r

I
t
SECTION 203 COMBINATIONS OF LOADS
20J.1 General
Building,
portions \\ here 'pL'cial The shall combinauuns required ~ei"llic towers thereof and shall by load other he in vert ical designed Section 2()X. or structures to 203.3 of Section when one resist or and the 203.4 all load and. the where:

CHAPTER 2-

fvll1l1l"ill.lI!l

c. )

.) t:

O.9D+I.6W+I.6H O.9D+1.0E+1.6H

(203-6 )

1i
1
~.

.Ii

= 1.0 for floors

loads in excess

in places live loads

of public

asxcmbly.

fpr live live load

of 4.X kPa.

and for garage

specified

= 0.5 for other

Section

Chapter

-t
203.5.

and

Exception: Factored load combinations for structural concrete per Section 409.3. 203.J.2 Other Loads
Where shall P is to be convidcrcd be added
t()

combinations can occur both

mos(

nit icul

effect

or more and

ol

11lL'L'untributing in .ucordancc

loads with

arc not acting. including load

All applicable earthquake combin.uions.

loads wind,

hr considered.

the specified

in design.

the appllcahk as 1.:'/'. able Stn'ss

IO:ld

Section

20.\ ..\. I f:ll'lmet!

203.2 Symbols and Notations

f) = dead

r". :::

load load set forth structure with in Section as set 20X.5.1.1 force forth that can he in Section and in any load maximum in the I to fluids heights to lateral except live load load. load roof efkcis arising resulting moisture movement from from change. due to torcc or changL'. settlement. pressure and expansion shrinkage. materials. pressure roof including live any of soil and water well-defined pressures earthquake

earthquake l"tilllated developed 20X.5.1.

21UA Load Design

Cornhinations

lsing AI"I\\

203.4.1 Basil' Load Com hi nations

Where used, i110st allowable structures critical s(rL'SS deSign and efkch of loads: I :,03-X ) all poruou-. n:sulting (\I'orking thcrcol lroru
,11\'"

dL"lgn rcsl~1

i I'

l /I I. l., l' I< l

:=

load Illad ,oi I II\L'

due due load.

,hall til~'

thl'

maximum

following

comhination-,

()+F
load. including live reduction permitted

permitted

f) + H + F + I. + f)

(203-lJ) (203-10)

= root" live

rcduct ponding

ion

+H +
+

F + (1'1011<)

::: rain IO:ld on the uudcllcctcd

= 'l'lf-.'training cuntrnct CI\'CP ion icmpcr.uurc di lfcrcntiul

[) + H

F +0.75['(
\

+T

+ (i'Ior R)j
f. \
1.-11 shall I

(203-1 I )

/) + 1/ +
No increase load Section

r + I IV or

In component

1
I

or combinations

thereof

in allowable except

stresses as

h.: usc'd

\11th

IhL"L' hI

II'

= Illad due to wind

combinations

specifically

pcrmiucd

2mA.2.

20J.J l.nad Combinations using Strength Load and Resistance Factor Design 211.'.3.1 Basic Load Cum hi nations
Where
:11111

Design or

lo.u] and resistance all portions thereof the following

factor shall

design resist

is used. the most

structures criticul loads: (203-1)

L'lllltS troru

cornbinution-,

of factored

12(n

+ 1+ r)+

16{t.

+ fll+

0.5(/"

or 1<)

(2<n-2) (203-3)

12f)+

1.6W + /;1.+0.5([.,

or R) (203-5)

121) + 1.0/: + III.

2-6

CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

203.4.2 Alternate

Basic Load Combinations

In lieu of the basic load combinations specified in Section 203.4.1, structures and portions thereof shall be permitted to be designed for the most critical effects resulting from the following load combinations. When using these alternate basic load combinations, a one-third increase shall be permitted in allowable stresses for all combinations, including War E. IJ+ H

F+(J.7S

L+Lr

+(

W or I~

JJ

(203-13 ) (203-14) (203-IS) (203-16) (203-17)

O.60LJ+W+H 0.60D E + -+H 1.4

D+ L+ Lr(or R) D+L+W D +L+ Exception: E 1.4

(203-18)

Crane hook loads need not be combined with roof live load or with more than one-half of the wind load. 203.4.3 Other Loads Where P is to be considered in design, each applicable load shall be added to the combinations specified in Sections 203.4.1 and 203.4.2. 203.5 Special Seismic Load Combinations For both allowable stress design and strength design, the following special load combinations for seismic design shall be used as specifically required by Section 208, or by Chapters 3 through 7. 1.2D+fIL+I.OEm O.9DI.OEm where: (203-19) (203-20)

Ii

I.n for floors in places of public assembly. for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load. = 0.5 for other live loads Em = thc maximum effect of horizontal and vertical forces as set forth In Section 208.5.1.1

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines


j
j CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads 2-7

Table 204-1 Minimum Densities for Design Loads from Materials (kN/m3) Material
Aluminum Bituminous Products Asphaltum Graphite Paraffin Petroleum. crude Petroleum. refined Petroleum, benzine Petroleum. gasoline Pitch Tar Brass Bronze . Cast-stone masonry (cement, stone, sand) Cement. portland, loose Ceramic tile Charcoal. Cinder fill Cinders, dry. in bulk Coal Anthracite, piled Bituminous, piled Lignite. piled Peat, dry. piled Concrete. Plain Cinder Expanded-slag aggregate Haydite (burned-clay aggregate) Slag Stone Vermiculite and perlite aggregate, nonload-bearing Other light aggregate. load bearing Concrete. Reinforced Cinder Slag.. Stone. (including gravel) Copper Cork. compressed Earth (not submerged) Clay. dry .. Clay. damp Clay and gravel. dry............................................................ Silt. moist. loose Silt. moist. packed Silt. flowing Sand and gravel, dry. loose Sand and gravel. dry. packed Sand and gravel. we!.................. Earth (submerged) Clay Soil River mud Sand or gravel.................................. Sand or gravel and clay..................... Glass Gravel. dry.... Gypsum. loose Gypsum. wallboard Ice Iron Cast Wrought . . 70.7 75.4 8.2 7.4 7.4 3.6 17.0 15.7 14.1 20.7 22.6 .3.97.9 11.016.5 17.4 21.7 23.6 87.3 2.2 9.9 17.3 15.7 12.3 15.1 17.0 15.7 17.3 18.9 12.6 11.0 14.1 9.4 10.2 25.1 16.3 11.0 7.9 9.0 ..........................................

Density
26.7 12.7 21.2 8.8 8.6 7.9 7.2 6.6 10.8 11.8 82.6 86.7 22.6 14.1 23.6 I .9 9.0 7.1

Material
Lead Lime Hydrated, loose Hydrated, compacted Masonry, Ashlar Granite Limestone, Limestone, Marble Sandstone Stone . crystalline oolitic ... . . . . .

Density
. 111.5 5.0 7.1 25.9 25.9 2l.2 27.2 22.6 20.4 18.1 15.7 . 16.5 . 19.6 21.2 22.0 . . . . . 24.0 23.1 21.7 24.5 21.5 20.4 . . . . 7.1 5.7 13.0 14.1 14.1 16.7
II.n

Masonry. Brick Hard (low absorption) Medium (medium absorption) Soft (high absorption) MASONRY. Concrete (solid portion) Lightweight units Medium weight units Normal weight units . Masonry grout . Masonry, Rubble Stone Granite Limestone, crystalline Limestone, oolitic Marble Sandstone . Mortar, cement or lime .. Particle board Plywood Riprap (not nubmerged) Limestone Sandstone Sand Clean and dry River. dry . Slag Bank Bank screenings Machine Sand Slate Steel, cold-drawn Stone, Quarried, Piled Basalt, granite, gneiss Limestone, marble, quartz Sandstone Shale Greenstone, hornblende Terra Cotta, Architectural Voids filled Voids unfilled Tin Water Fresh Sea Wood (see Table 6.2 for relative densities for Philippine wood) Zinc, rolled sheet

..

..

..

17.0 15.1 1>.2 27.0 77.3 15.1 14.9 12.9 14.5 16.8 18.9 11.3 72.1 9.8 10.1 70.5

..

..

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CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

Table 204-2 Minimum Design Dead Loads (kPa) (Use actual loads when available) Component
CEILINGS Acoustical Fiber Board 0.05 Gypsum Board (per mm thickness) 0.008 Mechanical duct allowance 0.20 Plaster on tile or concrete 0.24 Plaster on wood lath 0.38 Suspended steel channel system 0.10 Suspended metal lath and cement plaster 0.72 Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster 0.48 Wood furring suspension system 0.12 COVERINGS, Roof and Wall Asphalt shingles 0.10 Cement tile 0.77 Clay tile (for mortar add 0.48 kPa) Book tile, 50 mm 0.57 Book tile, 75 mm 0.96 Ludowici 0.48 Roman 0.57 Spanish 0.91 Composi tion: Three-ply ready roofing 0.05 Four-ply felt and gravel 0.26 Five-ply felt and gravel 0.29 Copper or tin 0.05 Corrugated asbestos-cement roofing 0.19 Deck, metal 20 gage 0.12 Deck, metal, 18 gage 0.14 Fiberboard, 13 mm 0.04 Gypsum sheathing, 13 mm O.10 Insulation, roof boards (per mm thickness) Cellular glass 0.0013 Fibrous glass 0.0021 Fiberboard 0.0028 Perlite 0.0015 polystyrene foam 0.0004 Urethane foam with skin .. 0.0009 Plywood (per mm thickness) 0.0060 Rigid Insulation, 13 rnrn 0.04 Skylight, metal frame, 10 mm wire glass 0.38 Slate, 5 mm 0.34 Slate, 6 mm 0.48 Waterproofing membranes: Bituminous, gravel-covered . 0.26 Bituminous, smooth surface .. 0.07 Liquid, applied 0.05 Single-ply, sheet 0.03 Wood Sheathing (per mm thickness) 0.0057 Wood Shingles 0.14

Load

Component
FLOOR FILL

Load

Component
FRAME WALLS

Load

Cinder concrete, per mm 0.0 17 Lightweight concrete, per mm ..0.015 Sand, per mm 0.015 Stone concrete, per mm 0.023 FLOOR AND FLOOR FINISHES Asphalt block (50 mm), 13 mm mortar 1.44 Cement finish (25 mm) on stoneconcrete fill 1.53 Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on 13 mm mortar bed 0.77 Ceramic or quarry tile (20 mm) on 25 mm mortar bed 1.10 Concrete fill finish (per mm thickness) 0.023 Hardwood flooring, 22 mm 0.19 Linoleum or asphalt tile, 6mm 0.05 Marble and mortar on stoneconcrete fill 1.58 Slate (per mm thickness) 0.028 Solid flat tile on 25 mm mortar base 1.10 Subflooring, 19 mm 0.14 Terrazzo (38 mm) directly on slab 0.91 Terrazzos (25 mm) on stoneconcrete fill 1.53 Terrazzo (25 mm), 50 mm stone concrete 1.53 Wood block (76 mm) on mastic, no fill 0.48 Wood block (76 mm) on 13 mm mortar base 0.77 FLOORS, WOOD-JOIST plaster) Joist Sizes (mm) 50xl50 50x2oo 50x250 50x3oo (no

Exterior stud walls: 50xloo mm @ 400 mm, l S-rnm gypsum, insulated, IO-rnrn siding 0.53 50xl50 rnrn @ 400 mm, 15-mm gypsum, insulated, IO-mm siding 0.57 Exterior stud wall with brick veneer 2.30 Windows, glass, frame and sash 0.38 Clay brick wythes: 100 mm 1.87 200 mm 3.80 300 mm 5.50 400 mm 7.42 CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS Hollow Concrete Masonry units (Unplastered, add 0.24 kPa for each face plastered) Grout Wythe thickness (mm) Spacing : 100 150; 200

......... !?\s!~p_ai~g 300 400 600 mm mm mm 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.25 0.25 0.30 0.30 0.19 0.38 0.19 0.57 0.96

FRAME PARTITIONS Movable steel partitions Wood or steel studs, 13 mm gypsum board each side Wood studs, 50 x 100, unplastered Wood studs 50 x 100, plastered one side Wood studs 50 x 100, plastered two side

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

2-9

204.1 General Dead loads consist of the weight of all materials of construction incorporated into the building or other structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural items, and fixed service equipment, including the weight of cranes. 204.2 Weights of Materials and Constructions The actual weights of materials and constructions shall be used in determining dead loads for purposes of design. In the absence of definite information, it shall be permitted to use the minimum values in Tables 204-\ and 204-2. 204,3 Partition Loads Floors in office buildings and other buildings where partition locations are subject to change shall be designed to support, in addition to all other loads, a uniformly distributed dead load equal to 1.0 kPa of floor area.

205.1 General Live loads shall be the maximum loads expected by the intended use or occupancy but in no case shall be less than the loads required by this section. 205.2 Critical Distribution of Live Loads Where structural members are arranged continuity, members shall be designed using conditions, which would cause maximum bending moments. This requirement may be accordance with the provisions of Section 205.4.2, where applicable. 205.3 Floor Live Loads 205.3.1 General Floors shall be designed for the unit live loads as set forth in Table 205-1. These loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be used in the design of buildings for the occupancies listed, and loads at least equal shall be assumed for uses not listed in this section but that creates or accommodates similar loadings. Where it can be determined in designing tloors that the actual live load will be greater than the value shown in Table 205-1, the actual live load shall be used in the design of such buildings or portions thereof. Special provisions shall be made for machine and apparatus loads. 205.3.2 Distribution of Uniform Floor Loads

to create the loading shear and satisfied in 205.3.2 or

Where uniform floor loads are involved, consideration may be limited to full dead load on all spans in combination with full live load on adjacent spans and alternate spans. 205.3.3 Concentrated Loads

Floors shall be designed to support safely the uniformly distributed live loads prescribed in this section or the concentrated load gi ven in Table 205-1 whichever produces the greatest load effects. Unless otherwise specified the indicated concentration shall be assumed to be uniformly distributed over an area 750 mm square and shall be located so as to produce the maximum load effects in the structural member. Provision shall be made in areas where vehicles are used or stored for concentrated loads, L, consisting of two or more loads spaced 1.5 m nominally on center without uniform live loads. Each load shall be 40 percent of the

National Structural Code of the Philippines

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2-10 CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

gross weight of the maximum size vehicle to be accommodated. Parking garages for the storage of private or pleasure-type motor vehicles with no repair or refueling shall have a floor system designed for a concentrated load of not less than 9 kN acting on an area of 0.015 m2 without uniform live loads. The condition of concentrated or uniform live load, combined in

accordance with Section 203.3 or 203.4 as appropriate, producing the greatest stresses shall govern. 205.3.4 Special Loads Provision shall be made for the special vertical and lateral loads as set forth in Table 205-2.

Table 205-1 - Minimum Uniform and Concentrated Live Loads Use or Occupancy
1--------

Category

Description Office use

----

Uniform Load ----------kPa 2.4 4.8 7.2 2.9 4.8 4.8 7.2 3.6 1.9 3.64 4.8 4.8 4.8 1.9 1.9 2.9 3.8 2.9 7.2 3.8 6.0 12.0

Concentrated Load kN 9.02 9.02 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3 0 0 06

1. Access floor systems Computer use 2. Armories

-Fixed seats and Movable seats Lobbies and platforms Stages areas

3. Theaters, assembly areas auditoriums.

4. Bowling alleys, poolrooms recreational areas

and similar

-----General storage and/or repair Private or pleasure-type motor vehicle storage Wards and rooms

5. Catwalk for maintenance access 6. Cornices and marquees 7. Dining rooms and restaurants 8. Exit facilities
5

-- 7

9. Garages

--

4.52 4.52 4.5 4.52 4.52 4.5 9.02 13.42

10. Hospitals

Laboratories & operating rooms Corridors above ground floor Reading rooms

11. Libraries

Stack rooms Corridors above ground floor Light

12. Manufacturing Heavy

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

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CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

2-11

Concentrated Uniform Load I Use or Occupancy Load .._. __ ..._-,._._._------_._--_._--_ -----_._-... _-_._-_. __ .... _--------_ .. _---_. __ . __ .._----_ .. _--------_._._---_._-_ ... _"-----------_._-_._ .._._---_ ...._._ .._ ..._ ...._-_._ ...-_.-----------_ .._--------_._. __ . __ ._.__._kN kPa Description Category Call Centers & BPO Lobbies & ground floor corridors Offices Building corridors above ground floor Press rooms

2.9 4.8 2.4 3.8 7.2 4.8 1.9 2.94 1.9

4

9.0 9.0 9.02 9.0 11.02 9.02 06 0 0 0

--

13. Office

14. Printing plants

Composing and linotype rooms Basic floor area Exterior balconies Decks Storage

15. Residential

1.9

16. Restrooms 17. Reviewing

--Same as area served or Occupancy Classrooms

-4.8
--

stands, grandstands, Bleachers, and folding and telescoping seating

0
--

18. Roof decks

1.9 3.8 4.8 12.0 6.0 12.0 4.8 6.0 4.8

4.52 4.5 4.5

-7

19. Schools 20. Sidewalks and driveways 21. Storage

Corridors above ground floor Ground floor corridors Public access Light Heavy Retail Wholesale --

--

--

22. Stores 23. Pedestrian bridges and walkways

NOTES FOR
I

4.52 13.4 2
--

TABLE 205-1 application . playgrounds, plazas, terraces and similar occupancies that

See Section 205_5 for live load reductions. See Section 205.3.3, first paragraph, for area of load Assembly areas include such occupancies are generally accessible 10 the public. For special-purpose as dance halls, drill rooms, gymnasiums,

.I

roofs, see Section 205.4.4.

Exit facilities shall include such uses as corridors serving an occupant load of 10 or more persons, exterior exit balconies, stairways, fire escapes and similar uses. Individual stair treads shall be designed to support a 1.3 kN concentrated stringers may be designed for the uniform load set forth in the table.
7 H 9

load placed in a position that would cause maximum stress. Stair vehicle barriers. they are associated, but need not exceed 2.4 kPa.

See Section 205.3.3, second paragraph.for Restroom

concentrated

loads. See Table 205-2for the occupancy

Residential occupancies include private dwellings, apartments and hotel guest rooms. loads shall not be less than the load for with which

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CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

Table 205-2 Special Loads/

Use or Occupancy Category 1. Construction. public access at site (live load) Grandstands, reviewing, stands bleachers, and folding and telescoping seating (live load) Stage accessories (live load) Description Walkway Canopy Vertical Load kPa 7.2 7.2 Lateral Load kPa

Notesfor
1

Table 205-2

The tabulated loads are minimum loads. Where other vertical by this code or required by the design would cause greater stresses, they shall be used. Loads are in kPa unless otherwise indicated in the table. Units is kNlm. Lateral sway bracing loads of 350 Nlm parallel and 145 Nlm perpendiculars 10 seat andfootboards. Does not apply to ceilings that have sufficient total access from below, such that access is not required within the space above the ceiling. Does not apply to ceilings if/he attic areas above the ceiling are not provided with access. This live load need not be considered as acting simultaneously with other live loads imposed upon the ceiling framing or its supporting structure. The impact factors included are for cranes with steel wheels riding on steel rails. They may be modified if substantiating technical data acceptable 10 the building official is submitted. Live loads on crane support girders and their connections shall be taken as the maximum crane wheel loads. For pendantoperated traveling crane support girders and their connections, the impact factors shall be 1.10. This applies in the direction parallel to the runway rails (longitudinal). The factor for forces perpendicular to the rail is 0.20 x the transverse traveling loads (trolley, cab, hooks and lifted loads). Forces shall be applied at top of rail and may be disturbed among rails of multiple rail cranes and shall be distributed with due regard for lateral stiffness of the structures supporting these rails. A load per lineal meter (kNlm) to be applied horizontally at right angles to the top rail. Intermediate rails, panel fillers and their connections shall be capable of withstanding a load of 1.2 kPa applied horizontally at right angles over the entire tributary area, including openings and spaces between rails. Reactions due to this loading need not be combined with those of Footnote 7. A horizontal load in kN applied at right angles to the vehicle barrier at a height of 450 mm above the parking surface. The force may be distributed over a 300-mm-square area. The mounting of handrails shall be such that the completed handrail and supporting structure are capable of withstanding a load of at least 890 N applied in any direction at any point on the rail. These loads shall not be assumed 10 act cumulatively with Item 9. Vertical members of storage racks shall be protected from impact forces of operating equipment, or racks shall be designed so that failure of one vertical member will not cause collapse of more than the bay or bays directly supported by that member. The 1.1 kN load is to be applied to any single fire sprinkler support point but not simultaneously 10 all support joints.

2.

Seats and footboards

1.75

See Note 3

3.

Catwalks Follow spot, projection and control rooms Over stages

1.9 2.4 1.0 0.54

4.

Ceiling framing (live load) Partitions and interior walls, Elevators and dumbwaiters (dead and live loads) Cranes (dead and live loads)

All uses except over stages

-

5.
6.

2 x total loads

0.25

7.

8.

Balcony railings and guardrails

Total load including impact increase Exit facilities serving an occupant load greater than 50 Other than exit facilities Components

1.25 x total load"

0.10 x total load6

/0

0.75 kN/m7

/I

0.30 kN/m7 1.28 27 kN9 See Note 10 See Table 208-12 See Table 208-12

12

9.

Vehicle barriers

--

See Note 10

10. Handrails 11. Storage racks 12. Fire sprinkler structural support Over 2.4 m high

Total loads" 1.1 kN plus weight of water-filled pipe12

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

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Table 205-3 ROOF
1. Flat

CHAPTER 2 - Minim,

2-15

Minimum Roof Live Loads

/"

SLOPE
,

METHOD I Tributary Area (mz) o to 20 20 to 60 Over 60

METHOD 2 Uniform Load 2 (kPa) Rate of Reduction, r

IV.
Reo,

Uniform Load (kPa)

it

.1

(percentage) 40

3 or rise less than 4 units vertical in ! 12 units horizontal (33.3% slope). Arch and dome with rise less than one-eighth , i of span.

1.00

0.75

0.60

1.00

0.08

2. Rise 4 units vertical to less than 12 units vertical in 12 units horizontal (33.3% to less than 100% slope). Arch and dome with rise one-eighth of span to less than three-eighths of span. 3. Rise 12 units vertical in 12 units horizontal (100% slope) and greater. Arch or dome with rise three-eighths of span or greater. 4. Awnings except cloth covered. 5. Greenhouses, lath agricultural buildings.
I

I I

0.75

0.70

0.60

0.75

0.06

25

0.60

0.60

0.60

0.60

/'

No reduction permitted
4

0.25 and 0.50

0.25 0.50

0.25 0.50

0.25 0.50

houses
5

For special-purpose

roofs. see Section 205.4.4.

See Sections 205.5 and 205.6 for live-load reductions. The rate of reduction r in Equation 205-1 shall be as indicated in the table. The maximum reduction. R. shall not exceed the value indicated in the table . A flat roof is any roof with a slope less than 1/4 .mit vertical in 12 units horizontal (2% slope). ponding load required by Section 206.7. See definition in Section 202. See Section 205.4.4 for concentrated load requirements for greenhouse roofmembers. The live load for flat roofs is in addition to the

.I

205.4 Roof Live Loads 205.4.1 General Roofs shall be designed for the unit live loads, Ln set forth in Table 205-3. The live loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected on a horizontal plane. 205.4.2 Distribution of Loads

For those conditions where light-gage metal preformed structural sheets serve as the support and finish of roofs, roof structural members arranged to create continuity shall be considered adequate if designed for full dead loads on all spans in combination with the most critical one of the follow ing superimposed loads: 1.
2.

The uniform roof live load, Ln set forth in Table 2053 on all spans. A concentrated gravity load, Ln of 9 kN placed on any span supporting a tributary area greater than 18 m2 to create maximum stresses in the member, whenever this loading creates greater stresses than those caused by the uniform live load. The concentrated load shall be placed on the member over a length of ~150mm along the span. The concentrated load need not be applied to more than one span simultaneously. Water accumulation as prescribed in Section 206.7.

Where uniform roof loads are involved in the design of structural members arranged to create continuity, consideration may be limited to full dead loads on all spans in combination with full roof live loads on adjacent spans and on alternate spans.

3.

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2-14 CHAPTER 2 - Minimum Design Loads

p,

205.4.3 Unbalanced

Loading

Unbalanced loads shall be used where such loading will result in larger members or connections. Trusses and arches shall be designed to resist the stresses caused by unit live loads on one half of the span if such loading results in reverse stresses, or stresses greater in any portion than the stresses produced by the required unit live load on the entire span. For roofs whose structures are composed of a stressed shell, framed or solid, wherein stresses caused by any point loading are distributed throughout the area of the shell, the requirements for unbalanced unit live load design may be reduced 50 percent. 205.4.4 Special Roof Loads Roofs to be used for special purposes shall be designed for appropriate loads as approved by the building official. Greenhouse roof bars, purlins and rafters shall be designed to carry a 0.45 kN concentrated load, L" in addition to the uniform live load 205.5 Reduction of Live Loads The design live load determined using the unit live loads as set forth in Table 205-1 for floors and Table 205-3, Method 2, for roofs may be reduced on any member supporting more than 15 m2, including flat slabs, except for floors in places of public assembly and for live loads greater than 4.8 kPa, in accordance with the following equation: R = r(A-IS) (205-1 )

The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages for the storage of private pleasure cars having a capacity of not more than nine passengers per vehicle. 205.6 Alternate Floor Live Load Reduction

As an alternate to Equation (205-1), the unit live loads set forth in Table 205-1 may be reduced in accordance with Equation 205-3 on any member, including flat slabs, having an influence area of 40 m2 or more. (205-3) where:
Al L L;

= influence
= =

area, m2 .. reduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member unreduced design live load per square meter of area supported by the member (Table 205-1 )

The influence area Al is four times the tributary area for a column, two times the tributary area for a beam, equal to the panel area for a two-way slab, and equal to the product of the span and the full flange width for a precast T-beam The reduced live load shall not be less than 50 percent of the unit live load L; for members receiving load from one level only, nor less than 40 percent of the unit live load La for other members.

'.

The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members receiving load from one level only, 60 percent for other members or R, as determined by the following equation: R = 23.1(1 + Df L) where:
A D L

(205-2)

R
r

area of floor or roof supported by the member, square meter, m2 = dead load per square meter of area supported by the member, kPa = unit live load per square meter of area supported by the member, kPa = reduction in percentage, %. = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floors. See Table 205-3 for roofs

For storage loads exceeding 4.8 kPa, no reduction shall be made, except that design live loads on columns may be reduced 20 percent.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

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