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    CSC-335 Data Structures and Algorithms

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    frankjamison
    This document provides an overview of input/output and string classes in C++. It discusses the istream and ostream classes for input and output streams. The istream class models input flow into a program while ostream models output flow. File I/O uses the ifstream and ofstream classes. The C++ string class supports a variety of string operations like construction, copying, comparing, and editing. The document also briefly introduces common encryption techniques like substitution ciphers, the Vigenere cipher, DES, and public key encryption.

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    CSC-335 Data Structures and Algorithms

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    frankjamison
    33 views24 pages
    This document provides an overview of input/output and string classes in C++. It discusses the istream and ostream classes for input and output streams. The istream class models input flow into a program while ostream models output flow. File I/O uses the ifstream and ofstream classes. The C++ string class supports a variety of string operations like construction, copying, comparing, and editing. The document also briefly introduces common encryption techniques like substitution ciphers, the Vigenere cipher, DES, and public key encryption.

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    ADTs, Data Structures, and Problem Solving with C++, 2nd Edition Chapter 5 powerpoint slides

    Original Title

    CSC335-Chapter5

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document provides an overview of input/output and string classes in C++. It discusses the istream and ostream classes for input and output streams. The istream class models input flow into a program while ostream models output flow. File I/O uses the ifstream and ofstream classes. The C++ string class supports a variety of string operations like construction, copying, comparing, and editing. The document also briefly introduces common encryption techniques like substitution ciphers, the Vigenere cipher, DES, and public key encryption.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views24 pages

    CSC-335 Data Structures and Algorithms

    Uploaded by

    frankjamison
    This document provides an overview of input/output and string classes in C++. It discusses the istream and ostream classes for input and output streams. The istream class models input flow into a program while ostream models output flow. File I/O uses the ifstream and ofstream classes. The C++ string class supports a variety of string operations like construction, copying, comparing, and editing. The document also briefly introduces common encryption techniques like substitution ciphers, the Vigenere cipher, DES, and public key encryption.

    Copyright:

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 24

    CSC-335 Data Structures and Algorithms (Chapter 5 Standard C++ Input/Output and String Classes)

    The content of this power point lecture has been originally created by Christos Kolonis and modified by Dr. Ahmad R Hadaegh
    1

    Chapter Contents
    The C++ Standard I/O Classes The C++ String Types

    Introduction to Data Encryption (optional)

    The C++ Standard I/O Classes


    Input viewed as a stream of characters Flowing from some source into an executing program

    Output is also viewed as a stream of characters Flowing from program to output device

    The C++ Standard I/O Classes


    C++ has <iostream> library istream for input

    ostream for output

    The istream Class


    Models flow of characters from input device to program
    Characters enter an istream object Object transmits characters from device to program

    Input operator >>


    Extraction operator istreamObject >> variable;

    Stream states accessed with functions


    .good(), .bad(), .fail(), .eof()

    The istream Class


    Input manipulators
    Specify whether or not to skip white space noskipws or skipws

    Note Table 5-2 in text for Input Stream Operations and Methods

    The ostream Class


    Models flow of characters from executing program to output device
    Characters enter ostream object
    Transmitted to specified output device

    Output operator <<


    Insertion operator ostreamObject << expression;

    Note Table 5-3 in text for Output Stream Operations and Methods

    The ostream Class

    Standard ostream objects cout for normal output cerr and clog for error
    and diagnostic messages

    Buffered streams (cout and clog)


    Held in the stream until it is flushed

    Contrast cerr which is sent to the output device immediately


    8

    The ostream Class


    Format control
    Format manipulators used to specify various format features

    Examples endl to send a newline showpoint to specify that decimal points be used in
    output of reals

    Note Table 5-4 in text, Format Manipulators


    9

    File I/O: ifstream, ofstream Classes

    Stream object must be constructed for purpose of receiving/sending I/O


    Called opening a stream to the file

    Stream activities
    Declaring ifstream fileInput; Opening fileInput.open(file_name); Closing fileInput.close();

    10

    File I/O: ifstream, ofstream Classes

    File opening modes


    specify various properties of file being opened

    Examples
    input, output, append.

    Note Table 5-5 in text, File-Opening Modes

    11

    The I/O Class Hierarchy

    12

    The C++ String Class


    Variety of constructors provided for defining strings
    Define an empty string string s; Define a string initialized with another string string s = "some other string";

    Note further options in text, Table 5-7 String Constructors

    13

    The C++ String Class


    Storage differs by implementation
    May use char arrays

    May use dynamic storage

    Note Table 5-8 in text, String Storage Information Methods Input and output
    Use insertion << and extraction >> operators getline () for reading a string and including white spaces

    14

    The C++ String Class


    Editing operations provided such as
    Appending

    inserting erasing replacing

    Note table 5-10 in text, String Editing Operations

    15

    The C++ String Class


    Copiers make copies of part or all of a string
    Operators = and += s1 = s2 s1 += s2; // this means s1 = s1 + s2

    Accessing Individual Characters


    Use overloaded subscript operator [ ]

    String element assessors


    Functions such as find(), find_first_of()

    See Table 5-12 in text


    16

    The C++ String Class


    Comparisons
    Overloaded operators for <, >, ==, etc.

    Also compare() function which returns a negative, 0, or positive value for <, ==, or >

    String conversions
    When C-style string needed instead of a string object Converts to an array of char

    17

    Intro to Data Encryption


    Definition: Encryption is the coding of information to keep it secret

    Accomplished by transforming
    From a string of characters with information To a new string that is the coded message or the ciphertext

    The ciphertext may be safely transmitted At a later time the ciphertext is deciphered into plaintext

    18

    Data Encryption
    Simplest encryption schemes use substitution
    Each letter replaced by some other letter according to a fixed rule

    19

    Data Encryption
    Improved substitution method is to use a keyword
    Specifies several different displacements

    Vignre cipher
    Keyword added character by character to plane text string Each character represented by position in the string Addition carried out modulo 26

    20

    Vignre Cipher

    Example Character set, positions given by Keyword is DAGGER Plane text IDESOFMARCH thus encrypted

    21

    Substitution Table
    Table of substitutions given

    Resulting cipher text is

    22

    Data Encryption Standard (DES)


    Developed by federal government and IBM corporation in 1970s
    Input is a 64 bit string representing a block of characters Output string also 64 bit string of cipher text for the block Encryption done with series of permutations and substitutions

    Was proven to be breakable Replaced in 1999 by Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)


    23

    Public-Key Encryption
    Both sender and receiver must know key
    Must be transmitted in some secure manner

    Public-key encryption uses two keys


    One for encryption, exactly one corresponding key for decryption Many such pairs of keys exist, easily computed Nearly impossible to determine decryption key knowing only encryption key Encryption key made public, only receiver knows decryption key

    24

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