Table of Contents

Electronic Transmission Control

Subject Page

Purpose of the System ........................................................................ 4

Transmission Versions and Control Systems ................................... 6
Transmission Identification ................................................................. 8
System Components ........................................................................... 10
Transmission Control Module ................................................................ 11
Speed Sensing ..................................................................................... 12
Transmission Oil Temp Sensor .............................................................. 13
Kickdown Switch/Circuit ....................................................................... 14
Brake Switch ........................................................................................ 15
Transmission Range Selector Switch .................................................... 16
Transmission Program Switch ............................................................... 17
Steptronic Components ........................................................................ 18
Magnetic Valves .................................................................................... 19
Pressure Regulating Solenoids .............................................................. 20
Mechatronics Module ............................................................................ 21
Instrument Cluster ................................................................................. 22

Transmission Features and Principles of Operation ........................ 24

Adaptive Hydraulic Pressure Control ......................................................24
Downshift Protection.............................................................................. 25
Reverse Lockout ................................................................................... 25
Engine Warm Up Cycle ......................................................................... 25
ASC/DSC Shift Intervention .................................................................. 25
Torque Reduction ................................................................................. 25
Emergency Program ............................................................................. 26
A/C Compressor Load Sensing ............................................................ 27
Shift Lock ............................................................................................. 27
Torque Converter Clutch ....................................................................... 28
Shift Solenoid Control ........................................................................... 30
Pressure Regulation .............................................................................. 31
Shift Programs .......................................................................................32
Steptronic ..............................................................................................34

Initial Print Date: 1/15/03 Revision Date:

Model: All with BMW Automatic Transmission

Production: All

Objectives:

After completion of this module you will be able to:

• Identify BMW EH Automatic Transmissions.

• Identify Electronic Transmission Control Components

• Understand Electronic Transmission Operation

• Diagnose Transmission related faults using the DISplus or GT-1

• Understand service items and special tools.

3
Electronic Transmission Control
Purpose of the System

Electronically controlled transmissions were introduced on BMW products in 1986 on 5 and

7 series vehicles. Currently EH (Electro-hydraulic) transmissions are offered on almost every
production model (Except E46 M3 and E39 M5). EH transmissions offer the following ben-
efits the to driver:

• Increased driving safety by reducing fatigue. All shifts are automatic as opposed to
manual transmissions which require more driver interaction.

• Increased fuel economy through use of lock up torque converter.

• Increased fuel economy through optimized shift points.

• Improved shift comfort by use of “Overlap Shift” technology (ZF).

• More available features through the use of CAN bus technology.

4
Electronic Transmission Control
The EH Control System is designed to work in conjunction with the engine electronics for
precise shift control. The TCM receives information on engine RPM, load and throttle posi-
tion to provide optimum shift points to maximize fuel economy and driver comfort.
The function of an EGS System is to:
• Monitor all operating conditions through input signals
• Continually assess operating conditions by processing input data and select the
appropriate operating program for current conditions.
• Activate transmission system components and to communicate with other drivetrain
control systems.
• Respond to driver selected driving program (Economy, Sport or Manual).
In addition to providing shift control, the TCM also adapts to changing conditions within the
transmission by monitoring slip ratios and modifying line pressure. This increases the life of
the transmission and reduces maintenance and adjustments. The TCM controls the oper-
ation of the Lock-Up Torque Converter which further increases economy.
On current models, the TCM also has the capability of adapting to driver habits and
responds to changing environmental conditions. Items such as rate of throttle input and
kickdown requests are monitored to select the most appropriate shift program.

The EGS system is also required to maintain occupant safety, safeguard drivetrain damage,
improve vehicle emissions and operate in failsafe mode when a malfunction occurs.

5
Electronic Transmission Control
Transmission Version and Control Systems
Each BMW Electro-hydraulic transmission has a corresponding control system. They are
designated “GS” which stands for Transmission Control. This acronym is from the German
words Getriebe Steurung. Each transmission can have more than one control system, this
depends upon application (model year, series etc.). Below is a listing of ZF control systems
used on BMW vehicles, Hydramatic control systems are shown on the opposing page.

ZF Control Systems

Transmission Manufacturer Model/Year Control System Engine

BMW ID # ID
4HP22 (EH) 4HP22 (EH) 86 535i GS 1.2X M30
86 635i GS 1.2X M30
86 735i GS 1.2X M30

4HP24 (EH) 4HP24 (EH) 88-9/91 750iL (E32) GS 1.27 M70

92-94 750iL (E32) GS 1.29 M70
90-94 850i/Ci (E31) GS 1.29 M70

A5S310Z 5HP18 93 530i/iT (E34) GS 7.3 M60

94 530i/iT (E34) GS 7.32 M60
95 M3 (E36) GS 7.11 S50 (US)
96-99 M3 (E36) GS 8.32 S52

A5S325Z 5HP19 00 323i/Ci/CiC (3/00-8/00) GS 8.60 M52 TU

01 323iT (from 4/01) GS 8.60 M52 TU

01-02 325i/Ci/CiC from 9/00 GS 8.60.4 M54

00-01 330i/Ci/CiC from 6/00 GS 8.60.4 M54
01- 525 from 3/01 GS 8.60.4 M54
01- 530 from 3/01 GS 8.60.4 M54
03 Z4 (E85) 2.5i and 3.0i GS 8.60.4 M54

A5S440Z 5HP24 97 840Ci (E31) from 9/96 GS 8.55 (CAN index 50) M62
97 540i (E39) 1/97-8/97 GS 8.55 (CAN index 50) M62
97 740i/iL (1/97 - 4/97) GS 8.55 (CAN index 50) M62
97 740i/iL (5/97-8/97) GS 8.55 (CAN index 60) M62

98-03 540i GS 8.60.2 (CAN index 60) M62, M62 TU 99-02

98-01 740i/iL GS 8.60.2 (CAN index 60) M62, M62 TU 99-01
00- X5 4.4i GS 8.60.2 M62TU

A5S560Z 5HP30 93-94 740i/iL (E32) GS 9.2 M60

93 540i (E34) GS 9.2 M60
94-95 540i (E34) GS 9.22 M60
94-95 840Ci (E31) GS 9.22 M60
95 740i/iL (E38) GS 9.22 M60

95-01 750iL (E38) GS 9.22.1 M73/M73TU

96-97 740i/iL ( -1/97) GS 9.22.1 M62
96 840Ci (E31) GS 9.22.1 M62
95-97 850Ci GS 9.22.1 M73

GA6HP26Z GA6HP26Z 02- 745Li (E65/E66) GS 19 N62

GA6HP26Z 03- 760Li (E66) GS 19 N73

6
Electronic Transmission Control
Hydramatic Control Systems

Transmission Manufacturer Model/Year Control Engine

BMW ID # ID # System

A4S310R 4L30-E(A4S310R) >>> 90-92 525i (E34) GS 4.14 M50

(THM-R1) 93-95 525i (E34) GS 4.16 M50 TU
92 325i,is,ic (E36) GS 4.14 M50
93-95325i,is,ic (E36) GS 4.16 M50 TU
92-95 318ti (E36) GS 4.14 & GS 4.16 M42

A4S270R 4L30-E(A4S270R) >>> 96-98 328i (is,ic -97) GS 8.34 M52

96-98 318i (is,ic-97) GS 8.34 M44
96-98 318ti (E36/5) GS 8.34 M44
96-98 Z3 1.9 (E36/7) GS 8.34 M44
96-98 Z3 2.8 GS 8.34 M52
97-98 528i (E39) GS 8.34 M52

A5S360R (GM5) 5L40-E (A5S360R) >> 99-00 323i/Ci (7/98-3/00) GS 20 M52 TU

99-00 328i/Ci (6/98-5/00) GS 20 M52 TU
99-00 528i (E39) 9/99-8/00 GS 20 M52 TU
99-00 Z3 (E36/7) 2.3/2.8 GS 20 M52 TU

5L40-E (A5S390R) >> 00-03 X5 3.0i (4/00 - ) GS 20 M54

A5S390R (GM5)
01 325iT (8/00-3/01) GS 20 M54
01-03 325xi/xiT & 330Xi (- GS 20 M54
8/00) GS 20 M54
01 525i/iT (9/00-3/01) GS 20 M54
01 530i (9/00-3/01) GS 20 M54
01-02 Z3 2.5/3.0 (6/00- )

GS 20 TCM (Siemens)

7
Electronic Transmission Control
Transmission Identification
BMW automatic transmission are manufactured by two suppliers for the US market:
• Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen: Commonly referred to as ZF. ZF manufactures both
manual as well as automatic transmissions.
• GM Powertrain - Hydramatic: Hydramatic is a manufacturing division of General
Motors located in Strasbourg, France. Hydramatic supplies automatic transmis-
sions to BMW for four and six-cylinder vehicles.
BMW has developed an internal numbering system for their transmissions for ordering
parts, information research and identification. Also, each transmission manufacturer uses
an internal identification system. Here is a breakdown of these identification codes:

BMW Identification Code Breakdown

A5S 440Z
A = Automatic
S= Standard
Number of Gears

Overdrive Ratio
S = Top Gear Overdrive
D = Top Gear Direct Drive
Maximum Input Torque Rating in Nm.
Manufacturer
Z = ZF
R = Hydramatic
G = Getrag

ZF Identification Code Breakdown

5HP 24
Number of Gears
HP = Hydraulic Planetary
(automatic)

ZF Internal Designation

Hydramatic Transmissions have internal designations , however they are not used often.
The internal code for the A4S310/270R is 4L30-E and the A5S360/390R is 5L40-E.

8
Electronic Transmission Control
Transmission ID Tag Location
In order to identify BMW transmissions there are identification tags located externally on the
transmission case. The tag contains information such as Manufacturer, Serial number,
transmission type etc. This information is needed when ordering parts, referencing bulletins
and calling for technical assistance.

• ZF - Tag is Located on -

1. Right hand side (passenger side)

of transmission case.
(5HP30 and 5HP18)

2. Left hand side (drivers side) of

transmission case.
(6HP26Z, 5HP24 and all 4HP)

3. Rear under output shaft. (5HP19)

ID Tag Location 5HP19

ID Tag Location 5HP24 Typical ZF Tag

• GM - Located on left hand side

(drivers side) of transmission
case.

GM ID Tag (GM 5) Hydramatic ID Tag Location (GM5)

9
Electronic Transmission Control
System Components (Electrical)

A5S 440Z RANGE DISPLAY

PROGRAM DISPLAY
GS 8.55
GS 8.60.2
ECM DIAGNOSIS -- PROGRAMMING
Main
Relay
M62
87a + RANGE

DISplus
GT-1
SHIFT LOCK

MV 3

MANUAL GATE MV 2

STEPTRONIC
CAN
TERMINATING
RESISTOR

WITHOUT
PROG SWITCH STEPTRONIC
E38-E31*

KICK DOWN MV 1
SWITCH
EDS 5
+
EDS 2
HALL EFFECT
BRAKE PEDAL
SENSOR EDS 3

8.55 (CAN 60) EDS 4

8,60.2 EDS 1

ASC DME

CAN

WHEEL POWER
SPEED
SIGNALS

OIL TEMP

INPUT SPEED

OUTPUT SPEED VALVE BODY

10
Electronic Transmission Control
Transmission Control Module
The TCM receives inputs, processes information and actuates the output elements to pro-
vide optimal shift points. The TCM is programmed for maximum shift comfort and fuel
economy. The TCM on most BMW vehicles is located in the E-Box next to the ECM (DME).
Always refer to the proper ETM for TCM location.
There are several types of TCM housings:
• 35 Pin TCM (TCU) - used on the 4HP transmissions
• 55 Pin TCM - used on the A4S310R (THM-R1)
• 88 Pin TCM - used on all others up to 98
• 134 Pin TCM - used on all BMW transmission from the 99 model year.
(Note- the 134 pin TCM was introduced on the 98 Models equipped with the
A5S440Z).
The 134 Pin TCM is also referred to as SKE (Standard Shell Construction). The SKE hous-
ing uses 5 separate connectors. On transmission applications only three connectors 1, 3
and 4) are used. Connectors 2 and 5 are blank and are NOT used. The connectors are blue
in color to avoid confusion with the ECM (DME) connectors which are black.
!34 Pin control modules are supplied by Bosch for ZF transmissions and Siemens for
Hydramatic transmissions. Bosch and Siemens control modules are NOT interchangeable.

134 Pin TCM

with SKE housing

Connectors 1 2 3 4 5

55 Pin TCM 88 Pin TCM

11
Electronic Transmission Control
Turbine Speed Sensor
The Turbine Speed Sensor is used to provide input (turbine) shaft speed information to the
TCM (EGS). The input shaft speed signal is used in conjunction with the output shaft speed
signal to determine gear range and slip time information for processing in the TCM. Not all
BMW transmissions use a turbine speed sensor. Some TCM’s use the TD (engine speed)
signal to determine input shaft speed. All transmissions with the exception of the A5S325Z
use an inductive type sensor which generates an AC analog signal. The A5S325Z currently
uses a Hall Effect Turbine Speed Sensor which will send a digital square wave signal to the
TCM.
4HP22/24 (EH), A4S310/270R: These transmissions do not use a Turbine Speed Sensor.
The TD signal is used to determine input shaft speed. The TD signal is an output signal of
the DME control unit.
A5S310Z, A5S325Z, A5S440Z, A5S560Z, A5S360/390R: These transmission use a tur-
bine speed sensor. The TD signal is also used with the turbine speed signal to allow the
TCM to monitor Torque Converter Clutch operation. The TCM can control torque convert-
er clutch slippage and also monitor for faults.
Output Shaft Speed Sensor
The Output Shaft Speed Sensor is used to provide output shaft speed information to the
TCM. The output shaft speed signal is used in conjunction with the turbine speed signal to
provide the TCM with information on gear ranges and slip times.
All BMW electronic transmissions have an output shaft speed sensor. The output shaft
speed sensor is an inductive type which will generate an AC analog signal to the TCM. The
frequency and amplitude of the signal will increase as output shaft speed increases. The
exact location of the output shaft speed sensor varies by transmission model.

Output
Speed Signal

Typical Speed Sensor Signal

Turbine Speed Signal

TCM
DME
GETRIEBESTEUERUNG

12
Electronic Transmission Control
Transmission Oil Temp Sensor
The TCM is provided with transmission oil temperature information via a temperature sen-
sor. On most BMW transmissions, the sensor is an NTC element which is part of the trans-
mission internal wiring harness.
4HP22/24 (EH): These transmissions do not use a transmission oil temperature sensor.
There are no transmission oil temperature influenced features on the 4HP transmissions.
All Except A5S360/390R, GA6HP26Z: The transmission fluid temp sensor is part of the
transmission internal wiring harness. On these transmissions, the sensor cannot be
replaced separately. The harness must be replaced.
A5S360/390R transmission: the sensor is a separate, replaceable sensor that can be
unplugged from the harness.
GA6HP26Z: the sensor is located in the Mechatronics Module, which is located inside of
the transmission.
Note: The Mechatronics Module is not currently serviceable at this time. Contact
the BMW Technical Hotline in the event of a failure. Do not attempt any repair or
replacement of the Mechatronics Module.

The transmission oil temperature information is used to:

• Initiate the Warm Up Program

TCM
• To inhibit TCC operation until
a specified temperature has
been reached.

• For determining fluid level

when used with diagnostic
equipment.
The transmission oil temperature
sensor is connected to the TCM via a
5 Volt reference and a circuit ground.
As transmission oil temperature
increases, the circuit resistance and
voltage decrease proportionately.

NTC Temp Sensor

13
Electronic Transmission Control
Kickdown Switch
The TCM receives a kickdown request via one of two possible methods:
• The kickdown signal is a direct ground input to the TCM. The kickdown input is
provided by a kickdown switch located under the accelerator pedal.
This method is used on most BMW vehicles without electronic throttle control sys-
tems (except M52TU with MDK).

Kickdown
Switch

• The kickdown request is provided by the ECM (DME) via the CAN bus. The kick
down request originates from the PWG. There is no separate switch in the PWG.
When the PWG voltage reaches approximately 4.5 volts, the ECM will process a
kickdown request to the TCM via CAN. The PWG contains a kickdown detent to
simulate the feel of a kickdown switch.
This method is used on the M62TU, M54, M73, M73TU, N73 and N62 engines.

TCM
Kickdown signal to TCM
DME via CAN

CAN bus
PWG Twisted Pair Wiring

D.C. Analog Signal from

PWG to DME
.1 to 4.9 Volts

14
Electronic Transmission Control
Brake Switch
The brake switch is located on the brake pedal linkage. The brake switch signal is an input
to the TCM which is used for:

• De-activation of the shift lock solenoid. When the ignition key is turned to KL15 the
shift lock is active. The shift lock solenoid is de-activated when the brakes are
applied.

• De-activate the Torque Converter . The TCC is deactivated whenever the brake is
applied. (only on Hydramatic Transmissions ).

There are two types of brake switches used on BMW vehicles:

• On early vehicles such as E32, E34, E36, E24, E28 and E31 the brake switch is a
double-contact mechanical switch. There is a brake light circuit and a brake test
circuit. The brake test circuit is used for a plausibility check to indicate faults within
the brake light circuit.

• On the E38, E39, E46, E65/66, E85 and E53 the brake switch is a hall effect type
switch. The electronic switch is also monitored for faults and plausibility.

15
Electronic Transmission Control
Transmission Range Selector Switch
The range selector switch is an input to the TCM. The input is used by the TCM to deter-
mine the position of the manual valve. The range switch uses the familiar “coded input” sig-
nal to determine selector lever position. On all transmissions except the A5S360/390R, the
range switch uses a 4 wire configuration to determine 7 range selector positions. The
A5S360/390R uses a five wire arrangement.
Most range switches are located on the transmission
case with some exceptions. The E36 with the
A4S270/310R the range switch is located is the cen-
ter console on the selector lever assembly. The E39
with A4S270R the range switch is located on the
transmission case and is adjustable. The range selec-
tor switch on the A5S360/390R is located inside the
transmission housing. GA6HP26Z is part of the
Mechatronics Module.
Range Switch A5S440Z
The range switch can be checked by using “Status
Requests” in the DISplus or GT-1.
A multimeter or an oscilloscope can also be used to check the range switch. If the read-
ing on “Status Requests” does not match the actual selector lever position, there will be
various transmission malfunctions.
Always refer to the proper ETM when diagnosing the range selector switch. Use the switch
logic chart to diagnose faults in the switch.

In the example below, the range switch is in neutral. Using the logic chart, switches L1, L2
and L3 are closed providing B+ voltage to the corresponding pins of the TCM. Switch L4
is open and no voltage is sent to the TCM. Malfunctions in the range switch or wiring can
cause various shifting complaints and possible No-Start complaints.
Switch
Logic
Chart

16
Electronic Transmission Control
Transmission Program Switch

The transmission program switch is used to switch between various operating modes of
the transmission. The normal default mode of the TCM is Economy which is indicated in
the program display as “E”. Economy mode allows the transmission to operate in the most
efficient mode. Shift priorities are for maximum economy and shift comfort. On some vehi-
cles the program switch is designated “A” for economy mode. Program switches come in
2 or 3 position configurations. Early vehicles with the 4HP (Early E7) used a rotary program
switch.

The TCM can also be switched to “Manual Mode” which on some vehicles is designated
“Winter Mode”. Manual mode is used to start the vehicle off in a higher gear when encoun-
tering slippery conditions. The program display will indicate “M” (manual) or an asterisk
symbol for “Winter Mode”.

Sport Mode is the third operating mode that is available. Sport mode allows for a slightly
delayed and more aggressive shift. Sport mode is obtained a number of ways. On vehi-
cles with 2 position program switches, moving the selector lever out of drive to 4,3, or 2
with the program switch in Economy will allow Sport mode. On vehicles with 3 position pro-
gram switches, Sport mode can be obtained by switching to “S”.

E38 Selector Lever with 2

Position Program Switch

3 Position
Program
Switch

17
Electronic Transmission Control
Steptronic Components

The Steptronic system uses additional components not found on a conventional system.
These components consist of a manual switch and an Up/Down microswitch. Otherwise,
the Steptronic system uses the same transmission and TCM.

The TCM monitors the Steptronic shifter position from P through D via the conventional
range selector switch located on the transmission. The Range Selector Switch provides
positions P through D to the TCM because the automatic gate of the shifter only travels
through these positions.

When the Steptronic Shifter is moved to the left 15 degrees into the manual gate, the TCM
receives a ground input from the manual gate switch. The ground signal is provided to the
TCM through the Transmission Position Indicator. The transmission position indicator also
provides range position signaling to the range position indicator in the shift console.

Steptronic was introduced on the E31 850Ci (10/94) and the 840Ci (1/96). Steptronic was
subsequently introduced into the E38, E39, E46, E36/7 and the E53.

The Steptronic system can be diagnosed through “Status Requests” with the DISplus or
GT-1.

Refer to TRI Bulletin B 24 75 96 for more information on Steptronic.

From 2002 model year the Steptronic shifter

has changed slightly. Downshifts are now
achieved by moving the selector lever for-
ward and upshifts are now rearward.

Steptronic Transmission
Up/Down Position
Shift Switch Indicator
(up to 2001 MY)

TCM

Manual Manual
Switch Mode

Upshift

Down
Shift
18
Electronic Transmission Control
Magnetic Valves
Magnetic Valves (MV) are used to electronically control hydraulic fluid flow to the various
shift elements within the transmission. Magnetic valves are located on the valvebody and
replaceable as separate components. In ZF transmissions, MV valves are designated MV1,
MV2, MV3 etc. In Hydramatic transmissions, they are designated Shift Valve A, Shift Valve
B, Shift Valve C etc.
The magnetic valves are controlled by the TCM. They are supplied power by an internal
TCM relay and are ground controlled. The TCM switches one or more of the MV’s on or off
in various combinations to achieve various shifts. Most transmission have 2 or 3 MV’s to
control shifting.
In addition to controlling shifts within the transmission, magnetic valves are also used for
overlap shifting and pressure regulation on some transmission applications. For example
MV4 and MV5 are used for overlap shifting in the A5S310Z. MV5 is used for pressure reg-
ulation on the 4HP22/24EH transmissions. When used for pressure regulation, the mag-
netic valves are pulse width modulated by the TCM.

TCM
Internal
Relay

19
Electronic Transmission Control
Pressure Regulating Solenoids

Pressure Regulating Solenoids are used to modify line pressure for use in the transmission.
There are numerous terms for these solenoids depending upon transmission type and man-
ufacturer. ZF transmissions use the term EDS, while Hydramatic Transmissions use the
term DR solenoid, Force Motor Solenoid and Variable Bleed Solenoid (VBS).

EDS valves are used for main line pressure regulation, TCC application and Overlap Shift
Pressure Control on the A5S440Z and A5S560Z. All pressure regulating solenoid are con-
trolled by Pulse Width Modulation.

Using the example in the picture below, this is a section of the A5S440Z/560Z valve body.
The EDS valves are used for the following:

• EDS 1 is used for main line pressure regulation

• EDS 2, 3 and 5 are used Overlap Shift Pressure Control

• EDS 4 is used for TCC application. (GWK) Gradually applied TCC.

TORQUE CONVERTER MANUAL VALVE

LOCKUP REGULATOR

Hydramatic Pressure Regulator SOLENOID SHIFT

VALVE
"C"

The valve body shown at the right is

from the A5S360/390R. Note the
location of the main pressure regula-
tor. Depending upon the reference
text, the pressure regulator is also SHIFT

known as the Force Motor Solenoid VALVE

"B"

, Variable Bleed Solenoid or PC SHIFT

VALVE

Solenoid. DO NOT REMOVE THESE

"A"

TWO SCREWS WHEN REMOVING

MAIN PRESSURE REGULATOR VALVE BODY FROM TRANSMISSION
ACCUMULATORS

20
Electronic Transmission Control
Mechatronics Module GA 6HP26Z

1 Position Slide Switch 9 EDS 2

2 Parking Lock Cylinder Piston 10 EDS 1
3 Solenoid Valve 3, parking lock Cylinder 11 Electronic Plug Connector
4 EDS 12 Electronic Module
5 Solenoid Valve 1 13 Hydraulic Module (Valve body)
6 EDS 4 14 Solenoid Valve 2
7 EDS 5 15 Position Switch
8 EDS 3

21
Electronic Transmission Control
Instrument Cluster
The cluster is used to report information to the driver regarding transmission status. There
are three items of information needed by the driver:
• Transmission Range - this indicates the position of the range selector lever.
The driver needs to know whether the transmission is in P, R, N, D, 4, 3, or 2.
• Transmission Program - this indicates the mode of operation. There are 3 modes,
Economy, Manual and Sport .
• Transmission Fault Information - the driver needs to know of there is a malfunc-
tion in the transmission. Depending upon application, transmission faults can be
indicated by an icon or by a “Transmission Program” message in the instrument
cluster display matrix.
High Cluster
E38/E39/E53

TRANSMISSION PROGRAM

E46 Trans Indicator

TRANSMISSION PROGRAM
Depending upon vehicle model and transmission, these pieces of information arrive at the
cluster through different methods.
• The most current method for this information to arrive at the cluster is through the
CAN bus. The cluster processes this information from the TCM via CAN.

• On early E38 and E39 vehicles these is a “One Way Data Signal” from the TCM to
the cluster. There is a one way serial data line that transfers this information to the
cluster. On later vehicles, the cluster was introduced to the CAN bus and this
method was no longer used. This was used on the E38 vehicles to 5/97 and E39
vehicles to 8/97 production.

• Early vehicles such as E32, E34, E36 etc. used a various combination of methods
to transfer this data. Some clusters use the “Coded Input” method for the program
indicator. Fault indication is done by a ground circuit through the TCM.
Transmission range indication is achieved by a direct connection between the range
switch and cluster or by a coded input to cluster.
There will be a FC6 in the Kombi when the TCM goes into failsafe mode.
When attempting to diagnose any of these circuits, always refer to the proper ETM.
22
Electronic Transmission Control
CAN Bus

Or

One Way Data Signal Cluster E38/E39

-Selector Position
-Program Indication
-Fault Lamp/Matrix Display

Instrument Cluster
E34

TCM

Program Switch

23
Electronic Transmission Control
Transmission Features and Principles of Operation
Adaptive Hydraulic Pressure Control
Pressure adaptation has been a feature of ZF automatic transmissions since the 4HP22EH.
The TCM will maximize shift quality by adapting to transmission wear over time. The TCM
will adjust transmission shift pressures to compensate for wear in the multi-plate clutches.
This is accomplished by monitoring the input and output speeds of the transmission. When
the transmission shifts, the TCM monitors the time that it takes to accomplish the shift. The
time change in gear ratio is monitored and compared to an internal time value in the TCM.
If the ratio change takes more time than the stored value, the TCM will compensate by
adjusting the transmission shift pressures via the EDS valve solenoids. The adaptation
value is stored in the TCM. This adaptation values can only be cleared by the diagnostic
tester (DIS plus or GT-1).
Note: DO NOT clear adaptation values unless directed to do so by technical assis-
tance. Clearing pressure adaptations should not be done to resolve a customer
complaint. The only time that you would need to do so is after a transmission or
valve body replacement or software change.
Also it is important not to confuse pressure adaptation with AGS features. AGS
features will be discussed later in this chapter. AGS features are not stored on a
long term basis and will not be cleared when the pressure adaptations are
cleared. Note: Driving style is NOT stored.

DME
GETRIEBESTEUERUNG

24
Electronic Transmission Control
Downshift Protection

Downshift protection is a feature that prevents unwanted or improper downshifting. If the

range selector were moved to a lower gear at a high road speed, engine damage could
occur from an unintended over-rev. This feature will prevent engine over-rev by delaying or
preventing the unwanted downshift until the proper road speed is achieved. The result is
increased safety by preventing unwanted deceleration slip.

Reverse Lockout

The TCM will lockout reverse above 3 MPH to prevent drivetrain damage. The range selec-
tor lever will go into the reverse detent, but reverse will not engage. This is achieved by the
TCM through hydraulic intervention. The transmission will appear to be in neutral.

Note: Reverse Lockout is not operative when in failsafe.

Engine Warm Up Cycle

The transmission shift points are modified after cold start to raise engine RPM during shift-
ing. This allows for a faster engine warm up and reduction of catalyst warm up time. The
TCM uses the transmission oil temperature information to determine the implementation of
this function.
The warm up phase program will be terminated if any of the following conditions exist:

• The vehicle exceeds 25 MPH or

• Transmission oil temperature exceeds 60 Degrees Celsius or

• A Maximum of three minutes is exceeded.

ASC/DSC Shift Intervention

During ASC/DSC regulation upshifts are inhibited to enhance the effectiveness of traction-
al control. Depending upon vehicle model, this action can take place via the CAN bus or a
dedicated shift intervention signal wire. On later model vehicles where the ASC/DSC mod-
ule is connected to the CAN bus, the shift intervention signal is sent to the TCM via CAN.

Torque Reduction

In order to allow a smoother shift and reduce load on the transmission, engine torque is
reduced during shifting. This is accomplished by a signal that is sent from the TCM (EGS)
to the ECM (DME) during shifting. The ECM will retard timing momentarily during the shift
for a few milliseconds. This timing change is transparent to the driver. Depending upon
application, the torque reduction signal is sent over a dedicated wire or a signal over the
CAN bus.

25
Electronic Transmission Control
Emergency Program
When a malfunction occurs within the transmission, the Emergency program (failsafe mode)
will be initiated. The Emergency Program will prevent unintended gear engagement and
ensure driver safety. The following will occur during Failsafe Operation:
• All shift solenoids are de-energized via TCM internal relay.
• The pressure regulation solenoid is de-energized resulting in maximum line pressure.
• The Torque Converter Clutch is de-activated.
• The Reverse Lockout function is cancelled.
• Shift lock solenoid is de-energized.
• Fault indicators are active.
The fault indicator varies depending upon model, year and cluster type etc. High version
instrument cluster will display a message in the matrix display. Vehicles with low version
clusters will display a fault symbol in the cluster.
During failsafe mode the transmission will be shifted into a higher gear to allow the vehicle
to be driven to a service location. Depending upon application, the transmission will shift
into 3rd or 4th gear (on a 4spd) and 4th or 5th gear (on a 5 spd). For example the
A5S360R transmission will go into 5th gear when there is a malfunction and 4th when there
is a power failure to the TCM. Since pressure regulation ceases, the shift to failsafe mode
will be abrupt or harsh, unless the transmission is already in the failsafe gear.
On newer OBD II compliant vehicles, the MIL light will also be illuminated by the ECM
(DME).
Note: When diagnosing transmission related complaints, it is possible to have an
erroneous fault indicator warning. Faults in the cluster can cause a false indica-
tion or “Trans Program” message. One indication of this scenario would be a
transmission fault message in the cluster with no transmission faults stored in the
TCM.

E46 Transmission Fault Indicator

T0198U05.ai
26
Electronic Transmission Control
AC Compressor Load Sensing (Hydramatic Transmissions)
When the AC Compressor is switched on, additional load is placed on the engine. To com-
pensate for the additional load, the TCM modifies line pressure and shift points. On the
THMR-1, the TCM receives these signals via a direct connection to the AC compressor
control circuit.
On vehicles equipped with CAN bus technology, the “AC on” signal is sent to the TCM from
the DME as a CAN bus message.

Shift Lock
The shift lock solenoid is mounted on the
selector lever assembly and locks the selector
lever in Park or Neutral when the ignition is ON.
This prevent the selection of a gear unless the
brake pedal is depressed. The solenoid is acti-
vated by a switched ground from the TCM.
Power is supplied by the TCM internal relay.
During failsafe operation, the shift lock is dis-
abled. On later models, the shift lock will also
GETRIEBESTEUERUNG

be active when the TD signal is present and the

shifter will remain locked above an engine
speed of 2500 RPM regardless of brake appli-
cation.
27
Electronic Transmission Control
Torque Converter Clutch

Since the efficiency of the torque converter at coupling speed is approximately 1.1 to 1, fuel
economy is compromised. To offset this a torque converter clutch was added on EH con-
trolled transmissions. The torque converter clutch locks the turbine to the converter hous-
ing. This creates a mechanical coupling with a ratio of 1:1. This can only be achieved at
higher engine speeds, the torque converter clutch must be disengaged at low engine
speeds to prevent stalling.

There are two methods for controlling the torque converter clutch on BMW transmissions:

• A4S310/270R, 4HP22/24 EH, A5S310Z - These transmissions use an on/off

control method to lock and unlock the torque converter. The Torque Converter
Clutch is either completely engaged or disengaged. This method of engagement
provides an abrupt sensation when the TCC is locking and unlocking. This abrupt
sensation can be undesirable to some drivers.

• A5S560Z, A5S440Z, A5S325Z, GA6HP26Z,A5S360/390R - These transmissions

use a gradual approach to TCC control. The TCC is gradually applied and released,
this method reduces the abrupt feel of the on/off type TCC. The TCC solenoid is
controlled by pulse width modulation. This allows fluid to be gradually introduced
and released to the TCC.

The TCC is spring loaded to the engaged position. Pressurized fluid releases the TCC,
when the pressurized fluid is released, the TCC is engaged. Depending on transmission
application, the TCC can be engaged in 3rd, 4th or 5th gear. The TCC must be disengaged
at low speeds to prevent stalling.

On On
On/Off Gradual
Lockup Lockup
Control Control

Off Off

28
Electronic Transmission Control
Lock-Up Torque Converter

Impeller

Torque Converter
Clutch

Torque Converter
Clutch Piston

Stator

Torque Converter Shell

One Way Clutch

Turbine Shaft SPlines

Turbine

29
Electronic Transmission Control
Shift Solenoid Control

Magnetic valves are used to direct the flow of transmission fluid to control shift elements in
the transmission. Another Term for “Magnetic Valve” is “Shift Valve”. Magnetic valves (MV)
are solenoids controlled by the TCM. They can be switched by B+ or B-.

On ZF transmissions, magnetic valves are designated MV1, MV2, MV3 etc. On GM trans-
missions they are designated Shift Valve A, Shift Valve B, Shift Valve C etc.

Either valve can be checked for proper resistance using a multi-meter, DISplus or GT-1.
Also, the “Activate Components” function can be used to check the Magnetic valves. Most
all magnetic valves are switched on/off instead of Pulse Width Modulation (PWM).

All magnetic valves (except THM R-1 to 12/95) are supplied power from an internal relay
located in the TCM. The magnetic valves are switched on and off by final stage transistors
in the TCM. During failsafe operation, power to all MV’s is switched off by the internal relay.

Magnetic valves are located on the valve body. They can be replaced individually. Refer to
proper repair instructions for installation and removal procedures.

TCM Internal Relay

Magnetic
Valve
(Shift Valve)

30
Electronic Transmission Control
Pressure Regulation
Pressure regulating solenoids modify line pressure for hydraulic operation. Solenoids for
pressure regulation are referred to as EDS valves in ZF transmissions. GM transmissions
have a few terms such as Force Motor Solenoid, Variable Bleed Solenoid, and DR solenoid.
Regardless of the name used, they are all used to control main line pressure based on throt-
tle position and engine load.
On ZF transmissions, EDS valves are also used to control “Overlap Shifting”. This allows
for improved shift comfort by controlling pressures during shifting.
Depending upon transmission application, pressure regulating solenoids can be controlled
using Pulse Width Modulation on B+ or B-.
The TCM will increase line pressure by regulating current flow to the pressure regulator.
Current flow is controlled by pulse width modulation. When the duty cycle is low, the cur-
rent flow to the solenoid is low. This allows spring pressure to close the valve. Therefore
maximum line pressure is achieved. As the duty cycle increases, the current flow also
increases. The valve opening increases, which allows pressure to be released through the
pressure discharge which in turn decreases line pressure.
Main line pressure is also increased during failsafe operation and when needed during
“Adaptive Hydraulic Pressure Control” functions. Mainline pressure will also default to max-
imum pressure when power to the TCM is switched off.

31
Electronic Transmission Control
Shift Programs
BMW EH transmissions have selectable shift programs (or modes) to suit driver needs and
operating conditions. There are 3 basic shift programs available:
• Economy Program - The economy program is the default program which is adopt-
ed every time the vehicle is started. When in economy mode, the operating priority
is for maximum economy and shift comfort. Shifts will take place at low engine
RPM and road speed. The economy mode is indicated by an “A” on the program
switch. The cluster will display an “E” to indicate economy mode.
• Manual Mode (Winter Mode) - Manual mode is used to start out the vehicle in a
higher gear on slippery surfaces when more traction is needed. A higher gear will
reduce torque to the rear wheels. Manual mode can also be used to select a lower
gear when needed such as when climbing a hill. Depending upon vehicle applica
tion an “M” will appear in the cluster when in Manual Mode or an asterisk ( * ) sym-
bol will appear in the instrument cluster to indicate Winter Mode.
• Sport Mode - Sport Mode provides raised shift points and a more aggressive shift
program for the “Enthusiastic” BMW driver. The cluster will display an “S” when in
sport mode.
Regardless of vehicle application, the program switch provides a momentary ground to the
TCM to switch between modes. There have been numerous designs of the program switch
since it’s introduction. The program switch configurations are as follows:
• 2 Position Slide Switch - This switch has the “A” and the “M” selection. Sport
mode is achieved by moving the selector lever from “D” to 4, 3 or 2 when in the
Economy Mode. The 2 Position slide switch is used on most models. These vehi-
cles usually have a range and program display located in the instrument cluster.
• 2 Position Rocker Switch - This switch operates the same as the slide switch, but
it is used exclusively on the E36. The E36 does not have a program indicator in the
cluster. The rocker switch will illuminate, indicating the current program.
• 3 Position Slide Switch - This switch has the added position for sport mode. The
shifter does not have to be moved out of drive (D) to be in sport mode. This switch
is used on the E36 M3 and the 4HP22/24 EH (Version Late E-7).

• 3 Position Rotary Switch - This switch is used only on the Early 4HP22 EH trans
missions (Version Early E-7).

• No Program Switch - On some vehicles with AGS features, there is no program

switch. Shift modes are obtained by moving the shift lever out of “D” range or auto-
matically by adaptive shift functions. (Example E39)

32
Electronic Transmission Control
3 Position Program Switch E38
Selector Lever
and Program
Switch
(2 Position)

Instrument Cluster (E34)

TCM

Program Switch

33
Electronic Transmission Control
Steptronic Shift Modes

The Steptronic shifting system was introduced to the BMW model line on the 95 E31 850Ci
(from 10/94). Steptronic was subsequently added to other BMW models and is available
on all BMW models with automatic transmissions. Other than a few additional components
in the shifter mechanism, Steptronic equipped vehicles use the same transmission and
TCM as non-Steptronic equipped vehicles.

Since the introduction of Steptronic, there have been several variations in Steptronic func-
tion. Regardless of version, the Steptronic system provides the driver with two modes of
operation:

• To operate the transmission in fully automatic mode as with a non-Steptronic trans-

mission.

• To operate the transmission in the manual shift mode by tilting the shift lever forward
or backward when in the manual gate.

The Steptronic shift lever console contains and automatic and a manual shift gate. The
automatic gate contains the gear lever positions P/R/N/D. When the lever is placed in “D”
all of the shifting takes place based on the shift map programming in the TCM. To enter
the manual gate the shift lever is moved 15 degrees to the left. Depending upon applica-
tion, there are three possible configurations of the manual gate:

• On the E31 850Ci, the gate is marked as “M” only. There is a plus and minus sign
for manual shifting. Upshifts are achieved by momentarily moving the shifter forward.
Downshifts are achieved by moving the shifter rearward. When placing the shifter
into the “M” gate, the transmission will adopt the current gear that is engaged.
The transmission will stay in that gear until an upshift or down shift request is made.

• On all other vehicles until the 2002 model year, the gate is marked M/S. There is
also a plus and minus sign for manual shifting. When placing the shifter into the M/S
gate, the transmission will adopt Sport mode. All shifts will still be automatic. Full
manual mode is achieved when an upshift or downshift request is made. Upshifts
are achieved by moving the shifter forward momentarily and downshifts are achieved
by moving the shifter rearward.

• On all models with Steptronic from 2002, the only change is to the manual shifting
modes. In order to be consistent with SMG operation, the positions were reversed.
Upshifts are now achieved by moving the shifter rearward and downshifts are now
forward. Otherwise, Steptronic operation is identical to the previous models.

34
Electronic Transmission Control
Automatic Functions in Manual Mode
When in manual mode there are certain functions which occur automatically to prevent dri-
vetrain damage and improve driveability:
• Engine Overspeed Prevention: To prevent engine over-rev, the TCM will upshift
automatically just prior to max engine cutoff.
• Kickdown:: If plausible, the TCM will automatically shift down to the next lower when
a kickdown request is received.
• Decelerating: If in 5th gear and coasting to a stop, the TCM will automatically down
shift to 4th gear at approximately 31 mph and then 3rd gear at approximately 19
mph. The automatic downshift allows for an acceptable gear when re-accelerating.
(6 cylinder models will shift to 2nd gear when stopping vehicle)
• Implausible Gear Requests: Certain shift requests are ignored by the TCM. For
example, requesting a downshift at a high rate of speed would be ignored. Any shift
request that would cause the engine to exceed the maximum RPM limit would not
be allowed. Also starting out in a high gear is also not allowed. Only 1st, 2nd or third
gear is allowed when accelerating from a stop.

E31 850Ci
Shifter Console

1995 to 1997 Model Year.

35
Electronic Transmission Control
Steptronic Shifter Circuit
In order to achieve manual shifts with Steptronic, the selector lever is moved 15 degrees to
the left. A pin on the selector lever engages the “up/down” microswitches which are a
ground input to the TCM. The selector lever also triggers the “M” gate microswitch which
is also a ground input to the TCM.

The example on the right shows a typical

shift console for an E31. Note the shift
pattern, upshifts are forward and down-
shifts are rearward. This shift pattern
was used on vehicles up to the end of
2001 production. On vehicles from 2002
production, the shift pattern is reversed.

36
Electronic Transmission Control
Steptronic System Comparison

Detail E31 850Ci All model except All Models from

1995 to 1997 E31 850Ci up to 2002 model year
2001 Model year with Steptronic
with Steptronic.

Shift Console Layout “M” Gate M/S Gate M/S Gate

Selection of Manual Shift to “M” gate Shift to “M/S” gate and Shift to “M/S” gate and
Mode move lever momentarily move lever momentarily
to “+” or to “-”. to “+” or to “-”.

Gear Range 2nd to 5th gear (1st gear 1st to 5th gears 1st to 5th gears
in Manual Mode. only accepted for 2 min-
utes after cold start. If the
throttle is pressed 100% a
2-1 shift will occur
Un-allowable gear 4th and 5th gear after 4th and 5th gear after 4th and 5th gear after
requests. vehicle standstill. vehicle standstill. vehicle standstill.

Downshifts that can Downshifts that can Downshifts that can

cause engine over-rev. cause engine over-rev. cause engine over-rev.

1st gear after engine

warm up.

Upshifts/Downshifts Upshifts - Forward Upshifts - Forward Upshifts - Rear

Downshifts - Rear Downshifts - Rear Downshifts - Forward

Shift Pattern up to 2001 Shift Pattern from 2002

37
Electronic Transmission Control