. He kne/ /hat each +u5a 5an could do. He called each 5an to hi5 se arately. He /as in the darkBhouse. He said to each 5an, -+ou kno/ to /hat tribe you belon". </iku5at told you not to for"et. 7or if you

for"et, you /ill not be s/un" into the ri"ht lace XRY.1 A@. *o the first 5an thus called into the darkBhouse <u5asta5;o said, -0ince 7ro" /as eldestBborn, ) call you [Kavts.ts\P but since 7ro" fled, ) call her [KanyW\. Call your dau"hters [Kavts.ts\.1 XkY *he infor5ant at first stated, and later denied, that Xthe first 5anY /as 95 ota ;asark/itiny.5. 'ach +u5a 5an has one or 5ore na5es of descri tive or fanciful 5eanin". 'ach /o5an, ho/ever, bears an inherited na5e, /hich is the sa5e as that of her full sisters, father4s sisters, and father4s father4s sisters. *he )ndians, /hen talkin" 'n"lish, call such na5es of /o5en -nations.1 9 /o5an Q is al/ays kno/n by the na5e of her nation, althou"h this 5ay be cou led /ith one or t/o other na5es /hich serve to distin"uish her fro5 other /o5en of the sa5e nation. *hen he called in Pa;i .tc and "ave hi5 his nation, too. He said, -Call your dau"hters [Hi .\. But ) no/ call Coyote [Katal/L\.1 *o Pa"elyctc XRY he "ave the nationBna5e [t la ots\, /hich is connected /ith rainBcloud. 8ainBclouds are no/ kno/n as a#w=. *o Pa5avLitc he "ave the na5e [8attlesnake\ C>aav:D. 8attlesnake is no/ called [9v:\. *o the ne;t 5an he "ave [8edB9nt\ CCi&u .sD. 8edB9nt is no/ called [)k/Ls\. , GEA , *o the ne;t 5an he "ave [8oadrunner\ C>et4.D. 8oadrunner is no/ called [*aly c\. <u5asta5;o na5ed hi5 after he ran. *o the ne;t 5an he "ave [>es&uiteBBeans\ C9ly 5sD. XfY 9n old /o5an of this nation bears the additional na5e [9koiitch.5.l\ C[6ldBWo5anB0o5ethin"B White\D, because the 5es&uite beans referred to by <u5asta5;o /ere ri e and /hite. *o the ne;t 5an he "ave [(eerBHide\ C0iny k/.lD. *o the ne;t 5an he "ave [a kind of Bro/n Bu"\ Csta5adh_nD, not an antBlion. When the ne;t 5an ca5e in, <u5asta5;o had to sto and think. 9ll the "ood na5es had been "iven. He "ave hi5 [a bunch of shreds of /illo/Bbark /hich had been soaked at least ten days in /ater\ C</ick_D. When the ne;t 5an ca5e, <u5asta5;o said, -[Kaly IoI4t\, call your "irl thus.1 Kaly IoI4t 5eans -already done.1 6ne lone 5an ca5e runnin" u . -95 ) too lateR1O-:o, ) call your nation [HardB=round\ CKakcLD.1 AE. <u5asta5;o then called out the stones and trees, and "ave each its nation. A%. <u5asta5;o "ave each 5an a "ourd rattle and tau"ht hi5 to -thro/ the "ourd.1 *hen they all danced. *hey stood east of the house, "rou ed in tribes. )nside the house the +u5a stood north, the (ie"ue2o /est, the Coco a south, the >arico a east. <u5asta5;o told the Walla ai and the Havasu ai to "o northeast, and he told the Chi5ehuevi to "o north/est, and the <a/ia to "o /est. *hen he said to the others, -) send you four kinds of eo le south. Because ) send you, you 5ust re5e5ber 5e /herever you stay, for ) a5 "oin" to turn into so5ethin".1 *he >ohave alone stayed there /ith <u5asta5;o. *hey /ere little children, too youn" to 5arch. @0. >ar;ckuvWk led the +u5a and (ie"ue2o eo le a/ay first. *he Coco a and >arico a follo/ed.

*hey 5arched /est across the desert, crossin" 5any 5ountains. When the +u5a and (ie"ue2o reached 9viivWra, east of 8iverside, they found the eastern slo e /ooded, and they held a fiesta there. *here the Coco a overtook the5. <u5asta5;o did not /ant the5 to fi"ht. But soon they be"an to shoot at the +u5a and (ie"ue2o. *he >arico a )ndians stood close to the Coco a and sided /ith the5. @#. <u5asta5;o tried to roduce a thunderstor5. 6nly a fe/ dro s of rain fell. *hen he said, -) 5ust return to 9vik/aa5W.1 He took >ar;ckuvWk , GE@ , /ith hi5. When they neared 9vik/aa5W, >ar;ckuvWk sickened. *he eo le carried hi5 do/n the Colorado riverBvalley, for they liked hi5. 9t +u5a the river /as so s/ift that they could not carry hi5 across. <u5asta5;o kne/ their difficulty, and 5ade the river shallo/. *hen they carried >ar;ckuvWk across. 9t 9vi;oly c, XfY :o/ Castle (o5e, on the 9riHona side, near La"una. >ar;ckuvWk said, -*his is 5y ho5eland. Here /e shall live. Burn 5y body by yonder 5ountain.1 *hen he died, /ith his head to the south. *hey burned hi5 at the base of >ok/intacrv >ountain, at a lace called 9au;4raky.5 . XkY >eanin" [fire all around\ *he rocks are still red fro5 the fire. *he eo le cried loudly, -He is dead, he is deadS1 referrin" to </iku5at and <u5asta5;o, as /ell as to >ar;ckuvWk. *hey burned >ar;ckuvWk on to of that 5ountain. *he +u5a "o to that lace,. XlY )n their drea5s. and >ar;ckuvWk sho/s the5 ho/ to do /onderful thin"s. He tells us everythin". >en also cli5b this 5ountain. )t takes four days to cli5b it. 6n its su55it they fall into visions at 5idni"ht. >ar;ckuvWk asks the5 /hat they /ant and satisfies the5. But "reat doctors "o u to 9vik/aa5W and see <u5asta5;o. )t takes four days to "o u there. :o son"s are tau"ht at >ok/intacrv. @2. <u5asta5;o said, -HavLirk,1 5eanin", -)t is finished.1 He stood there. He thou"ht, -) /ill sink into the "round.1 He san" four ti5esO 7nto the earth 7 go down$ go down. Nothing 6ut earth will 7 6e seeing$ will 7 6e seeing. 7 sin# down into the old river6ed$ Down into the interior. *he first ti5e he san" thus, his feet sank into the earthP the second ti5e, his thi"hs sank into the earthP the third ti5e, his neck sank into the earthP the fourth ti5e, he sank out of si"ht, and re5ained there in the interior of the earth four days. @$. *hen he ca5e u a"ain. He stood there. He said, -) a5 "oin" to ascend.1 He e;tended his ar5s horiHontally to/ard either side. *hen he san" four ti5esO 7 am s'ringing$ s'ringing. /ingIfeathersA , GEE ,

?odyIfeathersA En my hands$ wingIfeathers. En my 6ody NXO$ 6odyI feathers. He fle/ a/k/ardly into the air as he san" this the fourth ti5e. He fla ed his /in"s four ti5es. He said, -) shall be called [the black ea"le\ Cas'a#waany=l yD in the /est, XfY *his ea"le rotects the /hites. *hat is /hy they have it on their 5oney. [the hi"h ea"le\ Cas'a#waama=D in the east, XkY Hi"h ea"le lives in the >arico a country. )t is seen by 5edicineB5en only. [fish ea"le\ Cas'aatsi#w=t%D in the south,. XlY 9bout the "ulf. [/hite ea"le\ Cas'aham lD in the north.1 LATIN PASSAGES 9. 0o that the vir"in 5i"ht fully understand, he hi5self de5onstrated to her /hat should be done. )ndeed, he lay do/n on the "round and co ulated four ti5es. *he /o5an, s/eatin" rofusely, four ti5es /i ed a/ay the s/eat fro5 her body /ith her hands. B. :ot un/illin"ly, one of the 5en tried to do those thin"s /hich XKavasu5kily iY herself had described. Ho/ever, he inserted his enis into Xhis /o5an4sY anus, not into her va"ina. -0oon ) /ill bear so5ethin",1 said the /o5an. 0he e; ected to bear a child at any 5o5ent. When it did not ha en, she and the other /o5en beca5e "reatly a"itated. -Why are you all infla5ed a"ainst 5eR1 asked Kavasu5kuly i. 9nd so she e; lained a"ain, -)nsert the enis into the va"ina.1 *his ti5e, thou"h, the 5an inserted not his enis but his testicles into her va"ina. 8eturnin", XKavasu5kily iY told her husband that the /o5en /ould never conceive. </iku5at scolded her because she had told to the others those thin"s that he hi5self had tau"ht her in secret. -) a5 not afraid that they should learn,1 said Kavasu5kuly i. X*henY </iku5at ordered: -Lead these /o5en four ste s to/ard the north, to/ard the /est, to/ard the south, to/ard the east, and ) /ill lead the 5en like/ise.1 When this dance /as done, he ordered everybody to lie do/n on the "round and co ulate. C. 0o5e sou"ht refu"e by risin" u into his anus. , GE% , (. 6ne day he noticed a "irl a5on" the bushes /hose va"ina /as ulcerous and utrid, fro5 /hich everythin" fled. When Coyote ran to/ard her, she fell do/n on her hands and knees, terrified. *hen Coyote co ulated /ith her. , G%# ,

9. ESSAYS ON NATIVE CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES AND ORAL LITERATURES

*he acorns co5e do/n fro5 heaven. ) lant the short acorns in the valley, ) lant the lon" acorns in the valley, ) s rout: ), the blackBoak acorn, s routO ) s rout. Cere5onial acorn son", >aidu 0te hen Po/ers, Tri6es of California

, G%$ ,

WHEN I HAVE DONNED +Y CREST OF STARS

*he deeds of the eo le, the /ay they /ere, the eo le /ho s oke those thin"s are heard no lon"er. *his /ill surely be the end of all that. *hose thin"s that /ere said are no lon"er heard. :one have lasted beyond. *hose /ho continue beyond into the future /ill surely say the sa5e about 5e, /hen ) have "one o /earin" 5y crest of stars. :evertheless, /hat )\ve said and the /ay ) have been /ill re5ain in this land. <ili/a, 8ufino 6churte, #%A% >auricio >i;co, Kiliwa Te>ts

, G%? ,

9<. A ,rie) Hi$t"r8 ") C"''e ti"n

SALVAGE
)n 6ctober of #%#G, Ma5es 9lden >ason, an anthro olo"ist at the University of California at Berkeley, 5ade a brief fieldtri do/n to the 0anta CruH area in an e ort to locate s eakers of Costanoan, a "rou of closely related lan"ua"es s oken, at the ti5e of 'uro ean contact, rou"hly fro5 the 0an 7rancisco Bay do/n to Bi" 0ur alon" the coast and coastal foothills. He /as ho in" to find fluent s eakers /ho

still used the lan"ua"e in everyday life and /ho could rovide hi5 /ith /ordlists and "ra55atical infor5ation and te;tsOinfor5ation that could hel hi5 ans/er &uestions about the structure of the lan"ua"e and the nature of its relationshi to nei"hborin" lan"ua"es and develo a better icture of Costanoan 5ytholo"y and culture. )t /asn4t 5uch of an e; editionO5ore of an overni"ht tri , reallyO but its outco5e s eaks volu5es about the critical condition of California4s native lan"ua"es, both then and no/, and rovides insi"ht into the i5 eratives of the collectin" endeavor itself. When >ason returned fro5 his tri , he filed the follo/in" re ort /ith his de art5ent head, 9. L. <roeber.X#Y

REPORT
8eached 0an Muan in early evenin". )n 5ornin" had a talk /ith riest of 5ission and several other oldest inhabitants of the lace. 9ll a"reed that there /ere no )ndians re5ainin" in 0an Muan, that the fe/ re5ainin" ones had sold their lands and 5oved to =ilroy /here land see5ed to be a little chea er. Conse&uently decided to "o to =ilroy. 8eached there , G%A , about 2.00 and hunted u 9cension 0olorsan, an elderly )ndian /o5an.X2Y 0he clai5ed to kno/ absolutely nothin" but referred 5e to a very old /o5an, Mosefa 3elas&ueH in Watsonville. 9s ros ects see5ed a little better there, /ent to Watsonville and arrived there in early evenin". Wednesday 5ornin" /ent out to see (ona Mosefa. 0he lives out 'ast Lake 0t. about a half hour4s /alk out on the road to >or"an Hill, at the first horse trou"h. )s an old /o5an born at 0anta CruH in #E$$ but reared in the ranches around Watsonville. 9 stay of several days /ith her 5i"ht reveal 5any i5 ortant oints of interest but she re5e5bers very little and very slo/ly. 0 oke the 0an Muan dialect ori"inally but has had no one to talk to for 5any years so for"ets 5ost of it. 3erified 5any of de la Cuesta4s /ords /hich are sur risin"ly accurate and "ot a fe/ sentences and other /ords but very little. 9lso "ot a 5yth here/ith included. 9fter several hours of /ork she rofessed to kno/ 5any 5yths, son"s, dances, etc. 8eturned in the afternoon and, /hile she continued to insist that she kne/ 5any 5yths, etc., she /as unable to recall one all afternoon. ) "ot a fe/ 5ore /ords, hrases and t/o +okuts "a5blin" son"s fro5 >arLa =o5eH /ho lives /ith her. ) a5 inclined to think that /ith a fe/ daysX\Y e; erience the old /o5an could be induced to tell 5any 5yths and son"s, ossibly in te;t, but they ca5e so slo/ly at the be"innin" ) decided it /as not /orth /hile tryin" a"ain. 0he insisted that 9cension in =ilroy kne/ 5ore than she, but clai5ed, like all others, that these t/o Xherself and 9censionY /ere the only livin" ersons /ho re5e5bered anythin" of the lan"ua"e and custo5s. 8efu"io Castello s oke it /ell, and so did Barbara 0olarsan, the 5other of 9cension, but these t/o died no 5ore than three years a"o. ) could learn of no other old or 5iddleBa"ed )ndian in the /hole country. 0o *hursday 5ornin" ) returned to =ilroy to see 9cension a"ain. 0he /as born in 0an Muan in #E?? and her 5other, /ho died only a fe/ years a"oX,Y s oke the lan"ua"e /ell. But she X9censionY never kne/ it /ell and has not s oken it for years. With diculty ) "ot fro5 her a fe/ hrases and sentences, /ordsX,Y and corroboration of 5any of de la Cuesta4s /ordsX,Y but as she re5e5bered very little, ) decided the result /as not /orth the /hile and took the afternoon train ho5e. With ractice she 5i"ht be tau"ht to "ive te;ts but she undoubtedly re5e5bers very little. 0he kno/s 5uch less than Mosefa, thou"h her 5e5ory is a little better. Macinta =onHales died a fe/ years a"o. 9ttached to this sad re ort /ere a ro;i5ately t/o a"es of elicitation labeled -0an Muan /ords and hrases.1 *he /ordlist /as follo/ed by t/o

, G%@ , +okuts "a5blin" son"s and a a"e of desultory ethnolo"ical notesO recious little return for the hours s ent in "leanin" the5. >ason4s deNected, disa ointed tone is i5 ossible to 5istake. +et /hat 5odern reader /ill not be dis5ayed that he did not stay /ith (o2a Mosefa for as lon" as it took to rekindle her 5e5ory and revive her for5er fluencyR 0he /as one of the last s eakers of her lan"ua"e. Whatever 5yths and le"ends she 5i"ht have been hel ed to recall, /hatever son"s she 5i"ht have resurrected, /hatever oetry she 5i"ht have s un fro5 re5iniscences lon" locked a/ay in her rusty native ton"ue, they are "one no/, co5 letely. -Later1 is not a reliable o tion /hen your best consultant is ei"htyBone years of a"e. 0urely he "ave u too easily. But /hen the house is afire, to use M. P. Harrin"ton4s fa5ous 5eta hor, you have to rescue /hat can best be saved.X$Y >ason Nud"ed that his li5ited ti5e and ener"ies /ere best s ent else/here, /orkin" /ith other lan"ua"es, other consultants, /here the kno/led"e lay closer to the surface. )n #%#G in California, a 5ere si;tyBso5e yearsOa sin"le lifeBs an, in factOafter the ethnic catastro he of the =old 8ush, field/ork /as too often an e;ercise in lin"uistic and cultural tria"e.XGY )t is no less true today, and /ill be a"ain to5orro/: the last, best "eneration of elders is al/ays Nust assin" throu"h their children4s hands. 0o >ason returned to 0an 7rancisco disa ointed in his sli5 ickin"s and no doubt de ressed at findin" yet another a"eBold California culture in such dire straits. )n the 5idst of his notes, thou"h, lies a scra of te;t recorded in the for5 of a 5ock letter, unre5arked at the ti5e but for an obli&ue reference to -a fe/ sentences1 in the second ara"ra h of his re ort. ) resent the te;t Nust as it a ears in >ason4s re ort, surrounded by a ortion of the /ordlist it /as e5bedded in. kana4 /i /a4 tiII ka aruh4 ta ka/a4 tiII /akIiIa u45uII e4k/e kahi4 nu hinue e4k/e kahi4 nu hi4 nua ka5it hai/e4 e4k/e ka5iie4 te oiu hai4 /e ) sin" ) a5 "oin" to5orro/ ) /ill "o coyote /olf ) don4t kno/ /hen ) don4t kno/ /hen /ill ) see youR ) /ill not see you a"ain

/a4 tiII ka u4 riII kani e4k/e ni4 a ) a5 "oin" because you /ill not teach 5e

, G%E , 5i4 5in noo4 5iho4ke hose4fa koII4 5en.e4k/e (ear heart, thee sends Mosefa. 0ays thou not e4io hose4fa e kata/ah4k hai utIIu4hi re5e5ber Mosefa of as she every day. hi4 nuake /akiatII\a4kan 5i hai4/eni 0o5e day she /ill co5e, thee to see kutceke4k/e se45on a4ra5 5i5insire4 5ensi4tnu5ak if not dies. =ive thy re"ards thy children. hu4 5itII ta u4r "ive 5e /oodS

u4 nesteka a4 5ai; u4 nieteka hi4 nua5e tIIa4 kan eak/e ka 5e hole ni a ni ek/e se5on 5u5uri ;utceknis

) a5 hun"ry 9hS ho/ ) love /hen /ill you co5eR ) cannot teach you here the flies /on4t die do"

ek/e ka e4 sio kanrih4tca ) don4t re5e5ber 5y lan"ua"e 9 free translation of (o2a Mosefa4s lon"Blost 5essa"e runs as follo/s:X?Y (ear heart, Mosefa sends this to youS 0he says you don4t re5e5ber her, Mosefa, as she is every day. When /ill she co5e to see youO before she diesR =ive 5e "ood /ishes, you and your childrenS What ro5 ted Mosefa 3elas&ueH to co5 ose this -letter1 /e4ll never kno/. Probably >ason, in a des erate atte5 t to Nu5 Bstart her dor5ant fluency, had asked (o2a Mosefa /hat she /ould say to fa5ily and friends if he /ere to carry back the 5essa"e in Costanoan.XAY Whatever he , G%% , /as ho in" for, he "ot a brief, e5otional burst fro5 the heart, strai"ht fro5 the ra"ba" of an old /o5an4s /orries and cares. )t /asn4t 5uch, as te;ts "o, and )\5 sure >ason /ould have re"arded his atte5 t as a failure. But today this little te;t has ac&uired such a force of elo&uence, of oi"nancy, over the lon" years it has lain for"otten in the archives, that it fairly cracked o en 5y brain like a nut /hen ) stu5bled across itOa voice fro5 the ast, lea in" out fro5 the detritus of a 5usty /ordlist4s bits and shards. ?e%ause it(s all there was$ and because it rin"s true, a kind of "reatness is thrust u on it, the unintended lainson" of an old /o5an4s /ords. California has a rich and s ectacular oralBliterary herita"e, as this book attests. But so5eti5es literature is si5 ly /here you find it, or /hen. )ndeed, in the absence of any for5 of te;t at all, the /ordlists the5selvesOmother$ father$ a%orn$ sunOtake on an i5 ortance, a lu5inosity, /ell beyond their ori"inal 5undane intention: they are the ato5s of lost oetics.

WOR0ERS IN THE VINEYARD

>en and /o5en, M. 9. >ason a5on" the5, have been collectin" and analyHin" California 5yth, son", and cere5ony for nearly t/o centuries in an eort to reserve the traditions before they are "one forever. X@Y +et ) don4t 5ean to "ive the /ron" i5 ression in statin" this fact. *hou"h co55on lace in the discourse of :ative 95erican studies, such ronounce5ents thro/ the s otli"ht al/ays onto the role of the field/orker, the local historian, the interested a5ateur collectorOan -outsider1 role ty ically layed by /hites of 'uro ean descent. 0uch state5ents tend to i"nore the role of the erfor5ers

the5selves, /ho "ave the5 the son"s and stories in the first lace. *he erfor5ers, too, have dedicated their lives to reservin" their traditionsObut their eorts "o back, ulti5ately, 5ore than ten 5illennia in California: a hundred centuries of listenin", learnin", racticin", erfor5in"Oand yes, refinin", for"ettin", ada tin", and co5 osin" ane/Othe traditions that have assed fro5 one "eneration to the ne;t across the lon" reaches of ti5e. )t is a 5istake, and a bad one, to think that the act of recordin" in any /ay 5arks the cul5ination or fulfill5ent, 5uch less the validation, of any "iven son" or story. *he arrival of a folklorist /ith 5icro hone , ?00 , or notebook is not the -5o5ent it4s been /aitin" for1Oas if, once it is /ritten do/n, the eo le /hose culture it ortrays can breathe a si"h of relief and turn their attentions to so5ethin" else. Writin" a story do/n 5erely 5akes a record of its assin", like a sin"le line of foot rints tracked in the sand alon" a shore.XEY We all kno/ Nust ho/ 5uch and ho/ little that track can teach us. :evertheless, /ithout the collectors and their assion for /ritin" thin"s do/n, students of lan"ua"e and oral literature the /orld overO:ative Californians includedO/ould have less to 5arvel at, take leasure in, dra/ /isdo5 fro5, and find beauty in. Prior to the establish5ent of the University of California4s >useu5 and (e art5ent of 9nthro olo"y at Berkeley in #%0#, there /as no syste5atic ro"ra5 of ethno"ra hic research or collection in California Oonly a handful of 5en over the years /ho, driven by their interests, tried to record the folklore and verbal art of California narrators, and to do so faithfully Cat least /ithin the dictates of their era and trainin"D rather than inter retively. 95on" the 5ost i5 ortant of these early /orks are 7ather =eroni5o Boscana4s record of Muane2o 5yth and reli"ious cere5ony, Chinig%hini%h C#%$$ X#EGAYDP 9le;ander *aylor4s enthusiastic but so5e/hat erratic series of articles on -)ndianolo"y1 bet/een #EA0 and #EA$ in The California Farmer and \ournal of Kseful ,rts Can early California eriodical conveniently o/ned by his fatherBinBla/DP 0te hen Po/ers4s i5 ortant, indefati"able early /ork in :orthern California durin" the #E@0s, /hich cul5inated in his no/ badly dated Tri6es of CaliforniaC#E@@DP and Mere5iah Curtin4s lar"e collection of Wintu and +ana 5yths in 'n"lish C#E%ED. 9side fro5 these fe/ 5ostly a5ateur collectors, rior to #%00 /e have little but the assin" anecdotal re orts of travelers, settlers, and Nournalists, the occasional /ords and laceBna5es recorded by early e; lorers Cnautical e; editions by Cabrillo in #?G2F#?G$ and (rake in #?@%P overland e; lorations by Portol. in #@A%, 7rW5ont in #EGA, and othersD, and the vocabularies and "ra55ars co5 iled by 7ranciscan 5issionaries Cfor instance, de la Cuesta4s early 0alinan vocabulary X#E2?Y, or the later Costanoan 5aterials X#EA#F#EA2Y 5entioned above in >ason4s re ortD. With the da/n of the t/entieth century, /e enter a ne/ sta"e in the docu5entation of California4s native oral literature. <roeber4s (e art5ent of 9nthro olo"y /as founded in #%0# /ith the s ecific "oal of focusin" and acceleratin" research on California cultures and lan"ua"esOa "oal that 5atured ra idly and /ith resoundin" success.X%Y *he ne;t fe/ , ?0# , decades sa/ a "reat e; losion of scholars, students, and inde endent field/orkers /ho contributed si"nificantly to the cor us of California oral literature. )n addition to <roeber hi5self, these included such no/le"endary collectors as Pliny 'arl =oddard, 8oland B. (i;on, 0a5uel Barrett, C. Hart >erria5, Mohn Peabody Harrin"ton, Carobeth Laird, 'd/ard 0a ir, Constance (u Bois, 'd/ard W. =i ord, *. *. Water5an, Paul 8adin, Ma5es 9. >ason, Helen 8. 8oberts, Mai5e de 9n"ulo, L. 0. 7reeland,

0usan Brandenstein Park, (orothy (e5etraco oulou, 9nna =ayton, 0tanley :e/5an, =ladys 8eichard, Hans Mr"en Uldall, C. 7. 3oe"elin, and 'r5inie WheelerB3oe"elin. 9 search throu"h the ublished Cand un ublishedD /ork of any one of these researchers /ill lead the reader directly to i5 ortant ri5ary sources of California 5yth, son", and storytellin". What distin"uishes the /ork of these collectors fro5 those /ho ca5e before, and fro5 the sundry a5ateur collectors /ho have tried their hand at resentin" )ndian stories in 5e5oirs and 5a"aHines, is their attention to the actual /ords, not 5erely the "ist, of the erfor5ances they recorded. 9ll as ired to ri"orous Boasian rinci les of te;tual docu5entation, and 5ost had the honetic trainin" to take do/n te;ts in the ori"inal lan"ua"e, /ordBforB/ord as the narrator ronounced the5. 9s a result of this care, this teneted belief in the ri5acy of the s oken /ord, the te;ts they later ublished fro5 their fieldnotes are accurate records of actual narrative erfor5ances, not e; ost facto reBcreations of re5e5bered events.X#0Y When it co5es to the translations, of course, these are subNect, like all translations the /orld over, to the /hi5s of ersonal and eriod styleOco5 are, say, 'd/ard 0a ir4s translations fro5 the +ana, 5ade in #%#0, /ith Mai5e de 9n"ulo4s translations of 'astern Po5o CZ#AD, 5ade Nust t/entyBfive years later. But the te;ts the5selves, the true le"acy, stand al/ays in testa5ent to, or Nud"5ent of, their translators.X##Y >ost of this early authoritative /ork /as done by hand, laboriously, by takin" 5anual dictation, a rocess that has stylistic conse&uences for the erfor5ance thus recorded. C0ee table 2 in the -=eneral )ntroduction1 for a list of the selections in this volu5e that /ere recorded by this and other 5ethods.D 9 fe/ researchers, notably M. P. Harrin"ton, e; eri5ented /ith the early soundBrecordin" technolo"y, such as /a; or /ire cylinders and alu5inu5 hono"ra h discs. Because of the a/k/ardness of the devices the5selvesOthey /ere e; ensive, heavy, finicky, fra"ile, , ?02 , li5ited in ca acity, and lo/ in fidelityO5achine recordin" /as the e;ce tion rather than the rule. <roeber and his collea"ues at Berkeley 5ade a "reat 5any recordin"s at the university, but the early 5achines /ere seldo5 racticable for use in the field Cthou"h Mack >arr, one of Harrin"ton4s intre id youn" assistants, tells so5e hairBraisin" tales of tryin" to back ack hono"ra hs and heavy cartons of alu5inu5 discs across s/ayin" ro e brid"es in the 5ountains of :orthern California, on assi"n5ent fro5 Harrin"ton to reach i5 ortant narratorsD. *he side e ects of 5anual dictation on style are easy to redict: the en, bein" slo/er by far than the voice, forces delivery to a cra/lP at this slo/er ace, it is easy for narrators to lose the thread of their co5 ositionP lon"er, 5ore co5 le; sentence atterns 5ay not be ventured, bein" reNected in favor of shorter, 5ore direct hrasin"s that better suit the dribsBandBdrabs ro"ress of the dictationP and because it takes so lon", there is a stron" tendency to/ard truncation, so that the elaborate rhetorical atterns of e isodic and incre5ental re etition that often characteriHe oral oetics are su ressed in the interests of econo5y. C*he a roach of evenin" after a "ruelin" day of dictation 5ust have hastened 5any a "rand tale to a re5ature conclusion.D *i5e and a"ain, thou"h, in the earlier decades of this century, California4s tribal narrators, ans/erin" the call of osterity, so5eho/ 5ana"ed to adNust to the li5itations and artificiality of the /ork, 5ini5iHin" its deleterious e ects, and to deliver erfor5ances that transcended the s ecial circu5stances of their recordin". )n this volu5e, Mo Bender4s -Loon Wo5an1 CZ#2D, Willia5 Benson4s -Creation1 CZ#AD, and Mohnny La>arr4s -:a onoha1 CZ%D all illustrate narrators /ho rose 5a"nificently above the li5itations of the collection 5ethods of the ti5e Cthou"h it re5ains true: /e can still never kno/ /hat erfor5ances they 5i"ht have delivered had they been /orkin" /ith a ta e recorder instead of dictationD. Later, /hen ortable recordin" e&ui 5ent beca5e /idely available, the dictation roble5 /as e

ectively eli5inated. But co5 arison of dictated and ta eBrecorded te;ts reveals that there is still an enor5ous ran"e and diversity of style and hel s validate the essential Cif not the articularD stylistic inte"rity of the older te;ts. 7or instance, >innie 8eeves4s cris ly told -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k\i5ildin"1 CZAaD and Ma5es <ni"ht4s /onderfully loose, ra5blin" version of -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D are both fro5 ta eBrecorded te;ts. 0i5ilarly, >ar"aret Harrie4s blunt -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 CZGD and Moe Ho5er4s , ?0$ ,

FIGURE &9. Fro& left3 S!. ,!t(i2 A')red L. 0r"eber2 !nd I$hi. C"urte$8 Ph"ebe A33er$"n He!r$t +u$eu. ") Anthr"3"'"%8 !nd the Re%ent$ ") the Uni4er$it8 ") C!'i)"rni!. densely detailed -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CZ2@D are both fro5 dictated te;ts. :evertheless, the advent of ta e recordin" ushered in a ne/ era in the collection of California oral literature. Under >ary Haas4s direction of Berkeley4s ne/ (e art5ent of Lin"uistics, inau"urated in #%?$, a ne/ , ?0G , "eneration of researchers, trained in anthro olo"ical lin"uistics, be"an /orkin" the field. *he ta e recordin" of te;ts beca5e the rule rather than the e;ce tion. C:o/adays, of course, videota in" is "radually beco5in" the ne/ standard of docu5entation.D )n #%?# Haas and >urray '5eneau founded the 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es Cinitially as -*he 0urvey of California )ndian Lan"ua"es1D, /hich has s onsored research and archived ta es, fieldnotes, and other lin"uistic 5aterials throu"h the resent day.X#2Y )ns ired directly or indirectly by Haas and her collea"ues and successors, doHens of students and scholars have 5ade a vocation of California lan"ua"esOa5on" the5 8ichard 9 le"ate, *ho5as Blackburn, Willia5 Bri"ht, 0ylvia Broadbent, Catherine Calla"han, Ma5es Cra/ford, Mon (ayley, =eo =a5ble, 3ictor =olla, 9be Hal ern, Mane Hill, <en Hill, Leanne Hinton, Willia5 Macobsen, 8ichard <eelin", >artha <endall, <athryn <lar, 0idney La5b, >ar"aret Lan"don, 0ally >cLendon, Wick >iller, >auricio >i;co, Mulius >oshinsky, Pa5ela >unro, >ike :ichols, >ark 6krand, 8obert 6s/alt, Harvey Pitkin, 8. H. 8obins, 9lice 0he herd, Hans Macob 0eiler, Willia5 0hi ley, 0hirley 0ilver, Len *al5y, <arl *eeter, 8ussell Ultan, and <en Whistler.X#$Y >ost of these scholars, in tryin" to honor Haas4s de5andin" docu5entational "oal of -"ra55ar, te;ts, and dictionary,1 have 5ade it a oint to collect and ublish oralBliterary te;ts. )n the end, this storehouse of /ork recalls for us the hundreds of California sin"ers and storytellers C/ithout /ho5, nothin"D /ho have dedicated their ti5e and servicesOtheir ersonal re ertoires, their cultural insi"ht, their erfor5in" skills, and C erha s above allD their atienceOto the ro"ra5 of docu5entation over the last hundred years and 5ore. 0o5e /ere undoubtedly attracted to the idea initially by the ay, since it is custo5ary for field/orkers to co5 ensate their consultants /ith a 5odest hourly /a"e. But truth be kno/n, 5ost /ould have carried on the /ork re"ardless. 9ll too 5any elders have looked around to find the5selves increasin"ly alone in lan"ua"e, a5on" the last native s eakers of their tribes, and they beco5e as an;ious as their lin"uists to hel docu5ent its richness and re ertoire before they the5selves ass on. >ost lan"ua"e consultants, youn" or old, have a keen sense of osterity /hen it co5es to the /ork they do. 9s Ma5es <ni"ht observed, s eakin" -throu"h1 the ta e in an aside /hile tellin" -*he (ead

Peo le4s Ho5e1 CZ#%D, he had a co5 ellin" reason for recordin" his stories: , ?0? , Because that4s ho/ it /as, that4s ho/ they tau"ht 5e. 0ince they e; lained it to 5e that /ay, here4s /hat )\5 tellin" you no/. :o/ )\5 uttin" /hat they told 5e a lon" ti5e a"o onto the ta e. 0o it Xthe ta eY is tellin" you this. >y friends and relatives can listen and say, -+es, this is true.1 Besides, sin"ers and storytellers li#e to sin" and tell stories. 9nd the /ork they do /ith their field researchers often "ives the5 the o ortunity to focus on their art in a ne/ /ay. >any also enNoy the intellectual ursuit of "lossin" and e; licatin" their te;ts once they are recorded, and e;cel at this kind of lin"uistic /orkP others find the -drud"e1 /ork of analysis a burden to be avoided if ossible. 6f course, the sense of osterity -lookin" over your shoulder1 that co5es /ith 5akin" a er5anent record of a son" or story uts a s ecial ressure on the erfor5ers. Mean Perry, in her introduction to -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 CZ$D, details the /ay 7lorence 0hau"hnessy /ould fret about "ettin" her stories Nust ri"ht, revie/in" her o/n /ork /ith a critical ear, kno/in" that the versions she ta ed /ere -for the record.1 0he /as not alone in feelin" this /ay. Unfortunately, /e don4t al/ays kno/ the identity of the sin"ers and narrators of California4s recorded literature. )t /asn4t al/ays considered i5 ortant infor5ation, o/in" to an early and fla/ed theory of folklore that vie/ed individual sin"ers and narrators as assive and faceless - assersBon1 of their traditions rather than as active and otentially idiosyncratic -sha ers1 of the traditional 5aterials in their ersonal re ertoires. 'ven so, field/orkers al/ays had a keen sense of their consultants as individuals, as ersonalities. 6ften the infor5ation is there, buried in the archived fieldnotes or corres ondence of the lin"uist or anthro olo"ist /ho collected the 5aterials for ublication. We kno/ the na5es of 5any, 5any of the 5en and /o5en /ho took the ti5e to dictate or record their best /ork for the "enerations to co5eOna5es that /e should hold in honor. *he list is an a5aHin"ly lon" oneO and o enended, because the /ork is still "oin" onObut a fe/ a5on" those /ho have contributed substantial bodies of their o/n art to the canon of California oral literature are 0a5 Bat/i C+anaD, Mo Bender CWintuD, Willia5 8al"anal Benson C'astern Po5oD, 9nnie Burke C0outhern Po5oD, *ed , ?0A , Couro C)i ay (ie"ue2oD, Hanc4ibyNi5 C>aiduD, Moe Ho5er CJuechanD, 3illiana Calac Hyde CLuise2oD, )shi C+ahiD, <illeli C+ose5ite >i/okD, Ma5es <ni"ht CLake >i/okD, =eor"e Laird CChe5ehueviD, 7ernando Librado C3enture2o Chu5ashD, Harry and 0adie >arsh CWintuD, >abel >c<ay CPo5oD, =race >c<ibbin CWintuD, >ike >iranda C*]batulabalD, 8ufino 6churte CPaiPai!<ili/aD, Lela 8hoades C9chu5a/iD, 7lorence 0hau"hnessy C+urokD, >arLa 0olares C)nese2o Chu5ashD, 8obert 0 ott C+urokD, *o5 0tone C6/ens 3alley PaiuteD, Lucy *ho5 son C+urokD, La5e Billy of Weits us C+urokD, and >ary +ee CBarbare2o Chu5ashD. )ndividually, each of the eo le na5ed here, scholars and )ndians alike, and so 5any unna5ed others besides, have 5ade si"nificant contributions to the field of California oral literature. Collectively, the co5bined i5 act of their labors is enor5ous, and the value of their le"acy, beyond 5easure.

NOTES
#. 7ro5 a ers in the ethno"ra hic collection of the Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley C3alory )nde;, Z2$D. *he 5anuscri t re ort is re roduced here in its entirety. 2. 9ccordin" to Catherine Calla"han, 9scensicn 0olarsano de Cervantes /as M. P. Harrin"ton4s rinci al >utsun C0an Muan Bautista CostanoanD consultant. 0he /as dyin" of cancer in the late #%20s but /as still able to recall al5ost everythin".Oh/l $. *he hrase co5es fro5 a letter Harrin"ton /rote in #%G# to his youn" nei"hbor and assistant, Mack >arr C/ho /as Nust a teena"er at the ti5eD. )n full, and retainin" Harrin"ton4s ur"ent underscores Cno/ in italicD, the assa"e reads: +ou4ve been a "ood friend if ever ) had one, you Nust rushed at the /ork. +ou kno/ ho/ ) look at this /ork, you and ) are nothin", /e4ll both of us soon be dust. )f you can "rab these dyin" lan"ua"es before the old ti5ers co5 letely die o, you /ill be doin" one of the few thin"s valuable to the eo le of the remote future. +ou kno/ that. *he ti5e /ill co5e and soon /hen there /on4t be an )ndian lan"ua"e left in California, all the lan"ua"es develo ed for thousands of years /ill be ashes$ the house is afire$ it is 6urning. *hat4s /hy ) said to "o throu"h the blindin" rain, roads or no roads, that4s /hy ) thanked =od /hen you tried to cross the >attole 8iver, haven4t ) "one back even t/o /eeks later to find the5 dead and the lan"ua"e forever deadX , ?0@ , G. *he =old 8ush, /hich a ected ri5arily the northern half of the state, follo/ed u on a revious si;tyBfive years of )ndian e; osure to the 0 anish 5ission syste5, /hose 5ain influence e;tended over the southern half of the state. ?. ) a5 "rateful to Catherine Calla"han for her hel in 5akin" this translation. )n return for her assistance, she has revailed u on 5e to 5ake the follo/in" corrections to the Costanoan lan"ua"e data re roduced here verbati5 fro5 >ason4s unedited fieldnotes. C9s she says, there 5ay never 6e another o ortunity to set this articular record strai"ht.D Corrected Cand converted to 5odern ortho"ra hy, /here q re resents a "lottal sto and doubled characters re resent len"thD, these for5s should read: 6P':):= W68(L)0* !kan aa/e! !/atti ka! !IIRaruuta ka /atti! !/aki! !IIRu55uh! !/atti ka IIRussi kannis IIRek/e nii a! !IIRek/e ka hinsu! !hin/a IIRek/e ka hinsu! !hin/a ka 5es yete hay/e! [) a5 sin"in"\. [) a5 "oin"\. [*o5orro/ ) /ill "o\. [coyote\ [/olf\ [) a5 "oin" because you /ill not teach 5e\. [) don4t kno/\. [/hen ) don4t kno/\ [When /ill ) see you\R Xra id s eechY

!IIRek/e ka 5es yete IIRoyo hay/e! W68(0 786> *'K* !5i5in! !nosso/! !5es! !hokke! !hoseefa! !koo! !5en! !ek/e! ! esyo! !hoseefaBse! !kata! !/aak! , ?0E , ! uuhis! !hin/aBke! !/ak! !ya! !tIIaakan! !5es! !hay/eni! !ko! !IIRekek/e! !se55on! !hara5! !5i5in! !sire! !5en! !sitnun5ak! CL60):= W68(L)0* !hayi!

[) /ill not see you a"ain\.

["ood one\ [soul, s iritP heart\ [thee\ [to send a/ay\ [Mosefa\ [to say\ [thou, thy\ [not\ [to think, re5e5ber\ [MosefaBobNective case\ [like, as\ [he, she\ [all\ [dayCsD\ [/henBindefiniteCRD\ [he, she\ [also\ [to co5e\ [thee\ [to co5eBsee\ [if, /hen\ [not\ XintensifiedY [to die\ [you X luralY "ive 5e\ ["ood\ [/ishes\ Xliterally -liver1 Cseat of e5otionsDY [thy\ [children\

!hu55it ta ur! !unneste ka! !IIRa55ay! !sunyite ka! !hi/se ka 5es! !hin/a 5e aakanIIR! !IIRek/e ka 5es holle nii a! !ni ek/e see5on 5uu5uri! !huGeknis!

[=ive 5e /ood\S [) a5 hun"ry\. ['at\S [) a5 full\. [) love thee\. [When /ill you co5e\R [) cannot teach you\. [Here the flies /on4t die\. [do"\

!ek/e ka esyo ka riiGa! [) don4t re5e5ber 5y lan"ua"e\. A. Unfortunately, it is not entirely clear Nust /ho (o2a Mosefa is addressin" in this te;t. @. *he /hole conce t of reservin" a cultureOor a literary tradition or a lan"ua"eOon a er is a ve;ed one. What does it 5ean to - reserve1 a traditionR *o /hat e;tent is the a"e 5erely the literary and cultural scholar4s e&uivalent of for5aldehydeR *here has lon" been a tendencyOa ernicious /eakness, in truthOa5on" 95erican and 'uro ean scholars stee ed in the hy erliteracy , ?0% , of the Western acade5ic tradition to -confuse the 5a /ith the territory,1 as the sayin" "oes. Would that scholars of 95erican )ndian cultures had al/ays been as active in hel in" to reserve their eo le as their lan"ua"es and traditions. E. *here4s a funda5ental di erence, it see5s, bet/een the /ay a scholar thinks of reservation and the /ay a :ative erfor5er does: for the for5er, the "oal is do%umentation$ a record of /hat /ent on or /hat /as saidP for the latter, the "oal is %ontinuationOa reservation of the continuity of tradition and, 5ost i5 ortant of all, the eo le the5selves, /ho bear that tradition into the future. *his di erence co5es about not because the scholar is by nature indi erent, but si5 ly fro5 a di erence in the underlyin" interests of scholars as o osed to :ative eo les. )t4s no secret that a "reat deal of frustration and resent5ent has "ro/n u in the chas5 of this divide durin" the last fe/ decades of interaction bet/een these t/o arties, each of /ho5 tends to vie/ the other in a kind of client or /orker relationshi Oresearchers and -their1 consultants, )ndians and -their1 researchersOand is sur rised to feel undera reciated or e; loited as a result. %. 9 concise su55ary of the history and influence of this research ro"ra5 5ay be found in 8obert HeiHer4s essay -History of 8esearch1 in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian4s .and6oo# of North ,meri%an 7ndians C#%@ED, /hich he edited. #0. 9bsence of this ri"or results in the 5yriad /ellBintentioned but bo"us collections of :ative 95erican oral literature, such as Bertha 05ith4s -osemite 3egends C#%0GD, /hich 0te hen >edley, annotatin" a biblio"ra hy at the back of the recent and lovely 3egends of the -osemite 0iwo# CLa Pena et al. #%%$D, describes as follo/s: -*his is an attractively desi"ned and resented selection of si; +ose5ite le"ends of sus ect ori"in. Usin" Hutchin"s C#EA0D as a ri5ary source, the author de5onstrated her skill at the art of turnin" a short, concise le"end into a lon"/inded and ro5antic e ic. *he /ritin" is styliHed and reflects a 'uro eaniHed conce t of :ative 95erican thou"ht1 C%GD. ##. )t 5ust be said that /hen anthro olo"ists and lin"uists took do/n te;ts in 1nglish before the advent

of recordin" devices, they /ere not al/ays so faithful to the /ord of their te;ts, feelin" freeOin /ays they did not /ith nativelan"ua"e te;tsOto silently edit or reco5 ose the /ords of their narrators. 6ne is far less sure /ith 'n"lishBlan"ua"e narratives Coften si"naled by the use of the /ords myth or tale in the title, as o osed to te>tD that they have not assed throu"h the "ra55atical and stylistic filter of their collectors. 0uch filterin" is al/ays for the /orse, never the better, as far as authenticity is concerned. #2. *hou"h the Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in 3inguisti%s series, /hich took over the bur"eonin" ublication of lin"uistics 5ono"ra hs fro5 the older Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in ,r%haeology and 1thnology , ?#0 , C#%0$F#%A%D in #%G$, lon" a"o /idened its horiHons to enco5 ass the "lobe, it still ublishes i5 ortant 5ono"ra hs on California lan"ua"es Csee -0elected 8esources for 7urther 0tudy1 for e;a5 lesD. #$. *his list /as co5 iled ri5arily fro5 3ictor =olla4s obituary for >ary Haas in the SS73, Newsletter #?.2 CMuly #%%AD. , ?## ,

WO+EN/S ,RUSH DANCE SONG

*he o/l cries out to 5e, the ha/k cries out to 5e as death a roaches. *he killdeer, the 5ountain bird, cry out to 5e as death a roaches. *he black rattler, the red rattler, cry out to 5e as death a roaches. *he red racer, the "artersnake, cry out to 5e as death a roaches. 9 lar"e fro", a little fro", cry out to 5e as death a roaches. 9n ea"le, a condor, cry out to 5e as death a roaches. Cere5onial son", Luise2o Helen H. 8oberts, Form in 2rimitive 0usi% Cversion by Brian 0/ann, Song of the S#yD

, ?#$ ,

96. N"te$ "n N!ti4e C!'i)"rni! Or!' Liter!ture$

INTRODUCTION
:o detailed, co5 rehensive survey of California4s oral literature has ever been done. 9ccessible recent overvie/s include Willia5 Wallace4s -Co5 arative Literature1 C#%@EcD and Willia5 Bri"ht4s -6ral Literature of California and the )nter5ountain 8e"ion1 C#%%GbD, /hich the reader is ur"ed to consult, alon" /ith 8obert HeiHer4s ->ytholo"y: 8e"ional Patterns and History of 8esearch1 C#%@EbD. 'd/ard =i ord and =/endoline Block4s len"thy introduction to their California 7ndian Nights 1ntertainmentsC#%$0D still 5akes, even after seventy years, a reliable lay erson4s entry into California culture atterns, oralBliterary "enres, and storytellin" custo5s.X#Y >ost California cultures had no restrictions on /ho could erfor5 verbal art. >en and /o5en alike san" son"s, recited 5yths, and told stories. C*hou"h )\5 a/are of very fe/ instances of s eeches recorded fro5 fe5ale orators, that doesn4t 5eanO articularly /hen the record is so s otty and inco5 leteOthat /o5en never 5ade s eeches.D *here does see5 to have been an overall tendency for 5en to be the erfor5ers on the 5ore ublic and for5al occasionsOto recount the stories of creation in the roundhouse at ni"ht /hen everyone is "athered, to conduct the cere5onies and dances, to 5ake the ublic announce5ents, and so forth C=i ord and Block #%$0:G$D. But in 5any cultures, /o5en /ere involved in cere5onies as /ell, and curin" rituals, and storytellin" sessions. *he a"es of California4s 5any te;t collections Cthis one includedD , ?#G , attest to the "reat si"nificance of /o5en as bearers of their oral traditions and to their skill as narrators. 0on"s by and lar"e are closely tied to their occasionsOthat is, you /ouldn4t nor5ally sin" a huntin" son" e;ce t in the ro er conte;t of huntin", or a cere5onial son" a art fro5 its attendant cere5onyO but there are so 5any di erent kinds of son"s and son" conte;ts, that fe/ as ects of life are devoid of the o ortunity for sin"in" the5. >yths, in contrast, at least the 5ore serious ones, /ere ty ically restricted to the /inter coldBrainy season, /hen they hel ed to ass the ti5e durin" the lon" ni"hts and s ells of bad /eather. C)n a "reat 5any California cultures, tellin" a 5yth out of season, in su55erti5e, te5 ted fate by a""ravatin" 8attlesnake.D Like son"s, stories are erfor5ed in a "reat variety of settin"s and conte;ts, both ublic and rivate, fro5 the 5ost /ei"hty and for5al of cere5onies to the 5ost li"hthearted of entertain5ents. *hey are told in connection /ith dances and cere5onies, reli"ious initiations, rainy days, 5oral instruction, and funeral rites, as /ell as arties, fa5ily "atherin"s, and children4s bedti5es. *hey are told to ar5 the dee est cultural verities, to conserve kno/led"e, to e; lain the /orld, to inter ret hu5an and ani5al behavior, to illustrate oints in ublic or rivate debateOor Nust to ass the ti5e, to "et a lau"h or 5ake eo le think, to sound a /arnin" or su"arcoat friendly advice. )n short, they erfor5 all the functions that stories, fro5 Bible stories to fairy tales to ersonal narratives to travelin" sales5an Nokes, erfor5 in Western culturesOand every other culture, for that 5atter. )n ter5s of "enre, it is custo5ary to reco"niHe at least three broad cate"ories or oralBliterary 'hylaO narrative, son", and oratory, each of /hich is ea"er for further subdivision. )n the re5ainder of this essay, ) take u each of these "enres in turn, ho in" to "ive the reader a "eneral -lay of the land1 for each broad cate"ory.

NARRATIVE
:arrative itself 5i"ht be further subdivided into 5yths, tales, le"ends, and ersonal re5iniscences, alon" /ith various 5inor "enres. 0cholars tend to dra/ 5ore distinctions than do ordinary eo leOthe -folk1 the5selves. 0till, 5ost cultures dra/ at least a loose distinction bet/een , ?#? , 5yth and tale, 5yths bein" stories that relate the actions of the 7irst Peo le in the /orld before hu5an bein"s ca5e into e;istence, and tales bein" stories dealin" /ith hu5an bein"s and their doin"s. C:ote that this is not a distinction bet/een su ernatural and realistic stories, because tales are often Nust as fantastical as their 5ythic counter arts.D 6ften, too, the distinction bet/een the t/o is a blurry one. Be"innin" /ith 9lfred <roeber4s -)ndian >yths of 0outh Central California1 C#%0@bD, later refined and e; anded by 9nna =ayton4s -9real 9liations of California 7olktales1 C#%$?D, California4s oral literatures have ty ically been classified loosely accordin" to the attern of their creation 5yths. *hese rou"h -5ytholo"ical Hones1 corres ond by and lar"e to the 5ain culture areas a"reed on by anthro olo"ists: that is, allo/in" for e;ce tions, /e find a :orth/estern California creation attern, a 0outhern California creation attern, and a Central California creation attern Citself often divided into :orthBCentral and 0outhCentral subareasD. Briefly, in Central California /e tend to find a variation of the -'arthdiver1 5otif, /here the Creator, assisted by a handful of other ori"inal bein"s CCoyote a5on" the5, as a ruleD, 5ana"es to rocure a little bit of 5ud or sand brou"ht u by a hel er fro5 the botto5 of the ri5ordial ocean they find the5selves in, and stretches it out to 5ake the earth. 6ne of the 5ost o/erful yet lyrical e;a5 les of this ty e in the California canon /as narrated in #%02 or #%0$ by a brilliant >aidu storyteller na5ed H.nc4ibyNi5. )n Willia5 0hi ley4s fine translation C#%%#:#%F20D, this ortion of the creation 5yth runs as follo/s: 9nd then, they say, 'arth5aker san". -Where are you, 5y "reat 5ountain ran"esR 6, 5ountains of 5y /orld, /here are youR1 Coyote tried. He ke t on sin"in". -)f, indeed, /e t/o shall see nothin" at all, travelin" about the /orld, then, erha s, there 5ay be no 5isty 5ountain ran"es thereS1 'arth5aker said: -)f ) could but see a little bit of land ) 5i"ht do so5ethin" very "ood /ith it.1 , ?#A , 7loatin" alon", then, they sa/ so5ethin" like a bird4s nest. 'arth5aker said: -)t really is s5all.

)t /ould be "ood if it /ere a little bi""er, but it really is s5all. ) /onder if ) 5i"ht stretch it a art a little. What /ould be "ood to doR )n /hat /ay can ) 5ake it a little bi""erR1 9s he talked, he transfor5ed it. He stretched it out to /here the day breaksP he stretched it out to the southP he stretched it out to the lace /here the sun "oes do/nP he stretched it out to the :orth CountryP he stretched it out to the ri5 of the /orldP he stretched it outS When 'arth5aker had stretched it out, he said, -=oodS +ou /ho sa/ of old this earth, this 5ud, and 5ade this nest, sin"S *ellin" old tales, hu5ans /ill say of you: [)n ancient ti5es, the bein" /ho /as >eado/lark, 5akin" the land and stickin" it to"ether in Nust that /ay, built the nest fro5 /hich the /orld /as 5ade.\1 *hen >eado/lark san"O san" a beautiful son" about 'arth5aker4s creation. )n H.nc4ibyNi54s version, there is no divin", and a floatin" scra of bird4snest takes the lace of 5ud, but the basic desi"n of the 5yth is the sa5e. )n this collection, (arryl Wilson4s 9tsu"e/i creation 5yth, -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World1 CZ#D, lies closest to this attern, dra/in" on this notion of stretchin" or -kneadin"1 out the earth fro5 a s5all dollo of initial substance Cin Wilson4s case, 5istD. 0i5ilarly, in Willia5 Benson4s 'astern Po5o -Creation1 CZ#AD, t/o brothersOthe creator <uksu and his brotherB hel er >aru5da Cone of Coyote4s 5any 5ythical na5esDOcreate the /orld fro5 a ball of -ar5 it /a;1 C/hatever that 5i"ht beD and hair, by sin"in" and drea5in" it into bein".X2Y )n the 0outhBCentral literatures, the role layed by a nonhu5an, , ?#@ , nonani5al creator or -'arth5aker1 fi"ure in the northern 5yths is often filled by 'a"le. 0o5eti5es, even, Coyote hi5self is in char"e of the creation, as in certain Po5o, Pat/in, and >i/ok traditions C9. <roeber #%0@b:#%?P =ayton #%$?:?EGD. Usually, thou"h, Coyote is Nust a hel erOand a bu5blin", contrary one at that, /ho is 5ore a t to ta5 er /ith the Creator4s e orts, s oilin" the5, than to follo/ directions. )n contrast, the :orth/estern literary co5 le; is characteriHed by its technical absence of creation 5yths C9. <roeber #%2?D. )nstead, the /orld is seen as havin" al/ays been in e;istence Cthou"h hu5ans /ere not a5on" the race of 7irst Peo leD. *he annual World 8ene/al cere5onies of the +urok, <aruk, Hu a, *olo/a, and others /ere, and still are, conducted to ensure the ro er continuance of this

eternal /orld.X$Y *he follo/in" assa"e co5es fro5 7rancis (avis4s account of the <aruk version of the cere5ony erfor5ed in #%$E:XGY Bet/een +usarni5ani5as and the 5outh of Clear Creek ) take a s/i5 in the <la5ath 8iver. When ) "et into the /ater so it runs over 5y head, ) ray. ) think the rayer, ) do not say it aloud. When ) sink 5y head into the /ater, the /orld /ill reco"niHe 5e and a/aken everyone to a realiHation that it is the be"innin" of irahiv. When ) ray, ) ray for all to have luck. When ) "et out of the /ater, ) ut 5y shorts on a"ain and "o do/n the /est bank of the river to a bedrock flat. 9s ) /alk alon", ) ray that all eo le /ho believe /ill /alk as easily as ) /alk alon" this rou"h lace. *he i>#areya animas /alked over this in 5ythical ti5es. 9s ) /alk over it, ) tra5 it do/n, ) 5ake roo5 for everyone to live /ell and for there to be no sickness in the /orld. :ear +usarni5ani5as the eo le have laced a stone, /hich has lain there for lon" years. With 5y hands ) rotate it sli"htly to 5ake it sit 5ore solidly, so that the /orld /ill be solid too. , ?#E , 'veryone, /hen ) 5ove it around, /ill have the sa5e o/er that i>#areya animas has. *hen ) sit on the stone. While ) sit on the stone, eo le co5e to see 5e. 9ll /ho co5e to see 5e /ill be lucky. BesidesX,Y ) ray for everyone else. *hen the i'ni'avan aints 5e /hile ) sit on the stone. )n :orth/estern California, in lace of creation 5yths er se, /hat /e find is a body of -institution 5yths1 CsoBcalled by <roeberD, /hich relate the story of ho/ various custo5s and cere5onies /ere first established for hu5ankind by the 0 irit Peo le. >innie 8eeves4s account of the -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k\i5ildin"1 CZAaD is an e;a5 le of this ty e of 5yth fro5 the Hu a. )n 0outhern California, too, a very di erent creation attern is found. )n so5e traditions Csu55ariHin" =ayton #%$?D, an 'arth >other fi"ure and her brotherBlover, to"ether /ith their dyin" son, create the sun and 5oon and other features of the hysical universe, includin" eo le, to /ho5 they "ive custo5s and cultural institutions, instructin" the5 in the conduct of ro er hu5an lives. )n other traditions, t/o brothers take the lace of the divine brother and sister and e5er"e, &uarrelin", fro5 a ri5ordial ocean to co5 lete the /ork of creation. )n the rocess, one of the brothers dies, thereby introducin" death to the /orld. 'ither /ay, the story of this -dyin" "od,1 of his death and burial, serves as a focus of cathartic "rief for the eo le of the cultures that /orshi hi5. *he collector Paul 7aye took do/n a s5all set of creation and burial son"s in #%20 fro5 a Cu e2o sin"er na5ed 0alvadora 3alenHuela Ccoincidentally the narrator of one of the t/o -Ha/k 7eather1 e isodes translated by Mane Hill in selection Z2?D, son"s that d/ell on the the5es and characters of this creation. */o of these son"s 5ay be found on a"e ?@, /here they serve to o en art # of this book. *he re5ainin" son"s in this set are resented belo/.X?Y C*he reference to -hell1 in the second son" should not be taken as a reference to the Hell of Christian theolo"y, althou"h there 5ay be a de"ree of cultural overlay involved, but to the traditional Cu e2o under/orld or land of the dead.D

, ?#% , ('9*H 06:= 67 >U<9* 7ar a/ay they died, >ukat, *a5ayo/et, >ukat, *a5ayo/et. *heir hair they cut, *heir hair they ban"ed, 8edBBird, 8oadrunner. BU8)9L 06:= >y heart "ives out, "ives out, >y heart turns over, turns over. >y heart "oes do/n to hell, >y heart "oes do/n to hell. >y heart "oes to the ocean, >y heart "oes to the ocean. >ore recently, 3illiana Calac Hyde, the late, la5ented Luise2o traditionBbearer and educator, sa/ fit to record a "reat 5any of her o/n store of son"s before she died, includin" several lon" and rofoundly 5ovin" funerary son"s. C*hese son"s have since been ublished in Hyde and 'lliott #%%G.D *aken as a /hole, the creation and burial son"s oint to the key inter5in"lin" of t/o "riefs that is so characteristic of the 0outhern California culture area: a reli"ious "rief felt for the death of the "od in the story and a ersonal "rief for one4s o/n 5ortality and the very real death of fa5ily and friends. )n the lines of the Luise2o 5ournin" son" that follo/s CHyde and 'lliott #%%G: Z#@?D, /e can see this inter5in"lin" 5ade e; licit:XAY P6P\>U<36+ ::<W9 P\>U<J9 06:= ) a5 dyin" his death ) a5 dyin" his death ) a5 dyin" his death ) a5 dyin" his death His death is 5y death , ?20 , *he death of the >oon )t beca5e fo""y at the ti5e of his death )t /as fo""y /hen he e; ired ) a5 dyin" his death ) a5 dyin" his death His death, hcc, hcc, hcc, a5en Q 0o5e of >rs. Hyde4s less culturally sensitive son"s are resented in -9 Harvest of 0on"s1 CZ2GD, this

volu5e. *here are t/o 0outhern California creation 5yths included in this volu5e: Moe Ho5er4s -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CZ2@D and the 0errano -Creation1 told by 0arah >artin CZ2$D. *he stylistic contrast in the t/o narrators\ handlin" of the sa5e basic 5ythBty e is rofound: /here Ho5er is for5al and detached, >artin is e5otional and i55ediateP /here Ho5er is rofuse of detail, >artin is s arin", even stark at ti5esP /here Ho5er is co5 le;, >artin is si5 licity itself.X@Y +et both are e; ressions of the sa5e essential attern. But creation 5yths are not the beBall and endBall of a literary tradition. Besides creation 5yths s ecifically, there is a /hole constellation of stories set in this 5ythBti5e of creation, before the race of hu5an bein"s ca5e to d/ell u on the earthOstories like -*heft of 7ire,1 -6ri"in of (eath1 Cbla5e CoyoteD, -*heft of the 0un,1 and the 5any versions of the -Pleiades1 5yth. Perha s the 5ost si"nificant and e;tensive "enre or body of traditional stories in California centers on the 5ythic ersona of Coyote. 9ctually, it4s robably /ron" to label the Coyote story as a narrative "enre in its o/n ri"ht, because Coyote stories run the "a5ut fro5 core cos5olo"ical 5yths and creation ele"ies, throu"h NustBso stories and icares&ue adventure yarns, all the /ay to tall tales and the cultural e&uivalent of the raunchy Noke. +ou na5e it, and Coyote has oked his nose into it so5e/here. )n any case, there4s no &uestion that Coyote is a favorite subNect of :ative California4s narrators and audiences alike. 9s readers /ill co5e to see as they e; lore the contents of this volu5e alone Csee table # in the -=eneral )ntroduction1D, Coyote is a co5 le; and 5ultivarious ersonality: no/ hero, no/ fool, no/ trickster, no/ lech, no/ s oiler, no/ all of these thin"s rolled u in one.XEY >yths are often distin"uished fro5 le"ends and other narrative "enres by literary and lin"uistic features. *he <aruk story -Coyote and 6ld , ?2# , Wo5an Bullhead1 CZGD is a 5yth not Nust because it ha ens to be set in the ti5e of the )k;arWeyav, the [0 irit Peo le\, but because its s ecial o enin" and closin" for5ulasO-K#niii1 and -Ku' na#ana#ana1Odeclare it to be a 5yth. >yths are also very often 5arked as such by the resence of a s ecial "ra55atical ele5ent, usually referred to as a re5oteB ast -&uotative.1 )n +ana, a Hokan lan"ua"e of :orthern California, this ele5ent takes the for5 of a verbal su;, InQth9i:$ and indicates that the actions bein" related took lace lon" a"o, outside the direct e; erience of the narrator.X%Y *he use of this &uotative Chi"hli"hted in boldfaceD is de5onstrated in the follo/in" e;cer t taken fro5 a :orthern +ana 5yth, -Coyote, Heron, and LiHard,1 narrated by Betty Bro/n in #%0@ C0a ir #%#0D. )n this assa"e, Coyote is seekin" reven"e on Heron Wo5an and all her co5 anions for cuckoldin" hi5 at a dance and for not sharin" food /ith hi5.X#0Y 0.adi sitdin/th *hey /ere all slee in" no/, they say O ayNi [i/Llsa c\i, XallY across one another, s.adi siya/, all slee in", et".a4aya/. all snorin". P_llay4atdin/th !8 .V ai2

:o/ Coyote s5eared itch on it, they say, ay"i /.t"uru/. on the s/eat house. P_llayNiban/th aykh lal_u/ ki, He s5eared itch all over their feet, they say, _ulayn/th ay"ich yia. He s5eared itch on the eo le, they say. -<_uya/"u55a"ath b.tdidu/.lsa4a\S1 ->ay you not run out and save yourselvesS1 W.yru, :o/ then, , ?22 , ay Coyote ran out of the house, they say. +.5h Natdin/th aych yia, :o/ the eo le all burned u , they say, /.t"uru/. the s/eat house XtooY. -*_u5a4ninN ayNe asinN 5Lik\.y\i. -) have al/ays done like this /hen ) /as an"ry. -W.yru, -:o/ then, ditbLl a/\ ayNi c\.;aa4ays. cook for your loved oneS -<\un c\_ s, -0o it4s "ood, ayNi t_uya/na,1 this doin" of 5ine,1 tLin/th. they say he said. *he assa"e sho/s ho/ this su; Ctranslated as [they say\ or [it is said\D is ty ically attached only to the verbs in narrative clausesOthat is, those state5ents the narrator is ersonally res onsible for, /hich ne"otiate the te5 oral distance that se arates 5ythBti5e fro5 the resent /orldOand not to the verbs hLira5n/th 5Lc\i.

in dialo"ue, /hich are 5ade by the characters and are seen as state5ents belon"in" to that ti5e.X##Y )n contrast, ersonal re5iniscences, /hich relate events that the narrators the5selves have been /itness to, /ill not involve the use of a &uotative, e;ce t erha s incidentally. >any California traditions observe loose "enre distinctions /here the classification correlates /ith the a earance of a &uotative ele5ent. *here are a "reat 5any narrative sub"enres, both localiHed and /ides read. >any 0outhern California re ertoires reveal a "reat interest in le"ends of -/itches1 or sorcerers. 95on" the :orth/est cultures, stories about the antics of )ndian -devils,1 like -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 CZ?D and -)t Was 0cratchin"1 CZAdD, are a favorite "enre. )n , ?2$ , Central California, the Po5o stand outOeven a"ainst a broader cultural back"round /here birds like 7alcon, Condor, Loon, 'a"le, and >eado/lark are fre&uent and i5 ortant characters in the 5ythic dra5atis ersonaeOas havin" an es ecial fondness for son"s and stories featurin" birdsP 9nnie Burke4s -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CZ#@D is an e;a5 le fro5 0outhern Po5o. )n contrast, soBcalled 5onster stories 5ay be found retty 5uch every/hereP tales like ->ad Bat1 CZ#?D and -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 CZ20bD are instances in this volu5e.X#2Y )n the sa5e /ay, 5ost tribes tell stories about a culture heroOdi erently conceived for each "rou , it see5sO/ho ersonifies the 5oral and hysical ideals of his society. *he Central +ana tale of -7lint Boy1 C0a ir #%#0D 5akes as "ood a te5 late as any: a co55on outline 5i"ht include the birth or arrival of a baby Coften under su ernatural circu5stances, such as s rin"in" u fro5 the "round like a lant, or fro5 a clot of blood or s ittle on the floorD /ho "ro/s to 5aturity in a 5atter of days or /eeks and sets o to ri"ht outstandin" /ron"s or kill 5onsters C5araudin" =riHHly Bear /o5en in 7lint Boy4s caseD or fi"ht /ars, rescuin" his eo le by virtue of his hysical ro/ess, cunnin", and 5oral sin"leB5indedness. Mane Hill4s translation of e isodes -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/k 7eather\1 CZ2?D rovides an e;a5 le of this "enre here. *he distribution of taleBty es can also 5ake for interestin" study. 0o5e stories, like the -=riHHly Bear and (eer1 5yth, are kno/n in the northern half of the state but not in the southern half, /hile others, like the -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 5yth CZ20aD, have the reverse distribution. Both stories are /ides read favorites in their res ective areas of California, yet are /ellBkno/n outside the state as /ell. *he -Loon Wo5an1 5yth CZ#2D, in contrast, is uni&ue to the :orthBCentral re"ion of California. 8eaders interested in such re"ional atterns should consult =ayton4s -9real 9liations of California 7olktales1 C#%$?D. 9 final ty e of narrative, co55on in the ri5ary literature but not re resented for5ally in this collection, is the ethno"ra hic te;t. )t is an artificial "enre, because these te;ts have been elicited in res onse to a direct &uestion fro5 the collector, usually an anthro olo"ist or lin"uist seekin" infor5ation about so5e as ect of culture: -What /as an )ndian funeral likeR1O-Ho/ did eo le used to 5ake acorn 5ushR1O-(escribe a ty ical uberty cere5ony1Oand so on. 0uch narratives don4t confor5 to any traditional "enreP they /ould have no natural conte;t in the :ative culture, in /hich the ans/ers are si5 ly art of the fabric of life, , ?2G , and by and lar"e they /ould never have been roduced but for the in&uisitiveness of the collector Cthou"h it4s easy to i5a"ine children askin" their "rand arents &uestions like -What "a5es did kids lay /hen you /ere "ro/in" u R1 and "ettin" /hat a5ounts to an ethno"ra hically rich ersonal

re5iniscence in res onseD. 0o5eti5es these ethno"ra hic te;ts a5ount to little 5ore than verbal descri tions of traditional activities, such as basket5akin" or acorn re arationOactivities that are better docu5ented visually, lan"ua"e bein" rather a oor 5ediu5 for this sort of task. C*ry e; lainin" ho/ to tie a shoe over the hone.D *y ically, such descri tions have been collected, in the unti5ely absence of a ca5era, urely for the sake of docu5entation, but often lin"uists /ill elicit the5 for reasons that have little to do /ith the no5inal subNect 5atter itself. 9skin" a consultant to describe in words so5e such rocedure as arro/B5akin" is a little like ad5inisterin" a stress test to the lan"ua"e itself: the unusual de5ands laced on the synta; and le;icon often rea unsus ected "ra55atical constructions and vocabulary ite5s that 5i"ht other/ise never have been observed in hours of conventional narrative or conversation. But even in scenarios like this, narrators /ill occasionally roduce te;ts that 5ana"e to transcend their utilitarian ori"ins. )n the follo/in" assa"e, lin"uist Mudith Cra/ford has asked 8obert >artin, a >oNave, to describe the 5akin" of a cradleboard:X#$Y C89(L'B698( )\5 "oin" to 5ake a baby cradle no/. ) "o, ) "o, ) look for 5es&uite root, 5es&uite root, 5es&uite root. ) di" any/here u in the valley and )\ll stay until ) "et oneOif )\5 lucky, if the tree -"ives it to you.1 )f it is strai"ht lyin" in the "round, then ) take it. ) brin" it ho5e, ) bend it, ) lay it do/n until it is dry, and in one /eek or so, )\ll ut the cross ieces on. )\ll "o after so5e arro//eeds and ut the cross ieces on, and ) do it and then ) finish. *hen ) finish, then, )\5 "oin" a"ain, after the Xthin"s for tyin"Y on the cradle. ) eel 5es&uite bark and ) brin" it ho5e. *hat4s all. ) tie it u and finish. *hen that4s all. *hen ) finish the baby cradle. ) finish in one /eek or so. *hat is a baby cradle, and that4s the /ay ) 5ake the5, and that4s all. , ?2? , >artin4s account 5ay not "ive 5uch in the /ay of detail re"ardin" the actual techni&ues of 5anufactureOno one could 5ake a cradleboard on the stren"th of his descri tion aloneObut it does convey a nice sense of the s eaker4s state of 5ind as he "oes about his i5a"ined /ay, "atherin" his 5aterials and /orkin" the5. *here4s a ersonality here that shines throu"h, des ite the unlikely conte;t and subNect 5atter. 9rtificial or not, these te;ts can often be &uite interestin" fro5 a literary stand oint, as /ell, even a art fro5 the cultural infor5ation they contain. *he lin"uist 8obert 6s/alt recorded the follo/in" ethno"ra hic -te;tlet1 fro5 'ssie Parrish in #%?%, one of 5any he collected in the course of his e;tensive /ork /ith <ashaya Po5o s eakers. >rs. Parrish /ould have o ered it in res onse to &ueries fro5 6s/alt re"ardin" food re aration techni&ues Cit is one of several such te;ts she contributed to Kashaya Te>tsD.X#GY P8'0'83):= 0H'LL7)0H )n the old days /e could kee food /ithout it rottin". When /inter ca5e and the sea ran hi"h, the )ndians could not "o to "ather food alon" the

coast for lon" eriods. Before the /ater had already beco5e rou"h, the leader /ould co55and, -0tore a/ay your food.1 Havin" had hi5 say /hen Xto "oY, they /ent u to the "ravel beach, ried o 5ussels, "athered turban snails, acked the5 u the coastal cli s, du" holes, oured the shellfish in there, acked u "ravel, oured it on to , and oured ocean /ater over all that. *hen even /hen it rained, the 5ussels /ere still "ood and uns oiled for several days or even one /eekOturban snails they ke t the sa5e /ay. Because they did that, the old ti5e eo le did not die o fro5 starvation. *hat is all there is of that. *hou"h this account 5ay see5 to be o Bhand, the infor5ation conveyed is in fact &uite carefully or"aniHed. )t o ens /ith a for5ulaic reference to -the old days,1 thereby situatin" the te;t in the real5 of 5e5ory C ara"ra h #D, then 5oves into that ti5eBfra5e for a s arse but detailed descri tion of the season, social conte;t, harvested s ecies, hysical settin", and ste s involved in reservin" shellfish C ara"ra h 2D. 0he then closes the /indo/ she has o ened into the ast, returns us to the resent /ith her reference once a"ain to the -old ti5e1 eo le, andOstoryteller that , ?2A , she isOfinishes u /ith a -5oral1 about survival and the i5 ortance of dili"ence and kno/Bho/ C ara"ra h $D, before ter5inatin" the to ic at hand C ara"ra h GD. *he sense of literary for5 and closure, even in so short a discourse, is un5istakable. )ndeed, so5eti5es narrators can deliver "oods that far e;ceed the relatively narro/, rosaic e; ectations of the "enre. Betty Bro/n, the :orthern +ana consultant 'd/ard 0a ir /orked /ith in #%0@, dictated a series of ethno"ra hic te;tsOethno"ra hic vignettes 5i"ht be a better descri tionO that soar far above 5ost other te;ts of their kind. )n this e;cer t, fro5 a 5uch lon"er te;t 0a ir called -)ndian >edicine>en,1 a frantic husband has Nust called in a o/erful sha5an to try to save his dyin" /ife.X#?Y :9889*68: X*he 5edicineB5anY has arrived. (6C*68: -Put so5e /ater do/n on the "roundS1 :9889*68: He oered hi5 round /hite shell beads as ay5ent, he oered hi5 dentalia. HU0B9:(, *6 H)>0'L7: -He /ill be "lad because of these, /hen he sees the5.1 (6C*68: -) don4t like these trinkets hereO) like '(al!hsi shell beads.1 HU0B9:(: -0o you /ill doctor herS (octor her durin" the ni"htO erha s she /ill recover.1 (6C*68: -6h, ) a5 not afraid of doctorin" the one /ho is sick. Why should ) be afraidR ) a5 a 5edicineB5anS 0he /ill not cry. 0he /ill yet eat her o/n food.1 HU0B9:(: -=o forth fro5 the houseS 0houtS Call u on your drea5Bs iritS *hat4s /hat a 5edicineB 5an al/ays does.1 (6C*68: -0he /ill recoverO) drea5ed it. 2ray s'ea# to the s'ring of water$ 5y drea5 tells 5e. , ?2@ ,

2ray do not eatA Go ahead and eat tomorrow when the sun is overhead. -ou shall go to the s'ring to 6athe. X*husY ) drea5t. 2ray 'ass the night on the mountainA :o/ then, ) shall return in the ni"ht. Wake u the eo le. *hey /ill hel to sin". ) a5 a "reat 5edicineB5an. 2ray as# the ro%#sA ,s# the treesA ,s# the logsA Go a6out twi%e$ and the owl will tal#$ and the yellowhammer NtooO$ and 'ray roll to6a%%o 6etween your hands and smo#e itA 1at nothingA 2i%# u' the round lu%#IstonesA *hus did ) drea5. 0he /ill recover.1 8ather than res ondin" to 0a ir4s re&uests /ith the critically detached descri tions of the racticed cultural inter reter, she thro/s herself into the scene, reBcreatin" not so 5uch the details but the life and s irit of the occasion.X#AY Her reBcreation is so vivid and e5otional, so i55ediate, that it essentially takes the for5 of a dra5a. (escribe an )ndian burialR (escribe a curin" cere5onyR Betty Bro/n did that and 5ore.

SONG
0on"s /ere an inte"ral art of life in :ative California, and still are today. *here /ere curin" son"s, love son"s, dance son"s, o/er son"s, "a5blin" son"s, huntin" son"s, 5ournin" son"s, ritual son"s, luck son"s, drea5 son"s, /ork son"s, and travelin" son"s, to na5e Nust a fe/. 0on"s /ere sun" ublicly, to acco5 any dances, cere5onies, and "a5es, or in s5aller settin"s, to be shared /ith friends and fa5ily. *he "irls\ uberty , ?2E , son"s of the Wintu CZ##D, for instance, /ere ublic son"s, sun" by visitin" arties as they entered the villa"e /here a uberty celebration /as bein" held. *heir drea5 son"s, in contrast, ty ically /ould have been sun" first for a 5ore inti5ate audienceOthou"h once debuted, they could then be sun" to acco5 any dances. 6f course, son"s /ere also sun" rivately, to hel the sin"er think, ray, or focus an e5otion. *he Wintu cry son" that =race >c<ibbin sin"sO-/hi%h trail should 7 ta#e to go over the hillX 7 guess 7Qll ta#e the south trail over the hillF CZ#$DOis an e;a5 le of a son" that ori"inated as a rivate son", co5 osed by her "randfather /hile travelin", and later /as assed do/n throu"h the sin"er4s fa5ily as art of its oral tradition. 0on"s are fre&uently incor orated into stories and 5yths. 7our of the selections in this volu5e de5onstrate this characteristic: Willia5 Benson4s -Creation1 CZ#AD fro5 'astern Po5o Csadly, the son"s acco5 anyin" this 5yth /ere not reservedDP the Chu5ash story of -*he (o" =irl1 CZ22D, told by >arLa 0olaresP the older of the t/o Cu e2o -Ha/k 7eather1 e isodes CZ2?bD, dictated by 0alvadora 3alenHuelaP and Moe Ho5er4s -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CZ2@D. 9s this sa5 lin" su""ests, 5yths and other sacred narratives are erha s 5ore likely than other "enres to have a si"nificant co5 onent of son", Nust as hy5ns and litur"ical 5usic for5 an inte"ral art of Western Cand otherD reli"ious cere5onial traditions. But the e;a5 le of -*he (o" =irl,1 a secular tale if there ever /as one, sho/s that son" 5ay be associated /ith other "enres as /ell.X#@Y

Leanne Hinton has observed, for +u5an storytellin" traditions, that the son"s often create key interludes of e5otionality, /hich are set o like Ne/els a"ainst an essentially neutral or re ortorial narrative back"round. Where the narrative ortions of +u5an stories are invariably told fro5 a thirdB erson, re5oteB ast &uotative oint of vie/, the son"s tend to be firstB erson e; ressions of /hat the rota"onist is feelin" at that oint in the story, "ivin" the audience a vie/ directly fro5 the story4s heart, its e5otional core. *hou"h Hinton4s observations /ere ori"inally 5ade for Havasu ai, they clearly have a /ider a lication: for instance, it is easy to see e;actly this sa5e stylistic atternOof inner versus outer e; erience, the subNective e5otionality of son" a"ainst the obNective re orta"e of narrationOat /ork in the Chu5ash story of -*he (o" =irl.1 0on"s can vary "reatly in ter5s of content, as /ell. 9 lot of California son"s are actually /ordlessO that is, they consist entirely of nonsense syllables or vocables,X#EY 5uch like the )rish liltin" tradition, or the burdens , ?2% , of so 5any 'n"lish and Celtic folk son"s CheyInonnyInonny$ fol la diddle dido$ downIaIdown hey downIaIdown$ and the likeD. 7or instance, one of the 5any >i/ok "a5blin" son"s consists of the vocable hrases /a ni ni ni$ wa ah ha$ yo wa ha sun" in litany, over and over, until the sin"er4s "a5blin" turn is over C9n"ulo #%@Aa:E?D. )t is not accurate, ho/ever, to call these vocable son"s -5eanin"less.1 9lthou"h they 5ay not have e; licit le;ical content, they carry an e5otional /ei"ht and often ta into their true 5eanin" by association /ith a articular ritual or story. 9t the other e;tre5e are the lon", verbally co5 le; son" cycles of 5any 0outhern California tribes. 7or the 5ost art these son"s are connected /ith reli"ious cere5onies. *he follo/in" e;a5 le, taken fro5 the Juechan -Li"htnin" 0on"1 as sun" by Willia5 Wilson CHal ern #%EGD, resents a sa5 lin" of ei"ht son" te;ts dra/n al5ost at rando5 fro5 /ithin the lon"er cycle. 'ach son", robably inter/oven by strin"s of vocables, /ould be sun" a s ecified nu5ber of ti5esOor si5 ly over and over until its articular se"5ent of the cere5ony /as concluded. )t took all ni"ht to sin" the co5 lete cycle. He stands and looks fro5 afar He looks fro5 afar and sees He looks fro5 afar and describes He sees the &uiverin" fo""y cloud He describes the &uiverin" fo""y cloud He sees the cloud assin" He describes the cloud assin" He is lookin" at the clouds as they turn this /ay and that He describes the clouds turnin" this /ay and that He sees li"htnin" Li"htnin" flashes in the darkness He describes li"htnin" He sees its i5 ossibility He describes its i5 ossibility He clu5 s it to"ether He takes darkness and clu5 s it to"ether

He describes takin" darkness and clu5 in" it to"ether +ou have 5istaken it He sees you 5istake it , ?$0 , Coyote is there describin" da/n He describes you 5istakin" it 0tars ass overhead 0tars /anderin" overhead 0tars ass overhead 0tars trail across the sky 0tars trail across the sky He describes stars sittin" in the sky He sees sunrise He describes sunrise *he Luise2o son"s of 3illiana Calac Hyde, so5e of /hich are resented in this volu5e CZ2GD, like/ise illustrate this 5ore elaborate lyric tradition. )n :orthern California, the <aruk -'venin" 0tar1 son"s, too, can be &uite involved, ver"in" on a &uasiBnarrative for5.X#%Y *he vast 5aNority of kno/n California son"s are considerably less co5 le;, at least as far as their e; licit verbal content is concerned. *hey tend to consist of a fe/ linesOoften Nust one or t/oOof verse sun" in alternation /ith lines of vocables. =race >c<ibbin4s son"s CZ#$D are "ood e;a5 les of this 5ost ty ical California attern and have the advanta"e of re resentin" co5 lete erfor5ances, includin" re etitions and vocables, rather than Nust the abstract of the /ords alone. Hinton4s resentation "ives us the full te;t of one articular erfor5anceOa bit di erent each ti5e the son" is sun"Oas /ords and vocables intert/ine. Usually, thou"h, the verbal abstract is all that is resented of a son"P the vocables are i"nored, and the or"anic cycle of re etitions eli5inated.X20Y What /e see of a son" then is 5erely the distillation of its verbal essence. )t doesn4t 5ean that the son"4s te;t is not authenticONust a bit di5inished, re5oved still further fro5 its s ontaneous 5usical and erfor5ance conte;t. Here are so5e e;a5 les, strikin" nonetheless, dra/n fro5 a variety of sources and sin"in" traditions:X2#Y Who is like 5eS >y lu5es are flyin"O *hey /ill co5e to rest in an unkno/n re"ion 9bove /here the banners are flyin". Chu5ash son", fro5 a story , ?$# , Listen to /hat ) a5 about to sin". Listen to 5y breathin" on hi"h. Listen to 5y sta5 in", ) tear the "round u .

Listen to 5y "roanin". ) a5 done. 7IhaIyaIaIhaIhuIhaA 7IyaI#aImiIhaImiA Bear (ance son" C0anta 8osa )slandD Mu5 in" echoes of the rockP 0&uirrels turnin" so5ersaultsP =reen leaves, dancin" in the airP 7ishes, /hite as 5oneyBshells, 8unnin" in the /ater: "reen, dee , and still. .iIho$ hiIho$ hiIhayA .iIho$ hiIho$ hiIhayA >odoc uberty son" ) a5 travelin"O5e, 5e, 5eS ) "o around the /orldO5e, 5eS ) cause the 5istO5e, 5eS When ) cli5b the 5ountainto s ) cause XtheY clouds, ) cause the rain. Lon" live CoyoteS He /ill al/ays be. Coyote4s son" /hile travelin" CChu5ashD =oin" alon" sin"in", 7ollo/in" the deer trail, Huntin" deer, =oin" alon" sin"in", =oin" alon" sin"in". +ahi 5outhBbo/ son" , ?$2 , )n this 5ore co55on, stri edBdo/n 5ode of resentation, California son"s tend to rese5ble Ma anese haiku 5ore than anythin"Oindeed, it4s an obvious and strikin" connection to 5ake. Consider these e;a5 les, a"ain dra/n fro5 a variety of sources and sin"in" traditions:X22Y *he da/n is da/nin", a shado/O ) co5e ho5e, ) co5e ho5e. 9chu5a/i /akin" son" Where /e used to 5ake love, the "rass is "ro/n u hi"h no/. Hu a brush dance son"

) a5 the only one, the only one leftO 9n old 5an, ) carry the "a5blin" board, 9n old 5an, ) sin" the "a5blin" son". Costanoan "a5blin" son" Co5eS Co5eS ) 5ean you With the bro/n hat Q Costanoan love son" C ostBContactD (ancin" on the brink of the /orld Q Costanoan dance son" Mu5 , sal5on, Nu5 S 0o you 5ay see your uncle danceS Coyote4s son" to catch sal5on CChu5ashD )n truth, 5any of the son"s do rese5ble haiku in ter5s of their i5a"ery, as /ell as in their erce tual and e5otional i55ediacy, the -here and , ?$$ , no/1 of their subNect 5atter. But, /hen /e recall that these son"s are ty ically sun" over and over a"ain, the /ords bein" re eated 5any ti5es over, /e see that they share so5e of the characteristics of the 5antra, as /ell. Because of their essential te;tual brevity, son"s tend to be hi"hly elli tical and allusive. )t is often i5 ossible to dra/ the true 5eanin" of a son" 5erely fro5 its /ords alone. *he i5 ression of understandin" that so5eone outside the tradition "ets can /ell be a 5istaken one: /e only thin# /e "et it, because /e are able to res ond to the surface of the /ords as /e do to any oetic i5a"e.X2$Y But son"s resented this /ay are isolated fro5 their conte;t, and their conte;t is often the ri5ary lace /here their dee est 5eanin" resides. *ake this *achi +okuts son", -(a/is 0a a"ay4s 0on",1 recorded fro5 Leon >anuel by Ma5es Hatch in #%?@: Where /ill ) "o inR ) /ill "o in /here "reen scu5 is on the ool. 'ven kno/in" that (a/is 0a a"ay /as a /ellBkno/n *achi sha5an and that this /as his ersonal o/er son" does not take us very far alon" the ath to understandin". 0till, /e for5 an i5 ression, and after a /hile, feel that /e have established so5e sort of connection /ith the son". What /e don4t kno/ is that the son" refers to a story, the story of ho/ 0a a"ay received his doctor4s o/er to cure sickness. >anuel told 0a a"ay4s story this /ay: Lookin" for a doctor /ho /ould teach hi5 curin" o/er, 0a a"ay /ent to the ed"e of Wood Lake to find the under/ater entrance to the lace /here the doctor lived. He dove in Cat the lace /here the "reen scu5 isD, and ca5e u in a cave in /hich he 5et the "uardians of the doctor. *here /as a 5anBsiHed s ider /ith voracious Na/s, and, after/ard, a rattlesnake coiled ready to strike. Last, there /as a u5a and a bear /ho tore 5en to ieces.

0a a"ay used a kin"snake char5 a"ainst the s ider and the rattlesnake Ckin"snakes eat s iders and rattlesnakesD, /hile a"ainst the u5a and the bear he used a /easel char5 /hich 5ade hi5 s5all and a"ile. He thus assed the5 by. , ?$G , 9t len"th he ca5e to the end of the cave. )t /as a ne/ and stran"e land /hich he had not seen before. 9fter lookin" around, he ca5e u on the doctor sittin" steadfast as a stone and lookin" strai"ht at hi5. 9fter a ti5e the doctor looked u and asked 0a a"ay, -What are you doin" hereR Ho/ did you "et inR +ou 5ust have so5e sort of o/er to "et ast 5y "uardians.1 0a a"ay told hi5 of the char5s he had used and the doctor a roved of the5. *hey /ere the ri"ht char5s for the 5an /ho /anted doctor o/er. 0a a"ay looked about and sa/ that there /as no one around. He said, -*his 5ust be a very lonely laceP there are no other eo le here.1 *he doctor re lied, -+ou don4t see5 to like it hereP /hy did you co5eR1 9nd he continued, -) /ill sho/ you the eo le /ho live here.1 0o he called, and a lon" line of deer ca5e out of the black 5ountain to the /est. 0a a"ay thou"ht to hi5self, -*hese aren4t real eo le, but Nust deer fro5 the /oods.1 But the deer ca5e and for5ed a circle about hi5 and lost their horns and hooves, and turned into beautiful "irls dressed in strin" a rons, beads, and cla5shell orna5ents. *he doctor then addressed the "irls, -:o/ "ive hi5 your son"s, that he 5ay have doctor o/er a5on" his eo le.1 9nd the "irls tau"ht 0a a"ay their son"s so that he could use their secret o/er. When 0a a"ay learned all that he could, he asked the doctor ho/ he could "et back to his eo le. *he doctor told hi5 that the "uardians /ould be aslee /hen he returned throu"h the tunnel. 9nd then 0a a"ay returned to his eo le and beca5e a fa5ous doctor /ho /as called to all arts of California to cure the sick. Without kno/in" the story, /e can only as ire to the 5ost su erficial a reciation for the son"Oits /ords, erha s, but not its 5eanin". 6nce /e do kno/ the story, /e see Nust ho/ far o Bbase our understandin" really /as. 0o 5uch is i5 lied here, that the son" itself is 5erely an allusion. *o be sure, there is a clear i5a"e ca tured in these /ords, the i5a"e of al"ae floatin" on the surface of a ond. But this i5a"e is actually a bit like the "reen scu5 in the son" itselfOits true 5eanin" lies beneath it: the ool itself, and /hat /as do/n there. ';a5 les like the 0a a"ay son" serve as cautionary tales, /arnin" us not to be too confident that /e can ever fully understand the 5eanin" of a son"Oeven if it see5s laid out before us in crystalline for5. *he /ords of a son" are the lookin"B"lass throu"h /hich /e, as readers, enter the /orld of the son"Obut they the5selves are not that /orld, Nust , ?$? , its si"nifiers. When seen in this li"ht, it is clear that a son" co5 osed 5ostly or even entirely of vocables /ill be as rich in 5eanin" as a son" co5 osed /ith 5any verses of /ords.

ORATORY
*his cate"ory, /hich variously includes rayers, eulo"ies, ser5ons, 5ornin" s eeches Cin so5e cultures "iven daily by the chief fro5 ato the asse5bly houseD, ublic announce5ents, and instructional lectures, a5on" other "enres, is little docu5ented in California and can only be touched

on here. *he rint literature rovides us /ith very fe/ reliable e;a5 les Ctoo often the content of the s eeches has 5erely been ara hrased or su55ariHedD, and discussions of the to ic therefore tend to dra/ fro5 the sa5e fe/ ublished sources: 'd/ard =i ord4s -Central >i/ok Cere5onies1 C#%??D, Phili 0 ark5an4s -Culture of the Luise2o )ndians1 C#%0ED, C. (arryl 7orde4s -'thno"ra hy of the +u5a )ndians1 C#%$#D, 0a5uel Barrett4s -Wintun Hesi Cere5ony1 C#%#%D, and erha s a fe/ others. 7urther e;a5 les /ill yet turn u in rivate and archival collections of un ublished fieldnotes, as these are bo;BbyBbo; uncovered. 9s if in roof of this belief, a careful e;a5ination of 8ichard <eelin"4s Guide to 1arly Field De%ordings 9Z^ggjZ^T^: at the 3owie 0useum of ,nthro'ology C#%%#D su""ests that a considerable store of otentially retrievable oratory on /a; cylinder and alu5inu5 disc 5ay lie /aitin" in the vaults. >ost of the oratory that has been ublished consists of either rayers or ublic s eeches. Here and there 5ay be found e;a5 les of other "enres, thou"h. *he follo/in" assa"e for5s the conclusion of the len"thy lecture or -counsel1 "iven to initiates at the -uninish$ the "irls\ uberty cere5ony of the Luise2o C0 ark5an #%0E:22AD: 0ee, these old 5en and /o5en, these are those /ho aid attention to this counsel, /hich is of the "ro/nBu eo le, and they have already reached old a"e. (o not for"et this that ) a5 tellin" you, ay heed to this s eech, , ?$A , and /hen you are old like these old eo le, you /ill counsel your sons and dau"hters in like 5anner, and you /ill die old. 9nd your s irit /ill rise north/ards to the sky, like the stars, 5oon, and sun. Perha s they /ill s eak of you and /ill blo/ three ti5es and thereby cause to rise your s irit and soul to the sky. *he dyna5ics of settin" can contribute nearly as 5uch to the structure of an oration as its content does. :u5erous observers have co55ented on the eculiar vocal and rhyth5ic characteristics of ublic s eakin" as delivered by California orators. )n :orthern California, the +ana, like 5ost eo le, even had a s ecific /ord, gaa%(an(i [to talk like a chief\, to refer to this s eakin" style. 7orde, describin" the s ecial e ects of a Juechan funeral s eech, noted that -nor5al /ord order is chan"ed. Words are o5itted and others re eated to roduce the rhyth5 of the s eech. *hey are so5eti5es abbreviated, so5eti5es e; anded by the addition of consonants to increase the staccato of the s eech1 C#%$#:2#2D. *his e;a5 le, fro5 a Pat/in Hesi oration, /as described as bein" -delivered in very hi"h voice and Nerky hrases1 C9. <roeber #%2?:$E%D, and illustrates so5e of the features of this ty e of address:X2GY Be like thisS Be like thisS

Be "oodS Be "ood, "oodS Be "lad of itS 8eNoice in itS 8eNoice in this s eechS 8eNoice in thisS 8eNoice in these rosesS 8eNoice in these healthy roses Xyou4re /earin"YS 0ay yesS 0ay yesS We co5e a rovin"S We co5e a rovin"S We shall do it like thatS , ?$@ , We shall a roveS We shall be "ladS 7ather /ill be "ladS >other4s brother /ill be "ladS 6lder brother /ill be "ladS When /e "ather like thisS When /e "ather like thisS We shall reNoice, thereforeS 6ur s eechS 6ur s eechS Be "lad, thereforeS ) /as "lad, /as "ladS ) reNoicedS 8eNoice and a roveS 8eNoice and be "ladS 9 rove of itS 8eNoice in itS )t is easy to see ho/ the econo5ics of breath constrains the for5 of this oration. 9s everyone /ho has ever hollered at a friend or called a child to su er kno/s, the louder you shout, the less you can say on your lun"ful of air. *he need to be heard, to broadcast the voice across the /idest area, often to a dis ersed audience, has certain redictable conse&uences for the sha e of the 5essa"e. We should e>'e%t to find short, Nerky hrases and re etitions Cfor the sake of both e5 hasis and of eu honyD, distorted vocal &ualities, and a o/erful rhyth5ic drive. >ost of the recorded e;a5 les of California ublic oratory e;hibit these or si5ilar si"ns. )ndeed, /hen these features are less in evidence, it often turns out that the s eech has been reBcreated -in the studio,1 as it /ere. *hen a"ain, it 5ay si5 ly re resent a less bo5bastic "enre a ro riate to a s5aller or 5ore inti5ate or indoor audienceOfor instance, the "irls\ uberty lecture &uoted earlier. 9dd to these hysical constraints the urely stylistic tro es and &uirks, e5bellish5ents and deviations, that accu5ulate in an art for5 /ith the 5ost ancient of roots, and it4s no /onder these e;a5 les co55and our attention. What has survived of California oratory resents a tantaliHin" icture. But ) look for/ard to a ti5e /hen 5ore e;a5 les of these 5arvelous verbal art for5s have been found and brou"ht to li"ht, and /e

can be"in at last to a reciate their 5ulti le;ity and discern so5ethin" of their , ?$E , oetics. 0till 5ore, ) look for/ard to the 5intin" of new e;a5 les, to hearin" ho/ the livin" "enerations of California )ndians have carried these traditions into 5odern life. )ndeed, that should 5ake a fine -best ho e1 for the future of California4s oralBliterary herita"e at lar"e Othe /hole constellation of its indi"enous verbal arts, of 5yth and son", chant and celebrationOas this ne/ century "ets under /ay. )n the 5eanti5e, let us -reNoice in these roses1 that have co5e do/n, by so5e of the hardest aths i5a"inable, into the hands of osterity.

NOTES
#. *heodora <roeber has a nice essay, -0o5e Jualities of )ndian 0tories,1 in The 7nland /haleC#%?%D, her book of literary -retellin"s1 of five California stories. 2. Benson4s version, thou"h, contains ideas that are unusual in the Central California traditions: %y%les of creation and destructionOby flood, fire, /hirl/ind, and the likeObrou"ht on by the Creator4s dissatisfaction /ith the results of his labors. 3ersions by nei"hborin" Po5o and Lake >i/ok narrators Cfor e;a5 le, Calla"han #%@ED confor5 to the 'arthdiver ty e. 0uch ideas are 5ore co55on in +u5an literatures such as the >oNave and Halchidho5a, thou"h they are not unheard of else/here. 9lfred <roeber C#%2?:20AD s eculates that this subordinate -cycles1 attern in Central California 5ay be associated /ith the <uksu reli"ion. $. 0ources re"ardin" the World 8ene/al cere5onies include 9. <roeber and =i ord C#%G%D. G. 7ro5 9. <roeber and =i ord C#%G%:#GD. *his does not a ear to be a verbati5 record of >r. (avis4s account, because it sho/s clear si"ns of ara hrasin", robably introduced durin" the dictation rocess. *he <aruk ter5 krahiv refers to the World 8ene/al Cere5onyP 7>#areyev ,nimas is the na5e of one of the 0 irit Peo le fro5 the rehu5an 5ythBti5e. ?. *he te;ts re roduced here and on a"e ?@ co5e fro5 a fairBhand co y found a5on" 7aye4s notes in the Bancroft Library. 8eaders fa5iliar /ith the literature /ill notice so5e variation fro5 a version of these son"s first ublished in Mou"hlin and 3alenHuela C#%?$D and subse&uently re rinted in a variety of sources. A. 6ut of res ect for the feelin"s of conte5 orary Luise2o sin"ers /ho consider the funeral son"s both sacred and rivate, ) resent only the first stanHa of , ?$% , this beautiful and o/erful son"ONust enou"h to illustrate the oint ) 5ake here. 8eaders interested in studyin" this and other such son"s in their entirety 5ay consult -um y# -um y# 93ong ,go:, >rs. Hyde4s e;traordinary collection of narratives and son"s CHyde and 'lliott #%%GD. @. *here are other reasons besides stylistic choice /hy these t/o versions are so di erentOthe fore5ost bein" the a"e of the narrations and the narrators the5selves. Moe Ho5er told his 5yth in #%#2, and 0arah >artin told hers in #%A0. >any details, and indeed the ractice of e;tended narration itself, /ould have -eva orated1Obeen lost fro5 tradition durin" the "enerations that se arated the t/o erfor5ances. E. Coyote stories, of course, are not confined to California. 7ar fro5 it: Coyote is an i5 ortant 5ythic

character throu"hout 5uch of the 95erican and Canadian West. Willia5 Bri"ht4s book, , Coyote DeaderC#%%$D, is a fascinatin" and very readable celebration of 5ytholo"y4s 5ost notorious 5ulti le ersonality disorderP it /ill oint the reader to/ard all kinds of interestin" Coyote sources. =ary 0nyder4s essay, -*he )ncredible 0urvival of Coyote1 C#%@?D, is /ellBkno/n but still re/ardin". >ost any collection of 5yths or stories you 5i"ht ick u , es ecially fro5 California, /ill contain at least a fe/ stories featurin" CoyoteP it4s actually hard to avoid hi5 once you start lookin". )ndeed, because there are so 5any collections out there that focus on Coyote stories, ) haven4t "one out of 5y /ay to include e;a5 les in this volu5eOso if anythin", the i5 ortance of Coyote to the oralBliterary canon of California is underre resented by the selections in this volu5e. %. 9ctually, this ele5ent is a co5 le; unit co5binin" a re5oteB ast tense su; InQ9i: /ith the actual &uotative It h9i:$ each of /hich has an inde endent function. *he for5er 5ay be used for re5e5bered events of lon" a"o, /hereas the latter 5ay be used for re ortin" direct discourse or infor5ation ac&uired throu"h hearsay. *o"ether, thou"h, they have this s ecial narrative function in 5yth. #0. *his :orthern +ana assa"e is cast in an infor5al ractical ortho"ra hy desi"ned to balance lin"uistic needs /ith the need for honetic trans arency. (oubled characters re resent len"th, stress is indicated /ith an acute accent over the vo/el, and su erscri t letters are voiceless. Certain honetic rocesses involved /ith rosody Cfinal as iration, devoicin", secondary and e5 hatic ri5ary stressD are reserved in the transcri tion. 7or a 5ore detailed descri tion of lin"uistic /ritin" syste5s, see the -Pronunciation =uide1 at the be"innin" of the book. ##. 6ften there is a oetics involved /ith the use of this ele5ent. <en Hill, in his introduction to 0arah >artin4s 0errano -Creation1 CZ2$D, oints out that its occasional su ression see5s to have a hei"htenin" or intensifyin" e ect. 9nd , ?G0 , so5eti5es narrators /ill de loy the &uotative ele5ent in their stories tactically, controllin" that ele5ent4s lace5ent so as to section the story into assa"es, rather like ara"ra hin" in /ritten rose. #2. Perha s un/isely, ) colla se t/o related but rather di erent ty es of story into this ad hoc desi"nation. 7irst are stories like -=riHHly Bear and (eer1 CWhistler #%@@aD and -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 CZ20bD, /here the -5onster1 is si5 ly bad by dis osition. 7or e;a5 le, it is in Bear4s nature to be violentOshe4s al5ost al/ays the villain in her o/n stories and usually su ers the deadly reven"e 5eted out for her actionsP like/ise, Condor a ears to be -bad by nature.1 0econd is a class of stories like -8ollin" 0kull1 CLuthin #%%GD and ->ad Bat1 CZ#?D, /here an other/ise -nor5al1 character be"ins behavin" in a sychotic 5anner. )n the +ana -8ollin" 0kull1 story, Wildcat has a bad drea5, /hich deran"es hi5, sendin" hi5 o on a terroristic ra5 a"e until so5eone CCoyote, in this instanceD ste s in to -end his career1 and restore har5ony. )n >ad Bat4s case, /e don4t kno/ the cause of his deran"ed behavior, but eventually he, too, is sto ed, and ays /ith his life for his actions. #$. )n Lan"don C#%@A:$GD, ) have sli"htly altered Cra/ford4s free translation, as indicated by brackets. #G. *his te;t, in both <ashaya and 'n"lish, 5ay be found in 6s/alt C#%AG:$00F$0#D. #?. *he translation is 5y o/n, based on 0a ir4s #%#0 free translation and the ori"inal +ana. #A. 0a ir be"an elicitin" ethno"ra hic te;ts fro5 Betty Bro/n because he /as doubtful of her skill as a teller of traditional 5yths and stories. 9s it turned out, he /as also less than satisfied /ith her ethno"ra hic /ork. )n a footnote to the resent te;t, he co55ents on this 5atter: -)n this and the follo/in" te;ts an atte5 t /as 5ade to secure fro5 Betty Bro/n an account in her o/n lan"ua"e of so5e hases of +ana reli"ious and social life. 6/in" to her tendency to use conversational narrative

instead of "eneral descri tion, these te;ts are rather illustrative by 5eans of real or i5a"inary incidents in the life of the +ana than ethnolo"ically satisfyin" state5ents1 C#%#0:#@ED. #@. 0o5e traditions see5 to e; loit this characteristic 5ore than others. >oNave stories, for instance, are often densely inters ersed /ith son"sOso 5uch so that their co5 lete absence fro5 the archaic 5i"ration e ic CZ2AD strikes conte5 orary >oNaves as distinctly eculiar and unB>oNaveBlike. *he Chu5ash, Che5ehuevi CLaird #%EGD, and other 0outhern California cultures also see5 to have a reference for this style of storytellin". #E. 7or a 5ore detailed look at vocable ele5ents in California son", see Hinton #%%Gd. #%. 0ee Willia5 Bri"ht4s translation of one such son" C->yth, >usic, and >a"ic: :ettie 8euben4s <aruk Love >edicine1D in 0/ann #%%G. , ?G# , 20. *his a roach is ty ical of earlier ethnolin"uistic collections, 5ade before the field4s relatively recent advances in ethno oetics and erfor5ance theory. 2#. Chu5ash son" CBlackburn #%@?DP 0anta 8osa )sland Bear (ance son" CHeiHer #%??DP >odoc uberty son" CPo/ers #E@@DP Chu5ash Coyote son" CBlackburn #%@?DP +ahi 5outhBbo/ son" C*. <roeber #%AGD. 22. 9chu5a/i /akin" son" C9n"ulo #%%0DP Hu a brush dance son" C<eelin" #%E?DP Costanoan "a5blin" son" C9. <roeber #%2?DP Costanoan love son" C9. <roeber #%2?DP Costanoan dance son" C9. <roeber #%2?DP Chu5ash Coyote son" CBlackburn #%@?D. 2$. *his can be nearly as true for 5e5bers of other California tribesOor even other fa5ily traditions within a tribeOas it is for eo le /ith no e; erience of :ative culture at all. 2G. ) have taken the te;t as re orted in 9. <roeber C#%2?D and -s5oothed it u 1 a bit for use in this discussion. *hou"h 5y alterations stick very close to the ori"inal 'n"lish "losses, this still should not be considered an -authoritative1 renderin" of the Pat/in ori"inal, for /hich the reader should consult the ori"inal te;t. 7or those /ho /ere /onderin", the Hesi is a dance cere5ony. , ?G$ ,

[S"n%#
6h, eo leS 6ur hearts are "ood and stron"S We can /ork all dayS *his sickness does "o a/ay, ) kno/ itS ) "o o by 5yself. 9lone in the house, ) lie do/n on the bed 9nd for"et everythin". 9ll this fades a/ay. 9ll the eo leS 9ll our sick hearts /ill chan"eS

*his day is assin" a/ay, Passin" Xa/ayY fro5 here. We are all to"ether. :o/ /ill /e think /ell, :o/ /ill /e think in this lace, :o/ that /e are all to"ether. ) tell you, /hen /e lose a stron" 5an, 6ur hearts cannot be "oodObut no/, We 5ust not think about it. ) /ill end ri"ht no/, ) /ill end XitY /ell. We X5ustY think no/, about bein" here all to"ether no/. Peo leS )t /ill be "ood /hen this day has assed, X*hat4s /hatY /e are thinkin" here. ) /ill find our stren"th, ) /ill find our "ood. )t used to be that 5y body Xfelt badY, , ?GG , When ) lay do/n alone. 6n that ) rely: We trust our sick hearts /ill chan"e. ) rely on thatS ) /ill finish. 8i"htly /e are thinkin" "ood thin"s. Juechan funeral s eech C. (arryl 7orde, 1thnogra'hy of the -uma 7ndians , ?G? ,

>D. N"te$ "n N!ti4e C!'i)"rni! L!n%u!%e$

LANGUAGE FA+ILIES
<el Bbeds, red/oods, desert scrub, oak savannah: fro5 the coastal /aters of the Pacific to the crest of the hi"h 0ierras, fro5 the 0acra5ento (elta to the dry sands of the BaNa Peninsula, California has al/ays been a land of abundance. >ost of us are a/are of the e;tre5es of habitat, the tre5endous biolo"ical and "eo"ra hic diversity that California e5braces. :ot so 5any are a/are that this e;uberance e;tends to its :ative cultures and lan"ua"es as /ell. +et abori"inal California /as one of the 5ost lin"uistically diverse laces on earth, and its "reat abundance hel ed su ort the sin"le

hi"hest o ulation density in :orth 95erica C9. <roeber #%$%:#?$DOthat is, until the 0 anish, and later the ne/ -95ericans,1 ca5e and be"an to chan"e the lives of its eo le forever, constrainin" their /ays, restrictin" their freedo5s, and dis ossessin" the5 of their lands. California /as ho5e to at least ei"hty to one hundred distinct lan"ua"esOand robably 5oreOat the ti5e of 'uro ean contact. C'ach lan"ua"e reflects a cultural division, tooP see 5a 2, . [email protected] 9s al/ays, thou"h, lan"ua"e is an early casualty in the forced assi5ilation of other cultures. )t is a tribute to the tenacity of California )ndians that so5e fifty of these lan"ua"es are still s oken today.X#Y *he 5aNority of these lan"ua"es are severely endan"ered, ho/ever, and drastic 5easures need to be taken to ensure their survival into the ne;t century. >ost of California4s 5any lan"ua"es /ere in turn s oken in different dialects as /ell, Nust as the 'n"lish -accents1 of Brooklyn, 9tlanta, (ublin, :airobi, Bo5bay, and Perth are di erent today. 6ur /orld , ?GA , 'n"lishes, thou"h, have only been develo in" for a fe/ hundred years, /hereas California4s lan"ua"es have been rooted and chan"in", 5any of the5, for thousands of yearsOand thus the dialect di erences /ithin a lan"ua"e can be &uite rofound. *he three attested dialects of +ana, for instanceO:orthern, Central, and +ahiOvary fro5 each other about as 5uch as do the 8o5ance lan"ua"es, say 0 anish, Portu"uese, and )talian, /hich are the5selves really Nust the 5odern descendants of 5edieval Latin dialects. C)n truth, the +anan dialects are not e;cessively di erentiated. *here are 5uch "reater di erences to be found a5on" the various 0hastan and Chu5ashan -dialects,1 /hich are 5ore ro erly classified as distinct lan"ua"es than as dialects.D )t is easy to see that the distinction bet/een lan"ua"e and dialect is not al/ays a strai"htfor/ard one: so5eti5es it4s Nust a 5atter of convention or historical accident or olitics /hether t/o related for5s of s eech are labeled as dialects or as se arate lan"ua"es. 0o /hen lin"uists cite a fi"ure like the conservative -ei"hty to one hundred distinct lan"ua"es1 fi"ure for reBContact California, astonishin" thou"h it 5ay be, the reality /as even 5ore co5 le;: there are layers of diversity within that overall diversity that the "eneral fi"ure doesn4t even hint at. 7inally, as if this co5 le;ity /ere not enou"h in itself, the stability and relatively s5all siHe of 5ost California tribal territories Cand the close contact /ith nei"hborin" "rou s throu"h tradin" and inter5arria"e that this i5 liesD 5eans that bilin"ualis5 and even trilin"ualis5 5ust have been a co55on lace. California truly /as a lin"uistic land of lentyOa roud trait that 5odern California, thanks to its survivin" native lan"ua"es and the 5ultilin"ual constellations of its 5aNor cities, reserves to this day.X2Y =iven their tre5endous diversity, it4s unsur risin" that California4s lan"ua"es bear "enetic rese5blances a5on" the5selves. CBy geneti% resem6lan%e /e 5ean that the lan"ua"es in &uestion trace back to a co55on ancestor lan"ua"e, Nust as 0 anish, 7rench, and )talian have evolved or descended fro5 Latin.D *here are a ro;i5ately t/enty lan"ua"e fa5ilies in California Csee table ?D.X$Y 0o5e, like Po5oan or Utian, are relatively lar"e fa5ilies of lan"ua"es, havin" 5any siblin" 5e5bers Cfifteen in the case of UtianDP others, like <aruk or Washoe, are -only children1 /ithin their res ective fa5ilies. )n turn, these t/enty or so California lan"ua"e fa5ilies 5ay ulti5ately descend fro5 five su erfa5ilies, or stocks. C)n the sa5e /ay, the , ?G@ , *able ?. Lan"ua"e 7a5ilies: California Lan"ua"es and =enetic 9ffiliations

+U<)9: -u#ian Family +uki C+uki!Coast +uki!Huchno5D Wa o CHU>90H9: Chumashan Family 6bis e2o Purisi5e2o )nese2o Barbare2o 3enture2o )sland Chu5ash H6<9: 0*6C< CP86P60'(D <aruk Chi5ariko +ana C:. +ana!C. +ana!+ahiD Washoe Shastan Family 0hasta <ono5ihu :e/ 8iver 0hasta 6k/anuchu 2alaihnihan Family 9chu5a/i

 9tsu"e/i 2omoan Family :orthern Po5o Central Po5o :ortheastern Po5o 'astern Po5o 0outheastern Po5o 0outhern Po5o <ashaya C0outh/estern Po5oD Salinan Family 9ntonia2o >i"uele2o -uman Family ) ai C:orthern (ie"ue2oD *i ai C>e;ican (ie"ue2oD <u5eyaay C0outhern (ie"ue2oD >oNave Halchidho5a C>arico aD Juechan C+u5aD '00'L': 'sselen P':U*)9: 0*6C< CP86P60'(D /intuan Family

 Wintu CWintu!:o5lakiD Pat/in CHill Pat/in!8iver Pat/in! 0outhern Pat/inD 0aiduan Family >aidu <onko/ :isenan 0iwo#an Family 9Ktian: Coast >i/ok CBode"a!>arinD Lake >i/ok 0aclan CBay >i/okD Plains >i/ok :orthern 0ierra >i/ok Central 0ierra >i/ok 0outhern 0ierra >i/ok Costanoan Family 9Ktian: <arkin Chochenyo 8a5aytush *a5yen 9/as/as Chalon

 8u5sen >utsun

, ?GE , -o#utsan Family 3alley +okuts 7ar :orthern C+achiku5ne XChula5niY!Lo/er 0an Moa&uin!Lakisa5ni*a/ali5niD :orthern 3alley C:o chinchi! Cha/chila! Chukchansi!>erced! <echayiB(u5naD 0outhern 3alley CWechihit!:utunutuB*achi!Chunut!Wo4lasiChoynok!<oyeti+o/lu5niD Buena 3ista C*ula5ni!Ho5et/oliD =asho/u <in"s 8iver CChukay5ina! >ichahay!9yticha! Choyni5niD *uleB<a/eah CWikcha5ni!+a/danchiD Pale/ya5i 2lateau 2enutian Family >odoc U*6B9j*'C9: 0*6C< *]batulabal Ta#i% Family <itane5uk *on"va C=abrielino!7ernande2oD 0errano

 Luise2o CLuise2o!9Nach5e5 XMuane2oYD Cu e2o Cahuilla *atavia5 Numi% Family :orthern Paiute >ono C>onache!6/ens 3alley PaiuteD Pana5int CCalifornia 0hoshoneD <a/aiisu Che5ehuevi Cdialect of UteD 9L=)C 0*6C< Ditwan Family +urok Wiyot :9B(':' 0*6C< ,tha'as#an Family *olo/a C*olo/a!ChetcoD Hu a CHu a!ChilulaBWhilkutD >attole C>attole!Bear 8iverD 'el 8iver C:on"atl!Lassik! 0inkyone!WailakiD Cahto =er5anic fa5ilyO/hich includes 'n"lish, (utch, =er5an, and the 0candinavian lan"ua"esOis itself a 5e5ber of the )ndoB'uro ean su erfa5ily of lan"ua"es, a stock that incor orates such see5in"ly dis arate lan"ua"es as 7rench, 9r5enian, =reek, Croatian, and Hindi under its u5brella.D */o of the five stocks, Penutian and Hokan, are closely or &uintessentially associated /ith California and are so

ancient that the rese5blances a5on" their constituent lan"ua"e fa5ilies are barely discernible. )ndeed, the rese5blances are so hard to in do/n, and the ti5e , ?G% , de th involved is so rofound, that 5any lin"uists believe the5 to be chi5erical. We 5ay catch a "li55er here and there, as in the various /ords for [t/o\, but their interrelationshi s are dee ly buried in ti5e.XGY *he other three stocksO9l"ic, :aB(enW, and UtoB9HtecanOare /ell acce ted and have their ri5ary distributions outside the California re"ion.X?Y )n addition, there is one -fa5ily isolate1 that can4t be lausibly linked u /ith any of the other stocks: +ukian, /hich includes the +uki, Coast +uki, and Huchno5 dialects of +uki ro er, to"ether /ith the re5otely related Wa o.XAY C)solates are lan"ua"es, like Bas&ue in 'uro e, that have no kno/n "enetic aliation to any other lan"ua"e "rou s.D Like the Hokan lan"ua"e fa5ilies, +ukian re resents an ancient resence in California. >a $, a"e ?@?, sho/s the "eo"ra hic distribution of these stocks and fa5ilies. *he rehistory of the California lan"ua"es 5akes for a challen"in" study. 6f Penutian, >ichael 0ilverstein has /ritten, -*here is, first, tre5endous lin"uistic diversity, e"ualling 'erha's that of the entire %ontinent$ enco5 assed /ithin the ro osed [su erstock\1 C#%@%P italics 5ineD. 0o 5uch ti5e has assed that the 5odern descendants of that ori"inal lan"ua"eOif /e can even be sure there was but one such lan"ua"eOhave 5eta5or hosed dra5atically. +et, althou"h Penutian is a venerable fa5ily in its o/n ri"ht Cthere are tenBthousandByearBold sites in southern 6re"on, the resu5ed Penutian ho5eland, distributed alon" the shores of ancient lakes, that /ere robably Penutian sitesD, as a fa5ily resence in California ro er it is not terribly old: on the order of fortyfive hundred years or 5ore, datin" fro5 the first incursions of ProtoUtians into the 0acra5ento 3alley. Hokan, in contrastOor any/ay, the distinct lan"ua"e fa5ilies that traditionally co5 rise this "rou in"Ois 5uch, 5uch older in California, "oin" back beyond our ability to calculate /ith any certainty. )ts ancestral s eakers are, alon" /ith ancestral +ukian s eakers, if not the first, certainly a5on" the oldest inhabitants of California. We 5ust resu5e they /ere already hereOlon" in residence, fa5ilies of an old and already diver"ent stockO/hen the earliest Period )) archaeolo"ical sites be"in to enter the record, so5e ei"ht thousand years a"o.X@Y )f de5onstrable as a lan"ua"e fa5ily or su erstock, Hokan /ould be 5uch older than )ndoB'uro ean, erha s even older than Penutian itself. 9 rou"h "eneral consensus uts its ti5eBde th at t/elve thousand years old.XEY *he resence of the other three "rou s Cthou"h ancient in and of the5selvesD , ??0 , in California is 5uch 5ore recent. )ndeed, by takin" a closer look at the fa5ilyBandBstock 5a C5a $D of California, /e can "et a "li5 se of its lin"uistic ast. Like the residue of /aves fossiliHed in the ri led sedi5ents of an ancient shoreline, the conte5 orary lan"ua"e 5a of California C5a ?, . ?@$D reveals a tracery of a"esBold atterns of 5i"ration. But first /e have to learn to see that 5a as if in 5otion. We can start by i5a"inin" a ti5e, so5e five thousand years a"oOconsistent /ith the lin"uistic evidenceO/hen lon"Bresident, already diver"ent HokanBaliated eo les /ere s read retty 5uch across the coast and heartland of the Central California culture area, sharin" arts of this territory /ith early Chu5ashan and +ukian eo les Cand no doubt other "rou s as /ell, /ho have assed fro5 the record /ithout traceD. *hen, be"innin" around fortyBfive hundred years a"o, ProtoBUtian eo lesOthe Penutian ancestors of the >i/ok and Costanoan fa5iliesObe"an 5ovin" into California fro5 the northeast alon" the "reat riverBandBvalley syste5sOfirst alon" the <la5ath, then over to the 0acra5ento, follo/in" it all the /ay do/n into the Bay re"ion and u its tributaries into the 0ierra

:evada and south alon" the coast to >ontereyOthe very territories that they occu y today. 9s they /ent, they /ould have dis laced so5e of the alreadyBsettled -6ld California1 eo les fro5 these re"ions. *he Utians /ere follo/ed in ti5e by ancestral +okutsan eo les, /ho be"an their lon" 5ove do/n into the Central 3alley and southern 0ierra foothills about thirtyBfive hundred years a"o. Both these e; ansions into California /ould have taken lace over the course of centuries, involvin" "enerations of "eo"ra hic ada tation to ne/ lands and the "iveBand take of cultural acco55odation /ith ne/ nei"hbors. Later, be"innin" around t/o thousand years a"o, ancestors of the Wintuan eo les, robably ushed by 9thabascan "rou s still farther to the north, 5ade their 5ove into California, follo/in" the byBno/ /ellB/orn Penutian 5i"ration routes do/n into the u er 0acra5ento 3alley, s readin" slo/ly south over the course of the ne;t thousand years CWhistler #%@@bD. 9t about the sa5e ti5e the Wintuan "rou s /ere be"innin" their descent, around t/o thousand years a"o, ancestral >aiduan eo le, /ho had been livin" in the *ahoe re"ion fro5 about G000 b. ., be"an e; andin" into their resent territories, at the e; ense of the Washoe and +ana. 9ll these /aves of Penutian 5i"rations have "reatly enriched the lin"uistic ta estry of California.X%Y Lookin" a"ain at the 5odern distribution of Hokan and other 6ld , ??# , California fa5ilies Csee 5a G, . ?@AD, you /ill see the5 dis laced in clu5 s and islands alon" the eri hery of carto"ra hic California, ressed out/ard in a "reat, broken rin" around the central re"ion of the state, be"innin" /ith <aruk, Chi5ariko, and 0hasta in the north/est, over to 9chu5a/i, 9tsu"e/i, and +ana, and ski in" do/n to Washoe in the east. *hen co5es a bi" "a in that rin", /here UtoB9Htecan tribes fro5 the interior 5uch later flo/ed out of the =reat Basin or southeastern 0ierra into southern California, eventually reachin" all the /ay to the Pacific. *he ieces of the rin" ick u a"ain, hundreds of 5iles further on, /ith the +u5an tribes far to the south: >oNave, Halchidho5a, Juechan, Coco a, and *i aiB) ai.X#0Y 7ra"5ents of the "reat rin" can be seen scattered north/ard alon" the coast, as /ell: beyond the Chu5ash /e find 0alinan and 'sselen, and finally, north of the Penutian e; ansions into the 0an 7rancisco and >onterey Bay areas, the Po5oan lan"ua"es and lan"ua"es of the +ukian stock. 6n the 5a , the UtoB9Htecan territory looks like nothin" so 5uch as a vast cultural and lin"uistic lava flo/ that has dis laced or si5 ly covered over the traces of /hatever "rou s 5ay have lain in its ath. *he *akic ancestors of 5odernBday California UtoB9Htecan eo les Cthe 0errano, Luise2o, Cu e2o, =abrielino, and othersD be"an e; andin" /est/ard into California fro5 the southern 0ierra :evada about three thousand years a"o, reachin" the coast as early as 2?00 b. .X##Y 9s they ca5e, they /ould have ushed the resident +u5an "rou s out and a/ay to the south and east, /here they are found today. Behind the5, and later, ca5e :u5ic "rou s fro5 further out in the =reat Basin. 7ollo/in" the 5any and sta""ered Penutian and UtoB9Htecan 5i"rations, around one thousand years a"o accordin" to available evidence, the ancestors of the t/o 8it/an lan"ua"es, Wiyot and +urok, arrived Cse arately, it a earsD to clai5 territory in the north/estOthou"h ho/ they ca5e to be here, so far fro5 their distant 9l"ic relatives in the 9l"on&uian fa5ily, is a 5ystery that 5ay never be solved. Later still, as late as a. d. %00, the California 9thabascan "rou sOthe *olo/a, the Hu a!ChilulaWhilkut "rou , the >attole, the 'el 8iver cluster C:on"atlB0inkyoneLassikBWailakiD, and the CahtoOdrifted do/n fro5 6re"on, further dis lacin" the descendant s eakers of those ori"inal California lan"ua"e fa5ilies. :ot 5any laces on earth could sustain the diversity such re eated incursions have en"endered in

California.X#2Y )n a di erent landsca eOa , ??2 , land of 5ore li5ited resources, of harsher cli5ate, of less ru""ed and varied terrainOthere /ould have been insucient roo5, ecolo"ically s eakin", for ne/ o ulations. )n a 5ore itched co5 etition for resources, the ne/co5ers /ould have been re ulsed, or the incu5bents van&uished, else both "rou s /ould have risked starvation. )n hostile environ5entsOsay, the 9rctic or =reat Basin re"ions of :orth 95ericaOhu5an o ulations 5ust be hi"hly no5adic, re&uirin" lar"e territories to rovide 5ore than the 5ea"erest sustenance of life. *rue to e; ectation, the lin"uistic and cultural diversity in both those re"ions is relatively 5ini5al. 7ro5 9laska to =reenland, /e find but a sin"le lan"ua"e, )nu ia&, s oken in a lon" chain of dialects across the entire circu5 olar re"ion. 9 si5ilar dialect continuu5 of closely related :u5ic lan"ua"es C:orthern Paiute, >ono, 0hoshoni, Co5anche, 0outhern Paiute, Che5ehuevi, and <a/aiisuD s reads throu"h the =reat Basin fro5 Wyo5in" and >ontana in the north do/n throu"h Utah and :evada, all the /ay to >e;ico.X#$Y But California4s "eo"ra hy and rich ecolo"y have a orded it an e;traordinary carryin" ca acity for hu5an cultures and the lan"ua"es they bear /ith the5.

CALIFORNIA LANGUAGES IN THE POST*CONTACT PERIOD

0o /hat has beco5e of this "reat diversity of ton"uesR 0adly, California4s lan"ua"es have been fi"htin" for survival since the day the first 0 anish 5ission /as established in #@A% at /hat is no/ 0an (ie"o. 9"ainst all odds, so5e fifty ethnic "rou s still have active s eakers of their native lan"ua"e CHinton #%%GaD. +et this situation, al/ays a recarious one, is chan"in" ever faster, as last s eakers one by one ass on, takin" their /ords and the 5usic of their voices /ith the5. C>a ?, based on a study re orted in Leanne Hinton4s Flutes of Fire$ sho/s the areal distribution of these re5ainin" s eakers, by lan"ua"e.D 0o5e of the losses have been recent indeed: for instance, /hen Laura 0o5ersal, the last fluent s eaker of Wa o, died in #%%0, the Wa o lan"ua"e died /ith her. 6f the fifty or so stillBactive lan"ua"es, 5any are bein" tau"ht to schoolchildren and youn" adults in the classroo5, but not one is currently bein" assed on to the youn"est "eneration of s eakers, to be learned by children as their 5other ton"ue, the lan"ua"e of ho5e and fa5ily. Ho/ could this have , ??$ , ha enedR Ho/ could so 5any lan"ua"es have fallen silentR )n the end, the history of lan"ua"es is inse arable fro5 the history of the eo le /ho s eak the5. *he story of California4s holocaust has been told 5any ti5es, thou"h still the truth of it is not yet co55on kno/led"e.X#GY 'sti5ates of the reContact :ative o ulation of California ran"e fro5 a conservative $#0,000 to nearly a 5illion. By the end of the nineteenth century, that o ulation had fallen to 20,000 or even less CCook #%@ED. 'ven at the 5ost conservative esti5ate, this re resents a loss of 5ore than %0 ercent. C)t takes a "reat deal of restraint to rint a fi"ure like this /ithout an e;cla5ation 5ark.D *his catastro hic decline enco5 asses t/o 5ain cycles or e icenters of destruction: one in the south fro5 #@A% to about #E$G, s readin" inland and north alon" the coast /ith the e; ansion of the ini&uitous 0 anish 5ission syste5P the other in the north fro5 #EGE C/hen "old /as discovered at 0utter4s >illD to rou"hly #EA?Othe 5adness of the =old 8ush, /hich &uickly s read throu"hout the 5ountainous re"ions of the state. *he brief eriod bet/een these cycles /as no haven of recu eration. )n addition to increased 'uro eanB95erican encroach5ent on )ndian lands a5id the

u heavals of the >e;ican War, e ide5ics of 5alaria and s5all o; deci5ated already stressed o ulations reelin" fro5 the onslau"ht of sustained contact be"un a 5ere si;ty years before. Cook C#%@E:%2D 5entions eye/itness re orts of -entire villa"es of several hundred eo le bein" e;ter5inated, of 5asses of skeletons found for years after.1 )t /ould be co5fortin" to all of usOnot Nust for those /ho 5ust co5e to ter5s /ith the dark underside of their forebears\ history of con&uest, but also for those /hose eo les have aid the rice of that con&uestOif /e could believe that this /aste and devastation /as lar"ely unintended, the sad but inevitable byB roduct of /orlds in collision: 5icrobial tra"edies layed out in the blood, ecolo"ical tra"edies brou"ht on by ine; erience in a ne/ environ5ent, cultural tra"edies kicked o by the discre ancy in 5edical and technolo"ical skillsOall of /hich o ened the /ay to a "radual abandon5ent of traditional cere5onies and crafts. Unfortunately, the reality of /hat ha ened bet/een )ndians and /hites in California /as not al/ays so innocent. =enocide is a hard /ord but the only ri"ht one for /hat took lace. ) don4t 5ean to d/ell on the issue here. *his book is intended as a celebration, not a courtB5artial, still less a re&uie5. But certain facts 5ust , ??G , be faced s&uarely in order to understand the odds a"ainst any of the cultures re resented here survivin" into the t/entieth century, let alone the t/entyBfirst, /ith so5e se5blance of their lan"ua"es and traditions intact. 8ather than atte5 t to cover this history discursively, ) /ill take a testi5onial a roach, usin" the articulars of three short narratives to su""est the ty e and e;istence of 5ore "eneral conditions. *he >ission eriod, /hatever the intentions of the 7ranciscan adres, /as not a beni"n one for the :ative cultures scorched by their influence. 7orced labor, starvation, disease, ra e, slavery, incarceration, torture, e;ecutionOthese /ere co55on laces of >ission life. *he brutality of the adres and soldiery is /ellBdocu5ented, throu"h both eye/itness re orts and archaeolo"ical findin"s Csee Mackson and Castillo #%%?D. :eedless to say, :ative 5e5ory of the >ission era runs dee . Juite a fe/ autobio"ra hical and oralBhistorical accounts have been collected over the years, so5e ublished, 5ost robably not. 'ven today, 5any )ndian fa5ilies have stories, assed do/n throu"h the "enerations to the resent, that date back to this eriod. *he te;t that follo/s /as narrated by 8ufino 6churte, and describes the slo/ but ine;orable rocess of 0 anish enculturation a5on" the <ili/a do/n in the BaNa Peninsula.X#?Y *H' 78)980 9* <)L)W9 *here /ere - a"an1 )ndians in this land. *hey /ere in these 5ountains. *here /as a friar, XbutY no one ca5e near hi5. When they least e; ected it he /ould seiHe one or t/o eo le. *hat4s ho/ he used to do it. 9ll of the eo le he had done that to /ent in, and /hen they had beco5e ac&uainted they didn4t flee any5ore. -Well, it4s very "ood, ) tell you,1 they /ould re ort. )n that 5anner one or t/o 5ore /ould co5e in, and so it /ent until there /ere 5any eo le at the >ission. *he friars /ould 5ake the eo le /ork. When they /ere disobedient, they /hi ed the5. *hey "ave the5 corn 5ush to drink so that they could /ork. *hey built houses. But they didn4t earn anythin". 9s for food, those /ith fa5ilies they aid a sackful of corn. *he others ate at the >ission. *hat4s /hat they used to do. *he disobedient ones /ere seiHed and beaten and dunked in /ater.

*hey used to ba tiHe eo le. *he friar /ould say, -What ) a5 doin" is a "ood thin". )\5 "oin" to do that to the others, also.1 *he )ndians /ould say, -) don4t kno/ about that.1 :o one ca5e near. )t continued , ??? , that /ay. 0lo/ly the friar be"an to "et 5ore eo le. 'veryone kne/ the friar. *hen they /ere all acified. *hey ca5e to the >issionOnot 5any, XNustY a fe/. )n that /ay, eo le ke t arrivin". *hey sa/ /hat the friar did and s oke about it. 0lo/ly, 5ore eo le a roached. 0o 5any ca5e closerOXbut stillY not a lar"e nu5ber. *hey /ould say, -*his is &ueer.1 -)t4s evil,1 they said. -+ou never kno/,1 they said. *he eo le re5ained at a distance, s read outP the friar acified the5. 0o5e understood a little 0 anish.*hey translated Xfor those /ho didn4tY: -He says [suchB andBsuch\.1 *hey told the others XaboutY /hat the friars did and /hat they said to those /ho did not understand. *hey be"an understandin" one or t/o /ords. *he friars /ould s onsor the unba tiHed as "od arents. *hey "athered the nonBChristians to"ether. )t see5s to 5e that they should have tau"ht the5 so5ethin". )f they had, these eo le /ould no/ be educated. *hey didn4t do thatP they Nust ba tiHed everyone. *hey deceived these eo le. *hey didn4t do anythin" "ood for the5 at all. 9s this and nu5erous si5ilar narratives sho/, even the 5ost dis assionate and evenBhanded recollections of 0 anish encroach5ent and coercion reveal the essential blindness and insensitivity at the heart of the >ission enter rise, even /here lar"eBscale atrocities did not occur. 6f course, California )ndians did not take the 0 anish assaults on their societies and soverei"nty lyin" do/n. *here 5ust have been active resistance 5ove5ents and rene"ade bands all u and do/n the California coast durin" the >ission eriod. )ndians did lash back at their o ressors fro5 ti5e to ti5e, thou"h their e orts to control the 0 anish /ere futile in the end. :ative accounts of retaliation, like >ary +ee4s Barbare2o Chu5ash story of the #E2G 0anta Barbara u risin" or LorenHo 9sisara4s account of the death, in #E#2, of 7ather Juintana at >ission 0anta CruH, are relatively rare.X#AY +et these narratives aint a chillin" icture of the revailin" 5ood of sus icion, threat, and violence that the /ar ed >ission societies induced for everyone involved, 0 aniard and )ndian alike. 7ear, sty5ied an"er, aranoiaOand so5ethin" al5ost like a continuin" disbelief that the 0 anish could really co55it the kinds of atrocities they did in fact, a"ain and a"ain, co55itOthese ke t the )ndians in check Nust as surely as the 0 anish 5ilitias did /ith their 5uskets, s/ords, and cannon. Less than a hundred years after the 5ission syste5 be"an s readin" , ??A , in the south ca5e the =old 8ush. )f the devastation of the 5issions s/e t throu"h the 0outhern and 0outhBCentral California cultures like a fire, the =old 8ush hit the :orthern cultures like an ato5 bo5b. 0o5e of the 5ost sha5eful assa"es in United 0tates history took lace in California durin" the decades i55ediately follo/in" the =old 8ush of #EG%. Basic hu5an ri"hts, as far as )ndians /ere concerned, /ere none;istent. (e facto slavery /as institutionaliHed by the California le"islature under the aus ices of a variety of labor and indenture la/s, such as an #E?0 va"rancy la/ that allo/ed any

/hite 5an, /ithout burden of roof, to declare any )ndian a -va"rant.1 6nce so declared, )ndians could be incarcerated, and the ri"hts to their laborOu to four 5onths /ithout ay CCastillo #%@E:#0EDO auctioned o to the hi"hest bidder. *he kidna in" of children and youn" "irls for ur oses of do5estic and se;ual servitude /as also le"ally sanctioned and /idely racticed CCook #%G$D. 9s if these o enses to civil liberties and hu5an ri"hts /eren4t bad enou"h, the le"islature also allocated hu"e su5s of 5oney to fund 5ilitary and ara5ilitary ca5 ai"ns a"ainst )ndian co55unities. *he ne/s a ers of the ti5e are full of re orts, both ro and con, of the socalled )ndian /ars. But the ter5 war is 5isleadin": the carna"e of these vi"ilante ca5 ai"ns /as truly bestial in nature, shockin" so5eti5es even to the citiHenry they hy ocritically clai5ed to -defend.1 *hou"h often decried by re orters, scholars, federal a"ents, and a fe/ ri"hteous voices a5on" the /hite co55unity, the state nevertheless sa/ fit to s onsor the5. 9ccordin" to Castillo C#%@E:#0ED, -9l5ost any White 5an could raise a volunteer co5 any, outfit it /ith "uns, a55unition, horses, and su lies, and be reasonably sure that the state "overn5ent /ould honor its vouchers.1 6ne of the 5ost infa5ous of these 5any actions took lace at Clear Lake in #E?0 and beca5e kno/n as the 0tone and <elsey >assacre. >ost accounts of hostilities, even /hen sy5 athetic to the )ndian li"ht, co5e fro5 the re orts of /hitesP rarely do /e "li5 se ho/ the sa5e events looked fro5 an )ndian oint of vie/. *he 0tone and <elsey >assacre is a notable e;ce tion. Willia5 8al"anal Benson, an 'astern Po5o 5an and narrator of the 5yth of -Creation1 CZ#AD resented earlier in this volu5e, /as born in #EA2, so5e thirteen years after the killin"s that s arked the 5assacre, but he kne/ 5en /ho had taken art in the killin"s, su ered throu"h the retaliation, and survived to tell the tale. *o bear their /itness, he /rote a detailed account based on their firsthand , ??@ , descri tions of /hat had trans ired. Benson4s account, ori"inally ublished in #%$2 in the California .istori%al So%iety *uarterly$ be"ins: -*he 7acts 6f 0tone and <elsey >assacre. in Lake County California. 9s it /as stated to 5e by the five indians /ho /ent to stone and kelseys house ur ose to kill the t/o /hite 5en. after debatein" all ni"ht.1 CBenson, an e;traordinary individual and so5ethin" of a renaissance 5an, did not learn 'n"lish until he /as a youn" 5an and, /ithout benefit of schoolin", tau"ht hi5self to read and /rite.D *he first, and lon"er, ortion of his account docu5ents the brutal conditions on the 0toneB<elsey ranchOthe starvation, /hi in"s, torture, and e;ecutionsOthat 5otivated the killin"sP "ives an account of the allBni"ht debate that ulti5ately authoriHed the attackP and "ra hically details the killin" itself. *he re5ainder of his account describes /hat ha ened ne;t: the inevitable retaliation, /hen "overn5ent troo s and vi"ilante 5ilitias -aven"ed1 the killin" of 0tone and <elsey. *he follo/in" e;cer t is taken fro5 this latter section and is resented verbati5, /ithout editorial chan"e, in Benson4s o/n /ords:X#@Y one day the lake /atchers sa/ a boat co5e around the oint, so5 ne/s co5in" they said to each others. t/o of the 5en /ent to the landin". to see /hat the ne/s /ere. they /ere told that the /hite /arriors had ca5e to kill all the indians around the lake. so hide the best you can. the /hites are 5akin" boats and /ith that they are co5in" u the lake. so they had t/o 5en "o u on to of uncle sa5 5ountain. the north eak. fro5 there they /atch the lo/er lake. for three days they /atch the lake. one 5ornin" they sa/ a lon" boat ca5e u the lake /ith ole on the bo/ /ith red cloth. and several of the5 ca5e. every one of the boats had ten to fifteen 5en. the s5oke si"nal /as "iven by the t/o /atch5en. every indian around the lake kne/ the soldiers /ere co5in" u the lake. and ho/ 5any of the5. and those /ho /ere /atchin" the trail sa/ the infantrys co5in" over the hill fro5 the lo/er lake. these t/o 5en /ere /atchin" fro5 ash hill. they /ent to stones and kelseys house. fro5 there the

horse5en /ent do/n tor"e the lake and the soldiers /ent across the valley tor"e lake ort. they /ent on to scotts valley. shoot a fe/ shoots /ith their bi" "un and /ent on to u er lake and ca5 ed on '55erson hill. fro5 there they sa/ the indian ca5 on the island. the ne;t 5ornin" the /hite /arriors /ent across in their lon" du"outs. the indians said they /ould 5eet the5 in eace. so /hen the /hites landed the indians /ent to /ellco5e the5. but the /hite 5an /as deter5ined to kill the5. =eBWeBLih said , ??E , he thre/ u his hands and said no har5 5e "ood 5an. but the /hite 5an fired and shoot hi5 in the ar5 and another shoot ca5e and hit a 5an stanin" alon" side of hi5 and /as killed. so they had to run and fi"ht backP as they ran back in the tules and hed under the /aterP four or five of the5 "ave alittle battle and another 5an /as shoot in the shoulder. so5e of the5 Nu5 ed in the /ater and hed in the tuleys. 5any /o5en and children /ere killed on around this island. one old lady a CindianD told about /hat she sa/ /hile hidin" under abank, in under aover han"in" tuleys. she said she sa/ t/o /hite 5an co5in" /ith their "uns u in the air and on their "uns hun" a little "irl. they brou"ht it to the creek and thre/ it in the /ater. and alittle /hile later, t/o 5ore 5en ca5e in the sa5e 5anner. this ti5e they had alittle boy on the end of their "uns and also thre/ it in the /ater. alittle /ays fro5 her she, said layed a/o5an shoot throu"h the shoulder. she held her little baby in her ar5s. t/o /hite 5en ca5e runnin" tor"e the /o5an and baby, they stabed the /o5an and the baby and, and thre/ both of the5 over the bank in to the /ater. she said she heared the /o5an say, 6 5y babyP she said /hen they "athered the dead, they found all the little ones /ere killed by bein" stabed, and 5any of the /o5en /ere also killed stabin". she said it took the5 four or five days to "ather u the dead. and the dead /ere all burnt on the east side the creek. they called it the siland creek. CBaB(onBBiB(a>ehD. this old lady also told about the /hites hun" a5an on '5erson siland this indian /as 5et by the soldiers /hile 5archin" fro5 scotts valley to u er lake. the indian /as hun" and alar"e fire built under the han"in" indian. and another indian /as cau"ht near '5erson hill. this one /as tied to atree and burnt to death. the ne;t 5ornin" the solders started for 5endocino county. and there killed 5any indians. the ca5 /as on the ranch no/ kno/n as 'd Ho/ell ranch. the solders 5ade ca5 a little /ays belo/, bout one half 5ile fro5 the indian ca5 . the indians /anted to surrender, but the solders did not "ive the5 ti5e, the solders /ent in the ca5 and shoot the5 do/n as tho they /ere do"s. so5 of the5 esca ed by "oin" do/n a little creek leadin" to the river. and so5 of the5 hed in the brush. and those /ho hed in the brush 5ost of the5 /ere killed. and those /ho hed in the /ater /as over looked. they killed 5ostly /o5en and children. >ore than #$? )ndians CA0 at the island, another @? alon" the 8ussian 8iverD /ere indiscri5inately killed in this ca5 ai"n, accordin" to the ar5y4s o/n re ort CCastillo #%@E:#0ED. *ribe after tribe durin" these bad California years ca5e to kno/ /hat it /as like to be hunted do/n, and , ??% , su ered cri lin" o ulation losses to lar"eBand s5allBscale -5ilitary1 actions, as /ell as to disease and starvation. By the #EE0s this kind of direct hysical assault, this /ar on )ndian eo les and territories, had beco5e 5ore s oradic. )n its lace ca5e 5ore insidious 5odes of assault, directed at the lan"ua"es and cultures

the5selves. We 5ay think that the recent hysteria over -fa5ily values1 is a ne/ heno5enon in our ublic and olitical discourse. But the 95erican eo le Cthat is to say, their le"islators, olicy5akers, educators, and social critics, on their behalfD have lon" understood the i5 ortance of the fa5ily in the continuity of culture and reservation of ethnic identity. Unfortunately, this insi"ht has all too often been used for ill as /ell as "ood: to disadvantage fa5iliesOthrou"h olitically 5otivated /ithholdin" of funds for key social ro"ra5s in endan"ered co55unities, for instanceOas /ell as to hel the5. *he strate"y is not ne/. 6ne of the 5ost devastatin" Cand, sadly, e ectiveD social olicies this country has ever kno/n /as ai5ed at the heart of the )ndian fa5ilyOdevised and i5 le5ented e; ressly to ensure its destruction.X#EY ) refer to the establish5ent of the federal )ndian boardin" school syste5 in #EE@, the year of the (a/es 9ct, /hich 5andated the educational 5odel ioneered by 8ichard Pratt at the Carlisle )ndustrial *rainin" 0chool in Pennsylvania.X#%Y CarlisleBstyle boardin" schools ca5e to California in #EE# /ith the o enin" of a school on the *ule 8iver 8eservation in *ulare County. :u5erous other schools follo/ed over the course of the ne;t t/enty years. =iven the hi"h value 95ericans have al/ays laced on education, at least until recently, it 5ay be dicult to see the establish5ent of an )ndian educational syste5 as a destructive act. But /hen you consider that )ndian children, by decree of state and federal la/, /ere taken fro5 their fa5ilies Cso5eti5es forciblyD and sent o to distant boardin" schools /here they /ere forbidden to s eak their lan"ua"es under enalty of hysical unish5ent, /here local /hite households could buy their labor as do5estic servants for a ittance CPratt #%AGD, and /here the inte"rity of their :ative culture /as syste5atically de5eanedO/ell, it4s not so hard to see the destructive otential of such a ro"ra5. )5a"ine, too, /hat it felt like for hel less arents to see their children taken fro5 the5, as if into custody, thou"h they4d done no /ron"P or /hat it felt like for the children the5selves, fri"htened and ho5esick, stolen fro5 their fa5ilies and ut do/n in a barracks /ith stran"e bunk5ates far fro5 ho5e, to be /hi Btau"ht an alien standard by teachers /ho too often considered , ?A0 , the5 barbarians. 7or that4s /hat the boardin" school syste5 /as, at its /orstP and at its best, it /as not 5uch betterONust less brutal. *he federal )ndian boardin" school syste5 /as, and still is, a te;tbook illustration of ho/ you break the s ine of another culture. )t4s si5 le: re5ove its children fro5 their fa5ilies and ho5e co55unities and kee the5 a/ay lon" enou"h that they co5e back Cif they do co5e backD so5ethin" like stran"ers to their o/n eo le and traditions, to their o/n asts, and to their o/n ne/ futures. 7ortunately, 5ore liberal and hu5ane heads revailed, and critics eventually called a halt to the syste5 before :ative 95erican cultures and co55unities /ere entirely flatBlined. But the re rieve ca5e too late for all too 5any cultures. *he da5a"e done has roved i55easurable. 9nd hardest hit /ere the lan"ua"esO/hich is /hy the schools have "arnered so 5uch attention here. What the boardin" schools /ere 5ost e ective at killin" /as not the s irit of :ative eo lesOthou"h the toll /as heavy, the s irit survivedObut their lan"ua"es. 9s /ith a fla5e, as /ith a s ecies, all it takes to e;tin"uish a lan"ua"e forever is an interru tion, ho/ever briefONust one broken link in the chain of trans5ission. 9nd so it /as that the "eneration -attendin"1 the boardin" schools durin" the first decades of the t/entieth century turned out to be the last "eneration of s eakers for hundreds of native lan"ua"es across the United 0tates. What 5ay co5e as a sur rise, thou"h, is the conscious role this "eneration of arents took in the de5ise. *he follo/in" ersonal re5iniscence sho/s ho/ the schoolinstilled sycholo"y of ersecution and hu5iliation could have brou"ht this about. 7e/ recollections could s ell out the connection bet/een lan"ua"e e;tinction and the boardin" school e; erience as clearly as this one does. 'lsie 9llen, the narrator and a reno/ned Central Po5o basket5aker, /as born in #E%% and "ot sent to Covelo )ndian 0chool in #%##. Her account, taken fro5 an intervie/ ublished in News from Native California in #%E%, de5onstrates Nust ho/ successful the

boardin" schools /ere at alienatin" )ndian children fro5 their o/n cultures, es ecially their lan"ua"es. X20Y B698():= 0CH66L When ) /ent to school at that ti5e Xto the boardin" school at Covelo,Y there /ere three "irls there fro5 Ho land. ) already kne/ so5e of their , ?A# , lan"ua"e, it4s a di erent dialect fro5 5ine. ) couldn4t talk the 'n"lish lan"ua"e in the school at Covelo, so ) hollered at the5 /hen /e lined u . *hen one of the "irls that /as in 5y line re orted 5e. *hey took 5e and stra ed the heck out of 5e /ith a bi" leather stra . ) didn4t kno/ /hat ) "ot stra ed for. *hree days later those "irls told 5e it /as for talkin" the )ndian lan"ua"e on the "rounds, /hich )\5 not su osed to do. ) /as eleven years old X/hen ) /ent to CoveloY, and every ni"ht ) cried and then )\d lay a/ake and think and think and think. )\d think to 5yself, -)f ) ever "et 5arried and have children )\ll never teach 5y children the lan"ua"e or all the )ndian thin"s that ) kno/. )\ll never teach the5 that, ) don4t /ant 5y children to be treated like they treated 5e.1 *hat4s the /ay ) raised 5y children. 'verybody couldn4t understand that, they al/ays asked 5e about it in later years. >y husband has a di erent lan"ua"e. He can4t understand 5e, but ) learned his lan"ua"e 5uch faster. ) can talk it too, but ) never tau"ht 5y children. *hat4s /hy they don4t kno/. X>y dau"hterY can understand it, but she can4t s eak the lan"ua"e. )n later years ) found lots of /ays they could have tau"ht 5e in school but they didn4t. *hey Nust ut 5e in a corner and "ave 5e a card /ith a lot of holes in it and a needle and yarn. *hey didn4t say, -*his is a needle.1 ) /ould if ) /as teachin", if the child didn4t kno/. :obody said that. Well, ) "uess they Nust thou"ht ) /as du5b or deaf or so5ethin". *hey treated 5e Nust like ) /as deaf and du5b. ) /as eleven years old, ) /asn4t a little kid, a baby. )t should be easy to teach a erson like that, but they didn4t. Ho/ ) "ot to school in Covelo /as every year the a"ent of the "overn5ent school ca5e around in the fall of the year and "athered the children to take the5 to the school. >y 5other si"ned a a er for 5e to "o u there. )n the 5ornin" Xafter a t/oBday tri to Covelo by /a"on, flatbed railroad car, sta"e coach, and "ravel /a"on /ith si; other children fro5 the Ho land!Ukiah areaY, ) Nust kind of stood around and /atched the other "irls, /hat they /ere doin" and /here to "o. ) didn4t kno/ /hat to say. ) think ) only kne/ t/o /ords of 'n"lish, -yes1 and -no.1 ) never "ot to ask 5y 5other /hy she sent 5e like that /hen ) didn4t kno/ the 'n"lish lan"ua"e. ) /as scared, ) had no one to talk to Xbecause no one s oke 5y dialectY. *hat /as sure hard. ) felt that if ) said so5ethin" or fou"ht a"ainst ho/ /e /ere treated, they 5i"ht kill 5e. ) cried every ni"ht. ) couldn4t talk to anybody or ask anybody anythin" because ) didn4t kno/ ho/ to. ) /as so du5b, that4s the /ay ) felt. *hey kne/ that ) couldn4t understand, so nobody talked to 5e. ) /as the only one that had 5y lan"ua"e. , ?A2 , California, because of its "reat diversity of lan"ua"es, /as erha s es ecially a ected by the

federal ro"ra5, as 'lsie 9llen4s story su""ests. Her e; erienceOof doin" ti5e in co55unicative solitary confine5ent, not kno/in" anyone /ho shared her 5other ton"ueO 5ust have been a co55on one in California4s "a""ed but oly"lot boardin" schools.X2#Y )n the end, thou"h, "overn5ents and /ouldBbe con&uistadores al/ays underesti5ate the ca acity of the hu5an s irit to endure. (es ite these t/o centuries and 5ore of ersecution and cultural devastation, California )ndians have survived, their cultures strained and chan"ed, but /ith the heart intact.

REVIVALM A CALIFORNIA RENAISSANCE

*oday in California, :ative eo le and their cultures are e; eriencin" a revival, a renaissance. Lan"ua"e is often at the center of the ne/ interest, seen in so5e /ays as the -book1 in /hich the dee atterns of a culture, the life and heart4s blood, are /ritten. )n lan"ua"e lies continuity /ith the ast. )t holds the keys to reli"ion, ritual and cere5ony, hiloso hy, art, son" and story, healin", traditional crafts, and, throu"h lacena5es, a centuriesBdee sense of lace. 9fter all the decades of scorn and dis ara"e5entOand in the boardin" schools, of active su ressionOby /hite civiliHation, )ndians are once a"ain lookin" to their lan"ua"es /ith ride. *he turn has co5e not a 5o5ent too soon Cand indeed, too late for real recovery in all too 5any casesD. )n the re5ainder of this essay, ) /ill try as 5uch as ossible to allo/ those 5ost closely involved in this revival to s eak for the5selves. 9t a conference on Po5oan lan"ua"es held in #%%G, 'dna =uerrero, a :orthern Po5o elder, tells of her frustration and her co55it5ent to the cause of lan"ua"e reservation:X22Y >y lan"ua"e is the thin" that has al/ays 5eant a lot to 5e. ) beca5e interested in it 5ore and 5ore because ) resented the re5arks 5ade by C/hat /e sayD the /hite 5an. *hey say /e "runted and nothin" elseP there /ere no /ords. 9nd ) thou"ht to 5yself, -Ho/ can you Xthe /hite 5anY say that these eo le "runt, /hen there4s an entire %onversation bein" carried on in /ords that they Xthe )ndiansY understandS1 , ?A$ , But no/ eo le are runnin" around tryin" to find the lan"ua"es Q X0Yo 5uch of it is "one and /ill never be recovered Q )t4s tra"ic. ) think the youn" eo le are Nust be"innin" to realiHe /hat a tra"edy it is. 9 /ellkno/n hiloso her once said that /hen eo le lose their lan"ua"e, they lose their identity. +ou4re nobody. 9nd this is very true because the 5aNority do not s eak their lan"ua"e Q What can be done about itR Where are you "oin" to find the eo le that s eak the lan"ua"eR *here4s no one left any5ore. Q )t4s all that4s interested 5e and )\ve done 5y best to reserve 5y share of it, and ) ho e that so5eone /ill benefit fro5 it Q ) ho e they continue Q ) don4t kno/ Q *hat4s all ) can say. )\ve done the best ) canP it4s u to the rest. 'dna =uerrero s eaks for 5any California elders, ast and resent, /ho have felt the sa5e sense of loss and 5ystified resent5ent and have dedicated their ener"ies to doin" /hat they can to reserve their lan"ua"es. >ore and 5ore youn"er eo le have been takin" u her challen"e, follo/in" in these elders\ footste s. :ancy 8ichardson, in a #%%2 essay, -*he 0tate of 6ur Lan"ua"es,1 describes the dire situation this current "eneration of revivalists face, no/ that the torch is bein" assed:X2$Y 0ince the first contact bet/een the indi"enous eo le of California and the /estern /orld, the ori"inal lan"ua"e and culture of this land have been endan"ered. Lan"ua"e has declined

in a ra id, do/n/ard s iral fro5 the very onset of that first contact. )n 5y o/n e; erience, ) have /atched this ainful loss of lan"ua"e in 5y tribe, the <aruk. )n the early\ @0s, ) be"an an o ti5istic Nourney of lan"ua"e /ork, reco"niHin" and valuin" the beauty and uni&ueness found /ithin 5y lan"ua"e. */enty years a"o, ) ke t hearin" the lan"ua"e 5ust be saved for the future. With #?0 stron", fluent, tenacious <aruk elders in the back"round in those days, the ur"ency /as not so a arent. 9s ) aid 5y last res ects to 5y elders, one after another, as they crossed over to the ne;t /orld, ) be"an to directly feel the i5 act and the loss. ) re5e5ber in #%E#, ho/ an"ry ) /as /hen (aisy Macobs, ###, assed a/ay. ) thou"ht, -Ho/ dare she die at one hundred and eleven. >y /ork is not finishedS ) have so 5uch still to learn fro5 her.1 *hen a fe/ years later, /hen 5y teacher and the 5edicine 5an of the tribe, 0han (avis, assed a/ay at a relatively early a"e, ) /as forced to co5e to ter5s /ith the reality of the situation. *he details of this reality /ere si5 le, in that the death of each elder, each fluent s eaker, /as the death of 5y lan"ua"e. , ?AG , *he death of our lan"ua"e /as inevitable and ter5inal Q /ithout ne/ birth. X*heY <aruk lan"ua"e is considered by lin"uists and anthro olo"ists as one of the oldest lan"ua"es in California, s oken for 5any thousands of years, belon"in" to one articular lace and one articular eo le. )t is at the brink of e;tinction in the very i55ediate future, if drastic 5easures are not taken to reverse this trend. Currently there are #2 elderly fluent s eakers of the <aruk lan"ua"e and a ro;i5ately G0 5ore se5iBfluent s eakers at varyin" levels of s eech co5 etency. *he <aruk lan"ua"e has reached a critical state. 9ll of the lan"ua"es in California have reached a si5ilar state of lan"ua"e loss or assed beyond it. Without i55ediate and roactive intervention, the 5aNority of California4s survivin" native lan"ua"es are doo5ed to e;tinction /ithin the ne;t t/enty years. 8ichardson, alon" /ith doHens of other lan"ua"e activists, is keenly a/are of this threat, but has taken it as a challen"e, not a fait acco5 li. Her essay concludes /ith her ho es for the future: )n California, the children that are bein" born today are the seventh "eneration since first 'uro ean contact. 7ro5 out of this seventh "eneration /ill co5e the ne;t fluent s eakers of the indi"enous lan"ua"es of California. *he nu5ber 5ay be "reat or s5allP one alone is invaluable. But this e ort /ill not be easyOit /ill involve a lot of /ork, co55it5ent as /ell as coura"e and faith. )t is a "ri5 situation, that /e as the indi"enous eo le of California 5ust face head on, yet ) have no sadness, only faith. ) look for/ard o ti5istically to the innovative challen"es and the unkno/n ossibilities. 6ne of the 5ost ro5isin" of recent e orts to turn thin"s around is California4s o/n >aster!9 rentice Lan"ua"e Learnin" Pro"ra5. C*he >9LLP is conducted and ad5inistered by the 9dvocates for )ndi"enous California Lan"ua"e 0urvival X9)CL0Y, /hich is an affiliate of the 0eventh =eneration 7und, an i5 ortant u5brella or"aniHation for a nu5ber of :ative 95erican activist "rou s.D :ancy 8ichardson /as one of the ro"ra54s foundin" forces, alon" /ith eo le like 8ay Baldy CHu aD, >ark >acarro CLuise2oD, L. 7rank >anri&ueH C*on"va! 9ca"ch5eD, Parris Butler C>oNaveD, (arlene 7ranco CWukchu5niD, Leanne Hinton, and others. 0ince its first season in #%%$, the >aster! 9 rentice ro"ra5 has initiated trainin" sessions for 5ore than seventy

, ?A? , 5aster!a rentice airs, involvin" Cat the ti5e of /ritin"D t/entyfive lan"ua"esO5ost of the5 do/n to their last handful of fluent s eakersO/ith 5ore bein" added every year. )ts success and the enthusias5 it "enerates have 5ade it a 5odel for si5ilar ro"ra5s around the country and abroad. *he 9)CL0, art of a lar"er revival that includes the California )ndian Basket/eavers 9ssociation and the California )ndian 0torytellin" 9ssociation,X2GY has initiated a nu5ber of other roNects as /ell. 6ne of these is the -Breath of Life1 :ative California Lan"ua"e 8estoration Worksho , first held in #%%A at Berkeley and tar"eted at lan"ua"es that no/ e;ist only in -fieldnote for5.1X2?Y *he /orksho ans/ers a roble5 that the >aster! 9 rentice ro"ra5, /hich resu5es the e;istence of elders /ho still s eak the lan"ua"e, cannot address. *he roble5 is that not all tribal co55unities are lucky enou"h to have any native s eakers left, and those /ho seek their lan"ua"es 5ust rely on the fieldnotes, recordin"s, and ublications of the lin"uists /ho /orked /ith the last "eneration of fluent elders. *here are thirty or so such lan"ua"es in California, lan"ua"es that are so5eti5es described as -5erely slee in"1 CHinton #%%AD. With this kind of roactive involve5ent, intelli"ence, and deter5ination drivin" the California lan"ua"e revival 5ove5ent, there is once a"ain ho e for the future of California4s :ative ton"ues. *here is still a lon", lon" /ay to "o, ho/ever, and California4s re5ainin" indi"enous lan"ua"es are not out of dan"er, by any stretch of the i5a"ination. )n truth, 5any of these flickerin" fla5es /ill yet be e;tin"uished, des ite the best e orts of :ative co55unities and scholars co5bined. But the allB i5 ortant start has been 5ade, and at this oint, it is only the road that 5atters. *he eo le, ro"ra5s, and co55unities fi"htin" for their lin"uistic and cultural survival need all the hel , understandin", and encoura"e5ent they can "et. Which lan"ua"es /ill survive and /hich ass into 5e5oryR :o one kno/s. With the stru""le for revival Nust enNoined, it is too soon to /rite the final cha ter on California native lan"ua"es. 9nd /ith coo eration, faith, and hard /ork, that cha ter /ill never need to be /ritten. Here, in California at the be"innin" of the t/entyBfirst century, in the seventh "eneration since 'uro ean contact, /e can find a ne/ and thankfulOif unintendedO5eanin" in 3illiana Calac Hyde4s lovely translation of the Luise2o -Chal../aat 0on"1: , ?AA , *.s5o5aytal nevWti&ank/a, t..Iutal chul_ i&ank/a. \.., te5Wt ncc nevWt&ank/a, te5Wt ncc chul_ i&ank/a. ) su ose )\ve survived the first little 5onth, ) su ose )\ve survived the first bi" 5onth. 6h, ) a5 survivin" throu"h the days, ) a5 survivin" throu"h the days.

NOTES
#. 7or a su55ary of the 5ost recent data on lan"ua"e survival, see Hinton4s -Livin" California )ndian Lan"ua"es1 in her book Flutes of Fire C#%%GaDP 5a ? "eneraliHes so5e of the infor5ation in this article. 2. Unfortunately, lan"ua"e diversity is not celebrated in all &uarters. Be"innin" /ith 0enator 0. ). Hayaka/a, California has seen 5ore than its share of -'n"lishB6nly1 referendu5s in recent years. 0ee Hinton4s -*he :ative 95erican Lan"ua"es 9ct1 in Flutes of Fire CHinton #%%GaD. 7or a /ider

discussion of such 5atters, see Ma5es Cra/ford4s book 3anguage 3oyaltiesC#%%2D or visit his /ebsite Chtt :!!our/orld.co5 userve.co5!ho5e a"es!MWC89W768(!D. *he University of :orthern 9riHona 5aintains a /ebB a"e on -*eachin" )ndi"enous Lan"ua"es1 Chtt :!!Nan.ucc.nau.edu!gNar!*)L.ht5lD that contains a variety of links and resources related to this to ic as /ell. $. Willia5 0hi ley4s essay, -:ative Lan"ua"es of California1 C0hi ley #%@ED, in the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian4s .and6oo# of North ,meri%an 7ndiansOan indis ensable reference found in 5ost librariesOis robably the 5ost accessible and concise scholarly introduction to the lan"ua"e fa5ilies of California. 7or those /ith so5e lin"uistic trainin", there are detailed cha ters on California lan"ua"e fa5ilies in Lyle Ca5 bell and >arianne >ithun4s The 3anguages of Native ,meri%a C#%@%D and the 05ithsonian4s .and6oo# of North ,meri%an 7ndians Cvolu5e #@: 3anguages$ ed. by )ves =oddard, #%%AD. ) 5erely rovide a "eneral orientation here. G. *he na5es for these su erstocks are se arately based on si5ilarities for the nu5ber [t/o\ /ithin the lan"ua"es of the individual fa5ilies. 7or instance, the 9tsu"e/i /ord ho"i Cco5 are 9chu5a/i ha#Q$ 0hasta >o#wa$ Chi5ariko >o#(u$ (ie"ue2o >awo#$ and 0alinan ha#i%$ all 5eanin" [t/o\D "ives rise to the ter5 .o#an. C*he honetic letter X;Y re resents a velar fricativeOthe hard, hBlike , ?A@ , sound in the =er5an ronunciation of ?a%h or the 0cottish lo%h.D *he ter5 2enutian is actually a co5 ound of the ProtoB>aiduan and ProtoBCostanoan for5s for [t/o\Of'!ane and fu'>i$ res ectively C0hi ley #%@ED. ?. UtoB9Htecan lan"ua"es are found throu"hout the =reat Basin and 95erican 0outh/est Clan"ua"es like Paiute, 0hoshone, and Ho iD and in >e;ico C+a&ui, :ahuatl, Huichol, and Pi il, to na5e a fe/D. *he 5ain branch of 9l"ic is 9l"on&uianOa very lar"e and /ides read fa5ily of lan"ua"es concentrated in the 'ast C(ela/are, >ic5ac, 9benaki, Passa5a&uoddyD, the >id/est C0ha/nee, <icka oo, 7o;, Pota/ato5iD, and fannin" /est across Canada C6Nib/a and the "reat Cree continuu5DP the 8it/an lan"ua"es, Wiyot and +urok, are the t/o California re resentatives of this su erstock. *he lar"e 9thabascan fa5ily, art of the :aB(enW su erstock CHaida, *anaina, <oyukon, Carrier, Chilcotin, (o"rib, Chi e/yan, and U5 &ua, to na5e a fe/D, is ri5arily concentrated in the Pacific :orth/est, 9laska, and the Canadian :orth. :avaNo and 9 ache are south/estern -/alkabouts1 of this sa5e fa5ily. A. 9nd robably Chu5ashan as /ell, if Chu5ash roves to be unrelatable to other soBcalled Hokan lan"ua"es. +ukian has lon" been chalked u as an isolate fa5ily, but Chu5ash, until recently, /as resu5ed to be a 5e5ber of the Hokan su erstock. Current research, encoura"ed by a lar"eBscale e;a5ination of Harrin"ton4s vast Chu5ash cor ora no/ under /ay at the University of California, 0anta Barbara, su""ests that this lon"Bstandin" assu5 tion C"oin" at least back to 0a ir #%2?D is beco5in" increasin"ly dicult to 5aintain C7oster #%%A:EAD. )ndeed, recent classifications C)ves =oddard #%%AD do not include either Chu5ashan or 'sselen /ithin the ro osed Hokan "rou in". Ho/ever, the dust has yet to settle on this reevaluation. @. 7oster4s C#%%AD .and6oo# discussion of California lin"uistic rehistory, in -Lan"ua"e and the Culture History of :orth 95erica,1 is an e;tre5ely valuable overvie/ of the field, and ) have relied heavily on his synthesis of ast and resent scholarshi in the account that follo/s. C0ee es ecially his sections on +ukian, Hokan, Penutian, and UtoB9Htecan, . E$F%?.D 6ther useful resources include 0hi ley C#%@ED, Wallace C#%@EaD, Whistler C#%@@bD, and >oratto C#%EGD. E. 0hould conclusive lin"uistic evidence for the Hokan "rou in" re5ain beyond the reach of our 5ethodolo"ical "ras , the ter5 .o#an 5ay yet survive as a kind of shorthand for referrin" to so5e of

these -6ld California1 lan"ua"es and lan"ua"e fa5ilies. )ndeed, infor5ed s eculation Cfor e;a5 le, >oratto #%EGD associates ancestral +ukian and -Hokan1 eo les /ith the ancient Western 7luted Point tradition, /hich dates to %,000F#0,000 b. . %. *his 5odel of Penutian southern e; ansion echoes /hat has co5e to be called the ->ulti le 'ntry Hy othesis.1 9 "reat deal of ne/ /ork has co5e out in the ast cou le of decades Csee 7oster #%%A for su55ary and orientationD, , ?AE , /ork /hich has lar"ely dis5antled the revailin" older notion that there /as ever a "enetically unified -California Penutian1 sub"rou fro5 /hich the conte5 orary California Penutian fa5ilies evolved. 8ather, the Penutian incursions into California see5 to have co5e in distinct and chronolo"ically se arate /aves, as outlined here. 7urther5ore, if >ike :ichols C#%E#D is correct, and the lon" and co5 le; PreBUtoB9Htecan dis ersal can in fact be traced out of the Basin and 0outh/est, back throu"h the Central 3alley and 0outhern 0ierra and north to/ard 6re"on, then it 5ay have been PreBUtoB9Htecan eo les /ho actually ioneered the ancient Penutian route south out of 6re"on, do/n throu"h the river syste5s of northern California, and into the Central 3alley and foothills of the 0ierra, lon" before the ancestral +okutsan, Utian, and Wintuan eo les, /ho by turns follo/ed in their footste s. #0. *he southern distribution of Hokan, in the for5 of +u5anBfa5ily lan"ua"es, continues do/n into the BaNa eninsula /ith PaiPai and <ili/a, and back into the 0outh/est /ith the other +u5an tribes CHavasu ai, Wala ai, +ava ai, and >arico aD. *here are also distant -Hokan1 lan"ua"es in >e;ico: for instance, 0eri and ChontalB6a;aca. ##. California UtoB9Htecan "rou s include *atavia5P *]batulabal in the 5ountain foothillsP the *akic "rou CLuise2o, =abrielino, and Muane2o alon" the coastP 0errano, <itane5uk, Cu e2o, and Cahuilla inlandDP and the :u5ic "rou C>ono, 6/ens 3alley Paiute, Pana5int, <a/aiisu, 0outhern Paiute, and Che5ehueviD out in the Basin ro er, beyond the boundaries of the California culture area er se. 7or discussions of California UtoB9Htecan rehistory, see Bean and 05ith C#%@ED, :ichols C#%E#D, >oratto C#%EGD, and 7oster C#%%AD. #2. *he discussion here o/es 5uch to Mohanna :ichol4s ioneerin" /ork on the "eo"ra hical as ects of lin"uistic diversity, 3inguisti% Diversity in S'a%e and Time C#%%2D. #$. )n e ect, this tendency holds true even /ithin California itself. *he lin"uistically least diverse area of CaliforniaOthe desert territories of its closely related UtoB9Htecan tribesOis also the 5ost inhos itable. #G. ) /ould ur"e the interested reader to look for 8obert HeiHer4s The Destru%tion of California 7ndians C#%%$D, 8obert H. Mackson and 'd/ard Castillo4s 7ndians$ Fran%is%ans$ and S'anish Coloni<ation: The 7m'a%t of the 0ission System on California 7ndians C#%%?D, 8u ert and Meannette Henry Costo4s The 0issions of California: , 3ega%y of Geno%ide C#%E@D, and 9lbert Hurtado4s 7ndian Survival on the California Frontier C#%EED, a5on" other /orks on this subNect. #?. *his account is taken fro5 >auricio >i;co4s -<ili/a *e;ts.1 *he only editorial liberties ) have takenOas this is not a technical ublicationOis to re5ove the brackets and clause nu5bers fro5 >i;co4s free translation and su ly occasional unctuation 5arks /here they see5ed a ro riate. *he bracketted

, ?A% , /ords and hrases in the te;t here are 5y o/n insertions, rovided for clarity. #A. +ee4s narrative, /hich /as brou"ht to 5y attention by lin"uist 0uHanne Wash, /as collected in the #%$0s by M. P. Harrin"tonP it is un ublished, but 5ay be found a5on" Harrin"ton4s volu5inous Barbare2o fieldnotes at the 0anta Barbara >useu5 of :atural History. 9sisara4s account, collected in #E@@ but datin" to #E#E, is re rinted in >alcol5 >ar"olin4s The /ay /e 3ived. #@. >ar"olin re rints Benson4s account in its entirety in The /ay /e 3ived: California 7ndian Stories$ Songs$ and Deminis%en%es C#%%$D. #E. *rue, 5any of the 5ost disastrous )ndian olicies and ro"ra5s /ere conceived /ith -the best of intentions.1 )t4s Nust hard to understand, today, ho/ a ro"ra5 that intentionally dis5e5bers fa5ilies can be seen in a hu5anitarian li"ht. We are left /ith a historical vie/ of a society so blinded by its o/n resu ositions and reNudices that u is seen as do/n, and a so/4s ear is taken for a urse of "old. Let our forebears be a lesson to us today, /here such reactionary and 5eanBs irited ublic olicies as i55i"rant healthBcare bans or 'n"lish 6nly 5ove5ents are concerned, and e;a5ine our ethnic le"islations /ith a true hu5anitarian eye. #%. 0ee Ha5ley #%%G for a co5 rehensive treat5ent of the history and cultural e ects of the federal boardin" school syste5. 20. News from Native California G.# C#%E%D:G0FG#. *he intervie/ /as conducted by 3ic Bedoian and 8oberta Lle/ellyn, and transcribed by 3era >ae 7redrickson. 2#. >ar"olin, in a ostscri t to this intervie/ as e;cer ted in The /ay /e 3ived$ /rites: -'lsie 9llen did have children, and true to her resolve she, like so 5any of her "eneration, did not teach the5 her Po5o lan"ua"e. 0he did, ho/ever, beco5e a 5asterful /eaver of baskets, and until her death in #%%0 she /as tre5endously i5 ortant in assin" alon" traditional skills and kno/led"e to her children and to 5any others1 C#%%$:#E$D. 22. 7ro5 an article ublished in News from Native California E.G C#%%GD: G0. 2$. *his essay a eared in The ,dvo%ate Cthe ne/sletter of the 9dvocates for )ndi"enous California Lan"ua"e 0urvivalD, ublished as an inset to News from Native California @.# C/inter #%%2F#%%$D: G0F G#. 2G. 0ee Lauren *ei;eira4s -California )ndian 0tories and the 0 irit1 in News from Native California %.G C#%%AD. 2?. 0ee Leanne Hinton4s -Breath of Life!0ilent :o >ore: *he :ative California Lan"ua"e 8estoration Worksho 1 in News from Native California #0.# C#%%AD. 0i;teen lan"ua"es /ere re resented: 8u5sien, >utsun, 9/as/as, Coast >i/ok, Pat/in, :o5laki, :isenan, Central Po5o, :orthern Po5o, Chi5ariko, 0alinan, 3enture2o Chu5ash, *on"va C=abrielinoD, 9Nach5e5 CMuane2oD, Wiyot, and >attole. , ?@# ,

+APS
(o you co5e fro5 the northR (o you co5e fro5 the eastR

(o you co5e fro5 the /estR (o you co5e fro5 the southR (o you co5e fro5 aboveR (o you co5e fro5 belo/R HaiaBkutB/oBtoB eh4s son" Cere5onial acorn son", >aidu , ?@$ ,

+AP &. L" !t"r .!3. The C!'i)"rni! u'ture !re!$ !re N"rth(e$tern2 N"rthe!$tern2 Centr!'2 !nd S"uthern. P!rt$ ") the Gre!t ,!$in !nd C"'"r!d" u'ture !re!$ !re !'$" $h"(n. The nu.ber$ "rre$3"nd t" the $e'e ti"n$ in the te1t. Di4i$i"n$ b!$ed "n 0r"eber :&6>7;2 in Hei5er !nd E'$!$$er :&6<D;. , ?@G ,

+AP 9. C!'i)"rni! 'in%ui$ti di4er$it8. , ?@? ,

+AP >. C!'i)"rni! '!n%u!%e )!.i'ie$ !nd $t" -$. , ?@A ,

+AP C. !'i)"rni! 'in%ui$ti 3rehi$t"r8. , ?@@ ,

+AP =. Current $t!tu$ ") C!'i)"rni! '!n%u!%e$. , ?@% ,

,ib'i"%r!3h8
SELECTED RESOURCES FOR FURTHER STUDY
*here is an entire /orld of infor5ation on California :ative cultures, lan"ua"es, and oral literatures for interested readers to e; lore. 0o5e of it is in books, so5e in 5a"aHines and Nournals, so5e in archives, so5e on /ebsites. 0o5e of it is "eared 5ore to/ard a "eneral audience, as this book is, and so5e of it is technical or scholarly in nature. But all of it /ill hel to illu5inate, in one /ay or another, the selections of California oral literature contained in these a"es. 9ll ite5s 5entioned here are listed in full in the -8eferences1 section.

A. Gener!'*Intere$t ,""-$
>alcol5 >ar"olin4s The Ehlone /ay is erha s the best ossible o ular introduction to the uni&ue :ative California atterns of life and /orldvie/Obeautifully /ritten and evocative rather than acade5ic in nature. C>ar"olin is also the ublisher of News from Native California$ a &uarterly 5a"aHine rovidin" -an inside vie/ of the California )ndian /orld,1 and Heyday Books, /hich has a fine line of "eneralBaudience books celebratin" :ative Californian eo les and cultures.D Leanne Hinton4s Flutes of Fire$ a collection of articles ori"inally /ritten for her re"ular -Lan"ua"e1 colu5n in News for Native California$ rovides an accessible and en"a"in" introduction to the /orld of California lan"ua"es throu"h a 5iscellany of essays on laceBna5es, son"s, lan"ua"e le"islation, basketry ter5s, lan"ua"e fa5ilies, /ritin" syste5s, and 5any other to ics, includin" a variety of fascinatin" "ra55atical features of California lan"ua"es. )f you only read t/o o ular books on California )ndians, these /ould be the t/o ) reco55end. *here are several bio"ra hies of real interest to the "eneral reader: *heodora <roeber4s 7shi: 7n Two /orlds$ /hich docu5ents the life of California4s soBcalled last /ild )ndian and rovides a "ood bit of +ahi ethno"ra hy and contact history , ?E0 , tory in the rocessP Carobeth Laird4s 1n%ounter with an ,ngry God$ an e;tended re5iniscence of her notBsoBha y life as M. P. Harrin"ton4s /ifeP =ui de 9n"ulo4s The Eld Coyote of ?ig Sur$ a bio"ra hy of her fa5ous lin"uist father, Mai5e de 9n"uloP Lucy *ho5 son4s To the ,meri%an 7ndian: Deminis%en%es of a -uro# /oman$ an early )ndian autobio"ra hyP The ,uto6iogra'hy of Delfina Cuero$ a <u5eyaay /o5an, as told to 7lorence 0hi ekP (arryl Babe Wilson4s The 0orning the Sun /ent Down; 3ictor =olla4s edition of The Sa'irIKroe6er Corres'onden%e$ /hich "ives a fascinatin" inside vie/ of the early days of anthro olo"y and lin"uistics in California, includin" &uite a fe/ letters concernin" )shiP and =re" 0arris4s 0a6el 0%Kay: /eaving the Dream$ a ca tivatin" blend of bio"ra hy and oral autobio"ra hy tellin" the life story of his re5arkable and rovocative aunt, a basket5aker and one of the last Po5o doctors. 6ther "eneralBinterest books include =re" 0arris4s The Sound of Dattles and Cla''ers$ an antholo"y of conte5 orary oetry and fiction by :ative California /ritersP Mai5e de 9n"ulo4s classic 7ndians in Everalls$ an account of the author4s first season of field/ork a5on" the Pit 8iver 9chu5a/iP *ho5as >ayfield and >alcol5 >ar"olin4s 7ndian Summer: Traditional 3ife among the Choinumne 7ndians of California(s San \oa"uin 4alley; Brian Bibby4s The Fine ,rt of California 7ndian ?as#etry; and Meannine =endar4s Grass Games and 0oon Da%es: California 7ndian Games and Toys. 8e"ardin" the ostBContact history of California )ndian eo les, there are a nu5ber of i5 ortant and

useful /orks, includin" 8obert HeiHer4s The Destru%tion of California 7ndians$ 8obert Mackson and 'd/ard Castillo4s 7ndians$ Fran%is%ans$ and S'anish Coloni<ation: The 7m'a%t of the 0ission System on California 7ndians$ 9lbert Hurtado4s 7ndian Survival on the California Frontier$ and 8u ert Costo and Meannette Costo4s The 0issions of California: , 3ega%y of Geno%ide.

,. C"''e ti"n$ ") St"r8 !nd S"n% in Tr!n$'!ti"n

*here is a sur risin" a5ount of California oral literature in 'n"lish translation. >alcol5 >ar"olin4s The /ay /e 3ived: California 7ndian Stories$ Songs$ and Deminis%en%es is a fine and /ideBran"in" ne/er collection, dra/n fro5 authentic sources, /ith enli"htenin" co55entary on each selection. 'arlier antholo"ies include 7rank Latta4s California 7ndian Fol#lore and 'd/ard =i ord and =/endoline Block4s California 7ndian Nights. *heodora <roeber4s The 7nland /hale contains literary re/orkin"s of authentic traditional stories. 6ne of the oldest sources is Mere5iah Curtin4s Creation 0yths of 2rimitive ,meri%a$ ori"inally ublished in #E%E and containin" a lar"e body of +ana and Wintu 5yths. Beyond these, there are &uite a nu5ber of collections focused on articular tribes and lan"ua"es: *ho5as Blackburn4s De%em6er(s Child: , ?oo# of , S]Z U Chumash Eral Narratives; 9lfred <roeber4s -uro# 0yths$ , 0ohave .istori%al 1'i%$ Seven 0ohave 0yths$ and 0ore 0ohave 0yths; 9lfred <roeber and 'd/ard =i ord4s Karo# 0yths; 8obert 0 ott and 9lfred <roeber4s -uro# Narratives; )stet Woiche4s ,nni#adel: The .istory of the Kniverse as Told 6y the ,%humawi 7ndians of California; Mulian Lan"4s ,rara'=#va: Creation Stories of the 2eo'le; Mai5e de 9n"ulo4s .ow the /orld /as 0ade$ Sha6ego#$ and 7ndian Tales CfictionaliHed settin"s of 5ostly retold 9chu5a/i, >i/ok, and Po5o talesDP Willia5 0hi ley4s /onderful translations of The 0aidu 7ndian 0yths and Stories of . n%(i6y8im; Leanne Hinton and 0usan 8oth4s children4sBbook version of 7shi(s Tale of 3i<ard; and Carobeth Laird4s 0irror and 2attern$ a collection of Che5ehuevi stories C/ith co55entaryD told by her second husband, =eor"e Laird. */o ublications stand out for their ure loveliness as books to have and hold: 0ourning Dove$ a -uro#R1nglish Tale Ca cha book ut out by Heyday BooksDP and the +ose5ite 9ssociation4s 3egends of the -osemite 0iwo#$ edited by 7rank LaPena, Crai" (. Bates, and 0teven >edley. 7inally, thou"h they do not focus e;clusively on California traditions, the follo/in" /orks incor orate si"nificant California 5aterials: Brian 0/ann4s Song of the S#y and /earing the 0orning Star$ /hich contain the oet4s versions of several classic and beautiful California son"sP Leanne Hinton and Lucille Wataho5i"ie4s S'irit 0ountain$ /hich resents bilin"ual Cand occasionally trilin"ualD versions of +u5an oral literature, includin" >oNave, (ie"ue2o, Juechan, and <ili/aP Willia5 Bri"ht4s , Coyote Deader$ /hich contains translations of Coyote tales fro5 a nu5ber of di erent California traditionsP and Brian 0/ann4s 5a55oth antholo"y Coming to 3ight: Contem'orary Translations of the Native 3iteratures of North ,meri%a$ /hich includes selections fro5 +ana, <aruk, 9tsu"e/i, and >aidu.

C. Studie$ ") N!ti4e C!'i)"rni! Or!' Liter!ture

*here are a fe/ studies that focus s ecifically or lar"ely on California traditions: =re" 0arris4s collection of literary essays, Kee'ing Slug /oman ,live: , .olisti% ,''roa%h to ,meri%an 7ndian Te>ts; 8ichard 9 le"ate4s -Chu5ash :arrative 7olklore as 0ociolin"uistic (ata1P Carobeth Laird4s 0irror and 2attern; and *ho5as Blackburn4s De%em6er(s Child: , ?oo# of Chumash Eral Narratives$ an e;tended folkloristic analysis. 9nna =ayton4s -9real 9ffiliations of California 7olktales1 and 9lfred <roeber4s -)ndian >yths of 0outh Central California1 are both useful atte5 ts at areal classification.

(orothy (e5etraco oulou and Cora du Bois4s -9 0tudy of Wintu >ytholo"y1 is an i5 ortant early /ork of stylistic analysis, as is 9nna =ayton and 0tanley :e/5an4s -+okuts and Western >ono >yths.1 0tudies of :ative California son" include 8ichard <eelin"4s , ?E2 , Cry for 3u%#$ /hich focuses on :orth/estern California sin"in" stylesP =eor"e HerHo"4s -*he +u5an >usical 0tyle1P Bruno :ettl4s -*he 0on"s of )shi: >usical 0tyles of the +ahi )ndians1P 8. H. 8obins and :or5a >cLeod4s -7ive +urok 0on"s: 9 >usical and *e;tual 9nalysis1P and Helen 8oberts4s Form in 2rimitive 0usi%: ,n ,nalyti%al and Com'arative Study of the 0elodi% Form of Some ,n%ient Southern Californian 7ndian Songs. 7or readers /ishin" to broaden the sco e of their e; loration, there are 5any useful and i5 ortant studies of :ative 95erican oral literature. 0e5inal /orks include >elville Macobs4s The Content and Style of an Eral 3iterature: Cla%#amas Chinoo# 0yths and Tales; (ell Hy5es4s [7n vain 7 tried to tell youQ: 1ssays in Native ,meri%an 1thno'oeti%s; and (ennis *edlock4s The S'o#en /ord and the /or# of 7nter'retation. 6ther i5 ortant studies fro5 the lin"uistic or ethno oetic side are <arl <roeber4s recently reissued Traditional ,meri%an 7ndian 3iteratures: Te>ts and 7nter'retations; Brian 0/ann and 9rnold <ru at4s De%overing the /ord: 1ssays on Native ,meri%an 3iterature; Leanne Hinton4s .avasu'ai Songs: , 3inguisti% 2ers'e%tive; Brian 0/ann4s Smoothing the Ground: 1ssays in Native ,meri%an Eral 3iterature and En the Translation of Native ,meri%an 3iteratures; and Moel 0herHer and 9nthony Woodbury4s Native ,meri%an Dis%ourse: 2oeti%s and Dhetori%. 6n the 5ore literary side of the e&uation are 9rnold <ru at4s 1thno%riti%ism: 1thnogra'hy$ .istory$ 3iterature and New 4oi%es in Native ,meri%an 3iterary Criti%ism$ an antholo"y of critical essaysP (avid Bru5ble4s ,meri%an 7ndian ,uto6iogra'hy; and =erald 3iHenor4s Narrative Chan%e: 2ostmodern Dis%ourse on Native ,meri%an 7ndian 3iteratures.

D. Lin%ui$ti Te1t C"''e ti"n$

Lin"uistic editions of te;ts collected in the field are the foundation, the docu5entary base on /hich the study of :ative 95erican oral literature is built. 9s far as California cultures are concerned, 5ost of these ri5ary te;t collections are ublished as volu5es in serial ublications like the Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in ,meri%an ,r%haeology and 1thnology 9KC2,,1:$ /hich in #%G$ shifted its s ecifically lin"uistic 5ono"ra hs over to the Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in 3inguisti%s CUCPLD. >aNor bookBlen"th collections are 0a5uel 9. Barrett4s 2omo 0yths; Ma5es Cra/ford4s Co%o'a Te>ts; =race (an"ber"4s /asho Te>ts; 8oland (i;on4s 0aidu Te>ts; L. 0. 7reeland4s Freeland(s Central Sierra 0iwo# 0yths Cedited by Ho/ard Ber5anDP Pliny 'arl =oddard4s -Hu a *e;ts,1 -<ato *e;ts,1 and -Chilula *e;ts1P Mane Hill and 8oscinda :olas&ueH4s 0ulu(wetam 9The First 2eo'le:: Cu'e+o Eral .istory and 3anguage; Wick >iller4s Newe Nate#wina''eh: Shoshoni Stories and Di%tionary; 8obert 6s/alt4s Kashaya Te>ts; Paul 8adin4s /a''o Te>ts: First Series; , ?E$ , =ladys 8eichard4s /iyot Grammar and Te>ts; 'd/ard 0a ir4s -ana Te>ts; HansNakob 0eiler4s Cahuilla Te>ts; Willia5 0hi ley4s 0aidu Te>ts and Di%tionary; and 0tuart Uldall and Willia5 0hi ley4s Nisenan Te>ts and Di%tionary. C>any of these scholars have also roduced "ra55ars and dictionaries for their res ective lan"ua"es, and 5ost "ra55ars also contain a fe/ te;ts as /ell.D Certain volu5es in the

Native ,meri%an Te>ts Series Cboth the ne/ series and the oldD also feature te;ts fro5 a variety of California literary traditions: Willia5 Bri"ht4s Coyote Stories; =eo rey =a5ble4s -o#uts Te>ts; >ar"aret Lan"don4s -uman Te>ts; 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver4s Northern California Te>ts; and >artha <endall4s Coyote Stories 77. >any i5 ortant lin"uistic te;ts and short collections also a ear in Nournal for5at, a5on" the5 Mai5e de 9n"ulo4s -Po5o Creation >yth1P Mai5e de 9n"ulo and L. 0. 7reeland4s -<arok *e;ts1P >adison Beeler4s -Barbare2o Chu5ash *e;t and Le;icon1P L. 0. 7reeland4s -Western >i/ok *e;ts /ith Lin"uistic 0ketch1P Pliny 'arl =oddard4s -Wailaki *e;ts1P Mohn Peabody Harrin"ton4s -<arok *e;ts1 and -<arok )ndian >yths1P 8obert Lo/ie4s -Washo *e;ts1P Willia5 0eabur"4s -9 Wailaki C9tha askanD *e;t /ith Co5 arative :otes1P and Carl 3oe"elin4s -*]batulabal *e;ts.1

E. H!ndb""-$2 ,ib'i"%r!3hie$2 !nd Ar hi4e$

*he sin"le 5ost useful reference /orkOyour bible for be"innin" research or si5 ly seekin" infor5ation on California )ndiansOis the California volu5e of the 05ithsonian4s .and6oo# of North ,meri%an 7ndians Cvolu5e E, edited by 8obert HeiHerD. :e;t co5e 9lfred <roeber4s .and6oo# of the 7ndians of California$ 8obert HeiHer and >. 9. Whi le4s The California 7ndians: , Sour%e ?oo#$ and Lo/ell Bean and *ho5as Blackburn4s Native Californians: , Theoreti%al Detros'e%tive. 0te hen Po/ers4s Tri6es of California$ i5 ortant and even "roundbreakin" in its day C#E@@D and still a valuable source of infor5ation and firsthand observation, has not a"ed /ell. C)t is entirely too easy to stu5ble across sentences like the follo/in", /hich introduces the te;t of a <onko/ son": -*he reader /ill understand, if he kno/s anythin" about )ndian habits, that there /as a "reat deal introduced into this erfor5ance /hich no 5an can describe or i5itateOunutterable "roans, hissin"s, 5utterin"s, and re etitions, /ith /hich the sava"e so deli"hts to envelo his sacred e;ercises1 [email protected] Willia5 Bri"ht4s annotated ?i6liogra'hy of the 3anguages of Native California is an invaluable reference tool, thou"h it runs out at its date of ublication, #%E2, and 5uch ne/ /ork has been roduced since thenP an u dated version is available on the /eb Csee section ) hereD. 8obert HeiHer, <aren :issen, and 'd/ard Castillo4s California 7ndian .istory: , Classified and ,nnotated Guide to , S]T U Sour%e 0aterials is like/ise an useful tool, as is 8ichard <eelin"4s Guide to 1arly Field De%ordings 9Z^ggjZ^T^: at the 3owie 0useum of ,nthro'ology. 6ne of the 5ost co5 rehensive biblio"ra hic sources is onBline at the California )ndian Libraries Collection /ebsite Csee section ) hereD. *his site rovides fairly co5 rehensive biblio"ra hies or"aniHed by tribe and dra/s on historical, anthro olo"ical, and lin"uistic sourcesP unfortunately, the roNect has not yet been e; anded to cover 0outhern California cultures. 7or those interested in archival 5aterials, the Bancroft Library at Berkeley has a vast collection of California ethno"ra hic and lin"uistic holdin"s, includin" the 9. L. <roeber Pa ers and the 7rank M. 'ssene collection. C8esearchers should ask for (ale 3alory4s -=uide to 'thnolo"ical (ocu5ents1 XCUB 2$.#YOthe -3alory =uide,1 for short.D *he Phoebe 9 leton Hearst >useu5 of 9nthro olo"y Cfor5erly the Lo/ieD at Berkeley has a collection of sound recordin"s and an e;tensive hoto"ra hic collection no/ in the rocess of bein" catalo"ued electronically. *he archives of the 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es, also at Berkeley, is ad5inistered by the (e art5ent of Lin"uisticsP the Lan"ua"e Lab /ith its ta e archives is conveniently located in the sa5e buildin". 6ther i5 ortant archival sites for California 5aterials include the 95erican Philoso hical Library in Philadel hia, the Huntin"ton Library in 0an >arino Ces ecially the Wieland collectionD, the 0anta

Barbara >useu5 of :atural History, the 0outh/est >useu5 in Los 9n"eles, and the >alki >useu5 at the >oron"o )ndian 8eservation. 7inally, researchers should be a/are of the hu"e Harrin"ton collection archived at the :ational 9nthro olo"ical 9rchives at the 05ithsonian )nstitution in Washin"ton, (.C. *here is a co5 lete 5icrofil5 edition of the Harrin"ton a ers Crunnin" to 2E$ reelsD distributed by <raus )nternational. >any university libraries o/n at least selections fro5 this 5icrofil5 collectionP lar"er universities and institutions, such as U.C. Berkeley and the University of Pittsbur"h, are likely to ossess the entire set.

F. +!%!5ine$ !nd Ne($'etter$

7or 5ore than a decade, the &uarterly 5a"aHine News from Native California has been an i5 ortant foru5 for ne/s and vie/s of California4s :ative co55unities and a 5aNor force in encoura"in" the current renaissance of conte5 orary California lan"ua"es and cultures. 9nother lively and infor5ative eriodical, The 0aster#ey$ ut out by the 0outh/est >useu5, is sadly no/ defunct. */o ne/sletters rovide useful and en"a"in" sources of infor5ation on California lan"ua"es: the SS73, Newsletter C/here 00)L9 stands for the 0ociety for the 0tudy of the )ndi"enous Lan"ua"es of the 95ericasD, /hich occasionally 5entions to ics "er5ane to California, includin" conference schedulesP and the occasional , ?E? , Newsletter of the \. 2. .arrington Conferen%e$ /hich serves as a clearin"house of infor5ation for scholars /orkin" /ith the Harrin"ton 5aterials. *here are several CaliforniaBoriented conferences that convene annually: the California )ndian Conference, an -interdeno5inational1 "atherin" of eo leOs ecialist and nons ecialist, :ative and nonB:ativeOto read a ers and "ive talks on to ics and issues of interest to :ative California studiesP the Hokan! Penutian Worksho , a "atherin" of lin"uists s ecialiHin" in Hokan and Penutian lan"ua"es C/atch for announce5ents in the SS73, NewsletterDP and the California )ndian 0torytellin" 7estival, /hich /as inau"urated in #%%? Ccheck their /ebsite for infor5ationD.

G. Trib!' ,""-'et$ !nd In$tru ti"n!' +!teri!'$

>any tribes, so5eti5es /orkin" in coo eration /ith lin"uists, so5eti5es /orkin" on their o/n, roduce docu5entary and eda"o"ical 5aterials for their lan"ua"es, in the for5 of te;t collections, teachin" "ra55ars, vocabularies and dictionaries, videos, and so forth. *hese 5aterials tend to be "eared 5ore to/ard the classroo5 and the co55unityO ractical a licationsOthan to the s ecialist audience of rofessional lin"uists and lan"ua"e consultants. 0o5eti5es these 5aterials are readily available, but often they are distributed only locally and can be very difficult to obtain. 9ccessible or not, they do e;ist, and it see5s /orth/hile to list the5 here. 0o5e e;a5 les )4ve run across include Lucy 9rvidson4s ,laawi%h 9Eur 3anguage:: First ?oo# of /ords in the T56atula6al 3anguage of Southern California; Ma5es Bau5an, 8uby >iles, and )ke Leaf4s 2it Diver Tea%hing Di%tionary; 8uth Bennett4s .u'a S'elling ?oo#; Catherine Calla"han and Brian Bibby4s Northern Sierra 0iwo# 3anguage .and6oo# and 3et(s 3earn Northern Sierra 0iwo#; *ed Couro and Christina Hutcheson4s Di%tionary of 0esa Grande Diegue+o; *ed Couro and >ar"aret Lan"don4s 3et(s Tal# (7i'ay ,a: ,n 7ntrodu%tion to the 0esa Grande Diegue+o 3anguage; 3ictor =olla4s .u'a Stories$ ,ne%dotes$ and Conversations; 3illiana Hyde4s ,n 7ntrodu%tion to the 3uise+o 3anguage; 8oscinda :olas&ueH and 9nne =allo/ay4s 7(i 0uluwit: First ?oo# of /ords in the Cu'e+o 7ndian 3anguage of Southern California; Mes_s n"el 6choa jaHueta4s -a(a6& ti(n+ar 8as'uy('ai 91sta

es la 1s%ritura 2ai('ai:; *ho5as Parsons4s The -uro# 3anguage$ 3iterature$ and Culture; and <atherine 0aubel and Pa5ela >unro4s Chem(ivillu(: 3et(s S'ea# Cahuilla.

H. Fi'.$ !nd D" u.ent!rie$

0everal recent 5ovies and docu5entaries have focused on California )ndian cultures. */o of the5 concern )shi: the )shi (ocu5entation ProNect4s e;cellent , ?EA , docu5entary 7shi$ the 3ast -ahi$ and the considerably 5ore o ulariHed HB6 roduction 7shi$ 3ast of .is Tri6e$ starrin" =raha5 =reen as )shi and Mon 3oi"ht as 9. L. <roeber. <en Burns4s PB0 series The /est contains a "ood bit of California covera"e, includin" Cfor onceD so5e )ndian ers ective on the 0 anish >ission eriod and the =old 8ush. 7inally, =re" 0arris4s 5iniseries Grand ,venue$ /hich follo/s the lives of conte5 orary )ndians in :orthern California Cand is based on his shortBstory collection of the sa5e na5eD, aired on HB6 in #%%A.

I. Internet Site$ !nd Di$ u$$i"n Gr"u3$

*he 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es 5aintains a /ebsite /ith a searchable database inde;in" its holdin"s, alon" /ith ointers to other relevant addresses. *he California )ndian Library Collections site 5entioned in section ' rovides 5a s, ictures, and basketry infor5ation, in addition to the tribal biblio"ra hies. *he UC Berkeley lin"uistics de art5ent has a ho5e a"e that includes infor5ation about conferences and California lan"ua"e courses, so5eti5es even includin" data "athered fro5 on"oin" classes in lin"uistic field 5ethods. *he California )ndian 0torytellin" 7estival also has a /ebsite, /ith infor5ation on u co5in" festivals and other issues. 9ddresses for these and other relevant sites, as of ti5e of ublication, are as follo/s: *he California )ndian 0torytellin" 7estival: htt :!!///.ucsc.edu!costano!story#.ht5l California )ndian Library Collections: htt :!!///.5i .berkeley.edu!cilc!brochure!brochure.ht5l 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es: htt :!!///.lin"uistics.berkeley.edu!lin"de t!research!0urvey!0C6) L.ht5l *he Cahto C<atoD Lan"ua"e Pa"e: htt :!!///."eocities.co5!9thens!Parthenon!A0#0! CostanoanB6hlone )ndian Canyon 8esource: htt :!!///.ucsc.edu!costano! UC Berkeley (e art5ent of Lin"uistics: htt :!!///.lin"uistics.berkeley.edu!lin"de t! 0ociety for the 0tudy of the )ndi"enous Lan"ua"es of the 95ericas: htt :!!///.trc2.ucdavis.edu!ssila , ?E@ ,

REFERENCES
*his biblio"ra hy contains the full citations for all /orks referred to in this volu5e, includin" the -7urther 8eadin"1 sections found /ith each individual introduction. C9LBHB 9bbreviations California$ ed. 8obert 7. HeiHer. 3ol. E of the 05ithsonian

.and6oo# of North ,meri%an 7ndians$ ed. Willia5 C. 0turtevant C#%@ED. Washin"ton, (.C.: 05ithsonian )nstitution. 7\,3 7nternational \ournal of ,meri%an 3inguisti%s. Chica"o: University of Chica"o Press.

7\,3B:9*0 7nternational \ournal of 3inguisti%s$ :ative 95erican *e;ts 0eries. Chica"o: University of Chica"o Press. \,F \ournal of ,meri%an Fol#lore. Boston and :e/ +ork: Hou"hton, >ifflin and Co. for the 95erican 7olklore 0ociety. News from Native California: ,n 7nside 4iew of the California 7ndian /orld. Berkeley: Heyday Books. De'orts from the Survey of California and Ether 7ndian 3anguages. Berkeley: 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es, University of California. Kniversity of California ,nthro'ologi%al De%ords. Berkeley: University of California Press. Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in ,r%haeology and 1thnology. Berkeley: University of California Press.

NNC 80C6)L

KC,D KC2,,1 UCPL

Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in 3inguisti%s. Berkeley: University of California Press. 9llen, 'lsie. #%@2. 2omo ?as#etma#ing: , Su'reme ,rt for the /eaver. Healdsbur", Calif.: :ature"ra h Publishers.9llen, 'lsie. #%E%. -Boardin" 0chool.1 NNCG.#.9n"ulo, =ui de. #%%?. The Eld Coyote of ?ig Sur: The 3ife and Times of \aime de,ngulo. Berkeley: 0tone"arden Press.9n"ulo, Mai5e de. #%$?. -Po5o Creation >yth.1 \,FGE.#E%: 20$F2A2.9n"ulo, Mai5e de. #%?$. 7ndian Tales. :e/ +ork: 9. 9. Wyn.9n"ulo, Mai5e de. #%@Aa. Sha6ego#. -6ld *i5e 0tories #1 . Berkeley: *urtle )sland 7oundation.9n"ulo, Mai5e de. #%@Ab. .ow the /orld /as 0ade. -6ld *i5e 0tories 21 . Berkeley: *urtle )sland 7oundation. , ?EE , 9n"ulo, Mai5e de. #%%0. 7ndians in Everalls. 0an 7rancisco: City Li"hts Books.9n"ulo, Mai5e de, and L. 0. 7reeland. #%$0. -*he 9chu5a/i Lan"ua"e.1 7\,3@: @@F#20.9n"ulo, =ui de. #%$#a. -<arok *e;ts.1 7\,3A.$FG: #%GF22A.9n"ulo, =ui de. #%$#b. -*/o 9chu5a/i *ales.1 \,FGG.#@2: #2?F #$A.9 odaca, Paul. #%%@. -Co5 letin" the Circle.1 8evie/ of 0y Dear 0iss Ni%holson 3etters and 0yths$ by Willia5 8. Benson. ::C ##.# CfallD: $2F$G.9 le"ate, 8ichard. #%@2. -)nese2o Chu5ash =ra55ar.1 Ph.(. diss., University of California at Berkeley.9 le"ate, 8ichard. #%@?. -Chu5ash :arrative 7olklore as 0ociolin"uistic (ata.1 \ournalof California and Great ?asin ,nthro'ology2: #EEF#%@.9rvidson, Lucy. #%@A. ,laawi%h 9Eur 3anguage:: First ?oo# of /ords in the T56atula6al 3anguage of Southern California. Bannin", Calif.: >alki >useu5 Press.Barrett, 0a5uel 9.#%#%. -*he Wintun Hesi Cere5ony.1 KC2,,1#G.#: [email protected], 0a5uel 9.#%$$. 2omo 0yths. -Bulletin of the Public >useu5 of the City of >il/aukee #?. >il/aukee1 .Bass, Ho/ard, and =reen 8ayna, rods. #%%?. .eart6eat: 4oi%es of First Nations /omen. Washin"ton: 05ithsonian!7olk/ays 8ecords CC( 07 G0G#?D.Bau5an, Ma5es. #%E0. -Chi5ariko Placena5es and the Boundaries of Chi5ariko *erritory.1 )n ,meri%an 7ndian and 7ndoI1uro'ean Studies: 2a'ers in .onorof 0adison S. ?eeler, ed. <athryn <lar,

>ar"aret Lan"don, and 0hirley 0ilver, ##F2%. *he Ha"ue: >outon Publishers.Bau5an, Ma5es, /ith 8uby >iles and )ke Leaf. #%@%. 2it Diver Tea%hing Di%tionary. -:ational Bilin"ual >aterials (evelo 5ent Center, 8ural 'ducation, University of 9laska1 .Bau5ho, >artin 9., and (avid L. 6l5sted. #%AG. -:ote, on Palaihnihan Culture History: =lottochronolo"y and 9rchaeolo"y.1 )n Studies in Californian 3inguisti%s, ed. W. Bri"ht. UCPL $G: #F#2.Beals, 8al h. #%$$. -'thno"ra hy of the :isenan.1 KC2,,1$#.A: $$?FG#G.Bean, Lo/ell Mohn, and *ho5as Blackburn. #%@A. Native Californians: , Theoreti%al Detros'e%tive. 0ocorro, :.>e;.: Ballena Press.Bean, Lo/ell Mohn, and 7lorence C. 0hi ek. #%@E. -Luise2o.1 C9LBHB: ??0F?A$.Bean, Lo/ell Mohn, and Charles 8. 05ith. #%@E. -0errano.1 C9LBHB: ?@[email protected], Lo/ell Mohn, and 0ylvia Brakke 05ith. #%@E. -=abrielino.1 C9LBHB: ?$EF?G%.Bean, Lo/ell Mohn, and 0ylvia Brakke 3ane. #%@E. -Cults and *heir *ransfor5ations.1 C9LBHB: [email protected], 3ic, and 8oberta Lle/ellyn. #%%?. -)ntervie/ /ith 'dna =uerrero.1 NNCE.G Cs rin"D: G0. , ?E% , Beeler, >adison. #%@%. -Barbare2o Chu5ash *e;t and Le;icon.1 )n Fests%hriftfor ,r%hi6ald ,. .ill, vol. 2, ed. >. 9. MaHayery et al., #@#F#%$. *he Ha"ue: >outon.Benedict, 8uth. #%2G. -9 Brief 0ketch of 0errano Culture.1 ,meri%an ,nthro'ologist n.s.2A:$AAF$%G.Benedict, 8uth. #%2A. -0errano *ales.1 \,F$%.#?#: #F#@.Bennett, 8uth 0.#%E#. .u'a S'elling ?oo#. 9rcata, Calif.: Center for Co55unity (evelo 5ent, Hu5boldt 0tate University.Benson, Willia5 8al"anal. #%$2. -*he 0tone and <elsey >assacre on the 0horesof Clear Lake in #EG%.1 *uarterly of the California .istori%al So%iety##.$:2AAF 2@$.Benson, Willia5 8al"anal. #%%@. -0y Dear 0iss ?enson F: 3etters and 0yths. 'd. >aria del Car5en =asser. Pasadena, Calif.: Bickley Printin" Co5 any.Ber5an, Ho/ard. #%E0. -*/o Chukchansi Coyote 0tories.1 )n Coyote Stories 77, ed. >artha B. <endall. 7\,3IN,TS, >ono"ra h A: [email protected], Willia5. #%@G. -95erican )ndian 3erse *ranslations.1 College 1nglish$?: A%$F@0$.Bibby, Brian. #%%2. -*he =rindstone 8oundhouse.1 NNCA.$ Csu55erD: #2F#$.Bibby, Brian. #%%A. The Fine ,rt of California 7ndian ?as#etry. 0acra5ento: Crocker 9rt >useu5 in association /ith Heyday Books.Bibby, Brian., ed. #%%2. 3iving Traditions: , 0useum Guide for Native ,meri%an 2eo'leof California. 3ol. 2: NorthICentral California. 0acra5ento: California :ative 95erican Herita"e Co55ission.Blackburn, *ho5as. #%@?. De%em6er(s Child: , ?oo# of Chumash Eral Narratives. Berkeley: University of California Press.Blackburn, *ho5as, and <at 9nderson, eds. #%%$. ?efore the /ilderness: 1nvironmental 0anagement 6y Native Californians. Ballena Press 9nthro olo"ical Pa ers G0. >enlo Park, Calif.: Ballena Press.Bo55elyn, Loren, and Berneice Hu5 hrey. #%E?. ?oo#let of Tolowa Stories. 2ded. Crescent City, Calif.: *olo/a Lan"ua"e Co55ittee and the (el :orte County *itle )3B9 95erican )ndian 'ducation Pro"ra5.Bo55elyn, Loren, and Berneice Hu5 hrey. #%E@. Vus /eI-o(: Tolowa 3anguage. 2d ed.. Crescent City, Calif.: *olo/a Lan"ua"e Co55ittee.Bo55elyn, Loren, and Berneice Hu5 hrey. #%%?. Now -ou(re S'ea#ing Tolowa. Ha y Ca5 , Calif.: :ature"ra h Publishers.Boscana, =eroni5o. #%$$ X#EGAY. Chinig%hini%h: , Devised and ,nnotated 4ersion of ,lfred Do6inson(s Translation of Father Geronimo ?os%ana(s .istori%al ,%%ount of the ?elief$ Ksages$ Customs$ and 1>travagen%iesNAO of the 7ndians of This 0ission of San \uan Ca'istrano Called the ,%ag%hemem Tri6e. 'd. P. *.Hanna. 0anta 9na, Calif.: 7ine 9rts Press. , ?%0 , Bri"ht, Willia5. #%?@. The Karo# 3anguage. UCPL #$.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%AE. , 3uise+o Di%tionary. UCPL ?#.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%@@. -Coyote 0teals 7ire C<arokD.1 )n Northern California Te>ts$ ed. 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver. 7\,3IN,TS2.2: $F%.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%@Ea. Coyote Stories. 7\,3IN,TS, >ono"ra h #.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%@Eb. -<arok.1 C9LBHB: #E0F#E%.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%@%. -9 <aruk >yth in [>easured 3erse\: *he *ranslation of a Perfor5ance.1 \ournal of California and Great ?asin

,nthro'ology#: ##@F#2$.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%E0a. -Coyote =ives 0al5on and 9corns to Hu5ans C<arokD.1 )n Coyote Stories `, ed. >artha <endall. 7\,3 B:9*0, >ono"ra h A: GAF?2.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%E0b. -Coyote4s Mourney.1 ,meri%an 7ndian Culture and Desear%h \ournalG.#F2: 2#FGE.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%E2a. ?i6liogra'hy of the 3anguages of Native California. -:ative 95erican Biblio"ra hy 0eries $1 . >etuchen, :.M.: *he 0carecro/ Press.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%E2b. -Poetic 0tructure in 6ral :arrative.1 )n S'o#en and /ritten 3anguage, ed. (eborah *annen, #@#F#EG. :or/ood, :.M.: 9ble; Publishin".Bri"ht, Willia5. #%EG. ,meri%an 7ndian 3inguisti%s and 3iterature. Berlin: >outon de =ruyter.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%%$. , Coyote Deader. Berkeley: University of California Press.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%%Ga. ->yth, >usic, and >a"ic: :ettie 8euben4s <aruk Love >edicine.1 )n Coming to 3ight, ed. Brian 0/ann, @AGF@@#. :e/ +ork: 8ando5 House.Bri"ht, Willia5. #%%Gb. -6ral Literature of California and the )nter5ountain 8e"ion.1 )n Di%tionary of Native ,meri%an 3iterature, ed. 9ndre/ Wi"et, G@F?2. :e/ +ork: =arland Press.Bru5ble, H. (avid. #%EE. ,meri%an 7ndian ,uto6iogra'hy. Berkeley: Universityof California Press.Burns, <en. #%%A. The /est. Dir. Steven 7ves. 9le;andria, 3a.: PB0 3ideo.Calla"han, Catherine 9.#%@@. -Coyote the )5 ostor.1 )n Northern California Te>ts$ ed. 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver. 7\,3 B:9*0 2.2: #0F#A.Calla"han, Catherine 9.#%@E. -7ire, 7lood, and Creation.1 )n Coyote Stories, ed. Willia5 Bri"ht. 7\,3 B:9*0 #: A2FEA.Ca5 bell, Lyle, and >arianne >ithun. #%@%. The 3anguages of Native ,meri%a: .istory and Com'arative ,ssessment. 9ustin: University of *e;as Press.Castillo, 'd/ard. #%@E. -*he )5 act of 'uroB95erican '; loration and 0ettle5ent.1 C9LBHB: %%F#[email protected], Wallace. #%E0. The 2ear Stories: Cognitive$ Cultural$ and 3inguisti% ,s'e%tsof Narrative 2rodu%tion. :or/ood, :.M.: 9ble; Publishin".Chafe, Wallace. #%%G. Dis%ourse$ Cons%iousness$ and Time: The Flow and Dis'la%ementof Cons%iousness in S'ea#ing and /riting. :or/ood, :.M.: 9ble; Publishin".ChaseB(unn, Christo her, and >ahua 0arkar. #%%$. -Plac, :a5es and )ntersocietal )nteraction: Wintu '; ansion into Hokan *erritory in Late Prehistoric :orthern California.1 Pa er resented at the *hirteenth 9nnual >eetin" of the 0ociety for 'cono5ic 9nthro olo"y, (urha5, :.H., 9 ril 2$, #%%$. , ?%# , ChaseB(unn, Christo her, 0. 'd/ard Cle/ett, and 'laine 0undahl. #%%2. -9 3ery 05all WorldB0yste, in :orthern California: *he Wintu and *heir :ei"hbors.1 Pa er resented at the 7iftyB0eventh 9nnual >eetin" of the 0ociety for 95erican 9rchaeolo"y, Pittsbur"h, Pa., 9 ril EF#2.Cook, 0herburne 7.#%G$. -*he Conflict bet/een the California )ndian and White CiviliHation1 , #: *he )ndian versus the 0 anish >ission.1 76eroI,meri%ana2#. Berkeley.Cook, 0herburne 7.#%@E. -Historical (e5o"ra hy.1 C9LBHB: %#F%E.Costo, 8u ert, and Meannette Henry Costo. #%E@. The 0issions of California: ,3ega%y of Geno%ide. 0an 7rancisco: )ndian Historical Press for the 95erican )ndian Historical 0ociety.Couro, *ed, and Christina Hutcheson. #%@$. Di%tionary of 0esa Grande Diegue+o: (7i'ay ,aI1nglish R 1nglishI(7i'ay ,a. Bannin", Calif.: >alki >useu5 Press.Couro, *ed, and >ar"aret Lan"don. #%@?. 3et(s Tal# (7i'ay ,a: ,n 7ntrodu%tionto the 0esa Grande Diegue+o 3anguage. 8a5ona, Calif.: Ballena Press.Cra/ford, Ma5es. #%E$. Co%o'a Te>ts. UCPL #00.Cra/ford, Ma5es. #%%2. 3anguage 3oyalties: , Sour%e ?oo# on the Effi%ial 1nglish Controversy. Chica"o: University of Chica"o Press.Cra/ford, Mudith. #%@A. -0even >ohave >yths.1 )n -uman Te>ts$ ed. >ar"aret Lan"don. 7\,3 B:9*0 #.$: $#F G2.CroHierBHo"le, Lois, and (arryl Babe Wilson. #%%@. Surviving in Two /orlds:Contem'orary Native ,meri%an 4oi%es. 9ustin: University of *e;as Press.Cuero, (elfina. #%@0. The ,uto6iogra'hy of Delfina Cuero$ a Diegue+o 7ndian. 9s told to 7lorence C. 0hi ek. Bannin", Calif.: >alki >useu5 Press and the >oron"o )ndian 8eservation.Curtin, Mere5iah. #E%E. Creation 0yths of 2rimitive ,meri%a$ in Delation to the Deligious .istory and Develo'ment of 0an#ind. Boston: Little, Bro/n. C8e rint, :e/ +ork: BenNa5in Blo5, #%[email protected](an"ber", =race. #%2@. -Washo *e;ts.1 KC2,,122.$: $%#FGG$.(e5etraco oulou, (orothy. #%$$. -*he Loon Wo5an >yth: 9 0tudy in 0ynthesis.1 \,FGA: #0#F#2E.(e5etraco oulou, (orothy. #%$?. -Wintu 0on"s.1 ,nthro'os$0: GE$FG%G.(e5etraco oulou,

(orothy, and Cora (u Bois. #%$2. -9 0tudy of Wintu >ytholo"y.1 \,FG?.#@E: $@?F?00.(ens5ore, 7rances. #%$2. -uman and -a%"ui 0usi%. Bureau of 95erican 'thnolo"y Bulletin ##0. Washin"ton, (.C.: =overn5ent Printin" 6ffice.(evereu;, =eor"e. #%GE. ->ohave Coyote *ales.1 \,FA#: 2$$F2??. , ?%2 , (i;on, 8oland. #%02. ->aidu >yths.1 ?ulletin of the ,meri%an 0useum of Natural .istory#@.2: $$F ##E. :e/ +ork: *he <nickerbocker Press.(i;on, 8oland. #%0?. -*he :orthern >aidu.1 ?ulletin of the ,meri%an 0useum of Natural .istory#@.$: ##%F$GA. :e/ +ork: *he <nickerbocker Press.(i;on, 8oland. #%#0. -*he Chi5ariko )ndians and Lan"ua"e.1 KC2,,1?.?: 2%$F$E0.(i;on, 8oland. #%#2. 0aidu Te>ts. Publications of the 95erican 'thnolo"ical 0ociety G: #F2G#. Leyden: '. M. Brill.(oHier, (eborah. #%%@. The .eart 7s Fire: The /orld of the Cahuilla 7ndians of Southern California. Berkeley: Heyday Books.(rucker, Phili . #%$@. -*he *olo/a and *heir 0outh/est 6re"on <in.1 KC2,,1$A: 22#F$00.(u Bois, Cora. #%$?. -Wintu 'thno"ra hy.1 KC2,,1$A.#: #F#GE.(u Bois, Cora. #%$%. -*he #E@0 =host (ance.1 KC,D$.#: #F#?#.(u Bois, Cora, and (orothy (e5etraco oulou. #%$#. -Wintu >yths.1 KC2,,12E.?: 2@%FG0$.'ar"le, (olan H.#%EA. The 1arth 7s Eur 0other: , Guide to the 7ndians of California$ Their 3o%ales$ and .istori% Sites. 0an 7rancisco: *rees Co5 any Press.'ar"le, (olan H.#%%2. California 7ndian Country: The 3and and the 2eo'le. 0an 7rancisco: *rees Co5 any Press.7inck, 7ranH :ikolaus. #E%%. Die ,raner 0undart: 1in ?etrag <ur 1rfors%hungdes /estiris%hen. >arbur": :. =. 'l/ert4sche 3erla"sbuchhandun".7orde, C. (arryl. #%$#. -'thno"ra hy of the +u5a )ndians.1 KC2,,12E.G: [email protected], >ichael <.#%%A. -Lan"ua"e and the Culture History of :orth 95erica.1 )n 3anguages, ed. )ves =oddard. 3ol. #@ of the 05ithsonian Handbookof :orth 95erican )ndians, ed. Willia5 0turtevant. Washin"ton, (.C.:05ithsonian )nstitution.7reeland, Lucy 0.#%G@. -Western >i/ok *e;ts /ith Lin"uistic 0ketch.1 7\,3#$.#: $#FGA.7reeland, Lucy 0.#%E2. Freeland(s Central Sierra 0iwo# 0yths, ed. Ho/ard Ber5an. 80C6)L $.=a5ble, =eo rey. #%@E. /i#%hamni Grammar. UCPL E%.=a5ble, =eo rey. #%E0. -Ho/ Peo le =ot *heir Hands.1 )n Coyote Stories 77$ ed. >artha B. <endall. 7\,3I :9*0, >ono"ra h A: ?$F??.=a5ble, =eo rey., ed. #%%G. -o#uts Te>ts. :ative 95erican *e;ts 0eries Xn.s.Y #. Berlin: >outon de =ruyter.=arth, *ho5as 8.#%?$. -9tsu"e/i 'thno"ra hy.1 KC,D#G.2: #2%F2#2.=arth, *ho5as 8.#%@E. -9tsu"e/i.1 C9LBHB: 2$AF2G$.=ayton, 9nna. #%$?. -9real 9ffiliations of California 7olktales.1 ,meri%an ,nthro'[email protected]: ?E2F?%%. , ?%$ , =ayton, 9nna. #%GE. -+okut, and Western >ono: 'thno"ra hy.1 KC,D#0.#F2: #F$02.=ayton, 9nna, and 0tanley :e/5an. #%G0. -+okuts and Western >ono >yths.1 KC,D?.#: #F##0.=endar, Meannine. #%%?. Grass Games and 0oon Da%es: California 7ndian Gamesand Toys. Berkeley: Heyday Books.=i ord, 'd/ard Winslo/. #%#E. -Clans and >oieties in 0outhern California.1 KC2,,1#E: #F2E?.=i ord, 'd/ard Winslo/. #%2A. -+u5a (rea5s and 65ens.1 \,F$%.#?#: ?EFA%.=i ord, 'd/ard Winslo/. #%??. -Central >i/ok Cere5onies.1 KC,D#G.G: 2A#F$#E.=i ord, 'd/ard W., and =/endoline Block. #%$0. California 7ndian Nights 1ntertainments: Stories of the Creation of the /orld$ of 0an$ of Fire$ of the Sun$ of Thunder$ et%.; of Coyote$ the 3and of the Dead$ the S#y 0onsters$ ,nimal 2eo'le$ et%. =lendale, Calif.: 9rthur H. Clark. C8e rint, Lincoln: Universityof :ebraska Press, Bison Books, #%%0.D=oddard, )ves. #%%A. -)ntroduction.1 )n 3anguages$ ed. )ves =oddard. 3ol. #@of *he Handbook of :orth 95erican )ndians. Washin"ton, (.C.: 05ithsonian )nstitution Press.=oddard, )ves., ed. #%%A. 3anguages. 3ol. #@ of the 05ithsonian .and6oo# of North ,meri%an 7ndians$ ed. Willia5 0turtevant. Washin"ton, (.C.: 05ithsonian )nstitution.=oddard, Pliny 'arle. #%0$F#%0G. -Life and Culture of the Hu a.1 KC2,,1#.#: #FEE.=oddard, Pliny 'arle. #%0G. -Hu a *e;ts.1 KC2,,1#.2: E%F$AE.=oddard, Pliny 'arle. #%0%. -<ato *e;ts.1 KC2,,1?.$: A?F2$E.=oddard, Pliny 'arle. #%#G. -Chilula *e;ts.1 KC2,,1#0.@: 2E%F$@%.=oddard, Pliny 'arle. #%2#F#%2$. -Wailaki *e;ts.1 7\,32.$!G: @@F

#$?.=oldsch5idt, Walter. #%?#. -:o5laki 'thno"ra hy.1 KC2,,1G2.G: $0$FGG$.=oldsch5idt, Walter. #%@E. -:o5laki.1 C9LBHB: $G#F$G%.=olla, 3ictor. #%EGa. .u'a Stories$ ,ne%dotes$ and Conversations. *old by Louisa Mackson, :ed Mackson, and >innie 8eeves. 8ecorded, transcribed, and translated by 3ictor =olla. 9rcata, Calif.: *he Hoo a 3alley *ribe.=olla, 3ictor. #%%A. ->ary Haas.1 X6bituary.Y SS73, Newsletter #?.2 CMulyD. 9rcata, Calif.: 0ociety for the 0tudy of the )ndi"enous Lan"ua"es of the 95ericas.=olla, 3ictor. #%%A. -8evie/ of The Eld Coyote of ?ig Sur.F SS73, Newsletter#?.#: @FE. 9rcata, Calif.: 0ociety for the 0tudy of the )ndi"enous Lan"ua"es of the 95ericas.=olla, 3ictor., ed. #%EGb. The Sa'irIKroe6e$ Corres'onden%e: 3etters 6etween 1dward Sa'ir and ,. 3. Kroe6er, #%0?F#%2?. 80C6)L A.=olla, 3ictor, and 0hirley 0ilver, eds. #%@@. Northern California Te>ts. 7\,3 B:9*0 2.2.=ould, 8ichard 9.#%@E. -*olo/a.1 C9LBHB: #2EF#$A. , ?%G , =rant, Ca5 bell. #%A?. The Do%# 2aintings of the Chumash: , Study of California 7ndian Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press.=rey, Her5an. #%@0. Tales from the 0ohaves. :or5an: University of 6klaho5a Press.Hal ern, 9braha5 >.#%@A. -<uku5at Beca5e 0ickOa +u5a *e;t.1 )n -uman Te>ts$ ed. >ar"aret Lan"don. 7\,3 B:9*0 #.$: ?F2?.Hal ern, 9braha5 >.#%EG. -Juechan Literature.1 )n S'irit 0ountain: ,n ,nthology of -uman Story and Song, ed. Leanne Hinton and Lucille Wataho5i"ie. 0un *racks#0. *ucson: 0un *racks and University of 9riHona Press.Hal ern, 9braha5 >.#%EE. -0outheaster, Po5o Cere5onials: *he <uksu Cult and its 0uccessors.1 KC,D2%.Hal ern, 9braha5 >.#%%@. Kar(&#: Native ,%%ounts of the *ue%han 0ourning Ceremony. 'd. 95y >iller and >ar"aret Lan"don. UCPL #2E.Ha5ley, Me rey Louis. #%%G. -Cultura. =enocide in the Classroo5: 9 Historyof the 7ederal Boardin" 0chool >ove5ent in 95erican )ndian 'ducation, #E@?F#%20.1 Ph.(. dissertation, Harvard University.Harrin"ton, Mohn Peabody. #%0@F#%?@. -*he Pa ers of Mohn Peabody Harrin"ton in the 05ithsonian )nstitution, #%0@F#%?@1 . :ational 9nthro olo"ical 9rchives, Washin"ton, (.C. C>icrofil5 edition, >ill/ood, :.+.: <rauss )nternational, #%EG.DHarrin"ton, Mohn Peabody. #%0E. -9 +u5a 9ccount of 6ri"ins.1 \,F2#: $2GF$GE.Harrin"ton, Mohn Peabody. #%2#F#%22 and #%2E. -Chi5ariko 7ield :otes. *he Pa ers of Mohn Peabody Harrin"ton in the 05ithsonian )nstitution, #%0@F#%?@1 . :ational 9nthro olo"ical 9rchives, 05ithsonian )nstitution, Washin"ton, (.C. C>icrofil5 edition: 3ol. 2, :orthern and Central California, Chi5ariko!Hu a, 8eels 20F2G, $#, and $?. >ill/ood, :.+.: <rauss )nternational, #%EG.DHarrin"ton, Mohn Peabody. #%$0. -<arok *e;ts.1 7\,3A.2: #2#F#A#.Harrin"ton, Mohn Peabody. #%$2. -<arok )ndian >yths.1 Bureau of 95erican 'thnolo"y Bulletin #0@. Washin"ton, (.C.: =overn5ent Printin" 6ffice.Hatch, Ma5es. #%?E. -*achi +okuts >usic.1 Kroe6er ,nthro'ologi%al So%iety 2a'ers#%: G@FAA. Berkeley.HeiHer, 8obert 7.#%@Ea. -History of 8esearch.1 C9LBHB: AF#?.HeiHer, 8obert 7.#%@Eb. ->ytholo"y: 8e"ional Patterns and History of 8esearch.1 C9LBHB: [email protected], 8obert 7.#%%$. The Destru%tion of California 7ndians: , Colle%tion of Do%umentsfrom the 2eriod Z]Tb to Z]_S in /hi%h are Des%ri6ed Some of the Things That .a''ened to Some of the 7ndians of California. Lincoln: University of :ebraska Press.HeiHer, 8obert 7., ed. #%??. -California )ndian Lin"uistic 8ecords: *he >ission )ndian 3ocabularies of H. W. Hensha/.1 KC,D#?.2: E?F202.HeiHer, 8obert 7., ed. #%@E. California. 4ol. ] of the Smithsonian .and6oo# of North ,meri%an 7ndians, ed. Willia5 0turtevant. Washin"ton, (.C.: 05ithsonian )nstitution. , ?%? , HeiHer, 8obert 7., and 9lan M. 9l5&uist. #%@#. The Ether Californians: 2re8udi%eand Dis%rimination under S'ain$ 0e>i%o$ and the Knited States to Z^`g. Berkeley: University of California Press.HeiHer, 8obert 7., and >.9. Whi le, eds. #%?#. The California 7ndians: , Sour%e ?oo#. Berkeley: University of California Press.HeiHer, 8obert 7., <aren :. :issen, and 'd/ard Castillo. #%@?. Californi$ 7ndian

.istory: , Classified and ,nnotated Guide to Sour%e 0aterials. Ballena Press Publications in 9rchaeolo"y, 'thnolo"y and History G. 8a5ona, Calif.:Ballena Press.HerHo", =eor"e. #%2E. -*he +u5an >usical 0tyle.1 \,FG#.#A0: #E$F2$#.Heth, Charlotte. #%%2. Songs of 3ove$ 3u%#$ ,nimals$ and 0agi%: 0usi% of the -uro# and Tolowa 7ndians. 8ecorded 9ntholo"y of 95erican >usic. :e/ +ork: :e/ World 8ecords C:W 2%@D.Hill, Mane H., and 8oscinda :olas&ueH. #%@$. 0ulu(wetam 9The First 2eo'le::Cu'e+o Eral .istory and 3anguage. Bannin", Calif.: >alki >useu5 Press.Hill, <enneth C.#%A@. -9 =ra55ar of the 0errano Lan"ua"e.1 Ph.(. diss., University of California at Los 9n"eles.Hill, <enneth C.#%@E. -*he Coyote and the 7lood.1 )n Coyote Stories$ ed. Willia5 Bri"ht. )M9L B:9*0, >ono"ra h #: ##2F##A.Hill, <enneth C.#%E0. -*he 0even 0isters.1 )n Coyote Stories `, ed. >artha <endall. 7\,3 B:9*0, >ono"ra h A: %@F#0$.Hinton, Leanne. #%EG. .avasu'a$ Songs: , 3inguisti% 2ers'e%tive. *]bin"en: =. :arr.Hinton, Leanne. #%%Ga. Flutes of Fire: 1ssays on California 7ndian 3anguages. Berkeley: Heyday Books.Hinton, Leanne. #%%Gb. -9shes, 9shes: Mohn Peabody Harrin"tonO*hen and :o/.1 )n Flutes of Fire: 1ssays on California 7ndian 3anguages, #%?F2#0. Berkeley: Heyday Books.Hinton, Leanne. #%%Gc. -0on": 6verco5in" the Lan"ua"e Barrier.1 )n Flutes of Fire:1ssays on California 7ndian 3anguages, $%FGG. Berkeley: Heyday Books.Hinton, Leanne. #%%Gd. -0on"s /ithout Words.1 )n Flutes of Fire: 1ssays on California 7ndian 3anguages, #G?F#?#. Berkeley: Heyday Books.Hinton, Leanne. #%%A. -Breath of Life!0ilen, :o >ore: *he :ative California Lan"ua"e 8estoration Worksho .1 NNC#0.# CfallD: #$F#A.Hinton, Leanne, and 0usan L. 8oth. #%%2. 7shi(s Tale of 3i<ard. :e/ +ork: 7arrar, 0traus and =irou;.Hinton, Leanne, and Lucille Wataho5i"ie, eds. #%EG. S'irit 0ountain: ,n ,nthology of -uman Story and Song. 0un *racks #0. *ucson: 0un *racks and University of 9riHona Press. , ?%A , Hol5esBWer5uth, Carol. #%%G. -*]batulabal.1 )n Native ,meri%a in the Twentieth Century: ,n 1n%y%lo'edia, ed. >ary B. (avis, AA0FAA#. :e/ +ork: =arland Publishin".Hook, Harry, dir. #%%2. The 3ast of .is Tri6e. 9 8iver City Production.Hudson, *ravis, and 'rnest Underhay. #%@E. Crystals in the S#y: ,n 7ntelle%tual Edyssey 7nvolving Chumash ,stronomy$ Cosmology$ and Do%# ,rt. 0ocorro, :.>e;.: Ballena Press.Hudson, *ravis, *ho5as Blackburn, 8osario Curletti, and Manice *i5brook, eds. #%@@. The 1ye of the Flute: Chumash Traditional .istory and Ditual. 9stold by 7ernando Librado <its a/it to Mohn P. Harrin"ton. 0anta Barbara: 0anta Barbara >useu5 of :atural History.Hudson, *ravis, Manice *i5brook, and >elissa 8e5 e, eds. #%@E. Tomol: Chumash /ater%raft as Des%ri6ed in the 1thnogra'hi% Notes of \. 2. .arrington. 0ocorro, :.>e;.: Ballena Press.Hurtado, 9lbert L.#%EE. 7ndian Survival on the California Frontier. :e/ Haven: +ale University Press.Hyde, 3illiana Calac. #%@#. ,n 7ntrodu%tion to the 3uise+o 3anguage. 'd. 8onald Lan"acker et al. Bannin", Calif.: >alki >useu5 Press.Hyde, 3illiana Calac, and 'ric 'lliott. #%%G. -um y# -um y# 93ong ,go:. UCPL #2?.Hy5es, (ell. #%@A. -Louis 0i5 son4s [*he (eserted Boy.\1 2oeti%s?.2: ##%F#??.Hy5es, (ell. #%@@. -(iscoverin" 6ral Perfor5ance and >easured 3erse in 95erican )ndian :arrative.1 New 3iterary .istoryE: G$#[email protected], (ell. #%E0. -Particle, Pause, and Pattern in 95erican )ndian :arrative 3erse.1 ,meri%an 7ndian Culture and Desear%h \ournalG.G: @F?#.Hy5es, (ell. #%E#. [7n vain 7 tried to tell youQ: 1ssays on Native ,meri%an 1thno'oeti%s. Philadel hia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Hy5es, (ell. #%E$. -[=itsku; and His 6lder Brother\: 9 Clacka5as Chinook >yth.1 )n Smoothing the Ground: 1ssays on Native ,meri%an Eral 3iterature, ed. Brian 0/ann, #2%F #@0. Berkeley: University of California Press.Hy5es, (ell. #%%2. -Use 9ll *here )s to Use.1 )n En the Translation of Native ,meri%an 3iteratures, ed. Brian 0/ann, E$F#2G. Washin"ton, (.C.: 05ithsonian )nstitution.Hy5es, (ell. #%%Ga. -Helen 0eka&ua te/a4s [Coyote and the Birds\: 8hetorical 9nalysis of a Ho i Coyote 0tory.1 ,nthro'ologi%al 3inguisti%s$G: [email protected], (ell. #%%Gb. -'thno oetics, 6ral 7or5ulaic *heory, and 'ditin" *e;ts.1 Eral Tradition%.2: [email protected], (ell. #%%?. -8eadin" *akel5a *e;ts: 7rances Mohnson4s [Coyote and 7ro".\1 )n Fields of Fol#lore: 1ssays in .onor of

Kenneth Goldstein, ed. 8o"er (. 9braha5s, %0F#?%. Bloo5in"ton, )nd.: *rickster Press.Mackson, 8obert H., and 'd/ard Castillo. #%%?. 7ndians$ Fran%is%ans$ and S'anish Coloni<ation: The 7m'a%t of the 0ission System on California 7ndians. 9lbu&uer&ue: University of :e/ >e;ico Press. , ?%@ , Macobs, >elville. #%?%. The Content and Style of an Eral 3iterature: Cla%#amas Chinoo# 0yths and Tales. Chica"o: University of Chica"o Press.Ma5es, Carollyn. #%E%. -9 7ield Lin"uist Who Lived His Life for His 0ubNects.1 Smithsonian 0aga<ine #?.# C9 rilD: #?$F#@G.Me ers, 8obinson. #%E$. Cawdor. California Writers of the Land #. Covello, Calif.: +olla Bolly Press.Mou"hlin, 8oberta, and 0alvadora 3alenHuela. #%?$. -Cu e2o =enesis.1 1l 0useo Xn.s.Y #.G: #AF2$.<eelin", 8ichard. #%E?. -Contrast of 0on" Perfor5ance 0tyle as a 7unction of 0e; 8ole Polarity in the Hu a Brush (ance.1 1thnomusi%ology2%.2:#E?F2#2.<eelin", 8ichard. #%%#. Guide to 1arly Field De%ordings 9Z^ggjZ^T^: at the 3owie 0useumof ,nthro'ology. Berkeley: University of California Press.<eelin", 8ichard. #%%2. Cry for 3u%#: Sa%red Song and S'ee%h among the -uro#$ .u'a$ and Karu# 7ndians of Northwest California. Berkeley: University of California Press.<endall, >artha. #%E0. Coyote Stories `. 7\,3 B:9*0, >ono"ra h A.<inkade, >. (ale. #%E@. -BlueNay and His 0ister.1 )n De%overing the /ord: 1ssays on Native ,meri%an 3iterature, ed. Brian 0/ann and 9rnold <ru at, 2??F2%A. Berkeley: University of California Press.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%0@a. -0hoshonean (ialects of California.1 KC2,,1G.$: A?F#AA.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%0@b. -)ndian >yths of 0outh Central California.1 KC2,,1G.G: #A@F2?0.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%#@. -California <inshi 0yste5s.1 KC2,,1#2.%: $$%F $%A.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%2?. .and6oo# of the 7ndians of California. Berkeley: California Book Co5 any.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%$2. -+uki >yths.1 ,nthro'os2@.?FA: %0?F%$%.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%$%. -Culture and :atural 9reas of :ative :orth 95erica.1 KC2,,1$E: #F2G2.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%?#. -9 >ohave Historical ' ic.1 KC,D##.2.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%?$. -0even >ohave >yths.1 KC,D##.#.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%A$. -+okuts (ialect 0urvey.1 KC,D##.$: #@@F2?#.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%@2. ->ore >ohave >yths.1 KC,D2@.<roeber, 9lfred L.#%@A. -uro# 0yths. Berkeley: University of California Press.<roeber, 9lfred L., and 'd/ard =i ord. #%G%. -World 8ene/al: 9 Cult 0yste5of :ative :orth/est California.1 KC,D#$.#: #F#?A.<roeber, 9lfred L., and 'd/ard =i ord. #%E0. Karo# 0yths. 'd. =race BuHalNko. Berkeley: University of California Press. , ?%E , <roeber, <arl. #%E#. Traditional ,meri%an 7ndian 3iteratures: Te>ts and 7nter'retations. Lincoln: University of :ebraska Press.<roeber, *heodora. #%?%. The 7nland /hale. Bloo5in"ton: )ndiana University Press.<roeber, *heodora. #%A$. 7shi in Two /orlds: , ?iogra'hy of the 3ast /ild 7ndian in North ,meri%a. Berkeley: University of California Press.<roeber, *heodora. #%AG. 7shi$ 3ast of .is Tri6e. Berkeley: Parnassus Press.<ru at, 9rnold. #%%2. 1thno%riti%ism: 1thnogra'hy$ .istory$ 3iterature. Berkeley: University of California Press.<ru at, 9rnold. #%%$. New 4oi%es in Native ,meri%an 3iterary Criti%ism. Washin"ton, (.C.: 05ithsonian )nstitution Press.Laird, Carobeth. #%@?. 1n%ounter with an ,ngry God: De%olle%tions of 0y 3ife with\ohn 2ea6ody .arrington. Bannin", Calif.: >alki >useu5 Press.Laird, Carobeth. #%EG. 0irror and 2attern: George 3aird(s /orld of Chemehuevi 0yth. Bannin", Calif.: >alki >useu5 Press.Lan", Mulian. #%%$. -*he (ances and 8e"alia.1 NNC@.$ CfallB/interD: $GFG#.Lan", Mulian. #%%G. ,rara'=#va: Creation Stories of the 2eo'le. Berkeley: Heyday Books.Lan"don, >ar"aret. #%@A. -uman Te>ts. 7\,3 B:9*0 #.$.LaPena, 7rank 8.#%@E. -Wintu.1 C9LBHB: $2GF$G0.LaPena, 7rank, Crai" (. Bates, and 0teven >edley, eds. #%%$. 3egends of the-osemite 0iwo#. +ose5ite :ational Park, Calif.: *he +ose5ite 9ssociation.Latta, 7rank. #%$A. California 7ndian Fol#lore$ as told to F. F. 3atta 6y /ahInom#ot$ /ahIhumI%hah$ 3eeImee Nand othersO. 0hafter, Calif.: 0hafter Press.Lee, (orothy X(e5etraco oulouY. #%G0. -9 Wintu =irl4s Puberty

Cere5ony.1 New 0e>i%o ,nthro'ologistG.G: [email protected], (orothy X(e5etraco oulouY. #%GG. -Lin"uistic 8eflection of Wintu *hou"ht.1 7\,3#0.G: #E#F#[email protected], (orothy X(e5etraco oulouY. #%?%. Freedom and Culture. 'n"le/ood Cli s, :.M.: PrenticeBHall.LWviB0trauss, Claude. #%E#. The Na#ed 0an. )ntroduction to a 0cience of >ytholo"y G. :e/ +ork: Har er and 8o/. C*ranslation of L4Ho55e :u XParis: Plon, #%@#Y.DLoeb, 'd/in. #%2A. -Po5o 7olk/ays.1 KC2,,1#%.2: #G%FG0?.Lord, 9lfred. #%A0. The Singer of Tales. Harvard 0tudies in Co5 arative Literature 2G. Ca5brid"e: Harvard University Press.Lo/ie, 8obert H.#%A$. -Washo *e;ts.1 ,nthro'ologi%al 3inguisti%s?.@: #F$0. Bloo5in"ton: )ndiana University Press.Luthin, Herbert W.#%%#. -8estorin. the 3oice in +anan *raditional :arrative: Prosody, Perfor5ance, and Presentational 7or5.1 Ph.(. diss., University ofCalifornia at Berkeley.Luthin, Herbert W.#%%G. -*/o 0tories fro5 the +ana: [*he (ro/nin" of +oun" BuHHard4s Wife\ and [9 0tory of Wildcat, 8ollin" 0kull.\1 )n Coming to 3ight, ed. Brian0/ann, @#@F@$A. :e/ +ork: 8ando5 House. , ?%% , >anri&ueH, L. 7rank. #%%E. ,%orn Sou'. Berkeley: Heyday Books.>ar"olin, >alcol5. #%@E. The Ehlone /ay. Berkeley: Heyday Books.>ar"olin, >alcol5. #%%$. The /ay /e 3ived: California 7ndian Stories$ Songs$ and Deminis%en%es. Berkeley: Heyday Books.>ar"olin, >alcol5, and +olanda >ontiNo, eds. #%%?. Native /ays: California7ndian Stories and 0emories. Berkeley: Heyday Books.>atthiessen, Peter. #%@%. -0to the =6 8oad.1 ,udu6on 0aga<ine E#.# CManuaryD: G%F EG.>ayfield, *ho5as Me erson, and >alcol5 >ar"olin. #%%$. 7ndian Summer: Traditional 3ife among the Choinumne 7ndians of California(s San \oa"uin 4alley. Berkeley: Heyday Books and *he California Historical 0ociety.>c<ibbin, =race, and 9lice 0he herd. #%%@. 7n 0y Ewn /ords: Stories$ Songs$ and 0emories of Gra%e 0%Ki66in$ /intu. Berkeley: Heyday Books.>cLendon, 0ally. #%@?. , Grammar of 1astern 2omo. UCPL @#.>cLendon, 0ally. #%E2. ->eanin", 8hetorical 0tructure, and (iscourse 6r"aniHation in >yth.1 )n ,naly<ing Dis%ourse: Te>t and Tal#, ed. (eborah *annen, 2EGF $0?. Washin"ton, (.C.: =eor"eto/n University Press.>cLendon, 0ally. #%%0. -Po5o Baskets: *he Le"acy of Willia5 and >ary Benson.1 Native 2eo'lesG.#: 2AF$$.>cLendon, 0ally, and >ichael M. Lo/y. #%@E. -'astern Po5o and 0outheastern Po5o.1 C9LBHB: $0AF$2$.>cLendon, 0ally, and 8obert L. 6s/alt. #%@E. -Po5o: )ntroduction.1 C9LBHB: 2@GF2EE.>erria5, C. Hart. #%#0. The Dawn of the /orld: 0yths and /eird Tales Told 6ythe 0ewan 7ndians of California. Cleveland: 9rthur Clark..>erria5, C. Hart. #%$0. -*he :e/ 8iver )ndians *olBho5BtahBhoi.1 ,meri%an ,nthro'ologist$2: 2E0F2%$.>iller, Wick. #%A@. KtoI,<te%an Cognate Sets. UCPL GE.>iller, Wick. #%@2. New$ Nate#wina''eh: Shoshoni Stories and Di%tionary. 9nthro olo"ical Pa ers %G. 0alt Lake City: University of Utah Press.>ithun, >arianne. #%%$. -7rances Mack, #%#2F#%%$.1 X6bituary.Y NNC@.$ Csu55erD: ##F#$.>i;co, >auricio. #%E$. Kiliwa Te>ts: W/hen 7 have donned my %rest of stars.Q 9nthro olo"ical Pa ers #0@, 0alt Lake City: University of Utah Press.>oratto, >ichael M.#%EG. California ,r%haeology. 6rlando, 7la.: 9cade5ic Press.0ourning Dove$ a -uro#R1nglish Tale. Z^^H. Berkeley: Heyday Books.>unro, Pa5ela. #%@A. 0o8ave Synta>. :e/ +ork: =arland.:ettl, Bruno. #%A?. -*he 0on"s of )shi: >usical 0tyles of the +ahi )ndians.1 0usi%al *uarterly?#.$: GA0FG@@.:evin, Bruce '.#%%#. -6bsolescence in 9chu5a/i: Why Uldall *ooR1 )n 2a'ers from the ,meri%an 7ndian 3anguages Conferen%es$ .eld at the Kniversity of California$ Santa Cru<$ \uly and ,ugust Z^^Z. 6ccasional Pa ers on Lin"uistics #A: %@F#2@. Carbondale: (e art5ent of Lin"uistics, 0outhern )llinois University. , A00 , :evin, Bruce '.#%%E. -9s ects of Pit 8iver Phonolo"y.1 Ph.(. diss., University of Pennsylvania.:e/5an, 0tanley 9.#%G0. -Lin"uistic 9s ects of +okuts :arrative 0tyle.1 KC,D?.#: GF

E.:e/5an, 0tanley 9.#%GG. -o#uts 3anguage of California. 3ikin" 7und Publications on 9nthro olo"y 2. :e/ +ork: 3ikin" 7und.:ichols, Mohanna. #%%2. 3inguisti% Diversity in Time and S'a%e. Chica"o: University of Chica"o Press.:ichols, >ichael P.#%E#. -6ld California UtoB9Htecan.1 80C6)L #: ?FG#1 . Berkeley: 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es, University of California.:olas&ueH, 8oscinda, and 9nne =allo/ay. #%@%. 7(i 0uluwit: First ?oo# of/ords in the Cu'e+o 7ndian 3anguage of Southern California. Pala, Calif.:9lderbooks.:orton, Mack. #%@%. Geno%ide in Northwestern California: /hen Eur /orlds Cried. 0an 7rancisco: )ndian Historian Press.6choa jaHueta, Mes_s n"el. #%@A. -a(a6& ti(n+ar 8as'uy('ai 91sta es la 1s%ritura2ai('ai:. Cuadernos de *rabaNo 2. >e;icali: Coleccicn Paisano, Universidad9utcno5a de BaNa California.6l5sted, (avid L.#%AA. ,%humawi Di%tionary. UCPL G?.6l5sted, (avid L.#%EG. , 3e>i%on of ,tsugewi. 80C6)L ?.6s/alt, 8obert. #%A#. -9 <ashaya =ra55ar.1 Ph.(. diss., University of California at Berkeley.6s/alt, 8obert. #%AG. Kashaya Te>ts. UCPL $A.6s/alt, 8obert. #%@?. K(ahl ya %ahno #ali#a#h NKashaya /ord ?oo#O. 8ohnert Park: <ashaya Po5o Lan"ua"es in Culture ProNect, (e art5ent of 9nthro olo"y, California 0tate University at 0ono5a.6s/alt, 8obert. #%@@. -8etribution for >ateB0tealin".1 )n Northern California Te>ts$ ed. 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver. 7\,3 B:9*0 2.2: @#FE#.Parsons, *ho5as, ed. #%@#. The -uro# 3anguage$ 3iterature$ and Culture. *e;tbook, 2d ed. C5i5eoD. 9rcata, Calif.: Center for Co55unity (evelo 5ent, Hu5boldt 0tate Colle"e.Pillin", 9rnold 8.#%@E. -+urok.1 C9LBHB: #$@F#?G.Pitkin, Harvey. #%@@. -Coyote and Bullhead.1 )n Northern California Te>ts$ ed. 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver. )M9L B:9*0 2.2: E2F #0G.Pitkin, Harvey. #%EG. /intu Grammar. UCPL %G.Pitkin, Harvey. #%E?. /intu Di%tionary. UCPL %?.Po e, 0a;ton *.#%#E. -+ahi 9rchery.1 KC2,,1#$.$. , A0# , Po/ers, 0te hen. #E@@. Tri6es of California. Contributions to :orth 95erican 'thnolo"y $. Washin"ton, (.C.: U.0. =eo"ra hical and =eolo"ical 0urveyof the 8ocky >ountain 8e"ion.Pratt, 8ichard H.#%AG. ?attlefield and Classroom: Four De%ades with the ,meri%an 7ndian$ Z]_bjZ^gT. :e/ Haven: +ale University Press.Pro , 3ladL5ir. #%AE. 0or'hology of the Fol#tale. 9ustin: University of *e;as Press.8adin, Paul. #%2G. -Wa o *e;ts: 7irst 0eries.1 KC2,,1#%.#: #F#[email protected]/ls, Ma5es M.#%EG. 7ndians of California: The Changing 7mage. :or5an: University of 6klaho5a Press.8eichard, =ladys. #%2?. -Wiyot =ra55ar and *e;ts.1 KC2,,122.#: #F2#?.8ichardson, :ancy. #%%2. -*he 0tate of 6ur Lan"ua"es.1 NNC @.# C/interD: G0FG#.8ichardson, :ancy. #%%G. -)ndian Lan"ua"e )s Ha enin" in California.1 NNCE.$ C/interD: G@FG%.8i e, Me, and Pa5ela 8oberts, rods. and dirs. #%%G. 7shi$ the 3ast -ahi. Written by 9nn >ake eace. :e/ton, :.M.: 0hanachie 'ntertain5ent Cor .8oberts, Helen H.#%$$. Form in 2rimitive 0usi%: ,n ,nalyti%al and Com'arative Study of the 0elodi% Form of Some ,n%ient Southern California 7ndianSongs. :e/ +ork: W. W. :orton.8obins, 8. H.#%?E. Th. -uro# 3anguage: Grammar$ Te>ts$ 3e>i%on. UCPL #?.8obins, 8. H., and :or5a >cLeod. #%?A. -7iv, +urok 0on"s: 9 >usical and *e;tual 9nalysis.1 ?ulletin of the S%hool of Eriental and ,fri%an Studies#E:?%2FA0%. University of London.0ackhei5, (aniel, dir. #%%A. Grand ,venue. 0anta >onica, Calif.: Wild/ood 'nter rises and 'lsboy 'ntertain5ent.0a ir, 'd/ard. #%#0. -+ana *e;ts Cto"ether /ith +ana >yths, collected by 8oland B. (i;onD.1 KC2,,1%.#.0a ir, 'd/ard. #%2?. -*he Hokan 9ffinity of 0ubtiaba in :icara"ua.1 ,meri%an ,nthro'ologist2@.$: G02FG$? and [email protected]: G%#[email protected] ir, 'd/ard. 7orthco5in". -Un ublished +ahi *e;ts C#%#?D.1 )n The Colle%ted /or#sof 1dward Sa'ir$ vol. ^, ed. 3ictor =olla, Leanne Hinton, Herbert W. Luthin, and Mean Perry. Berlin: >outon de =ruyter.0a ir, 'd/ard, and 3ictor =olla. 7orthco5in". -Hu a *e;ts, /ith :otes and Le;icon.1 )n The Colle%ted /or#s of 1dward Sa'ir$ vol. ZT, ed. 3ictor =ollaand 0ean 64:eill. Berlin: >outon de =ruyter.0a ir, 'd/ard, and Leslie 0 ier. #%G$. -:otes on the Culture of the +ana.1 KC,D$.$.0arris, =re". #%%$. Kee'ing Slug /oman ,live: , .olisti% ,''roa%h to ,meri%an7ndian Te>ts. Berkeley: University of California Press.0arris, =re". #%%Ga. Grand ,venue. :e/ +ork: Hy erion Press.

, A02 , 0arris, =re". #%%Gb. 0a6el 0%Kay: /eaving the Dream. Berkeley: University of California Press.0arris, =re", ed. #%%Gc. The Sound of Dattles and Cla''ers: , Colle%tion of New California 7ndian /riting. *ucson: University of 9riHona Press.0aubel, <atherine 0iva, and Pa5ela >unro. #%E#. Chem(ivillu(: 3et(s S'ea#Cahuilla. Los 9n"eles: 95erican )ndian 0tudies Center, University of California.0chlicter, 9lice. #%E#. /intu Di%tionary. 80C6)L 2.0chlicter, 9lice. #%EA. -*he 6ri"ins and (eictic :ature of Wintu 'videntials.1 )n 1videntiality: The 3inguisti% Coding of 1'istemology, ed. Wallace Chafe and Mohanna :ichols, GAF?%. :or/ood, :.M.: 9ble; Publishin".0eabur", Willia5. #%@@. -9 Wailaki C9tha askanD *e;t /ith Co5 arative :otes.1 7\,3G$: $2@F$$2.0eiler, HansNakob. #%@0. Cahuilla Te>ts$ with an 7ntrodu%tion. )ndiana University Lan"ua"e 0cience >ono"ra hs A. Bloo5in"ton: )ndiana University Press.0he herd, 9lice X0chlicterY.#%E%. /intu Te>ts. UCPL ##@.0herHer, Moel. #%E@. -Poetic 0tructurin" of <una (iscourse: *he Line.1 )n Native ,meri%an Dis%ourse: 2oeti%s and Dhetori%, ed. Moel 0herHer and 9nthonyC. Woodbury, #0$F#$%. Ca5brid"e: Ca5brid"e University Press.0herHer, Moel, and 9nthony C. Woodbury. #%E@. Native ,meri%an Dis%ourse: 2oeti%s and Dhetori%. Ca5brid"e 0tudies in 6ral and Written Culture. Ca5brid"e: Ca5brid"e University Press.0hi ley, Willia5. #%A$. 0aidu Te>ts and Di%tionary. UCPL $$.0hi ley, Willia5. #%AG. 0aidu Grammar. UCPL G#.0hi ley, Willia5. #%@E. -:ative Lan"ua"es of California.1 C9LBHB: E0F%0.0hi ley, Willia5. #%%#. The 0aidu 7ndian 0yths and Stories of . n%(i6y8im. Berkeley: Heyday Books.0hi ley, Willia5, and 8ichard 9lan 05ith. #%@%. -*he 8oles of Co"nation and (i usion in a *heory of >aidun Prehistory.1 \ournal of California and Great?asin ,nthro'ology 2a'ers in 3inguisti%s#: [email protected], 0hirley. #%@E. -Chi5ariko.1 C9LBHB: 20?F2#0.0ilverstein, >ichael. #%@%. -Penutian: 9n 9ssess5ent.1 )n The 3anguages ofNative ,meri%a, ed. Lyle Ca5 bell and >arianne >ithun, A?0FA%#. 9ustin:University of *e;as Press.0la"le, 9llo"an. #%E@. -*he :ative 95erican *radition and Le"al 0tatus: *olo/a *ales and *olo/a Places.1 Cultural Criti"ue@: #0$F ##E.05ith, Bertha. #%0G. -osemite 3egends. 0an 7rancisco: Paul 'lder and Co.05ith, Charles 8.#%@E. -*]batulabal.1 C9LBHB: G$@FGG?.0nyder, =ary. #%@?. -*he )ncredible 0urvival of Coyote.1 /estern ,meri%an 3iterature%: 2??F2@2. , A0$ , 0 ark5an, Phili 0ted5an. #%0E. -Culture of the Luise2o )ndians.1 KC2,,1E.0 ier, Leslie. #%??. ->ohave Culture )te5s.1 0useum of Northern ,ri<ona ?ulletin `]. 7la"sta, 9riH.: :orthern 9riHona 0ociety of 0cience and 9rt.0 ott, 8obert, and 9lfred L. <roeber. #%G2. -+urok :arratives.1 KC2,,1$?.%: #G$F2?A.0tron", Willia5 (uncan. #%2%. ,6original So%iety in Southern California. C8e rint, /ith an introduction by Lo/ell Mohn Bean, Bannin", Calif.: >alki>useu5 Press, #%@2.D0/ann, Brian. #%%$. Song of the S#y: 4ersions of Native ,meri%an SongI2oems. 95herst: University of >assachusetts Press.0/ann, Brian. #%%A. /earing the 0orning Star: Native ,meri%an SongI2oems. :e/ +ork: 8ando5 House.0/ann, Brian, ed. #%E$. Smoothing the Ground: 1ssays in Native ,meri%an Eral 3iterature. Berkeley: University of California Press.0/ann, Brian, ed. #%%2. En the Translation of Native ,meri%an 3iteratures. Washin"ton, (.C.: 05ithsonian )nstitution Press.0/ann, Brian, ed. #%%G. Coming to 3ight: Contem'orary Translations of the Native 3iteratures of North ,meri%a. :e/ +ork: 8ando5 House.0/ann, Brian, and 9rnold <ru at, eds. #%E@. De%overing the /ord: 1ssays on Native ,meri%an 3iterature. Berkeley: University of California Press.*aylor, 9le;ander. #EA0F#EA$. -)ndianolo"y of California.1 Colu5n in The California Farmer and \ournal of Kseful ,rts, vols. #$F20, 7ebruary 22, #EA0, to6ctober $0, #EA$.*edlock, (ennis. #%E$. The S'o#en /ord and the /or# of 7nter'retation. Philadel hia: University of Pennsylvania Press.*ei;eira, 8achel. #%%Aa. -California )ndian 0tories and the 0 irit.1 NNC%.G.*ei;eira, 8achel. #%%Ab. -Like 9ir We

Breathe.1 NNC%.G.*ho5 son, Lucy. #%%# X#%#AY. To the ,meri%an 7ndian: Deminis%en%es of a -uro#/oman. Berkeley: Heyday Books.Uldall, 0tuart, and Willia5 0hi ley. #%AA. Nisenan Te>ts and Di%tionary. UCPL GA.3alory, (ale, co5 . #%@#. -=uide to 'thno"ra hic (ocu5ents C#F20$D of the (e art5ent and >useu5 of 9nthro olo"y.1 University of California 9rchives, Bancroft Library, Berkeley.3iHenor, =erald. #%E%. Narrative Chan%e: 2ostmodern Dis%ourse on Native ,meri%an 7ndian 3iteratures. 9lbu&uer&ue: University of :e/ >e;ico Press.3oe"elin, XCarlY Charles 7.#%$?. -*]batulabal *e;ts.1 KC2,,1$G.$: #%#F2GA.3oe"elin, Carl 7., and 'r5inie Wheeler 3oe"elin. #%$#F #%$$. -*]batulabal >ythsand *ales.1 XUn ublished >anuscri t Z@$.Y 'thnolo"ical (ocu5ents of the(e art5ent and >useu5 of 9nthro olo"y. University of California 9rchives, Bancroft Library, Berkeley. , A0G , 3oe"elin, 'r5inie XWheelerY.#%$@. -*]batulabal 'thno"ra hy.1 KC,D2.#: #F%0.Wallace, Willia5 M.#%@Ea. -PostBPleistocene 9rchaeolo"y, %000 to 2000 b.c.1 C9LBHB: 2?F$A.Wallace, Willia5 M.#%@Eb. -Hu a, Chilula and Whilkut.1 C9LBHB: #AGF#@%.Wallace, Willia5 M.#%@Ec. -0outhern 3alley +okuts.1 )n C9LBHB: GGEFGA#.Wallace, Willia5 M.#%@Ed. -:orthern 3alley +okuts.1 )n C9LBHB: [email protected], Willia5 M.#%@Ee. -Co5 arative Literature.1 C,3I.?: A?EFAA#.Wallace, Willia5 M., and M. 0. *aylor. #%?0. -Hu a 0orcery.1 Southwestern \ournal of ,nthro'ologyA: #EEF#%A.Walters, (iane. #%@@. -Coyote and >oon Wo5an C9 /arukeyiD.1 )n NorthernCalifornia Te>ts$ ed. 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver. )M9L B:9*0 2.2: #G@F#[email protected], *. *.#%#0. -*he 8eli"ious Practices of the (ie"ue2o )ndians.1 KC2,,1E.A: 2@#F$?E.Whistler, <enneth W.#%@@a. -(eer and Bear Children.1 )n Northern California Te>ts$ ed. 3ictor =olla and 0hirley 0ilver. )M9L B:9*0 2.2: #?EF#EG.Whistler, <enneth W.#%@@b. -Wintun Prehistory: 9n )nter retation Based on Lin"uistic 8econstruction of Plant and 9ni5al :o5enclature.1 2ro%eedings of the ,nnual 0eeting of the ?er#eley 3inguisti%s So%iety$: #?@F#@G.Whitte5ore, <athrine. #%%@. -*, Converse /ith Creation: 0avin" California )ndian Lan"ua"es.1 Native ,meri%as$##G.$ Cfall #%%@D: GAF?$.Wilson, (arryl Babe. #%%E. The 0orning the Sun /ent Down. Berkeley: Heyday Books.Wilson, (arryl Babe. 7orthco5in". -oIKenaswi Ks8i 9Ne%#la%e of .earts:. *ucson: 0un *racksand the University of 9riHona Press.Woiche, )stet. #%%2 X#%2EY. -9nnikadel: *he History of the Universe as *old by the9chu5a/i )ndians of California.1 8ecorded and ed. C. Hart >erria5. *ucson: University of 9riHona Press.Woodbury, 9nthony C.#%E@. -8hetorical 0tructure in a Central 9laskan +u ik 'ski5o *raditional :arrative.1 )n Nativ. ,meri%an Dis%ourse: 2oeti%s and Dhetori%, ed. Moel 0herHer and 9nthony C. Woodbury, #@AF2$%. Ca5brid"e:Ca5brid"e University Press.+a5ane, Linda. #%%?. /hen the /orld 1nded.ow .umming6ird Got Fire.ow 2eo'le /ere 0ade: Dumsien Ehlone Stories. *old and illustrated by Linda+a5ane. Berkeley: 6yate Press. , A0? ,

A -n"('ed%.ent$ ") Per.i$$i"n$

=rateful ackno/led"5ents are 5ade to the follo/in" for er5ission to re rintor e;cer t co yri"hted or archival 5aterials: =ui de 9n"ulo, for er5ission to re rint the son" -*he da/n is da/nin"1 fro5 7ndians in Everalls by Mai5e de 9n"ulo CCity Li"hts, #%%0D. ,nthro'os$ for er5ission to re rint selections fro5 -Wintu 0on"s1 by (orothy (e5etraco oulou

C,nthro'os $0, #%$?D. *he Bancroft Library, for er5ission to use or translate ->ason4s 8e ort,1 Paul 7aye4s Cu e2o -Creation 0on"s,1 -9 0tory of LiHard,1 and -Ho/ ) Beca5ea (rea5er.1 *he California Historical 0ociety, for er5ission to re rint sections of -*he 0tone and <elsey >assacre on the 0hores of Clear Lake in #EG%1 by Willia58al"anal Benson C*uarterly of the California .istori%al So%iety ##.$, #%$2D. Larry 'vers, Leanne Hinton, and Lucille Wataho5i"ie, for er5ission tore rint e;cer ts fro5 -Li"htnin" 0on"1 by 9braha5 Hal ern, in S'irit 0ountain: ,n ,nthology of -uman Story and Song$ edited by Leanne Hinton and Lucille Wataho5i"ie C0un *racks and University of 9riHona Press, #%EGD. Heyday Books, for er5ission to re rint an e;cer t fro5 -)n the Be"innin"1 in The 0aidu 7ndian 0yths and Stories of . n%(i6y8im by Willia5 0hi ley CHeyday, #%%#DOas /ell as e;cer ts fro5 the follo/in" articles in News from Native California: -Boardin" 0chool1 by 'lsie 9llen CNNC G.#, #%E%DP -*he 0tateof 6ur Lan"ua"es1 by :ancy 8ichardson CNNC @.#, #%%2DP -7rances Mack, #%#2F#%%$1 by >arianne >ithun CNNC @.$, #%%$DP -)ntervie/ /ith 'dna=uerrero1 by 3ic Bedoian and 8oberta Lle/ellyn CNNC E.G, s rin" #%%?DPand the Linda +a5ane co55entary fro5 -Like 9ir We Breathe1 by 8achel*ei;eira CNNC %.G, #%%AD. Hou"hton >ifflin, for er5ission to re rint -+ahi 5outhBbo/ son"1 fro5 7shi$ 3ast of .is Tri6e by *heodora <roeber CParnassus Press, #%AGD. , A0A , The \ournal of ,meri%an Fol#lore$ for er5ission to re rint -9 +u5a 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 by M. P. Harrin"ton C\,F 2#, #%0EDP -Creation1 fro5 -0errano *ales1by 8uth Benedict C\,F $%.#?#, #%2ADP -Winter 5os&uitos "o1 fro5 -9 0tudyof Wintu >ytholo"y1 by (orothy (e5etraco oulou and Cora (u Bois C\,F G?.#@E, #%$2DP and -Po5o Creation >yth1 by Mai5e de 9n"ulo C\,F GE.#E%, #%$?D. *hese four ite5s are not for further re roduction. >outon de =ruyter, for er5ission to re rint -Mourney to the Land of the (ead1fro5 -o#uts Te>ts by =eo rey =a5ble C:ative 95erican *e;ts 0eries #, >outon de =ruyter, #%%GD. 6;ford University Press, for er5ission to re rint the +urok doctor dance son" -Why is the /ater rou"h1 fro5 -7ive +urok 0on"s: 9 >usical and *e;tual9nalysis1 by 8. H. 8obins and :or5a >cLeod C?ulletin of the S%hool of Eriental and ,fri%an Studies #E, #%?AD. Mean Perry, for er5ission to &uote 7lorence 0hau"hnessy4s recitation of -+ouco5e u on a lace you4ve never seen before,1 /hich a eared in -0to the=6 8oad1 by Peter >atthiessen C,udu6on 0aga<ine E#.# Manuary #%@%D. *he 05ithsonian )nstitution, for er5ission to use the -House )s 9fire1 e;cer t Cletter fro5 M. P. Harrin"ton to Mack >arr, #%G#D, as /ell as to retranslate thefollo/in" 5aterials fro5 -*he Pa ers of Mohn Peabody Harrin"ton in the05ithsonian )nstitution, #%0@F#%?@1 C:ational 9nthro olo"ical 9rchives, 05ithsonian )nstitution, Washin"ton, (.C.D: -*he Bear =irl1 CChi5arikofieldnotes, #%2#F #%22DP -*he (o" =irl1 C)nese2o fieldnotes, #%#%D. *he University of California Press, for er5ission to re rint -*he acorns co5edo/n fro5 heaven1 and -(o you co5e fro5 the northR1 both fro5 Tri6esof California by 0te hen Po/ers Cre rinted #%@ADP -Chal../aat 0on"1 fro5 -um y# -um y# by 3illiana Calac Hyde and 'ric 'lliott Cte;t Z#A@, #%%GDPe;cer t fro5 -*he $i&4ne&4# >yth,1 in De%em6er(s Child by *ho5as Blackburn C#%@?DP -) have told you to co5e a/ay fro5 the shore,1 fro5 -California )ndian Lin"uistic 8ecords: *he >ission

)ndian 3ocabularies of H. W. Hensha/1 by 8obert HeiHer CKC,D #?.2, #%??DP -<in"fisher, kin"fisher,1 fro5-+okuts and Western >ono 'thno"ra hy: )1 by 9nna =ayton CKC,D #0.#, #%GEDP Juechan funeral s eech fro5 -'thno"ra hy of the +u5a )ndians1 byC. (arryl 7orde CKC2,,1 2E.G, #%$#DP e;cer t fro5 an account of -*he 0oul1in Kar(u#: Native ,%%ounts of the *ue%han 0ourning Ceremony by 9braha5Hal ern, edited by 95y >iller and >ar"aret Lan"don CKC23 #2E, #%%@DP-0 ell said by a "irl desirous of "ettin" a husband1 fro5 -ana Te>ts by 'd/ard 0a ir CKC2,,1 %.#, #%#0DP :isenan rayer fro5 -'thno"ra hy of the :isenan1 by 8al h Beals CKC2,,1 $#.A, #%$$D. *he University of Chica"o Press, for er5ission to re rint -Cradleboard1 by Mudith Cra/ford, son" fro5 the 5yth -<uku5at Beca5e 0ick1 C->y heart, you 5i"ht ierce it1D by 9braha5 Hal ern, and -*he Co5in" of the 7riars1 , A0@ , by >auricio >i;co, all fro5 -uman Te>ts$ edited by >ar"aret Lan"don C7nternational \ournal of ,meri%an 3inguisti%sNative ,meri%an Te>ts Series #.$, #%@AD. University of )llinois Press, for er5ission to re rint the son" -Where /e usedto 5ake love1 fro5 -Contrast in 0on" Perfor5ance 0tyle as a 7unction of0e; 8ole Polarity in the Hu a Brush (ance1 by 8ichard <eelin" C1thnomusi%ology 2%.2, #%E?D. *he University of >assachusetts Press, for er5ission to re rint -Wo5en4s Brush (ance 0on"1 fro5 Song of the S#y: 4ersions of Native ,meri%an SongI2oems by Brian 0/ann C#%%$D. *he University of Utah Press, for er5ission to re rint -When ) Have (onned >y Crest of 0tars1 fro5 Kiliwa Te>ts by >auricio >i;co CKniversity of Ktah,nthro'ologi%al 2a'ers #0@, #%E$D. , A0% ,

INDEN
,(al>i "enre of stories C-tellin" histories1D, G22 -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CJuechanD, X20nAY, GA#FE%P alterations of Harrin"ton4s ori"inal te;t, XGAGn#YP collection and translation of, #?Ctable #D, 22, ?0$P as e;a5 le of 0outhern California creation attern, ?20, X?$%n@YP Latin assa"es in, GE%F%0 9chu5a/i: "eo"ra hical territory, #2@P -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer,1 #2@F$EP /akin" son", ?$2 9chu5a/i lan"ua"e: Mai5e de 9n"ulo4s /ork on, 2AGP sa5 le assa"e, #$0F$#, X#$2n$Y 9corns: cere5onial acorn son" C>aiduD, G%#P as food, %0, #0G, 20G, 2?#, $$G, $A?, $%0P "atherin", #02, ##$, 2GAP leachin" and cookin", 22@F2E, 2%0, 2%#, $0$, $@AP shell transfor5ed into >aru5da4s boat C'astern Po5oD, 2@%, $0G 9dvocates for )ndi"enous California Lan"ua"e 0urvival C9)CL0D, ?AGFA? 9isisara, LorenHo, ??? 9l"ic stock, ?GE, ?G%, X?A@n?Y 9l"on&uian lan"ua"e fa5ily, ??#, X?A@n?Y

 9llen, 'lsie CCentral Po5oD, $#$, ?A0FA2, X?A%n2#Y 9ni5als: anthro o5or his5 of, $EFG0P as both characters and art of nature, $%, G%P creation of, in 'astern Po5o ori"in 5yth, 2@@P creation of, in Juechan ori"in 5yth, GAE, G@#, G@$P creator4s instructions to C'astern Po5oD, $0@F%P as food for Lake >i/ok, $$GF$?P 5ade by </a/ C9tsu"e/iD, A0FA#P na5ed by <u5asta5;o CJuechanD, GE?FEAP eo le "ro/in" u to be CChi5arikoD, ##EP eo le turned into CChu5ashD, $%?P tails cut in 5ournin" CJuechanD, G@%P tra ed in its C9chu5a/iD, #2@. See also s'e%ifi% animals 9ntelo e, killed /ithout bo/ for food C>oNaveD, GGEFG% 9nthro o5or his5, $EFG0 9 le"ate, 8ichard, ?0GP -*he (o" =irl1 CtranslatorD, $E2F%? -9real 9ffiliations of California 7olktales1 C=aytonD, ?#?, ?2$ 9rro/B5akin", in -9 0tory of LiHard1 C+ahiD, #??, #?A, X#A#n$Y, #A$FAG, #AAFAE, #@#F@2, #@$F@A. See also Bo/ and arro/ 9rro//eeds: cradleboard 5ade of C>oNaveD, ?2GP as first lant CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@0 9rroyo de la Cuesta, 7ather 7eli e, ?00 9thabascan lan"ua"e fa5ily, ?GE, ??#, X?A@n?YP bascan on, ??# , A#0 , 9tsu"e/i, #2%, X#$2n2YP "eo"ra hical territory, #G0P -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World,1 #G, ?%F A#P -:a onoha CCocoon >anD,1 #G, #$%F?#P son" "iven by Lela 8hoades, #G2 ,v(a seeds, as food for >oNave, G?2, G?$ 9vik/aa5W C=host >ountainD, GA2, GA$ Bad"ers: -*he Creation1 C0erranoD, XG0An2Y, G0%F#0P -*he (eath of </iku5at1 CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@@ Baldy, 8ay CHu aD, @, ?AG Barnes, :ellie, GA Barrett, 0a5uel, ?0#P -Wintun Hesi Cere5ony,1 ?$? Baskets: 'astern Po5o4s uses for, 2%0F%#P feathers in CLake >i/okD, $$?P for fetchin" /ater CHu aD, #0%P 5a"ic Mu5 (ance, ##2P >aru5da teaches 5akin" and use of C'astern Po5oD, 2E%F%#P 0outhern Po5o, $#2, $#$, $#E, $#%P talkin", A#P /oven by 9nnie Burke, $#$P /oven by 'lsie 9llen, $#$, X?A%n2#YP /oven by >abel >c<ay, $2GF2?P /oven by Willia5 Benson and /ife, 2A#FA$ Bat, ->ad Bat1 C>aiduD, 2GEF?% Bathin", babyBbath basket for C0outhern Po5oD, $#E, $#% Bat/i, 0a5 C+anaD, ?0$Cfi". #2D, ?0? Beads, cla5shell and 5a"nesite CPo5oD, $#2 -*he Bear =irl1 CChi5arikoD, ##?F22P anthro o5or his5 in, $%P arallelis5 in, GGFG?

 Bears: -*he Bear =irl1 CChi5arikoD, $%, ##?F22P -=riHHly Bear and (eer1 C+anaD, 2?F2A, 2EF 2%, $0P -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes1 CCu e2oD, G2AF$?P -9 0tory of LiHard1 C+ahiD, #??, #?AF?@, #AGFAAP /hite "riHHly CHu aD, ### Beauty, A$ Beavers: -*he (eath of </iku5at1 CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@EP as food for >oNave, G?2, G?$P -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, $#EF#% Belts, feather C:o5lakiD, 2$?F$A Bender, Mo CWintuD, ?0?P -Loon Wo5an1 CnarratorD, G$, #%2F2#E, X200n2Y Benedict, 8uth, version of 0errano creation story, G0#, XG0?n2Y Benner, Lena C>aiduD, 2GE Benson, 9ddison, 2A# Benson, Willia5 8al"anal C'astern Po5oD, 2A2Cfi". @D, ?0?P bio"ra hy of, 2A#FA$, X2@2n2YP -Creation1 CnarratorD, #$, 2A0F$#0P 0tone and <elsey >assacre account by, ??AF?E Bevis, Bill, X?Gn2$Y Bibby, Brian, 2$?FG#, ?AG Birds: as both character and art of nature, G%P inventory of, in 'astern Po5o 5yth, $0EF%P in Po5o narratives, ?2$P /ounded, in -Loon Wo5an,1 #%@, X20#nAY, 2#GF#E. See also s'e%ifi% 6irds Blackburn, *ho5as, ?0GP De%em6er(s Child$$EA Blake, 8a5sey Bone, A# -Blind Bill and the 6/l1 C+urokD, @EF@%, E#FE2 Block, =/endoline, California 7ndian Nights 1ntertainments$?#$ Boardin"Bschool syste5, ??%FA2P i5 act on lan"ua"es, ?A0FA2P underlyin" hiloso hy of, ??%, X?A%n#EY Bo55elyn, Loren, X?#n2YP -*estBch4as C*he *idal WaveD1 Cauthor and translatorD, G@FGE, A@F@A Bone, Lee, #G0 Boone, +anta CPo5oD, $2G Boscana, =eroni5o, Chinig%hini%h$?00 Bottlefly, -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $?EF?% Bo/ and arro/, >aru5da teaches eo le to 5ake C'astern Po5oD, 2EEFE%, $0#. See also 9rro/B5akin" -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"1 CHu aD, $?, #0GF##0P collected by ta e recordin", #A Ctable 2D, ?02P as ethno"ra hic te;t, $?P as -institution 5yth,1 ?#E Brandenstein, 0usan, -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 CcollectorD, #G, #$%F?# Bri"ht, Willia5, @E, ?0GP , Coyote

, _ZZ U Deader$X?$%nEYP -Coyote 0teals 7ire1 CtranslatorD, $#F$$P -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 Ccollector and translatorD, %EF#0$P inte"rated ethno oetic a roach of, $#F$$, $?P 3uise+o Di%tionary$G#$P -6ral Literature of California and the )nter5ountain 8e"ion,1 ?#$ Broadbent, 0ylvia, ?0G Brodiaea lants, <aruk, %$, %@ Bro/n, Betty C+anaD: -Coyote, Heron, and LiHard1 CnarratorD, ?2#F22, X?$%n#0YP -)ndian >edicineB>en1 CnarratorD, ?2AF2@, X?G0n#AYP -0 ell 0aid by a =irl (esirous of =ettin" a Husband,1 #2? Bro/n, 7anny, -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 Csin"erD, #@EFE#, #E% Bru"5ann, <arl, $EG Bryan, =oldie CWashoeD, @ Buckskin Mack, #2%, #$0, #$# Bullhead, transfor5ation of, %@ Burial son"s, Cu e2o, ?#EF#%, X?$En?Y Burke, 9nnie 8a5one C0outhern Po5oD, ?0?P bio"ra hy of, $#$P -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CnarratorD, $E, $##F2$ Burke, 8ichard, $#$ Burke, 0alvador, $#$ Burro/s, Wallace C:o5lakiD, 2$?, 2$@, 2$% Butler, Parris C>oNaveD, X#%n2Y, ?AG Butterfly, :i"htB7lyin", :a onoha4s transfor5ation into C9tsu"e/iD, #G#FG2 BuHHard, -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $?E Cabrillo, Moo 8odri"ues, ?00 The California Farmer and \ournal of Kseful ,rts$ articles on -)ndianolo"y1 C*aylorD, ?00 California )ndian Conference, storytellin" at, EF% California 7ndian Nights 1ntertainments C=iord and BlockD, ?#$ Calla"han, Catherine, ?0GP -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 Ccollector and translatorD, #$, $$GFG2P Costanoan data rovided by, ?0@FEn? Callahan, Bob, 2@0 Ca5 bell, Clarence, 2$%FG0P -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er1 CcollectorD, 2$?FG@ Canoes, sea"oin", *olo/a, A@, @2 Castillo, 'd/ard, ??A Central California creation attern, ?#?F#@, X?$En2Y Central =rou , GA#, GA2, XGA?n2Y -Central >i/ok Cere5onies1 C=i ordD, ?$?

 Cere5onies: cere5onial acorn son" C>aiduD, G%#P for s rin" sal5on run C9chu5a/iD, #2EP "irls4 uberty CLuise2oD, ?$?F$AP Hesi C:o5lakiD, @G, 2$AF$E, 2G$n, 2G?nP Hesi, Pat/in, ?$AF $@, X?G#n2GYP seasonal, 7irst 0al5on Cere5ony C<arukD, %2P seasonal, sal5on roast C+urokD, EF %P World 8ene/al, ?#@P World 8ene/al, Hu a, #0AP World 8ene/al, <aruk, ?#@F#E, X?$EnGY. See also (ances -Chal../aat 0on",1 vii, G#AF#@, ?A?FAA Characters: anthro o5or his5 of, $EFG0P 5otivation for behavior of, G@FGE. See also names of s'e%ifi% %hara%ters Cha/chila +okuts. See +okuts Che5ehuevi, son"s in stories of, X?G0n#@Y Chetco C*olo/aD, AE Chia: -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 C*]batulabalD, $AA, $@2, $@?, $@AP as food for Chu5ash, $%0 Chico, 2$A, 2$E, 2G? Childbirth, G@0 Chilula CHu asD, #0?, #0@, ##0 Chi5ariko: -*he Bear =irl,1 ##?F22P "eo"ra hical territory, ##? Chinig%hini%h CBoscanaD, ?00 Chu5ash: Barbare2o Chu5ash, 0anta Barbara u risin", ???P Coyote son"s, $%@, ?$#, ?$2P "eo"ra hical territory, $E2P Harrin"ton4s fieldnotes on, X#%n$YP )nese2o Chu5ash, -*he (o" =irl,1 $E2F%?P son"s in stories of, ?$0, X?G0n#@YP 3enture2o Chu5ash, -*he $ i&4ne&4t >yth1 Ce;cer tD, $G? Chu5ashan lan"ua"e fa5ily, ?GA, ?G@, X?A@nAY , A#2 , Chu5ash lan"ua"es, $E2FE$P sa5 le assa"e C)nese2oD, $EA -*he$i&4ne&4t >yth1 Ce;cer tD, $G? Clear Lake, 0tone and <elsey >assacre at, ??AF?E Clothin": belts C:o5lakiD, 2$?F$AP Ne/elry CChu5ashD, $%$P 5en4s C<arukD, %?P skin C>oNaveD, GG%F?0P /illo/ bark for /o5en4s skirts C>oNaveD, GG% The Colle%ted /or#s of 1dward Sa'ir C0a irD, #0? Collectors: reservation of traditions by, G%%F?00, X?0En@Y, X?0%nEYP at University of California at Berkeley (e art5ent of 9nthro olo"y, ?00F?0#P at University of California at Berkeley (e art5ent of Lin"uistics, ?0$FGP un ublished 5aterial of, @FE. See also names of s'e%ifi% %olle%tors and s%holars Co5anche, =eor"e, $#$ Coming to 3ight C0/annD, ##

 -Co5 arative Literature1 CWallaceD, ?#$ Condors, $G%F?# -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $G%F?#, $?AFA2, ?2$, X?G0n#2Y -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 C*]batulabalD, $?, $A$FE# Cook, 0herburne 7., ??$ Corn, as food for Juechan C+u5aD, G@# Costanoan lan"ua"e: dance son", ?$2P fieldtri to record, G%?F%%, X?0An2Y, X?0@nn?Y, XAYP "a5blin" son", ?$2P love son", ?$2P /ordlist and te;t, G%@F%E, X?0@n?Y Cotton/ood: for funeral yre CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@@F@EP sacred sticks for +u5a fiestas 5ade fro5, GEGP shaderoofs constructed of CJuechan X+u5aYD, GE? Couro, *ed C)i ay (ie"ue2oD, ?0?FA Covelo, )ndian boardin" school at, ?A0FA# Coyote: in Central California creation 5yths, ?#?, ?#A, ?#@P Coyote son"s CChu5ashD, $%@, ?$#, ?$2P Coyote stories, #?Ctable #D, ?20F22, X?$%nEYP creator4s relationshi to C'astern Po5oD, 2A@, X2@2nGYP ersonality of, $%, %2P *rickster cycle C>aiduD, 2G% Coyote, selections and e;cer ts involvin", #?Ctable #DP -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $?AF?@, $?%, $A#P -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 C*]batulabalD, $A?FA@, $AEFA%, $@$FE#P -Coyote, Heron, and LiHard1 C+anaP e;cer tD, ?2#F22P -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 C<arukD, %2, %GF%@P -Coyote 0teals 7ire1 C<arukP e;cer tD, $2F$$P -*he Creation1 C0erranoD, G0?, XG0?n2Y, G0E, G0%F#0P -*he (eath of </iku5at1 CJuechanD, G@@F@%P -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes1 CCu e2oD, G2$F2G, G2EP -)n the Be"innin"1 C>aiduP e;cer tD, ?#?P -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World1 C9tsu"e/iD, ?%FA#P -Loon Wo5an1 CWintuD, #%?, #%A, 20@, 20EF%P ->ad Bat1 C>aiduD, 2?0, 2?EP -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 C9tsu"e/iD, #G$, #GAFG@P -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 C+urokD, E0, EAFE% -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 C<arukD, %0F%@, ?02F$, ?20F2# -Coyote, Heron, and LiHard1 C+anaD, ?2#F22, X?$%n#0Y , Coyote Deader CBri"htD, X?$%nEY -Coyote 0teals 7ire1 C<arukD, ethno oetic resentation of, $#F$$ -Cradleboard1 C>oNaveD, ?2GF2? Cra/ford, Ma5es, ?0G Cra/ford, Mudith, -Cradleboard1 CcollectorD, ?2GF2? Creation: of ani5als, 2@@, GAE, G@#, G@2P of hu5ans, 2@%FE#, GAAFAE, GA%, G@0P of lants, 2@E, G@0 -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, #$, 2A0F$#0, ?02P e isodic re etition in, G#P as e;a5 le of Central California creation attern, ?#A, X?$En2YP ublished versions of, 2A?FAEP son"s in, 2@0F@#P the5atic structure of, 2@# -*he Creation1 C0erranoD, $?, G0#F#0P

, A#$ , alternate version of, G0#, XG0?n2YP as e;a5 le of 0outhern California creation attern, ?20, X?$%n@Y Creation 5yth atterns: Central California, ?#?F#@P :orth/estern California, ?#@F#EP 0outhern California, ?#EF20. See also (estruction of the /orld Creation 5yths. See 6ri"in 5yths Creation 0yths of 2rimitive ,meri%a CCurtinD, 22 Creation son"s CCu e2oD, ?@, X?$En?Y Crescent City, -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 near, @%, E2FE? Cro/, -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $?A, $?@, $A2 Cru5, Beverly C0hoshoneD, #2 Cry son"s CWintuD, 2#%, 22$, 22?, 2$0F$G, ?2E -Culture of the Luise2o )ndians1 C0 ark5anD, ?$? Cultures, :ative California: do5inant attern nu5bers of, G#, X?$n#?YP "eo"ra hic distribution of, A, ?@$C5a #DP lan"ua"e as e5bodyin", #0, ?A$P oral literature4s link to, G@F?0P reservation of, X?0En@YP variation in docu5entation of, @ Cu an lan"ua"es, G## Cu e2o: burial son"s, ?#EF#%, X?$En?YP creation son"s, ?@, X?$En?YP -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes,1 G2#F$? Cu e2o lan"ua"e: e;tinction of, G##, G#2P &uotatives in, G2GP sa5 le assa"e, G2$F2G Curl, Mennie, -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 Csin"erD, #@EFE#, #%0F%# Curtin, Mere5iah, ?00P Creation 0yths of 2rimitive ,meri%a$22 (ances: Ball C:o5lakiD, 2G$, 2G$n, 2GGFG?P Brush CHu aD, ##2P Bullhead C:o5lakiD, 2G$nP (rea5 CWintuD, #@%FE0, X#E#nn2Y, X$Y, #E2nP Hesi C:o5lakiD, 2$A, 2$E, 2G?, 2G?n, 2GAFG@P hisi CWintuD, 22#, 222P Mu5 CHu aD, #0A, ##0, ##2P >aru5da4s C'astern Po5o CreatorD instruction on, 2E$FEG, $02F$, $0?F@P :i"ht C+ahiD, #??F?A, #?@F?E, #AEF@#P White (eerskin CHu aD, #0A, ##0. See also Cere5onies (ance son"s: Bear (ance son" C0anta 8osa )slandD, ?$#P brush dance son" CHu aD, ?$2P brush dance son" CLuise2oD, ?##P Chal../aat 0on" CLuise2oD, vii, G#AF#@, ?A?FAAP Costanoan, ?$2P +ahi, #@0P +urok doctor dance son", A? (avis, 7rancis, account of <aruk World 8ene/al cere5ony, ?#@F#E (avis, 0han C<arukD, ?A$ -(a/is 0a a"ay4s 0on"1 C*achi +okutsD, ?$$F$G (ayley, Mon, ?0G -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CLake >i/okD, #$, $?, $$GFG2, ?02 (e 9n"ulo, Mai5e, ?0#P advice to readers, ?0P bio"ra hy of, 2A$FA?P -Creation1 Ccollector and translatorD, #$, 2A0F$#0P fictionaliHed ublications of, 2AGP .ow the /orld /as 0ade$2AG, 2A?F

AA, 2A%F@0P <aruk creation stories transcribed by, %2F%$ (eath son" CLuise2oD, G#A De%em6er(s Child CBlackburnD, $EA (eer: antlers as &uiver C+ahiD, #@#P cookin" CWintuD, 222F2$, 22@F2EP -=riHHly Bear and (eer1 C+anaD, 2?F2A, 2EF2%, $0P huntin" C>aiduD, 2??P huntin" and skinnin" C'astern Po5oD, 2E%P killed by 5a"ic CHu aD, ##2P necessity of sharin" 5eat C9chu5a/iD, #$2F$EP not eaten by one /ho kills deer CCu e2oD, G2@P shot by 9 ache, G@AP tracks of, as si"n of 5ale o/er CWintuD, #%@, 2##P /hite, as sacred C+urokD, E0, E?, E@FEE (eities, in :ative California reli"ions: 9boniBkaBha C9tsu"e/iD, #G2P anthro o5or hic Creator fi"ures C:orthCentral CaliforniaD, 2AEFA%P Blind 6ld >an CJuechanD, GAG, XGA?nAYP Coyote, 2A@, X2@2nGY, ?#?, ?#A, ?#@P -dyin" "od1 C0outhern CaliforniaD, ?#EF20P 'a"le C0outhern CaliforniaD, ?#@P 'arth5aker C>aiduD, ?#?F#@P , A#G , 'arth >other C0outhern CaliforniaD, ?#EP =od CChristianD, $G0, $G#P <u5asta5;o CJuechanD, XGA?nAY, GE0FEEP <uksu C:orthBCentral CaliforniaD, 2AEF@0, ?#AP <4/an4BleeBshv5 C*olo/aD, @0P </a/ C9tsu"e/iD, ?%FA#P </iku5at CJuechanD, GAG, XGA?nAY, GA?FE0P >aru5da CPo5oD, 2A@F@0, X2@2nGY, ?#AP >ukat and *a5ayo/et CCu e2oD, ?@, ?#%P Pa&xoktach and <okiitach C0erranoD, G0?F#0. See also Coyote (e5etraco oulou, (orothy, ?0#P -Loon Wo5an1 CcollectorD, #%2F2#EP -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 Ccollector and translatorD, #@EF%#, X#E0n#YP Wintu (rea5 son"s, X20n%Y, #E#FEG (estruction of the /orld: by fire, 2EGFE@P by flood, 2E#FE$, GAE, G@#F@2, G@A, GE#P by /hirl/ind, 2%AF$00P by sno/ and ice, 2%#F%$ (evils: -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 C<arukD, %EF#0$, ?22P e;cer t fro5 -*he $ i&4ne&4t >yth1 C3enture2o Chu5ashD, $G?P -)t Was 0cratchin"1 CHu aD, #0@, ##$F#G, ?22P as sorcerers, %%, ?22P stories about, %%, ?22 -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 C<arukD, $?, %EF#0$, ?22P ethno oetic structure of, %%F#02 (ictation, honetic!verbati5, 2$, X?#n#YP li5itations of, ?02P lines in te;ts derived fro5, X?$n#2YP selections collected by, #ACtable 2D, ?02F$ (ie"ue2o 'a"le Cere5ony son"s, X20n%Y (i;ie 3alley, #G0P eo le, conflict /ith <la5ath eo le, #G2F?# (i;on, 8oland B., ?0#P ->ad Bat1 CcollectorD, 2GEF?% (octors Csha5ansD: -(a/is 0a a"ay4s 0on"1 C*achi +okutsD, $A, ?$$F$GP death by "unshot /ounds Chu aD, ##0F##P drea5 doctor C:o5lakiD, 2$EP drea5ers as CJuechan X+u5aYD, GA2FA$, XGA?nGY, G@GF@?P -)ndian >edicineB>en1 C+anaP e;cer tD, ?2AF2@P Lake >i/ok, $$%FG0P >abel >c<ay as -suckin" doctor,1 $2GF2?P relationshi s healed by C9chu5a/iD, #2%, #$2F$E. See also (rea5ers -*he (o" =irl1 C)nese2o Chu5ashD, $?, $E2F%?P arallelis5 in, G?FGAP re etition in, GA, $EAP son"s in, $%GF%?, ?2E (o"s: -*he (o" =irl1 C)nese2o Chu5ashD, $?, $E2F%?P talkin" C*olo/aD, A%F@0, @#

 (ollar, 'liHabeth C0outhern Po5oD, $#$ (ove, -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $?A, $?@ (rake, 0ir 7rancis, ?00 (rea5 (ance cult, #@% (rea5ers: Lake >i/ok, $$E, $$%, $G0, $G#P >oNave, G$@, G$E, G$%, GG0P :o5laki, 2$?FG@P Juechan, GA2FA$, XGA?nGY, G@GF@?. See also (octors Csha5ansD (rea5s: -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er1 C:o5lakiD, 2$?FG@P -)ndian >edicine>en1 C+anaD, ?2AF 2@P of >abel >c<ay CCache Creek Po5oD, $2GF2AP >aru5da C'astern Po5o CreatorD sees state of eo le on earth, 2E#, 2%#F%2, 2%$, 2%AP role of, in Juechan reli"ion, GA2P as source of authority for narration C>oNaveD, G$@, GG0P of /hite eo le co5in" CCache Creek Po5oD, $$#F $2P +ana s ell for "irl /antin" husband, #2? (rea5 son"s CWintuD, X20n%Y, #@%FE0, #E#FEG, X#E#nn2Y, X$Y (u Bel, (u5 CWintuD, #E$ (u Bois, Constance, ?0# (u Bois, Cora, #@%, #E0, #%2F%$ (ucks: drea5 about C:o5lakiD, 2GGP 5allard, feather in feather belts, 2$A 'a"le: -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $G%, $?A, $?@, $?%, $A2P -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 C*]batulabalD, $A?, $AEP in 0outhBCentral creation 5yths, ?#@ 'a"le Cere5ony son"s, (ie"ue2o, X20n%Y 'arthdiver 5otif, ?#?F#A 'arth5aker, ?#?F#@ 'arth&uake, as causin" tidal /ave, @#F@2 , A#? , 'lders: contribution of, to oral literature docu5entation, ?0GF?P as di5inishin" resource for lan"ua"es, G%@, X?0An$YP necessity of sharin" food /ith C9chu5a/iD, #$0F$#, #$2F$E 'le5 8ancheria, $$0 'lliott, 'ric, X?#n2YP -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde1 CcollectorD, G##F20P on 3illiana Calac Hyde CLuise2oD, G##F#$ 'llis, 8oss C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $?0 Cfi". %DP -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 CnarratorD, $G%F?#, $?AFA2 '5eneau, >urray, ?0G 'n5ai C>ount '5ilyD, X@0n#Y, @#, @$F@G ' isodic re etition, G0FG$, GAFG@, X?$n#@YP in -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, G#P attern nu5bers as ele5ent of, G#, G$, X?$nn#?Y, X#EYP in -9 0tory of LiHard1 C+ahiD, G#, #??F?EP in -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, G#. See also 8e etition

 'sselen lan"ua"e, @, ?G@, X?A@nAY 'ssene, 7rank M., 2$% 'thno"ra hic te;ts, e;a5 les of: -Cradleboard1 C>oNaveD, ?2GP -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 CWintuD, 22GF$GP -)ndian >edicine >en1 C+anaP e;cer tD, ?2AF2@P -Preservin" 0hellfish1 C<ashaya Po5oD, ?2?P -*he 0oul1 narrative CJuechanP e;cer tD, $%%FG00P World 8ene/al narrative C<arukP e;cer tD, ?#@F#EP -+ou co5e u on a lace1 C+urokD, A$. See also :arrative -'thno"ra hy of the +u5a )ndians1 C7ordeD, ?$? 'thnolin"uistic translations, 2?F2@, X?#nnGY, X?YP e;a5 le of, 2?F2@, X?#n$YP selections e;e5 lifyin", $?P of son"s, ?$0, X?G#n20Y 'thno oetic translations, 2@F$?, X?2nnAY, X@YP e;a5 le of, 2EF$#, X?2nnEY, X%YP inte"rated a roach to, $#F$$, $?P lines in, $$F$G, X?2n##Y, X?$n#2YP rosodic a roach to, $#, $?, X?2n#0YP selections e;e5 lifyin", $?P structural a roach to, $#, $? 'uro eans: 9tsu"e/i restricted by, A#P creation of CJuechanD, G@?P folk stories of, $AP forekno/led"e of CCache Creek Po5oD, $$#F$2P Hu a "randfather /ounded by, ###P <aruk culture disru ted by, %#P Lake >i/ok contact /ith, $$?P :ative California cultures destroyed by contact /ith, @P *olo/a life chan"ed by, AEP *]batulabal encounters /ith, $AGP +okuts contact /ith, $GE. See also =old 8ushP >ission syste5 -'venin" 0tar1 son"s C<arukD, ?$0 7acin" a"e for5ats, X?#nGY 7a"es, Pedro, $E2 7alcon, -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $G%, $?#, $?@FA2 7all 8iver: 9chu5a/i, #2@P 9tsu"e/i, #G$, #?0 7auna, inventory of C'astern Po5oD, $0@F% 7aye, PaulBLouis, ?#EP Cu e2o creation and burial son"s CcollectorD, ?@, ?#EF#%, X?$En?YP -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes1 CcollectorD, G2#F$? 7eathers: in basket desi"ns CLake >i/okD, $$?P belts 5ade of C:o5lakiD, 2$?F$AP flicker, as nose orna5ent C*olo/aD, @$ 7ederal boardin" schools. See Boardin"school syste5 7ender, Mi5 CWintuD, X200n2Y 7ield5ice, -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, $20F2# 7ield notes: Harrin"ton4s, @, X#%n$Y, $E$P un ublished, @FE, X#%n$Y 7ield tri , >ason4s Costanoan, G%?F%%, X?0An2Y, X?0@n?Y 7ield/ork, accounts of: 9chu5a/i C:evinD, #2%P Central Po5o C>ithunD, 2GF2?P Cu e2o CM. HillD, G2GF2?P <aruk CBri"htD, %EP Luise2o C'lliottD, G#$P >aidu C0hi leyD, 2GEFG%P >oNave C9. <roeberD, G$EFG0P 0outhern Po5o C6s/altD, $#$P +urok C8obinsD, @@F@E 7ield/ork, relationshi bet/een eo le involved in, 2GF2?. See also Collectors 7inck, 7ranH :ikolaus, $EG

, A#A , 7ish: >aru5da C'astern Po5o CreatorD teaches ho/ to catch, 2%0F%#P -Preservin" 0hellfish1 C<ashaya Po5oD, ?2?F2A 7ishin" nets C'astern Po5oD, 2%GF%?, $02 7ishin" ractices C*olo/aD, AEFA% -7ive +urok 0on"s: 9 >usical and *e;tual 9nalysis1 C8obins and >cCloudD, A? 7licker feathers, used as nose orna5ent C*olo/aD, @$ -7lint Boy1 C+anaD, ?2$ 7lood, caused by tidal /ave C*olo/aD, @#F@A 7ood: 9chu5a/i, #2EP Chi5ariko, ##%, #20P Chu5ash, $%0P 'astern Po5o, 2@A, 2@%, 2E0, 2E#, 2E%F%#, 2%G, 2%?, 2%AP Hu a, #0G, ##$P <aruk, %0, %G, #02P Lake >i/ok, $$GF$?P >aidu, 2?#, 2?$P >oNave, GGG, GG%, G?0, G?2, G?$, G?AP Juechan C+u5aD, G@#P shared /ith elders C9chu5a/iD, #$2F$EP shared /ith stran"ers CChu5ash, 'astern Po5oD, $0G, $%0P theft of C<arukD, %GF%?P *olo/a, A@, AE, @GP *]batulabal, $A?, $@0, $@2, $@$, $@?, $@AP Wintu, 20G, 22@F2EP +urok, @@. See also s'e%ifi% 'lants and animals 7orde, C. (arryl: -'thno"ra hy of the +u5a )ndians,1 ?$?P Juechan funeral s eech, ?$A, ?G$F GG 7or5ulaic re etition, G$FGG 7or5ulas, story o enin" and closin": in <aruk, %$F%G, ?20F2#P in Wintu, #2$, #%A, 20#, 2#E -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 CWintuD, #2, $?, 2#%F$G, ?2E, ?$0 7o;, -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World1 C9tsu"e/iD, ?%FA# 7ranco, (arlene CWukchu5niD, ?AG 7reeland, Lucy 0., $$?, ?0# 7reeland, :ancy, 2A0, 2A#, 2A$, 2AG 7rW5ont, Mohn Charles, ?00 -*he 7riars at <ili/a,1 ??GF??, ?AEFA%n#? 7ro": -*he Creation1 C0erranoD, G0?, XG0?n2Y, G0EP as dau"hter of </iku5at CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@A, G@@, GE0P -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 C9tsu"e/iD, #G$, #G@ =alla"her, >ay5 Benner C>aiduD, 2GEFG% =a5ble, =eo rey, ?0GP on +okuts, $G@F?#P +okuts lan"ua"e /ork by, $GE =a5blin": >aidu, 2?#, 2?@P :o5laki, 2G$FGG, 2G$nP +urok, E$ =a5blin" son"s: Costanoan, ?$2P >i/ok, ?2%P +okuts, G%A =a5es: hoo "a5e CChu5ashD, $EEP hoo and oles C>oNaveD, GG@, G?2P ta" C'astern Po5o children4sD, 2E$ =ayton, 9nna, $GE, ?0#P -9real 9ffiliations of California 7olktales,1 ?#?, ?2$ =eese, -7lyin" :orth /ith the =eese1 CWintuD, 22$, 22EF$0

 =ender roles: baskets 5ade by both 5en and /o5en CPo5oD, 2A#FA2P -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 C*]batulabalD, $A$, $A?FE#P >aru5da4s C'astern Po5o CreatorD teachin"s on, 2E%F%#P for erfor5in" verbal art, ?#$F#G =enerosity, conse&uences of not sharin" deer 5eat C9chu5a/iD, #$2F$E =enocide: in California, ??$F?G, ??AF?%P of *olo/a, AE =enre, oralBliterary, ?#GP of selections, #?Ctable #D. See also :arrativeP 6ratoryP 0on"sP s'e%ifi% genres =enres, native: a(al>i CCu e2oP -tellin" histories1D, G22P cry son"s CWintuD, 2#%, 22$P -devil1 stories, #0@, ?22P drea5 son"s CWintuD, #@%P "irls4 uberty son"s CWintuD, X#0?n#YP itlI#anav# C>oNaveP -"reatBtellin"1D, G$@P nini CWintuP -love son"s1D, X#E@n2Y, 2#%, 222 =e i"ul C'astern Po5oD, 2A# =host (ance, $$A =i ord, 'd/ard W., ?0#P California 7ndian Nights 1ntertainments$?#$P -Central >i/ok Cere5onies,1 ?$?P >a5ie 6ffield4s /ork /ith, %E =lobal for5!content arallelis5, X?$n#EY =oddard, Pliny 'arle, #0?, ?0# , A#@ , =old 8ush: i5 act on :ative California cultures, %#, G%@, ??AP "eo"ra hic area i5 acted by, X?0@nGY, ??$ =olla, 3ictor, ?0GP -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"1 Ccollector and translatorD, #0GF ##0P -=randfather4s 6rdeal1 Ccollector and translatorD, #0@, ##0F##P -)t Was 0cratchin"1 Ccollector and translatorD, #0@, ##$F#GP -*he 0tolen Wo5an1 Ccollector and translatorD, #0@, ##2F#$P +ahi *ranslation ProNect, X#A#n#Y =o5eH, >arLa, G%A =o hers, -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, $#%F20 =ourds, "ro/n by Juechan C+u5aD, G@# =race, 9l5a, $$? -=randfather4s 6rdeal1 CHu aD, #0@, ##0F## =rant, 0a5son, #2%, #$0, #$# =re"ory, (ick CWintuD, #EG =rief. See >ournin" =riffith, >anuela, G2# =rindstone Creek 8eservation, 2$?, 2$%, 2GA -=riHHly Bear and (eer1 C+anaD, X?G0n#2YP ethnolin"uistic resentation of, 2?F2@, X?#n$YP ethno oetic resentation of, 2EF$#, X?2nnEY, X%YP "eo"ra hic distribution of, ?2$

 =roundB0&uirrel, -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, 2%% =uerrero, 'dna C:orthern Po5oD, ?A2FA$ Guide to 1arly Field De%ordings 9Z^ggjZ^T^: at the 3owie 0useum of ,nthro'ology C<eelin"D, ?$? Haas, >ary 8., University of California at Berkeley (e art5ent of Lin"uistics /ork of, A, ?0$F G Hal ern, 9braha5 >., ?0GP studies of Juechan C+u5aD lan"ua"e, $#$P -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CcollectorD, $##F2$ H.nc4ibyNi5 C*o5 +oun"P >aiduD, ?0AP ->ad Bat1 CnarratorD, 2GEF?%P >aidu creation 5yth Ce;cer tD, ?#?F#A Hansen, (aisy CPo5oD, $2G Harrie, Benonie C<arukD, %2 Harrie, >ar"aret C<arukD, -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 CnarratorD, %0F%@ Harrin"ton, Mohn Peabody, ?0#P -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 Ccollector and translatorD, X20nAY, 22, GA#FE%P -*he Bear =irl1 CcollectorD, ##?F22P bio"ra hy of, ##A, $E$FEGP Chu5ash /ork by, $E2, $E$, $EGFE?P -*he (o" =irl1 CcollectorD, $E2F%?P early sound recordin"s by, ?0#F2P 6hlone culture fieldnotes of, GEFG%P un ublished fieldnotes of, @, X#%n$YP on ur"ency of )ndian lan"ua"e field/ork, G%@, X?0An$YP +okuts lan"ua"e /ork by, $GE -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde1 CLuise2oD, X?#n2Y, G##F20, ?$0 Hat Creek, 9tsu"e/i, #2%, #G0 Hat Creek eo le. See 9tsu"e/i Ha/k, shar Bshinned, -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, $#@F2$ HaHelnuts, as food CChi5arikoD, #20 HeiHer, 8obert, ->ytholo"y: 8e"ional Patterns and History of 8esearch,1 ?#$ Hesi: dance cere5ony C:o5lakiD, 2$AF$@, X2$Gn#YP oration CPat/inD, ?$A He/ett, 'd"ar Lee, $EG Hill, (an, #0? Hill, Mane, ?0GP -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes1 Ccollector and translatorD, G2#F $? Hill, <enneth C., ?0GP -*he Creation1 Ccollector and translatorD, G0#F#0 Hill, *o5, #0? Hinton, Leanne, #2, $E?FEA, ?0G, ?AGP -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 Canalysis and transcri tionD, 2#%F$G, ?$0P on son"s in +u5an stories, ?2EP -9 0tory of LiHard1 CtranslatorD, #?2F@@P +ahi *ranslation ProNect, X#A#n#Y Historical e ic, selection classified as, #?Ctable #D Hokan lan"ua"es, %0P Chi5ariko as, ##?P s eakers of, "eo"ra hical retreat of, #2E

, A#E , Hokan stock, ?G@, X?A@nAYP a"e of, ?G%, X?A@nEYP "eo"ra hic e; ansion of, ??0, X?AEn#0YP si5ilarities a5on" lan"ua"e fa5ilies of, ?GEFG%, ?AAFA@nG Ho5er, Moe. See *suyuk/er.u CMoe Ho5erD Hoo a reservation, AE, #0G Hoo a 3alley, #0G, #0?, #0A, #0@, ##0F## Ho land 8eservation, $#$ -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er1 C:o5lakiD, 2$?FG@ -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer1 C9chu5a/iD, $?, #2@F$E .ow the /orld /as 0ade Cde 9n"uloD, 2AG, 2A?FAA, 2A%F@0 Huchno5 lan"ua"e, scant docu5entation of, @ Hu5ans, creation of, GAAFAE, GA%, G@0 Hu a: -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin",1 #0GF##0P brush dance son", ?$2P "eo"ra hical territory, #0GF?P -=randfather4s 6rdeal,1 #0@, ##0F##P -)t Was 0cratchin",1 #0@, ##$F#GP -*he 0tolen Wo5an,1 #0@, ##2F#$ Hu a lan"ua"e, sa5 le assa"e, #0@FE Hyde, 3illiana Calac CLuise2oD, @, X?#n2Y, ?0AP -Chal../aat 0on",1 vii, G#AF#@, ?A?FAAP -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde1 Csin"er and translatorD, G##F20, ?$0P ,n 7ntrodu%tion to the 3uise+o 3anguage$G#2, G#$P lan"ua"e /ork by, G##F#$P 5ournin" son", ?#%F20, X?$EnAYP -um y# -um y#$G#$, XG#Gn#Y Hy5es, (ell: ethno oetics ioneered by, 2@, $#P lines as defined by, X?2n##YP -Loon Wo5an1 CtranslatorD, #%2F2#EP 5easured voice conce t of, G@P rhetorical atterns identified by, $#, X?2nnEY, X%Y )k;arWeyavs C<aruk 7irst Peo leD, %#F%2, %E )5a"inary bein"s: /ith four le"s and t/o heads CCache Creek Po5oD, $$#F$2P "host, -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e CLake >i/okD,1 $$EP 5onster in -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, $0?P 5onster stories, ?2$, X?G0n#2Y )ncest: as -behavin" badly1 C'astern Po5oD, 2@0, 2E#FE2, 2EGFE?, 2%#F%2, 2%A, 2%@, 2%EP in -Loon Wo5an1 CWintuD, #%?, 20GFA -*he )ncredible 0urvival of Coyote1 C0nyderD, X?$%nEY )ncre5ental re etition, GA -)ndian >edicineB>en1 C+anaP e;cer tD, ?2AF2@, X?G0n#AY -)ndian >yths of 0outh Central California1 C9. <roeberD, ?#? 7ndians in Everalls Cde 9n"uloD, 2AG 7ndian Tales Cde 9n"uloD, 2AG

 )ndian /ars, ??AF?% )nese2o Chu5ash. See Chu5ash -)nstitution 5yths,1 ?#E )nterlinear for5ats, 2?F2A, X?#nGY )nter reter translation, 22P li5itations of, 22F2$P selections collected by, #ACtable 2D, 22 -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a1 C>oNaveD, X20nAY, 22F2$, G$AFA0 ,n 7ntrodu%tion to the 3uise+o 3anguage CHydeD, G#2, G#$ )nu ia& lan"ua"e, ??2 )nvitation strin" C>aiduD, 2?#, 2?A )nyoB<utavyre: descri tion of, GG0P -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a1 CnarratorD, X20nAY, 22, G$AF A0 )shi C+ahiD, #??Cfi". $D, ?0$Cfi". #2D, ?0AP bio"ra hy of, #?2F?GP -9 0tory of LiHard1 CnarratorD, #?2F@@ 7shi in Two /orlds C*. <roeberD, #?2 -)t is said.1 See Juotatives -)t Was 0cratchin"1 CHu aD, #0@, ##$F#G, ?22 Mack, 7rances CCentral Po5oD, 2GF2? Mackson, Louisa, -)t Was 0cratchin"1 CnarratorD, #0?FA, #0@, ##$F#G Macobs, (aisy C<arukD, ?A$ Macobsen, Willia5, ?0G Mi5son/eed leaves, to encoura"e drea5in" CJuechan X+u5aYD, GA$ Mohnson, >a""ie, $$?, $$A, $$E, $$% Mones, Mack, G$%Cfi". ##DP -)n the (esert , A#% , /ith Hi ahi a1 Cinter reterD, X20nAY, 22F2$, G$AFA0 Mones, Mohnny CCha/chila +okutsD, -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 CnarratorD, $GEFG%, $?2F?? <aruk: -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead,1 %0F%@P -Coyote 0teals 7ire,1 $#F$$P -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin",1 %EF#0$P ethno oetic structure of 5yths, %%F#02P -'venin" 0tar1 son"s, ?$0P "eo"ra hical territory, %0P survivin" o ulation, %#P World 8ene/al cere5ony, ?#@F#E, X?$EnGY <aruk lan"ua"e: Hokan affiliation of, ?GAP loss of, ?A$FAGP o enin" and closin" for5ulas for stories, %$F%G, ?20F2#P sa5 le assa"e, %$F%G <ashaya, -Preservin" 0hellfish,1 ?2?F2A K(asna vines, #?@, #A?FAA

 <eelin", 8ichard, ?0GP Guide to 1arly Field De%ordings 9Z^ggjZ^T^: at the 3owie 0useum of ,nthro'ology$?$? <endall, >artha, ?0G <enyon, >ary CWintuD, #EG <ey, >ary, G#2 <ili/a: -*he 7riars at <ili/a,1 ??GF??, ?AEFA%n#?P -When ) Have (onned >y Crest of 0tars,1 G%$ <illdeer, -Loon Wo5an1 CWintuD, #%@, X20#nAY, 2#GF#E <illeli C+ose5ite >i/okD, ?0A <in"fisher, addressed in son" CWikcha5niD, $G$ <la5ath eo le, conflict /ith (i;ie 3alley eo le, #G2F?# <la5ath 8iver: <aruk, %0, %2, #0GP +urok, @@, EA, #0G <lar, <athryn, ?0GP on )nese2o Chu5ash, $E2FEA <ni"ht, Henry, $$%FG0 <ni"ht, Ma5es CLake >i/okD, ?0GF?, ?0AP -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CnarratorD, #$, $$GFG2 <ni"ht, Mohn, $$? <ni"ht, >ary, 2A2 <okiitach C0errano deityD, G0A, G0@, G0E <roeber, 9lfred L., 2A$, ?0$Cfi". #2DP Chu5ash /ork by, $E2, $EGP on -cycles1 attern in Central California creation 5yths, X?$En2YP ethnolin"uistic resentation used by, 2@P -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a1 CcollectorD, X20nAY, 22, G$AFA0P -)ndian >yths of 0outh Central California,1 ?#?P on -institution 5yths,1 ?#EP as )shi4s e5 loyer, #?$F?GP on li5itations of inter reter translation, 22F2$P Pat/in Hesi oration CcollectorD, ?$AF$@, X?G#n2GYP and 0usan Brandenstein Park, #$%, #G0P as source of *]batulabal o ulation esti5ate, $AGP University of California at Berkeley (e art5ent of 9nthro olo"y /ork of, A, %2, G%?, ?00F?02, X?0%n%YP +okuts lan"ua"e /ork by, $GE <roeber, *heodora: 7shi in Two /orlds$#?2P -Loon Wo5an1 version, #%EP -0o5e Jualities of )ndian 0tories,1 X?$En#Y <uksu C'astern Po5o s irit fi"ureD, 2AAP -Creation,1 2@$F$#0P >aru5da contrasted /ith, 2AEF @0 <uksu reli"ion, 2AE, X?$En2Y <u5asta5;o CJuechan X+u5aY deityD, GA2, GA$, XGA?nAYP -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins,1 G@0FE% -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World1 C9tsu"e/iD, #G, ?%FA#, ?#A </iku5at CJuechan X+u5aY deityD, GA$, XGA?nAYP -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins: *he 9"e and (eath of </iku5at,1 GA?FE0P -</iku5at Beca5e 0ick,1 $ Laird, Carobeth, ?0# Laird, =eor"e CChe5ehueviD, ?0A

 Lake >i/ok. See >i/ok, Lake La5arr, Mohn, -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 CnarratorD, #G, #$%F?# La5b, 0idney, ?0G La5e Billy of Weits us C+urokD, ?0A Lan", Mulian, X?#n2YP -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 CtranslatorD, %0F%@ Lan"acker, 8onald, G#2 Lan"don, >ar"aret, X20n%Y, G#2, ?0G , A20 , Lan"ua"e diversity, X?AAn2Y, ?@GC5a 2DP California4s ecolo"y as enablin", ??2, X?AEn#$YP e;tent of, A, ?G?P "eo"ra hical history of, ?G%F?#P /ithin su erstocks, ?G% Lan"ua"e fa5ilies, ?GAF?2, ?G@FGECtable ?DP "eo"ra hic distribution of, ?@?C5a $D. See also Lan"ua"e stocks Lan"ua"e revival, AF@, G#2, ?A2FA? Lan"ua"es: bilin"ual for5at for collection of oral literature, X#%n?YP boardin" schools4 i5 act on, ?A0FA2P current status of, ?G?, ??2, ?@@C5a ?DP dialects in, ?G?FGAP elders as di5inishin" resource for, G%@, X?0An$YP as e5bodyin" culture, #0, ?A$P "eo"ra hic distribution of, ?@$C5a #DP 5ulti le, in -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD 5yth, 2%@, $00, $02P of narration of selections, #EF #% Ctable GDP rehistory of, ?G%F?2, ?@AC5a GDP ronunciation "uide for, ;i;F;;iP renaissance of, ?A2FAA. See also s'e%ifi% languages Lan"ua"e sa5 les: 9chu5a/i, #$0F$#P Cu e2o, G2$F2GP Hu a, #0@FEP )nese2o Chu5ash, $EAP <aruk, %$F%GP Lake >i/ok, $$@P >aidu, 2?#P :orthern +ana, ?2#F22P 0errano, G02, G0$F?P 0outhern Po5o, $#?F#AP Wintu, #%%F200P +ahi, #?% Lan"ua"e stocks, ?GAFG%, ?AAFA@nGP "eo"ra hic distribution of, ?@?C5a $DP history and "eo"ra hical e; ansion of, ?G%F?2. See also Lan"ua"e fa5ilies Lark, -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 C9tsu"e/iD, #GA, #G@, #GE Lassen, >ount: *.yya5ani5 CWest >ountainD, 2?0, 2?EP +e:dL:Nana, #$0 Le"al syste5, *olo/a, A@FAE Le"ends, as "enre of narrative, ?#G LWviB0trauss, Claude, G0P -Loon Wo5an1 analysis by, #%E, X20#nAY Librado, 7ernando C3enture2o Chu5ashD, ?0A -Life and Culture of the Hu a1 C=oddardD, #0? -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes1 CCu e2oD, $?, G2#F$?, ?2$P roble5s in inter retin", G2GF2AP son"s in, G$0, G$2, G$?, ?2E -Li"htnin" son"1 CJuechan X+u5aYP e;cer tD, ?2%F$0 Line breaks in ethno oetic resentations, criteria for, $G, X?2n##Y, X?$n#2YP -*he Bear =irl,1 ##EP -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en,1 $A@FAEn#P -Coyote 0teals 7ire,1 $#F$$P

-Creation1 C0erranoD, G02F$P -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibben,1 220F2#P -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/k 7eather,\ -G2AP ->ad Bat,1 2?2P -9 0tory of LiHard,1 X#A#n?Y. See also *y o"ra hical conventions LiHards: -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 C*]batulabalD, $AA, $@0, $@2P Lon"B*ailed, #??F@@P -9 0tory of LiHard1 C+ahiD, #A2F@@ Loeb, 'd/in, 2A$ Loether, Chris, on *]batulabal, $A$FAE Loon: -Loon Wo5an1 CWintuD, #%2F2#EP ersonality of, $% -Loon Wo5an1 CWintuD, #%2F2#E, ?02P "eo"ra hic distribution of, ?2$P inter retations of, #%AF %%P nu5erical atterns in, G$, #%GF%?P re etition in, G#FG$, GG, X?$n#@Y Lord, 9lfred, GA Love son"s: Costanoan, ?$2P Wintu, #E@F%0, #E@n, 2#%, 22#F2$, 22GF$0 Lo/ie, 8obert, #$% Lucas, Bun C<ashayaD, @ Luise2o: -Chal../aat 0on",1 vii, G#AF#@, ?A?FAAP -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde,1 G##F20P lecture at "irls4 uberty cere5ony, ?$?F$AP 5ournin" son", ?#%F20, X?$EnAYP -Wo5en4s Brush (ance 0on",1 ?## 3uise+o Di%tionary CBri"htD, G#$ Luise2o lan"ua"e, G##F#$ Luthin, Herbert W.: on -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, 2A0F@2P -9 0tory of LiHard1 CtranslatorD, #?2F@@P +ahi *ranslation ProNect, X#A#n#Y >acarro, >ark, CLuise2oD, ?AG ->ad Bat1 C>aiduD, $?, $%, 2GEF?%, ?2$, X?G0n#2Y , A2# , >a"ic: antelo e killed /ithout bo/ and arro/ C>oNaveD, GGEFG%P deer killed /ith su ernatural basket CHu aD, ##2 >aidu: cere5onial acorn son", G%#P creation 5yth Ce;cer tD, ?#?F#AP custo5s of, 2?0F?#P ->ad Bat,1 2GEF?% >aidu lan"ua"e, X2?2n#YP sa5 le assa"e, 2?# >akah5o [0al5onhole\ dialect of Po5o lan"ua"e, $#2, $#$ >a4kat4da C6ld Coyote of 9tsu"e/iD, ?%FA# >anri&ueH, L. 7rank C*on"va!9ca"ch5eD, ?AG >anual dictation. See (ictation, honetic!verbati5 >ar"olin, >alcol5, #G# >arr, Mack, ?02

 >arria"e: Chu5ash, $%#F%2P e;o"a5ous C'astern Po5o, *olo/aD, A@, 2@0P food as do/ry C'astern Po5oD, $0GP inti5acy resultin" in C>oNaveD, G?GP 5ulti le /ives C>aiduD, 2?0 >arsh, Harry CWintuD, ?0AP -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 Csin"erD, #@EFE$, #E#n, #E?FEE, #%0 >arsh, 0adie CWintuD, ?0AP -Loon Wo5an1 version, #%EP -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 Csin"erD, #@EFE#, #EG, #EGn, #E%, #%# >artin, 8obert C>oNaveD, -Cradleboard1 CnarratorD, ?2GF2? >artin, 0arah >oron"o C0erranoD, -*he Creation1 CnarratorD, G0#F#0, ?20, X?$%n@Y >aru5da C'astern Po5o CreatorD: Benson4s ortrayal of, 2AAFA@, X2@2n$YP Coyote4s relationshi to, 2A@, X2@2nGY, ?#AP -Creation,1 2@$F$#0P <uksu contrasted /ith, 2AEF@0 >ar;okuvek Cfirst Juechan )ndianD, GAGP bitten by rattlesnake, G@$F@GP creations by, GA%, G@0, G@#P death of, GE@ >ason, Ma5es 9lden, ?0#P Costanoan field/ork, G%?F%%, X?0An2Y, X?0@nn?Y, XAY >aster!9 rentice Lan"ua"e Learnin" Pro"ra5, ?AGFA? >cCloud 8iver, #@E, #E% >c<ay, Charlie, $$2 >c<ay, >abel CPo5oD, $2?Cfi". ED, ?0AP bio"ra hy of, $2GF2AP -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 CstorytellerD, $2GF$$ >c<ibbin, =race CWintuD, 220Cfi". ?D, ?0AP -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 Csin"er and narratorD, 2#%F$G >cLendon, 0ally, ?0GP on Willia5 Benson, 2A#, 2A$, X2@2n2Y >eado/lark: -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, 2%$P >aidu creation 5yth, ?#AP 0hasta version of -Loon Wo5an,1 X20#nAY >easured verse, $#, G@, G2A >edicine 5en!/o5en. See (octors Csha5ansD >e4dildin" CHoo a 3alley villa"eD, #0@, ##2F#$ >edley, 0te hen, X?0%n#0Y >elon, as food for Juechan C+u5aD, G@# >erria5, C. Hart, ?0# >escal, >oNave, GG%, G?0 >es&uite, cradleboard 5ade of C>oNaveD, ?2G >ice: field5ice, -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, $20F2#P -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 C9tsu"e/iD, #G2, #G$, #GGFGE >iddleto/n 8ancheria, $$G, $$? >ihilaka/na dialect of 'astern Po5o, $#2, $#$ >ilk/eed, rolled into strin" C'astern Po5oD, 2%G

 >iller, Wick, ?0G >iranda, >ike C*]batulabalD, ?0AP -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 CnarratorD, $A$FE# >iranda, 0teban, $A$ >ission syste5, ??GF??P California )ndian resistance to, ???P "eo"ra hic area i5 acted by, X?0@nGY, ??$P :ative Californians4 accounts of, ??GF??, ?AEFA%n#? >ithun, >arianne, on relationshi in lin"uistic field/ork, 2GF2? >i/ok: "a5blin" son"s, ?2%P :orthern 0ierra, 6r heus >yth, $$A , A22 , >i/ok, Lake, -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e,1 #$, $$GFG2P "eo"ra hic territory, $$GP survivin" o ulation, $$? >i/ok lan"ua"es, $$G, $$?P sa5 le assa"e CLake >i/okD, $$@ >i;co, >auricio, ?0G >odoc, uberty son", ?$# >oNave: -Cradleboard,1 ?2GF2?P -)n the (esert /ith Hi ahi a,1 X20nAY, G$AFA0P son"s in stories of, X?G0n#@Y >oki, 2$E >onsters: in -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, $0?P 5onster stories, ?2$, X?G0n#2Y >oron"o, 8osa C0erranoD, G0#, XG0?n#Y >oron"o )ndian 8eservation, G0# >ortar and estle C'astern Po5oD, 2%0, $02 >oshinsky, Mulius, ?0G >ountain lions C u5asD, $0@P as characters, $@2F@$, $E0 >ournin": burial son"s CCu e2oD, ?#EF#%, X?$En?YP Cha/chila +okuts, $?2P cry son" CWintuD, 2#%, 22$, 22?, 2$0F$G, ?2EP hair cut C>oNave and +ahiD, #A?, G?2P Luise2o 5ournin" son", ?#%F20, X?$EnAYP tails cut by ani5als CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@% >outhBbo/ son" C+ahiD, ?$# >unro, Pa5ela, ?0G >yth: creation atterns, cultural classification based on, ?#?F20P e;cer ts fro5, 2EF2%, $0, $2F $$, ?#2F22P flood C*olo/aD, @#F@AP as "enre of narrative, ?#GP "eo"ra hy and CHu aD, #0GP -institution,1 ?#EP literary and lin"uistic features of, ?20F22, X?$%nn%Y, X#0Y, ?$%FG0n##P selections classified as, #?Ctable #DP son"s in, ?2E, X?G0n#@YP vs. tales, ?#?. See also 6ri"in 5ythsP 6r heus 5yth ->ytholo"y: 8e"ional Patterns and History of 8esearch1 CHeiHerD, ?#$ >yth ti5e: in <aruk, %$P "ra55atical reflections of, ?2#F22 :aB(enW stock, ?GE, ?G%

 :aka5 3alley CBi" >eado/sD, 2?0, 2?% :a5in", GE?FEA -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 C9tsu"e/iD, #G, $?, #$%F?#, ?02 :arrative, #2, ?#GF2@P cate"ories of, ?#GF#?P Coyote stories, #?Ctable #D, ?20F22, X?$%nEYP e ic, G$@, GG0FG#P ethno"ra hic te;ts, ?2$F2@P institution 5yths, #0A, ?#EP o enin" and closin" for5ulas, <aruk, %$F%G, ?20F2#P o enin" and closin" for5ulas, Wintu, #2$, #%A, 20#, 2#EP oral readin" of, $EAP oetry vs. rose debate, $$F$?P re etition in, G#, #??F?EP set in ti5e of creation, ?20P settin"s and conte;ts for, ?#GP son"s in, ?2E, X?G0n#@YP translation of, #?%FA#, X#A#nnGY, X?YP *rickster cycles, 2G%. See also >ythP 0toriesP *ales :arrative, e;a5 les of less /ellBkno/n "enres: autobio"ra hy, 2G#FG@P Coyote stories, $2F$$, $AEFE#, ?2#F22P -devil1 stories, #02F$, ##$F#GP e ic, GG$FGA0P ethno"ra hic te;ts, A$, 22GF$G, $%%FG00, ?#@F#E, ?2G, ?2?, ?2AF2@P fa5ily history, ##0F##, $EEF%?, ??GF??P hero tales, G2AF $#, G$#F$?P institution 5yths, #0%F#0P le"ends, ##2F#$, ##EF22, $G?, ?$$F?GP oral history, ??@F?EP ersonal re5iniscence, E#FE2, E2FE?, #$2F$E, $2EF$$, $$EFG2, G%$, ?A0FA2, ?A$FAGP tales, #A2FA@ :arrative "enres. See Coyote storiesP 'thno"ra hic te;tsP >ythP :arrativeP 6ri"in 5ythsP 0toriesP *ales :ative California Lan"ua"e 8estoration Worksho , ?A?, X?A%n2?Y :ative California :et/ork, ?AG :ative Californians: contributin" to oral literary /ork, AF@, X#%n2Y, 2GF2?, ?0GFAP o ulation decline of, ??$P rivate docu5entation of culture by, E. See also 'ldersP names of s'e%ifi% Native Californians :evin, Bruce: -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer1 Ccollector and translatorD, #2@F$EP +ahi *ranslation ProNect, X#A#n#Y :e/5an, 0tanley, ?0#P -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 Ccollector and translatorD, $G%F?#, X$?#n#Y, $?AFA2P -3isit , A2$ , to the Land of the (ead1 Ccollector and translatorD, $GEFG%, X$?#n#Y, $?2F??P +okuts lan"ua"e /ork by, $GE News from Native California$#G# :ichols, >ike, ?0G :isenan rayer, ?? :oble, 0ally, ##@Cfi". 2DP -*he Bear =irl1 CnarratorD, ##?F22 :olas&ueH, 8oscinda, -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes1 CnarratorD, G2#F$? :o5e Lackee 8eservation, 2$EF$% :o5laki: birds of, #%@, X20#n@YP -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er,1 2$?FG@ :orth/estern California: creation 5yth attern, ?#@F#EP lin"uistic rehistory of, $?#

 :o/eedehe, 2$A, 2G2, 2G$ :u5erical atternin". See Pattern nu5bers :u5ic lan"ua"es, ??2 6churte, 8ufino CPaiPai!<ili/aD, ?0AP -*he 7riars at <ili/a1 CnarratorD, ??GF??, ?AEFA%n#?P -When ) Have (onned >y Crest of 0tars,1 G%$ 6ffield, >a5ie, -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 CnarratorD, %EF#0$ 6hlone culture, GEFG% 6krand, >ark, ?0G -6ld California1 lan"ua"e fa5ilies, ??0F?# 6ral literature, :ative California: anthro o5or his5 in, $EFG0P cate"ories of, ?#GP confusion /hen first readin", $?F$@, ?0, X?$n#GYP continuin" "ro/th of, EF#0, GEP creation 5yth classification of, ?#?F20P culture4s link to, G@F?0, X?Gn2$YP difficulties in roducin" collections of, AF#0P 'uro eaniHed collections of, X?0%n#0YP "ender of erfor5ers of, ?#$F#GP history of docu5entation of, G%%F?0A, X?0%nn%YF##, X?0%YF#0n#2P overvie/s of, ?#$P arallelis5 in, GGF GAP attern nu5bers in, G#, G$, X?$nn#?Y, X#EYP ronunciation "uide for, ;i;F;;iP re etition in, G0FGG, GAFG@, X?$n#@Y. See also :arrativeP 6ratoryP 0on"s -6ral Literature of California and the )nter5ountain 8e"ion1 CBri"htD, ?#$ 6ratory, #2, ?$?F$EP sources of, ?$?P vocal and rhyth5ic characteristics of, ?$AF$@. See also 0 eeches 6ratory, e;a5 les of, by "enre: intervie/s, A$, ?A2FA$P rayers, ??P s eeches, ?$?F$A, ?$AF$@, ?G$FGGP s ells, #2? 6re"os Crock at 5outh of <la5ath 8iverD, E0, EA 6ri"in 5yths: selections classified as, #?Ctable #DP 9tsu"e/i, ?%FA#P 'astern Po5o, 2@$F$#0P Hu a, #0%F#0P >aidu Ce;cer tD, ?#?F#AP Juechan, GA?FE%P 0errano, G0?FA, G0AF#0P *olo/a, @#F@A. See also Creation 6r heus 5yth, #$, $$?P Cha/chila +okuts version, #$, $$A, $GEFG%, X$?#n#Y, $?2F??P :orthern 0ierra >i/ok version, $$A. See also -*he (ead Peo le4s Ho5e1 CLake >i/okD 6s/alt, 8obert L., ?0GP -Preservin" 0hellfish1 CcollectorD, ?2?F2AP -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 CtranslatorD, $##F2$ 6uHel, ->ad Bat1 C>aiduD, $%, 2?0, 2?% 6/l: in doctor4s drea5 C:orthern +anaD, ?2@P as 5essen"er of death C+urokD, @%, E#FE2P screech, hired to track deer C9chu5a/iD, #$A, #$E Pa&xoktach C0errano deityD, G0A, G0@ Pal 9tin"ve [Hot 0 rin"s\ CWarner4s Hot 0 rin"sD, G22 Parallelis5, GGFG@P "lobal for5!content arallelis5, X?$n#EY Park, 0usan Brandenstein, ?0# Parrish, 'ssie C<ashaya Po5oD, -Preservin" 0hellfish1 CnarratorD, ?2?F2A

 Pattern nu5bers, G#, G$, X?$nn#?Y, X#EYP in -=riHHly Bear and (eer1 C:orthern +anaD, 2%F$#P identified by (ell Hy5es, $#, X?2nnEY, X%YP Lake >i/ok, $G0P in -Loon Wo5an1 CWintuD, #%GF %?P Po5o, $#G Pat/in, Hesi oration, ?$A , A2G , Penutian stock, ?G@FGEP "eo"ra hic e; ansion of, ??0, ?A@FAEn%P si5ilarities a5on" lan"ua"e fa5ilies of, ?GEFG%P s eakers of, contact /ith Hokan s eakers, #2E Perfor5ances: date of, of selections, #@Ctable $DP -live1 vs. -in studio,1 X20nEYP ersonal and eriod style4s e ect on recordin" of, ?0#, X?0%n##YP selections based on, ##P transfor5ed into rinted /ord, 2#F2? Perfor5ers: contribution of, ?0GP "ender of, ?#$F#GP reservation of traditions by, G%%, X?0%nEY Perry, Mean: -Blind Bill and the 6/l1 CcollectorD, @EF@%, E#FE2P -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 CcollectorD, @%, E2FE?P +ahi *ranslation ProNect, X#A#n#YP -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 Ccollector of alternate versionD, @E, @%FE0, E?FE%, ?0? Personal re5iniscences: absence of &uotatives in, ?22P as "enre of narrative, ?#GP selections classified as, #?Ctable #D Philolo"ists, $E$ Phonetic dictation. See (ictation, honetic!verbati5 2i#va C<aruk creation storiesD, %#F%$ PineBnuts: *]batulabal, $A?, $@0, $@?P +ahi, #??, #?A, #A2, #@2F@$, #@AF@@ Pine trees, 0errano, G#0 Pitkin, Harvey, #%$, ?0G Pit 8iver: 9chu5a/i, #2@, #2EP Wintu, #@E Pit 8iver eo le. See 9chu5a/i Plants, created by >aru5da C'astern Po5o CreatorD, 2@A, 2@@, 2@E. See also s'e%ifi% 'lants Poetic re etition, GG Po5o: baskets /oven by, 2A#FA$, $#2, $#$, $2GF2?, X?A%n2#YP birds in narratives of, ?2$P Central Po5o, relationshi develo ed doin" lin"uistic field/ork a5on", 2GF2?P &uotatives in, $#AP "eo"ra hical territory, $##P historical overvie/ of, $##F#2P >aru5da CdeityD of, 2AAFA@, X2@2nn$Y, XGYP :ortheastern Po5o, scant docu5entation of, @P reContact o ulation, $##F#2 Po5o, selections and e;cer ts: Cache Creek Po5o, -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake,1 $2GF $$P 'astern Po5o, -Creation,1 #$, 2A0F$#0P <ashaya Po5o, -Preservin" 0hellfish,1 ?2?F2AP 0outhern Po5o, -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k,1 $##F2$ Po5oan lan"ua"es, ?GAP $##, $#2P Hokan affiliation of, $##P &uotatives in, $#AP reservation of, ?A2FA$P 0outhern Po5o, $#2, $#$, $#GF#A Po eNoy, Bill, #E2n

 Portol., =as ar de, ?00 Potatoes, as food for 'astern Po5o, 2@%, 2E# Po/ers, 0te hen, Tri6es of California$?00 Prayer, :isenan, ?? Prehistory, lin"uistic, ?G%F?2, ?@AC5a GD Preservation: of lan"ua"es, AF@, G#2, ?A2FA?P of traditions, G%%F?00, X?0En@Y, X?0%nEY Prickly ear, as food for Juechan C+u5aD, G@# Puberty son"s: >odoc, ?$#P Wintu, #E?FE@, #E?nn, #EAn, ?2@F2E Purity, A$ Putna5, 7. W., GG0 Juechan C+u5aD: -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins,1 X20nAY, GA#FE%P Central =rou relationshi to, GA#, XGA?n2YP drea5ers CdoctorsD, GA#FA2, XGA?nGYP funeral s eech, ?$A, ?G$FGGP "eo"ra hical territory, GA#P Hal ern4s studies of, $#$P -</iku5at Beca5e 0ick,1 $P -Li"htnin" 0on"1 Ce;cer tD, ?2%F$0P reli"ion of, GA#FA2, XGA?nAYP son"s, $, GA2, XGA?n$YP -*he 0oul1 Ce;cer tD, $%%FG00P survivin" o ulation, GA# Juotatives: absence or su ression of, ?22, X?$%n##YP in Cu e2o, G2GP in Po5o, $#AP in 0errano, G02P in +ana, 2A, X?#n$Y, ?2#F22, X?$%nn%Y, X#0Y 8adin, Paul, 2A$, ?0# -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 C+urokD, @%, E2FE? 8ancherias. See 8eservations 8attlesnakes: -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 , A2? , CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@$F@G, GE0P a""ravated by su55erti5e tellin" of 5yths, ?#GP as food C>oNaveD, GGGP /orn as skirt, XGGGn#Y 8ecordin" 5ethods, #ACtable 2D. See also s'e%ifi% methods 8ed/ood Creek, #0? 8eeves, >innie: bio"ra hy, of, #0?P -*he Boy Who =re/ U at *a4k4i5ildin"1 CnarratorD, #0?F ##0P -=randfather4s 6rdeal1 CnarratorD, #0@, ##0F##P -*he 0tolen Wo5an1 CnarratorD, #0@, ##2F #$P as storyteller, #0?FA 8eichard, =ladys, ?0# 8e etition, G0FGG, GAFG@P in -*he Bear =irl1 CChi5arikoD, ##AP in -*he (evil Who (ied Lau"hin"1 C<arukD, #0#F2P in -*he (o" =irl1 C)nese2o Chu5ashD, $E?, $EAP e isodic, G0FG$, GAFG@, X?$n#@YP for5ulaic, G$FGGP incre5ental, GAP in -Loon Wo5an1 CWintuD, G#FG$, GG, X?$n#@YP and attern nu5bers, G#, G$, X?$nn#?Y, X#EYP oetic, GGP in -8ollin" 0kull1 C+anaD, G$F GGP in -9 0tory of LiHard1 C+ahiD, G#, #??F?EP in -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, G#

 8e&ua C8ek4/oyD, @@, @% 8eservations: 'le5 8ancheria, $$0P =rindstone Creek, 2$?, 2$%, 2GAP Hoo a, AE, #0GP Ho land, $#$P >iddleto/n 8ancheria, $$G, $$?P >oron"o, G0#P :o5e Lackee, 2$EF$%P 8inccn, G##P 8u5sey Wintun, $2E, $$2P 0iletH C6re"onD, AEP +ule, $GEP +u5a, GA# 8evival of California lan"ua"es, AF@, G#2, ?A2FA? 8hetorical atterns. See Pattern nu5bers 8hoades, Lela C9chu5a/iD, ?0AP 9tsu"e/i son", #G2P -Ho/ >y 7ather 7ound the (eer1 CnarratorD, #2@F$E 8ichardson, :ancy C<arukD, X#%n2Y, ?AGP -*he 0tate of 6ur Lan"ua"es,1 ?A$FAG 8inccn 8eservation, G## 8it/an lan"ua"e fa5ily, ?GE, ??#, X?A@n?Y 8oadrunner: -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@%, GEAP -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 C*]batulabalD, $AA, $@0F@A, $@% 8oberts, Helen 8., ?0# 8obins, 8obert H., @@F@E, ?0GP -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 Ccollector and translatorD, @E, @%FE0, E?FE%P The -uro# 3anguage$@E 8ollin" Head tale ty e, % -8ollin" 0kull1 C+anaD, %, G$FGG, X?G0n#2Y 8ound 3alley, >endocino County, #2%, 2$%, 2G#P :o5laki eo le, 2$%, 2G#P Pit 8iver and Hat Creek eo le, #2% 8u5sey Wintun 8eservation, $2E, $$2 0aclan lan"ua"e, scant docu5entation of, @ 0acra5ento 8iver, #@E, #%0, #%$ 0al5on: Coyote4s son" to catch CChu5ashD, ?$2P 7irst 0al5on Cere5ony C<arukD, %2P as food CHu a, <aruk, WintuD, %0, #0G, 20GP "illnet fishin" of C*olo/aD, AEFA%P sal5on roast C+urokD, EF% 0alva"e lin"uistics, 2$%, $#2F#$, G%?F%%, X?0An$Y 0an Muan Costanoan lan"ua"e: fieldtri to record, G%?F%%, X?0An2Y, X?0@nn?Y, XAYP /ordlist and te;t, G%@F%E, X?0@n?Y -0a a"ay4s 0on",1 $A, ?$$F$G 0a ir, 'd/ard, ?0#P The Colle%ted /or#s of 1dward Sa'ir$#0?P -=riHHly Bear and (eer,1 2?F 2@, X?#n$YP -)ndian >edicineB>en1 Ce;cer tP collectorD, ?2AF2@, X?G0n#AYP -9 0tory of LiHard1 CcollectorD, #?2F@@P +ahi *ranslation ProNect, #?GF??, X#A#n#Y 0arris, =re", -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 Ccollector and narratorD, $2GF$$ 0chools. See Boardin"Bschool syste5 0eals, boat to/ed ashore by C+urokD, E@

 0eiler, Hans Macob, ?0G -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 CWintuD, #@EF%# 0elections: criteria for choice of, #0F#$, X20n@YP erfor5ance dates, #@Ctable $DP ethnolin"uistic and ethno oetic resentation of, $?P "enre of, #?Ctable #DP , A2A , lan"ua"e of narration of, #EF#%Ctable GDP 5ethods of recordin", #ACtable 2D, 22F2?P order of, #$F#G. See also titles of s'e%ifi% sele%tions 0errano: -*he Creation,1 G0#F#0P "eo"ra hical territory, G0# 0errano lan"ua"e: nu5ber of s eakers of, G0#P &uotatives in, G02P sa5 le assa"es, G02, G0$F? 0eventh =eneration 7und, ?AG 0e;ual intercourse: instruction in, GEEP rohibition of, $?? Sha6ego# Cde 9n"uloD, 2AG 0ha5ans. See (octors Csha5ansD 0ha eBshiftin". See 8evelationsP *ransfor5ations 0hasta, >ount C+WtD, #$0 0hastan lan"ua"e fa5ily, dialects in, ?GA 0hau"hnessy, 7lorence C+urokD, @%Cfi". #D, ?0?, ?0AP -Blind Bill and the 6/l1 CnarratorD, @EF @%, E#FE2P -8a""ed 9ss Hill1 CnarratorD, @%, E2FE?P re5arks fro5 >atthiessen intervie/, A$P -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 CnarratorD, @E, @%FE0, E?FE% 0he herd, 9lice, #2, ?0GP -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin1 Ccollector and translatorD, 2#%F $GP -Loon Wo5an1 version, #%$, #%G, #%@ 0hi ley, Willia5, ?0GP ->ad Bat1 CtranslatorD, 2GEF?%P >aidu creation 5yth Ce;cer tP translatorD, ?#?F#AP on ublished translations, X?#nGY 0ievers, 'duard, $EG 0iletH C6re"onD reservation, AE 0ilver, 0hirley, ?0G 0ilverstein, >ichael, ?G% 0ilverthorne, >ary CWintuD, #E$ 0kunk, as character in -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, 2%% 05ith, Bertha, -osemite 3egends$X?0%n#0Y 0nakes: all livin" thin"s turned into C*olo/aD, @2F@$P drea5 of C:o5lakiD, 2G@P hired to find deer C9chu5a/iD, #$AF$EP inventory of C'astern Po5oD, $0EP -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 CCache Creek Po5oD, $2EF$$. See also 8attlesnakes 0nyder, =ary, -*he )ncredible 0urvival of Coyote,1 X?$%nEY

 0ocial structure: of dance societies C:o5lakiD, 2$E, 2G?nP role of chief and assistants C'astern Po5oD, 2%G, 2%A, $0$P *olo/a, A@FAE 0olares, >arLa C)nese2o Chu5ashD, $E?Cfi". #0D, ?0AP bio"ra hy of, $E?P -*he (o" =irl1 CnarratorD, $E2F%? 0olarsan, Barbara, G%A 0olarsano de Cervantes, 9scensicn, G%A, X?0An2Y -0o5e Jualities of )ndian 0tories1 C*. <roeberD, X?$En#Y 0o5ersal, Laura CWa oD, ??2 0on" cycles, ?2% 0on"s, ?2@F$?P content of, ?2EF$?P ethnolin"uistic resentation of, ?$0, X?G#n20YP for Hesi cere5ony C:o5lakiD, 2$AF$EP 5ini5al infor5ation acco5 anyin", #2P occasions linked to, ?#G, ?2@F2EP reader4s treat5ent of, #2P selections classified as, #?Ctable #DP ty es of, ?2@P vocables in, ?2EF2%, ?$0. See also s'e%ifi% ty'es of songs 0on" selections, #?Ctable #DP -7our 0on"s fron =race >c<ibben1 CWintuD, 22GF$GP -9 Harvest of 0on"s fro5 3illiana Calac Hyde1 CLuise2oD, G#GF20P -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s,1 #E#F%# 0on"s incor orated into essays, ?#%, ?2%F$0, ?$0F$#, ?$2, ?$$, @?% 0on"s incor orated into stories and 5yths, ?2E, X?G0n#@YP -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CJuechanD, GAA, GA%, G@AF@@, G@%FE0, GE2, GE$, GE@FEE, ?2EP fro5 Chu5ash stories, $G?, ?$0P -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, 2@0F@#, 2@A, $0A, $0%, ?2EP -*he (o" =irl1 C)nese2o Chu5ashD, $%GF%?, ?2EP fro5 for"otten stories CWintuD, #%0F%#, #%0nP -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes1 CCu e2oD, G$0, G$2, G$?, ?2E 0on"s used as e i"ra5s: acorn son" , A2@ , C>aiduD, G%#P -Chal../aat 0on"1 CLuise2oD, ;viiiP creation son"s CCu e2oD, ?@P doctor dance son" C+urokD, A?P -) /arned you1 CChu5ashD, $%@P -<in"fisher, <in"fisher1 CWikcha5niD, $G$P ->y heart, you 5i"ht ierce it and take it1 CJuechanD, $P son" fro5 -*he si&4ne&s >yth1 CChu5ashD, $G?P /o5en4s brush dance son" CLuise2oD, ?## -*he 0oul1 CJuechanP e;cer tD, $%%FG00 0outhern California creation attern, ?#EF20 0outhern Po5o lan"ua"e: kinshi ter5s, $#GF#?P ro er na5es in stories, $#GP sa5 le assa"e, $#?F#AP sentence connectors, $#?F#AP survivin" dialects, $#2, $#$ 0outhland (ance cult, #E0, X#E#n2Y 0 anish 5ission syste5. See >ission syste5 0 ark5an, Phili , -Culture of the Luise2o )ndians,1 ?$? 0 eakers, last: Chi5ariko, ##?P Wa o, ??2P +ahi, #?2F?$ 0 eakers, native: of California lan"ua"es "enerally, ??2F?$, ?@@C5a ?DP of <aruk, ?A$FAGP of Lake >i/ok, $$?P of 0errano, G0#P of 0outhern Po5o, $#2P of *]batulabal, $AGP of +okuts,

$GEP of +urok, E0 0 eeches: by (ustyBsunrise C>oNaveD, G?@P by 'astern Po5o chief on >aru5da CCreatorD, 2%#P by Hi ahi a C>oNaveD, G?@, G?EF?%, GA0P by <uksu in 'astern Po5o creation 5yth, 2@G, 2@?, 2@AP lecture at "irls4 uberty cere5ony CLuise2oD, ?$?F$AP Lyin"Bondust C>oNaveD, G?%P by >aru5da in 'astern Po5o creation 5yth, 2@A, 2@@F@%, 2E$, 2EG, 2EE, 2E%, 2%0, 2%G, 2%A, $0G, $0A, $0@F%P Pat/in Hesi oration, ?$AF$@, X?G#n2GYP Juechan funeral s eech, ?$A, ?G$FGG. See also 6ratory -0 ell 0aid by a =irl (esirous of =ettin" a Husband1 C+anaD, #2? 0 ider: -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, 2E2FE$, 2EAFE@P -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CJuechanD, GE0F E# 0 ott, 8obert C+urokD, ?0A 0tarritt, Mulia C<arukD, -Coyote 0teals 7ire1 CnarratorD, $#F$$ 0tate '5er"ency 8elief 9d5inistration ProNect, salva"e ethno"ra hy /ork by, 2$%FG0, X2G0n#Y -*he 0tate of 6ur Lan"ua"es1 C8ichardsonD, ?A$FAG 0t. Helena, >ount, $$?, $$E 0tin"iness, conse&uences of C9chu5a/iD, #$2F$E -*he 0tolen Wo5an1 CHu aD, #0@, ##2F#$ 0tone, *o5 C6/ens 3alley PaiuteD, ?0A 0tone and <elsey >assacre, ??AF?E 0tories: about culture heroes, ?2$P about devils, ?22P about 5onsters, ?2$, X?G0n#2Y. See also :arrative 0torytellin": California )ndian 0torytellin" 7estival, ?A?P :ative 95erican vs. 'uro ean, $AF$@P true oral, $AF$@, X?$n#GYP as /interti5e activity, %$, #%$, G02, ?#G 0tron", Willia5 (uncan, G2# 0ucker fish, as food C<arukD, #02F$ 0u ahan, 0arah C<arukD, X#%n2Y 0u ahan, *erry C<arukD, X#%n2Y 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es, ?0GP honetic transcri tions of <aruk creation stories, %$P /ork on +urok lan"ua"e, @@F@E 0/ann, Brian, ?P Coming to 3ight$## 0/eat house: 9tsu"e/i, A0, A#, #G?, #GA, #?0P Lake >i/ok, $$% *achi +okuts. See +okuts *a4k4i5ildin" CHoo a 3alley villa"eD, #0A, #0%F#0 *ales: as "enre of narrative, ?#GP "eo"ra hic distribution of ty es of, ?2$P vs. 5yths, ?#?P selections classified as, #?Ctable #D *ale ty es, ?2$. See also 6r heus 5yth

 *al5y, Len, ?0G , A2E , *a e recordin": as collection 5ethod, 2GF2?, X?#nn#Y, X2YP early, ?0#F2, ?0$FGP -live1 vs. -in studio,1 X20nEYP selections collected by, #ACtable 2D, ?02P of +urok stories, @E *atavia5 lan"ua"e, scant docu5entation of, @ *aylor, 9le;ander, The California Farmer and \ournal of Kseful ,rts articles on -)ndianolo"y,1 ?00 *aylor, 0arah CCache Creek Po5oD, $2G, $$0 *edlock, (ennis: ethno oetics ioneered by, 2@, $#P lines as defined by, X?2n##Y *eeter, <arl, ?0G -*estBch4as C*he *idal WaveD1 C*olo/aD, A@F@AP cultural understandin" behind, G@FGE -*hey say.1 See Juotatives *ho5as, 'do, -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s1 Csin"erD, #@EFE#, #EG *ho5as, Mi5 CWintuD, #E2FE$, #E2n *ho5 son, Lucy C+urokD, A, ?0A *hrasher, -Creation1 C'astern Po5oD, 2%$ *hunder: -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $?AP -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, $22F2$ *obacco s5okin": by >aru5da durin" Creation C'astern Po5oD, 2@@, 2@%, 2EG, 2%2, $00P in 5eetin" of deities C'astern Po5oD, 2@GF@?, 2@A, 2E2, 2E?, 2%2, 2%@P by :a onoha C9tsu"e/iD, #?0P as sealin" contractual a"ree5ent C9chu5a/iD, #$#, #$G, #$A *olo/a: "eo"ra hical territory, A@P history and culture, A@F@0P survivin" o ulation, @0P -*estB ch4as C*he *idal WaveD,1 A@F@A To the ,meri%an 7ndian C*ho5 sonD, A *raditions, reservation of, G%%F?00, X?0En@Y, X?0%nEY *ransfor5ations: of acorn shell into >aru5da4s boat C'astern Po5oD, $0GP of "irl into bear CChi5arikoD, ##EF22P of "irl into /hite fa/n C+urokD, E@FEEP of handso5e 5an into snake and back into handso5e 5an CCache Creek Po5oD, $2%F$0P of )55ortals into ele5ents of natural /orld C<arukD, %#F%2P of <u5asta5;o into ea"les CJuechanD, GE@FEEP of >ad Bat into ordinary bat C>aiduD, 2?0, 2?%P of :a onoha into :i"htB7lyin" Butterfly C9tsu"e/iD, #G#FG2P of old /o5an into Bullhead C<arukD, %2, %AF%@P of eo le into ani5als C)nese2o Chu5ashD, $%? *ranslations: based on un ublished te;ts, X20n@YP inter reter, #ACtable 2D, 22F2$P 5ethods of 5akin", 2#F2?, X?#nn#Y, X2YP 5odes of resentin", 2?F$?P ersonal and eriod styles4 e ects on, ?0#, X?0%n##YP re licability of, ##P verifiability of, ##. See also 'thnolin"uistic translationsP 'thno oetic translations -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, $?, $##F2$, ?2$P anthro o5or his5 in, $EP

e isodic re etition in, G# Tri6es of California CPo/ersD, ?00 *rinity 8iver, #0G, #0?, ##? *rout, cau"ht by boy C<arukD, %GF%? *suyuk/er.u CMoe Ho5erP JuechanD, ?0AP -9n 9ccount of 6ri"ins1 CnarratorD, X20nAY, 22, GA#F E%, ?20, X?$%n@YP bio"ra hy of, GA2FA$ *]batulabal: -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en,1 $A$FE#P cultural influences, $A?P "eo"ra hical territory, $AGP survivin" o ulation, $AG *ule, as food for >oNave, G?2, G?$ *urner, <atherine, -*he Bear =irl1 CtranslatorD, ##?F22 *urtle, -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 C9tsu"e/iD, #G$, #?0 *ututni division of *olo/a, AE *y o"ra hical conventions, 2EF2%, $$P Bri"ht4s early, $#F$2, $$P in -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en,1 $A@FAEn#P in -*he Creation1 C0erranoD, G02F$P in -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin,1 220F2#P in -7ro5 [*he Life of Ha/k 7eather,\1 G2G, G2AP in -Loon Wo5an,1 200F 20#n?P in -9 0tory of LiHard,1 #A0P in -*/o 0tories fro5 the Central 3alley,1 X$?#n#Y. , A2% , See also Line breaks in ethno oetic translations, criteria for Uldall, Hans Mr"en, ?0#P -Coyote and 6ld Wo5an Bullhead1 CcollectorD, %0F%@ Ultan, 8ussell, ?0G University of California at Berkeley: Bancroft Library, 7rank M. 'ssene a ers, 2$%, X2G0n#YP (e art5ent of 9nthro olo"y, A, ?00F?02, X?0%nn%Y, X##YP (e art5ent of Lin"uistics, A, ?0$FGP 0urvey of California and 6ther )ndian Lan"ua"es, @@F@E, %$, ?0G Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in ,meri%an ,r%haeology and 1thnology 9KC2,,1:$2?, X?#nGY, X?0%n#2Y Kniversity of California 2u6li%ations in 3inguisti%s 9KC23:$X?#nGY, X?0%n#2Y Utian lan"ua"e fa5ily, ?GA UtoB9Htecan lan"ua"e fa5ily, ?GE, ?G%, X?A@n?YP California "rou s, X?AEn##YP "eo"ra hic e; ansion of, ??#, ?A@FAEn%, X?AEn#$YP 0errano and Luise2o as 5e5bers of, G0#, G## 3alenHuela, 0alvadora: Cu e2o creation and burial son"s, ?@, ?#EF#%, X?$En?YP -*he Life of Ha/k 7eather: *he Bear ' isodes1 CnarratorD, G2#F$? 3anity, as defect of Coyote C9tsu"e/iD, ?%FA# 3elas&ueH, Mosefa, G%AF%%, X?0@nn?Y, XAY 3enture2o Chu5ash. See Chu5ash 3era, >att C+o/lu5niD, X#%n2Y

 3erbati5 dictation. See (ictation, honetic!verbati5 3ideota in", ?0G -3isit to the Land of the (ead1 CCha/chila +okutsD, $GEFG%, X$?#n#Y, $?2F??P "eo"ra hic distribution of, ?2$P as 6r heus 5yth, #$, $$A 3ocables, 22$, XG20n#Y, ?2EF2%, ?$0, ?$?, X?G#n20Y 3oe"elin, C. 7., ?0# 3oe"elin, 'r5inie Wheeler, ?0#P -*he Contest bet/een >en and Wo5en1 CcollectorD, $A$FE# Wakin" son" C9chu5a/iD, ?$2 Wallace, Willia5, -Co5 arative Literature,1 ?#$ Wa o lan"ua"e, death of, ??2 Washoe lan"ua"e, ?GA Water5an, *. *., X20n%Y, #?$, ?0# Watha5, Charles, 2$@Cfi". ADP feather belts 5ade by, 2$?F$AP -Ho/ ) Beca5e a (rea5er1 CnarratorD, 2$?FG@ Wealth, desire for C+urokD, $A, E% Weasel, -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 C9tsu"e/iD, #G2, #GG West >ountain C>ount LassenD, 2?0, 2?E Whales: bones used to s lit lo"s C*olo/aD, @?F@AP dried 5eat as food C*olo/aD, @G WheelerB3oe"elin, 'r5inie. See 3oe"elin, 'r5inie Wheeler -When ) Have (onned >y Crest of 0tars1 C<ili/aD, G%$ Whilkut, #0? Whistler, <en, X#A#n#Y, ?0G White Horse Bob, A# Whites. See 'uro eans Wikcha5ni son", $G$ Wilbur, Leslie, GG0 Wildcat Wo5an, -*he *rials of +oun" Ha/k1 C0outhern Po5oD, $#@ Willits, $#$ Willo/: bark for /o5en4s skirts C>oNaveD, GG%P as basketB/eavin" 5aterial C'astern Po5oD, $0#P branches for constructin" shadeBroofs CJuechan X+u5aYD, GE?P seine 5ade of C<arukD, %?P sticks of, /ith strin" to detect 5ove5ent C'astern Po5oD, 2E@FEE, $00 Wilson, (arryl Babe: -</a/ Labors to 7or5 a World,1 #G, ?%FA#P -:a onoha CCocoon >anD1 CeditorD, #G, #$%F?# Wilson, Willia5 CJuechanD, -Li"htnin" 0on"1 Csin"erD, ?2%F$0

 Wind, -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife1 C+o/lu5ni +okutsD, $?A, $?E Winter, as ti5e for storytellin", %$, #%$, G02, ?#G Wintu: abundant docu5entation of, @P cry son"s, 2#%, 22$, 22?, ?2EP drea5 son"s, X20n%Y, #@%F E0P elderly, livin" , A$0 , /ith 9chu5a/i, #$0F$#, #$2F$EP "eo"ra hical territory, #@EF@%, #%$P Hayfork, #0@P love son"s, #E@n, 2#%, 22#F2$P uberty son"s, #E?nn#, 2, X#EAn#Y, ?2@F2EP son"s fro5 for"otten stories, X#%0n2Y Wintu lan"ua"e: o enin" and closin" for5ulas for stories, #2$, #%A, 20#, 2#EP rehistory of, ??0P sa5 le assa"e, #%%F200 -Wintun Hesi Cere5ony1 CBarrettD, ?$? Wintu selections and e;cer ts: -7our 0on"s fro5 =race >c<ibbin,1 2#%F$GP -Loon Wo5an,1 #%2F2#EP -9 0election of Wintu 0on"s,1 #@EF%#P -Winter 5os&uitos "o,1 #2$ Witches: a5on" the Hu a, #0@P of <la5ath eo le, #G$, #G%F?0. See also (evils -*he Wo5an Who Loved a 0nake1 CCache Creek Po5oD, $2GF$$, X$2An#Y -Wo5en4s Brush (ance 0on"1 CLuise2oD, ?## Woodbury, 9nthony C., X?2n##Y Wood ecker: acorn, belts constructed fro5 feathers of C:o5lakiD, 2$AP deer driven a/ay by C9chu5a/iD, #$$, #$?, #$A, #$E Wren, -*he (eath of </iku5at1 CJuechan X+u5aYD, G@@F@E, GE0 Written co5 osition, selections collected by, #ACtable 2D /u#wu# bird C:o5laki, WintuD, X20#n@Y, 2#@ Wyteedesla, 2$A, 2$@, 2G?, 2GAFG@ +ahi: 5outhBbo/ son", ?$#P -9 0tory of LiHard,1 #?2F@@ +ahi lan"ua"e, sa5 le assa"e, #?%, X#A#nGY +ahi *ranslation ProNect, #?GF??, X#A#n#Y +a5ane, Linda C8u5sienD, X#%n2YP on Harrin"ton4s fieldnotes, GEFG% +ana: -Coyote, Heron, and LiHard,1 ?2#F22, X?$%n#0YP -7lint Boy,1 ?2$P -=riHHly Bear and (eer,1 2?F2@, 2EF$#, X?#n$Y, X?2nnEY, X%YP -)ndian >edicineB>en,1 ?2AF2@, X?G0n#AYP ublic s eakin" style, ?$AP -8ollin" 0kull,1 %P -0 ell 0aid by a =irl (esirous of =ettin" a Husband,1 #2? +ana lan"ua"e: dialects of, ?GAP &uotatives in, 2A, X?#n$Y, ?2#F22, X?$%nn%Y, X#0YP sa5 le assa"e, ?2#F22 +ee, >ary CBarbare2o Chu5ashD, ?0AP account of 0anta Barbara u risin", ??? +okuts: Cha/chila, -3isit to the Land of the (ead,1 $GEFG%, X$?#n#Y, $?2F??P "eo"ra hical

territory, $G@FGEP recordin" of t/o "a5blin" son"s, G%AF%@P *achi, -(a/is 0a a"ay4s 0on",1 ?$$F$GP Wikcha5ni -<in"fisher1 son", $G$P +o/lu5ni, -Condor 0teals 7alcon4s Wife,1 $G%F ?#, X$?#n#Y, $?AFA2 +okutsan lan"ua"es, $G@FGEP lin"uistic rehistory of Penutian affiliation of, ??0 -osemite 3egends C05ithD, X?0%n#0Y +oun", *o5. See H.nc4ibyNi5 C*o5 +oun"D -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er1 C+urokD, $A, @E, @%FE0, E?FE% +o/lu5ni +okuts. See +okuts +ukian lan"ua"e fa5ily, ?G@, ?G%, X?A@nAY +uki of 8ound 3alley, #0@ +ule 8eservation, $GE +u5a. See Juechan C+u5aD +u5a )ndian 8eservation, GA# +u5an lan"ua"e fa5ily, son"s in stories of, ?2E -um y# -um y# CHyde and 'lliottD, G#$, XG#Gn#Y +urok: abundant docu5entation of, @P -Blind Bill and the 6/l,1 @EF@%, E#FE2P current storytellin" by, %F#0P doctor dance son", A?P "eo"ra hical territory, @@P -8a""ed 9ss Hill,1 @%, E2FE?P sal5on roast, EF%P -+ou co5e u on a lace of a/eso5e beauty,1 A$P -*he +oun" >an fro5 0er er,1 @E, @%FE0, E?FE% The -uro# 3anguage C8obinsD, @E
Preferred Citation: Luthin, Herbert W., editor Surviving Through the Days: Translations of Native California Stories and Songs. Berkeley: University of California Press, c2002 2002. htt :!!ark.cdlib.or"!ark:!#$0$0!kt#r2%&2ct!