PRELIMINARY SHIP DESIGN

PARAMETER ESTIMATION
Shi p desig n cal cul ati ons Sele cti on of Mai n pa rame ters
START
Read : owners requirements
s!i" t#"e dwt$TE%& s"eed'
De(ine )imits on L& *& D& T
De(ine sta+i)it# ,onstraints
-irst estimate o( main dimensions
Estimate (ree+oard
.L*T/+ 0 1 s'
Estimate (orm ,oe((i,ients
2 (orm sta+i)it# "arameters
Estimate "ower
Estimate )i3!twei3!t
Estimate sta+i)it# "arameters
Estimate required minimum se,tion modu)us
Estimate !u)) natura) 4i+ration (requen,#
Estimate ,a"a,it# : GRT& NRT
S
/!an3e "arameters
No
D . T1 (ree+oard 1 mar3in
No
No
Estimate sea5ee"in3 qua)ities
Yes Is D 6. T 1 (ree+oard
Yes
Yes
Is. Li3!twei3!t 1 dwt
2 Is /a"a,it# adequate7
Sta+i)it# ,onstraints satis(ied
1.0 T!e ,!oi,e o( "arameters main dimensions and ,oe((i,ients' ,an +e +ased on
eit!er o( t!e (o))owin3 8 s!i" desi3n ,ate3ories 9atson 2 Gi)a(i))on& RINA 0:;;'
A< Deadwei3!t ,arriers w!ere t!e 3o4ernin3 equation is
( ) t lightweigh deadweight s T B L C
B
+ + 0
w!ere
s
: s!e)) ")atin3 and a""enda3e dis")a,ement a""ro= ><? to ><@ A o(
mou)ded dis")a,ement'
and

: densit# o( water . 0<>B? t$m

8
(or sea water '
Here T is t!e ma=imum drau3!t "ermitted wit! minimum (ree+oard< T!is is a)so t!e
desi3n and s,ant)in3 drau3!t
*< /a"a,it# ,arriers w!ere t!e 3o4ernin3 equation is
m
s
u r
BD h
V
s
V V
D B L C V +

0
< < <
w!ere
D . ,a"a,it# de"t! in m
m m
S C D + +
m
C
. mean ,am+er [ ] camber parabolic for C <
8
B

1
]
1

< L < / at /am+er : / w!ere

B
0
camber line straight for
C
m
S
. mean s!eer
( )
1
1
1
]
1

+
shear aft S
shear ford S
shear parabolic for
S S
c
f a f
C
0
BD
C . +)o,5 ,oe((i,ient at mou)ded de"t!
( ) ( ) [ ] T T D C C
B B
8 @ < > 0 + D0E
h
V
. 4o)ume o( s!i" in m
8
+e)ow u""er de,5 and +etween "er"endi,u)ars
r
V . tota) ,ar3o ,a"a,it# required in m
8
u
V
. tota) ,ar3o ,a"a,it# in m
8
a4ai)a+)e a+o4e u""er de,5
m
V
. 4o)ume required (or c m & tan5s& et,< wit!in
h
V
s
S
. A o( mou)ded 4o)ume to +e dedu,ted as 4o)ume o( stru,tura)s in ,ar3o
s"a,e Dnorma))# ta5en as ><>?E
Here T is not t!e main (a,tor t!ou3! it is in4o)4ed as a se,ond order term in
BD
C
/< Linear Dimension S!i"s : T!e dimensions (or su,! a s!i" are (i=ed +#
,onsideration ot!er t!an deadwei3!t and ,a"a,it#<
e<3<
Restri,tions im"osed +# St< Lawren,e seawa#
C<0> m Loa BBB<? m
*e=t B8<0C m
Restri,tions im"osed +# Panama /ana)
* 8B<8 mF T 08 m
Restri,tions im"osed +# Do4er and Ma)a,,a Straits
T B8 m
Restri,tions im"osed +# "orts o( ,a))<
S!i" t#"es e<3< +ar3e ,arriers& ,ontainer s!i"s& et,<' w!ose dimensions are
determined +# t!e unit o( ,ar3o t!e# ,arr#<
Restri,tions ,an a)so +e im"osed +# t!e s!i"+ui)din3 (a,i)ities<
B<> Parameter Estimation
T!e (irst estimates o( "arameters and ,oe((i,ients is done
a' (rom em"iri,a) (ormu)ae a4ai)a+)e in "u+)is!ed )iterature& or
+' (rom ,o))e,tion o( re,ent data and statisti,a) ana)#sis& or
,' +# e=tra"o)atin3 (rom a near)# simi)ar s!i"
T!e se)e,tion o( "arameters a((e,ts s!i"+ui)din3 ,ost ,onsidera+)#< T!e order in
w!i,! s!i"+ui)din3 ,ost 4aries wit! main dimension 3enera))# is as (o))ows:
T!e e((e,t o( 4arious "arameters on t!e s!i" "er(orman,e ,an +e as s!own in t!e
(o))owin3 ta+)e D0E
S"eed
Len3t!
*readt!
De"t!
*)o,5 ,oe((i,ient
Table: Primary Influence of Dimension
Parameter Primary Influence of Dimensions
Len3t!
*eam
De"t!
Dra(t
resistan,e& ,a"ita) ,ost& maneu4era+i)it#& )on3itudina) stren3t!&
!u)) 4o)ume& sea5ee"in3
trans4erse sta+i)it#& resistan,e& maneu4era+i)it#& ,a"ita) ,ost& !u))
4o)ume
!u)) 4o)ume& )on3itudina) stren3t!& trans4erse sta+i)it#& ,a"ita)
,ost& (ree+oard
dis")a,ement& (ree+oard& resistan,e& trans4erse sta+i)it#

2.1 Displacement
A "re)iminar# estimate o( dis")a,ement ,an +e made (rom statisti,a) data ana)#sis&
as a (un,tion o( deadwei3!t ,a"a,it#< T!e statisti,a)

dwt
ratio is 3i4en in t!e
(o))owin3 ta+)e D0E
Table: Typical Deadweight Coefficient Ranges
Vessel Type C
cargo DWT
C
total DWT
Lar3e tan5ers
Produ,t tan5ers
/ontainer s!i"s
RoGRo s!i"s
Lar3e +u)5 ,arriers
Sma)) +u)5 ,arriers
Re(ri3erated ,ar3o s!i"s
-is!in3 traw)ers
><@? H ><@;
><;; H ><@8
><?C H ><C8
><?> H ><?:
><;: H ><@I
><;0 H ><;;
><?> H ><?:
><8; H ><I?
><@C H ><@:
><;@ H ><@?
><;> H ><;@
J
><@0 H ><@@
J
><C> H ><C:
J
w!ere
nt Displaceme
DWT Total or DWT o C
C
ar3

2.2 ength
!. Posdunines (ormu)ae as modi(ied +# Kan Lammeran :
( )
8
0
B
B

1
]
1

T
T
BP
V
V
C ft L
/ . B8<? (or sin3)e s,rew ,ar3o and "assen3er s!i"s w!ere K . 00 to 0C<? 5nots
. BI (or twin s,rew ,ar3o and "assen3er s!i"s w!ere K . 0?<? to 0@<? 5nots
. BC (or (ast "assen3er s!i"s wit! K B> 5nots
". Ko)5ers Statisti,s :
8
& ? < I ? < 8
8
0
8
0
m in disp
m L
s m in V
g
V
C
L

+
,
_

w!ere / . > (or dr# ,ar3o s!i"s and ,ontainer s!i"s

. ><? (or re(ri3erated s!i" and
. 0<? (or waters and traw)er
C. S,!nee5)ut!s -ormu)ae : T!is (ormu)ae is +ased on statisti,s o( o"timiLation
resu)ts a,,ordin3 to e,onomi, ,riteria& or )en3t! (or )owest "rodu,tion ,ost<
C V L
PP

8 < > 8 < >
L"" in metres& is dis")a,ement in tonnes and K is s"eed in 5nots
/ . 8<B& i( t!e +)o,5 ,oe((i,ient !as a""ro=imate 4a)ue o(
/
*
.
n
0I? < >
wit!in t!e ran3e ><I@ H ><@?
It t!e +)o,5 ,oe((i,ient di((ers (rom t!e 4a)ue
n
0I? < >
& t!e ,oe((i,ient / ,an +e
modi(ied as (o))ows
( ) ? < >
0I? < >
? < >
B < 8
+
+

n
C
C
B
T!e 4a)ue o( / ,an +e )ar3er i( one o( t!e (o))owin3 ,onditions e=ists :
a' Drau3!t and $ or +readt! su+Me,t to )imitations
+' No +u)+ous +ow
,' Lar3e ratio o( undade,5 4o)ume to dis")a,ement
De"endin3 on t!e ,onditions / is on)# rare)# outside t!e ran3e B<? to B<@<
Statisti,s (rom s!i"s +ui)t in re,ent #ears s!ow a tenden,# towards sma))er 4a)ue
o( / t!an +e(ore<
T!e (ormu)ae is 4a)id (or 0>>> tonnes& and
n

+etween ><0C to ><8B

2.# "readth
Re,ent trends are:
L$* . I<> (or sma)) ,ra(t wit! L 8> m su,! as traw)ers et,<
. C<? (or L 08><> m
. I<> 1 ><>B? L G 8>' (or 8> m L 08> m
* . L$: 1 I<? to C<? m (or tan5ers
. L$: 1 C<> m (or +u)5ers
. L$: 1 C<? to ;<> m (or 3enera) ,ar3o s!i"s
. L$: 1 0B to 0? m (or KL//<
or * . L$? H 0Im (or KL//
* . m
Dwt
B@B@ < >
0>>>
;@ < 0>
1
]
1

2.$ Depth
-or norma) sin3)e !u)) 4esse)s
? < B $ ?? < 0 D B
D B$ . 0<C? (or (is!in3 4esse)s and ,a"a,it# t#"e 4esse)s Sta+i)it# )imited'
. 0<:> (or dwt ,arries )i5e ,osters& tan5ers& +u)5 ,arriers et,< su,! 4esse)s
!a4e adequate sta+i)it# and t!eir de"t! is determined (rom t!e !u))
de()e,tion "oint o( 4iew< 8'
D .
? < 0
8 B
m (or +u)5 ,arriers ?'
Re,ent s!i"s indi,ate t!e (o))owin3 4a)ues o( D B$
D B$ . 0<:0 (or )ar3e tan5ers
. B<0 (or Great La5es ore ,arriers
. B<? (or %L//
. 0<@@ (or +u)5 ,arriers and
. 0<;> (or ,ontainer s!i"s and ree(er s!i"s
2.% Draught
-or ,on4entiona) mono!u)) 4esse)s& 3enera))#
;? < 8 $ B? < B T B
Howe4er& T B$ ,an 3o u"to ? in !ea4i)# drau3!t )imited 4esse)s<

-or ensurin3 "ro"er ()ow onto t!e "ro"e))er
[ ]
B
C
T
B
? < ; CB? < :
Drau3!t H de"t! ratio is )ar3e)# a (un,tion o( (ree+oard :
D T $ . ><@ (or t#"e A (ree+oard tan5ers'
D T $ N ><@ (or dou+)e !u)) tan5ers'
. ><; (or t#"e * (ree+oard
. ><; to ><@ (or * H C> (ree+oard
T . m
dwt
B:> < >
0>>>
?8C < I
1
]
1

T . ><CC D 1 ><: m (or +u)5 ,arriers

2.& Depth ' ength Relationship
Deadwei3!t ,arriers !a4e a !i3! D B$ ratio as t!ese s!i"s !a4e adequate sta+i)it#
and t!ere(ore& +eam is inde"endents o( de"t!< In su,! ,ase& de"t! is 3o4erned +#
D L$ ratio w!i,! is a si3ni(i,ant term in determinin3 t!e )on3itudina) stren3t!<
D L$ determines t!e !u)) de()e,tion +e,ause +<m< im"osed +# wa4es and ,ar3o
distri+ution<
D L$ .0> to 0I wit! tan5ers !a4in3 a !i3!er 4a)ue +e,ause o( (a4oura+)e
stru,tura) arran3ement<
8<> (orm Coefficients
! P B
C C C <
and
WP VP B
C C C <
w!ere /
"
: Lon3itudina) "rismati, ,oe((i,ient
and /
KP
: Kerti,a) "rismati, ,oe((i,ient
L "
C
!
P
<

T "
C
WP
VP
<

#.1 "loc) Coefficients

( ) [ ]
n B
C +

B8 < > B? tan ; < >
0
@
0
w!ere
gL
V

n

: -roude Num+er
!. A#res (ormu)ae
/
*
. / H 0<C@ -
n
w!ere / . 0<>@ (or sin3)e s,rew s!i"s
. 0<>: (or twin s,rew s!i"s
/urrent)#& t!is (ormu)ae is (requent)# used wit! / . 0<>C
It ,an +e rewritten usin3 re,ent data as
/* . 0<0@ H ><C:
L
V
(or ><?

L
V
0<> &
K: S"eed in Onots and
L: Len3t! in (eet
/
*
.
1
]
1

+
BC
B> 0I < >
B
L
n

or
/
*
.
1
]
1

+
BC
B> 0I < >
8
B
B
L
n

T!e a+o4e (ormu)ae are 4a)id (or ><I@ /

*
><@?& and ><0I -
n
><8B

Pa"anese statisti,a) stud# D0E 3i4es /
*
(or
8B < > 0? < >
n

as
8
C < IC 0 < 8: @ < B; BB < I
n n n B
C + +
#.2 *idship !rea Coefficient
/
*
. ><?? ><C> ><C? ><;>
/
M
. ><:C ><:;C ><:@> ><:@;
Re,ommended 4a)ues o( / ,an +e 3i4en as
/
M
. ><:;; 1 ><>@? /
*
H ><C>'
. 0<>>C H ><>>?C
?C < 8
B
C
.
( ) [ ]
0
? < 8
0 0

+
B
C
D0E
Estimation o( *i)3e Radius and Mids!i" area /oe((i,ient
i' Mids!i" Se,tion wit! ,ir,u)ar +i)3e and no rise o( ()oor
( )

I
< < 0 B
B
T B C
#
!
.B<88 0 H /
M
' *<T<
ii' Mids!i" Se,tion wit! rise o( ()oor r' and no ()at o( 5ee)
( )
@?@I < >
< 0 B
B
r B C BT
#
!

iii' S,!nee5)ut!s re,ommendation (or *i)3e Radius R'

( )
B
I
B B
L
$
C
BC
#
+

/
5
: Karies +etween ><? and ><C and in e=treme ,ases +etween ><I and ><;
-or rise at ()oor r' t!e a+o4e /
*
,an +e modi(ied as
( )
B
r
B
B
T
T C
C

i4' I( t!ere is ()at o( 5ee) widt! O and a rise o( ()oor - at
B
B
t!en&
( ) ( ) [ ] { } BT r r C
% B % B
!
$ IB:B < > $ 0
B
B B
B
B B
+
-rom "rodu,i+i)it# ,onsiderations& man# times t!e +i)3e radius is ta5en equa) to
or s)i3!t)# )ess t!an t!e dou+)e +ottom !ei3!t<
8<8 +ater Plane !rea Cofficient
Table 11.V
Equation A"")i,a+i)it#$Sour,e
/
9P
. ><0@> 1 ><@C> /
P
Series C>
/
9P
. ><III 1 ><?B> /
P
Eames& sma)) transom stern wars!i"s B'
/
9P
. /
*
$><I;0 1 ><??0 /
*
' tan5ers and +u)5 ,arriers 0;'
/
9P
. ><0;?1 ><@;? /
P
sin3)e s,rew& ,ruiser stern
/
9P
. ><BCB 1 ><;C> /
P
twin s,rew& ,ruiser stern
/
9P
. ><BCB 1 ><@0> /
P
twin s,rew& transom stern
/
9P
. /
P
B$8
s,!nee5)ut! 0 0;'
/
9P
. 01B /
*
$/
m

Q
'$8 S,!nee5u)t! B 0;'
/
9P
. ><:? /
P
1 ><0; 0G /
P
'
0$8
%G(orms !u))s
/
9P
. 01B /
*
'$8 A4era3e !u))s& Ridd)eswort! B'
/
9P
. /
*

Q
G ><>B? KG(orm !u))s
$.0 Intial Estimate of ,ta-ility
$.1 .ertical Centre of "uoyancy/ 0" D0E
( ) 8 $ ? < B
VP
C
T
%B
:Mooris! $ Normand re,ommend (or !u))s wit! : < >
!
C
( )
0
0

+
VP
C
T
%B
:Posdumine and La,5en+# re,ommended (or !u))s wit! ><:N/
M
Re3ression (ormu)ations are as (o))ows :
T
%B
. ><:> H ><8C /
M
T
%B
. ><:> H ><8> /
M
H ><0> /
*
'
T
%B
. ><;@ H ><B@? /
KP

I<B *etacenteic Radius 1 "*
T
and "*

Moment o( Inertia ,oe((i,ient /

I
and /
IL
are de(ined as
/
I
.
8
LB
I
T
/
TL
.
8
LB
I
L
T!e (ormu)a (or initia) estimation o( /
I
and /
IL
are 3i4en +e)ow
Table 11.VI Equations (or Estimatin3 9ater")ane Inertia /oe((i,ients
&'uations "pplicability ( Source
/
0
. ><0B0C /
9P
H ><>I0> D Ar,an3e)o trans4erse
/
IL
. ><8?> /
9P
B
H ><I>? /
9P
1 ><0IC D Ar,an3e)o )on3itudina)
/
I
. ><>;B; /
9P
B
1 ><>0>C /
9P
H ><>>8 Eames& sma)) transom stern B'
/
0
. ><>I 8/
9P
H 0' Murra#& (or tra"eLium redu,ed IA 0;'
/
I
. ><>:C 1 ><@: /
9P
B
' $ 0B Normand 0;'
/
I
. ><>8;B B /
9P

1 0'
8
' $ 0B *auer 0;'
/
I
. 0<>I /
9P
B
' $ 0B M,/)o3!rie 1 IA 0;'
/
I
. ><08 /
9P
1 ><@; /
9P
B
' $ 0B DudsLus and Dan,5wardt 0;'

T
T !
I
B

L
L !
%
B
$.# Trans2erse ,ta-ility
OG $ D. ><C8 to ><;> (or norma) ,ar3o s!i"s
. ><@8 (or "assen3er s!i"s
. ><:> (or traw)ers and tu3s
OM
T
. O* 1 *M
T

GM
T
. OM
T
H OG
/orre,tion (or (ree sur(a,e must +e a"")ied o4er t!is< T!en &
GM
T
. GM
T
H ><>8 OG assumed'<
T!is GM
T
s!ou)d satis(# IMO requirements<
I<8 ongitudinal ,ta-ility
B
L I
B
L I
L
L L
C T
L C
C LBT
B L C
I
B! )!
<
B 8

0>> < < 0>>
< < <
0>>
0
B B
B L C
L C T
L C C T B L
L
)!
cm !CT
L I
B
L I B
BP
L

$.% ongitudinal Centre of "uoyancy 0'

T!e )on3itudina) ,entre o( +uo#an,# L/* a((e,ts t!e resistan,e and trim o( t!e
4esse)< Initia) estimates are needed as in"ut to some resistan,e estimatin3
a)3orit!ms< Li5e wise& initia) ,!e,5s o( 4esse) trim require a sound L/* estimate<
In 3enera)& L/* wi)) mo4e a(t wit! s!i" desi3n s"eed and -roude num+er< At )ow
-roude num+er& t!e +ow ,an +e (air)# +)unt wit! ,#)indri,a) or e))i"ti,a) +ows
uti)iLed on s)ow 4esse)s< On t!ese 4esse)s it is ne,essar# to (air t!e stern to
a,!ie4e e((e,ti4e ()ow into t!e "ro"e))er& so t!e run is more ta"ered !oriLonta))#
or 4erti,a))# in a +utto,5 ()ow stern' t!an t!e +ow resu)tin3 in an L/* w!i,! is
(orward o( amids!i"s< As t!e 4esse) +e,omes (aster (or its )en3t!& t!e +ow must +e
(aired to a,!ie4e a,,e"ta+)e wa4e resistan,e& resu)tin3 in a mo4ement o( t!e L/*
a(t t!rou3! amids!i"s< At e4en !i3!er s"eeds t!e +ow must +e (aired e4en more
resu)tin3 in an L/* a(t o( amids!i"s<
3ar2ald
@ < > > < I? ;> < : t n LCB

,chnee)luth and "estram
n LCB : < 8@ @> < @
P
C LCB I < 0: ? < 08 +
Here L/* is estimated as "er,enta3e o( )en3t!& "ositi4e (orward o( amids!i"s<
%.0 ightship +eight Estimation
a' Li3!ts!i" wei3!t .
CI < >
0>>>
00B@
1
]
1

dwt
I'
+' Li3!ts!i" . Stee) 9ei3!t 1 Out(i) wei3!t 1 Ma,!iner# 9ei3!t 1
Mar3in<
%.1 ,teel +eight
T!e estimated stee) wei3!t is norma))# t!e Net stee)< To t!is S,ra" stee) wei3!t
0> to 0@ A' is added to 3et 3ross stee) wei3!t<
S!i" t#"e /ar3o /ar3o ,um
Passen3er
Passen3er /ross /!anne
Pass< (err#
( )
weight
Steel

0>> B> B@ 8> 8?

-or tan5ers& 0@
0>>

weight Steel
%.1.1 ,teel weight Estimation ' +atson and 4ilfillan
-rom re(< 8'&
Hu)) Numera) E .
B B 0 0
;? < > @? < > ' @? < > ' h l h l L T D T B L

+ + + +
in
metri, units w!ere
0 0
h and l : )en3t! and !ei3!t o( (u)) widt! ere,tions
B B
h and l : )en3t! and !ei3!t o( !ouses<
( ) [ ] ;> < > ? < > 0
0 ;
+
B s s
C W W
w!ere
s
W
: Stee) wei3!t o( a,tua) s!i" wit! +)o,5
0 B
C at ><@D
; s
W
: Stee) wei3!t o( a s!i" wit! +)o,5 ><;>

( )

,
_

+
T
T D
C C C
B B B
8
@ < >
0
0
9!ere
B
C : A,tua) +)o,5 at T<
8C < 0
;
< & % W
s

S!i" t#"e Ka)ue o( O -or E
Tan5er ><>B: H ><>8? 0&?>> N E N I>& >>>
/!emi,a) Tan5er ><>8C H ><>8; 0&:>> N E N B& ?>>
*u)5er ><>B: H ><>8B 8&>>> N E N 0?& >>>
O"en t#"e +u)5 and
/ontainer s!i"
><>88 H ><>I> C&>>> N E N 08& >>>
/ar3o ><>B: H ><>8; B&>>> N E N ;& >>>
Re(ri3 ><>8B H ><>8? E ?&>>>
/oasters ><>B; H ><>8B 0&>>> N E N B& >>>
O((s!ore Su"")# ><>I0 H ><>?0 @>> N E N 0& 8>>
Tu3s ><>II 8?>& E N I?>
Traw)er ><>I0 H ><>IB B?>& E N 0& 8>>
Resear,! Kesse) ><>I? H ><>IC 0& 8?> N E N 0& ?>>
-erries ><>BI H ><>8; B&>>> N E N ?& >>>
Passen3er ><>8; H ><>8@ ?& >>> N E N 0?& >>>
%.1.2 (rom "asic ,hip
Steee) wei3!t (rom +asi, s!i" ,an +e estimated assumin3 an# o( t!e
(o))owin3 re)ations :
i'
L W
s
wei3!t "er (oot amids!i"s
ii'
< < < D B L W
s

iii'
' < D B L W
s
+
To t!is stee) wei3!t& a)) maMor a)terations are added $ su+stra,ted<
,chnee)luth *ethod for ,teel +eight of Dry Cargo ,hip
u

. 4o)ume +e)ow to"most ,ontainer de,5 m

8
'
D
. !u)) 4o)ume u"to main de,5 m
8
'
s

. Ko)ume in,rease t!rou3! s!eer m

8
'
b

. Ko)ume in,rease t!rou3! ,am+er m

8
'
u *
s s &
. !ei3!t o(
s
!ear at P and "P
s
L
. )en3t! o4er w!i,! s!eer e=tends
pp s
L L
'
n . num+er o( de,5s
L
. Ko)ume o( !at,!wa#s
L L L
h and b F are )en3t!& +readt! and !ei3!t o( !at,!wa#
u

.
( )


L
b s D
L L L u s BD
h b l C b B L C s s B L C D B L

+ + + +
8 B
/
*D
. ( )
B B
C
T
T D
C C

+ 0
I
9!ere /
I
. ><B? (or s!i" (orms wit! )itt)e ()ame ()are
. ><I (or s!i" (orms wit! mar5ed ()ame ()are
/
B
.
( )
b
C
BD
8
B
F /
8
. ><; /
*D
9
st
( ) t
.
u

/
0

( ) [ ] ( ) [ ]
I
>C < > 0 0B >88 < > 0
D
D
L
n + +
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] @? < > B < > 0 @? < 0 >? < > 0 + +
D
T
D
B
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] :@ < > ;? < > 0 0 :B < >
B
+ +
! BD BD
C C C
Restri,tion im"osed on t!e (ormu)a :
: <
D
L
& and
/
0
t!e 4o)umetri, wei3!t (a,tor and de"endent on s!i" t#"e and measured in
8
m
t

/
0
. ( ) [ ]
C B
0> 00> 0; 0 0>8 < >

+ L
8
m
t
(or
m L m 0@> @>
(or norma) s!i"s
/
0
. ><008 to ><0B0
8
m
t
(or
m L m 0?> @>
o( "assen3er s!i"s
/
0
. ><0>B to ><00C
8
m
t
(or
m L m 0?> 0>>
o( re(ri3erated s!i"s
%.1.# ,chnee)luth5s *ethod for ,teel +eight of container ,hips
( ) [ ]
8 B
0> 0B> >>B < > 0 >:8 < >

+ L W
u st
( )
B
0
0I
8>
0B >?; < > 0
1
]
1

+
1
]
1

,
_

+
D D
L
( ) [ ]
B
B
0 :B < > @? < > >B < > 0 0 < B >0 < > 0
BD
C
D
T
D
B
+
1
]
1

,
_

+
1
1
]
1

,
_

+
De"endin3 on t!e stee) ,onstru,tion t!e to)eran,e widt! o( t!e resu)t wi)) +e
somew!at 3reater t!an t!at o( norma) ,ar3o s!i"s< T!e (a,tor ><>:8 ma# 4ar# +etween
><>: and > t!e under de,5 4o)ume ,ontains t!e 4o)ume o( a s!ort (ore,ast)e (or t!e
4o)ume o( !at,!wa#s
T!e ratio
D
L
s!ou)d not +e )ess t!an 0>
-art!er /orre,tions :
a' w!ere norma) stee) is used t!e (o))owin3 s!ou)d +e added :
( ) ( )
1
]
1

,
_

+ 0B 0 < > 0 0> ? < 8 A

D
L
L W
t s

T!is ,orre,tion is 4a)id (or s!i"s +etween 0>> m and 0@> m )en3t!
+' No ,orre,tion (or win3 tan5 is needed
,' T!e (ormu)ae ,an +e a"")ied to ,ontainer s!i"s wit! tra"iLoida) mids!i" se,tions<
T!ese are around ?A )i3!ter
d' -urt!er ,orre,tions ,an +e added (or i,eGstren3t!enin3& di((erent dou+)e +ottom
!ei3!t& !i3!er )at,!wa#s& !i3!er s"eeds<
Container Cell 4uides
/ontainer ,e)) 3uides are norma))# in,)uded in t!e stee) wei3!t< 9ei3!t o( ,ontainer
,e)) 3uides<

S!i" t#"e Len3t!
(t'
-i=ed Detachable
Kesse) B> ><; t $ TE% 0 t $ TE%
Kesse) I> ><I? t $ TE% ><; t $ TE%
Inte3rated B> ><;? t $ TE% G
Inte3rated I> ><I@ t $ TE% G
9!ere ,ontainers are stowed in t!ree sta,5s& t!e )as!in3s wei3! :
(or B> (t ,ontainers ><>BI t $ TE%
I> (t ,ontainers ><>80 t $ TE%
mi=ed stowa3e ><>I8 t $ TE%
?<0<I ,teel +eight Estimations 1 other formulations
(or containce ,hips 1
8;I < > ;0B < > ;?: < 0
< < >>; < > D B L W
pp st

DO< R< /!a"manE

st
W
stee) wei3!t in tonns
D B L
pp
& &
are in metres<
st
W
.
( )
1
1
]
1

+
,
_

,
_

+ :8: < > 8 < @ >>?@? < >

B
C;? < > >>> & 0>> 8I>
@ < 0
: < >
D
L C
LBD
B
DD< Mi))erE

st
W
tonnes
D B L & &
metres
(or Dry Cargo 2essels
;
0> ;8 < ?
>@8B < >

+
st
e + W
w!ere
8
B
0B
B
pp
C
B L
+
Dwe!5am" $ 5er)enE
1
1
]
1

+
,
_

0 >>B < >

C
B
;B < >
8
B
D
L
D
LB
C W
B st
D /,m#ettes (ormu)a
as re"resented +#
watson 2 Gi)(i))an E

st
W
tonnes
D B L & &
metres
(or tan)ers 1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
D
L
B
L
W
T L st
; < B@ >C < > >>I < > >>: < 0
DNK H 0:;B
w!ere
;@ < >
0>>
0@: < >
:; < > >>I < > >?I < >

,
_

,
_

D
L
B
L
L

,
_

+
0>>>>>
>>B8? < > >B: < >
T

(or N C>>>>> t
8 < >
0>>>>>
>B?B < >
,
_

T
(or 6 C>>>>> t
Ran3e o( Ka)idit# :
0I 0>
D
L
; ?
B
L
m L m I@> 0?>
(or "ul) Carriers
( )
@ < >
I < > ? < >
B
0C:; < >
?C < 0
+

,
_

+
B
st
C T
D
B
L W
DP< M< Hurre#E

,
_

+
,
_

+
,
_

0@>>
B>>
0 >B? < > ;8 < > >8? < > B0? < 0 B;I < I
CB < >
L
B
L
B
L
L , W
st

,
_

,
_

D
L
D
L
>0C8 < > 0IC < 0 >; < > IB < B
DDNK 0:;BE
!ere R is t!e se,tion modu)us o( mids!i" se,tion area
T!e )imits o( 4a)idit# (or DNK (ormu)ae (or +u)5ers are same as tan5ers e=,e"t
t!at is& 4a)id (or a )en3t! u"to 8@> m
%.2 *achinery +eight
?<B<0 *urirosmith
9
m
. *HP$0> 1 B>> tons diese)
. SHP$0; 1 B@> tons tur+ine
. SHP$ 8> 1 B>> tons tur+ine ,ross ,!anne)'
T!is in,)udes a)) wei3!ts o( au=i)iaries wit!in de(inition o( m$, wei3!t as "art o(
)i3!t wei3!t< /orre,tions ma# +e made as (o))ows:
-or m$, a(t dedu,t ?A
-or twinGs,rew s!i"s add 0>A and
-or s!i"s wit! )ar3e e)e,tri,a) )oad add ? to 0BA
?<B<B +atson and 4ilfillan
9
m
diese)'
< E $ D 0B
@I < >
wt "u+iliary #P!i !C#i
i
+

9
m
diese)Ge)e,tri,' . ><;B M /R'
><;@
9
m
3as tur+ine' . ><>>0 M/R'
Au=i)iar# wei3!t . ><C: M/R'
><;
(or +u)5 and 3enera) ,ar3o 4esse)
. ><;B M/R'
><;
(or tan5ers
. ><@8 M/R'
><;
(or "assen3er s!i"s and (erries
. ><0: (or (ri3ates and /on4etters
M/R is in 5w and RPM o( t!e en3ine
?<8 +ood and 6utfit +ight 7+
o
8
%.#.1 +atson and 4ilfilla
9 and G RINA 0:;;': (i3ure ta5en (rom D0E'
%.#.2. "asic ,hip
9
o
,an +e estimated (rom +asi, s!i" usin3 an# o( t!e "ro"ortiona)ities 3i4en
+e)ow:
%.#.#. ,chnee)luth
6ut (it +eight Estimation

/ar3o s!i"s at e4er# t#"e
N
o
. O< L< *<& 9
o

& tonnes
L& *

meters
9!ere t!e 4a)ue o( O is as (o))ows
Type 0
a' /ar3o s!i"s ><I>G><I? t$m
B
+' /ontainer s!i"s ><8IG><8@ t$m
B
,' *u)5 ,arriers wit!out ,ranes
9it! )en3t! around 0I> m ><BBG><B? t$m
B
9it! )en3t! around B?> m ><0;G><0@ t$m
B
d' /rude oi) tan5ers:
9it! )en3t!s around 0?> m ><B? t$m
B
9it! )en3t!s around 8>> m ><0; t$m
B
Passen3er s!i"s H /a+in s!i"s

% W
>
w!ere

tota) 4o)ume 0n m
8
8 8
>8: < > >8C < > m t m t %
Passen3er s!i"s wit! )ar3e ,ar trans"ortin3 se,tions and "assen3er s!i"s ,arr#in3
de,5 "assen3ers

% W
>
& w!ere O . ><>I t$m
B
H ><>? t$m
B
B L W
o

or
0
B
0
B >
>B
B B
B
L
L L W
W +
9!ere su((i= B is (or new s!i" and 0 is (or +asi, s!i"<
-rom t!is& a)) maMor a)terations are added or su+stra,ted<
%.$ *argin on ight +eight Estimation
S!i" t#"e Mar3in on 9t Mar3in on K/G
/ar3o s!i"s 0<? to B<?A ><? to S A
Passen3er s!i"s B to 8<?A S to 0 A
Na4a) S!i"s 8<? to ;A
%.% Dis")a,ement A))owan,e due to A""enda3es
( )
PP

i' E=tra dis")a,ement due to s!e)) ")atin3 . mo)ded dis")a,ement = 0<>>? do

0<>>@' w!ere 0<>>? is (or %L//S and 0<>>@ (or sma)) ,ra(t<
ii' w!ere / . ><; (or (ine and 0<I (or (u)) +ossin3s
d: Pro"e))er diameter<
iii' Rudder Dis")a,ement . ><08 = area'
:$B
tonnes
i4' Pro"e))er Dis")a,ement . ><>0 = d
8
tonnes
< app e+t e+t
+
%.& Dead weight Estimation
At initia) sta3e deadwei3!t is su"")ied< Howe4er&
P# & C W L- D- .- o C
W W W W W W W Dwt + + + + + +
2 ar3
9!ere 9
/ar3o
: /ar3o wei3!t required to +e ,arried' w!i,! ,an +e ,a),u)ated (rom
,ar3o !o)d ,a"a,it#
9
H-O
. S-/ = M/R =
in m
speed
range
ar3

9!ere
S-/ : s"e,i(i, (ue) ,onsum"tion w!i,! ,an +e ta5en as 0:>3m$5w !r (or DE and
B0?3m$5w !r (or CT T!is in,)udes 0>A e=,ess (or s!i" +oard a""ro= '
Ran3e: distan,e to +e ,o4ered +etween two +un5eri# "ort mar3in : ? to 0>A
9
DO
: 9ei3!t o( marine diese) oi) (or DG Sets w!i,! is ,a),u)ated simi)ar to
a+o4e +ased on a,tua) "ower at sea and "orts'
9
LO
: wei3!t o( )u+ri,ation oi)
9
LO
. B> t (or medium s"eed DE
.0? t (or s)ow s"eed DE
9
-9
: wei3!t o( (res! water
9
-9
. ><0; t$"erson = da#'
9
/2E
: wei3!t o( ,rew o( (res! water
9
/2E
: ><0;t $ "erson
9
PR
: wei3!t o( "ro4isions and stores
9
PR
. ><>0t $ "erson = da#'
%.9 Therefore weight e:uation to -e satisfied is
e+t

. Li3!t s!i" wei3!t 1 Dead wei3!t

w!ere
)i3!t s!i" wei3!t . stee) wei3!t 1 wood and out (it wei3!t 1 ma,!iner# wei3!t 1
mar3in<
C<> Estimation of Centre of *ass 0'
T!e K/G o( t!e +asi, !u)) ,an +e estimated usin3 an equation as (o))ows:
K/G
!u))
. ><>0D D IC<C 1 ><08? ><@0 H /
*
' L$D '
B
E
1 ><>>@D L$* H C<? '& L 0B> m

. ><>0D D IC<C 1 ><08? ><@0 H /
*
' L$D '
B
E&
0B> m N L
This may -e modified for superstructure ; dec) housing
T!e )on3itudina) "osition o( t!e +asi, !u)) wei3!t wi)) t#"i,a))# +e s)i3!t)# a(t o(
t!e L/* "osition< 9aston 3i4es t!e su33estion:
L/G
!u))
. G ><0? 1 L/*
9!ere +ot! L/G and L/* are in "er,ent s!i" )en3t! "ositi4e (orward o(
amids!i"s< T!e 4erti,a) ,enter o( t!e ma,!iner# wei3!t wi)) de"end u"on t!e
inner +ottom !ei3!t !
+d
and t!e !ei3!t o( t!e en3ine room (rom !ee)& D< 9it!
t!ese 5nown& t!e K/G o( t!e ma,!iner# wei3!t ,an +e estimated as:
K/G
M
. !
d+
1 ><8? DG!
d+
'
9!i,! ")a,es t!e ma,!iner# K/G at 8?A o( t!e !ei3!t wit!in t!e en3ine room
s"a,e< In order to estimate t!e !ei3!t o( t!e inner +ottom& minimum 4a)ues (rom
,)assi(i,ation and /ost Guard requirements ,an +e ,onsu)ted 3i4in3 (or e=am")e:
!
d+

8B* 1 0:> T mm' A*S'

or
!
d+

I?<; 1 ><I0; L ,m' %s /oast Guard

T!e inner +ottom !ei3!t mi3!t +e made 3reater t!an indi,ated +# t!ese minimum
requirements in order to "ro4ide 3reater dou+)e +ottom tan5 ,a"a,it#& meet dou+)e
!u)) requirements& or to a))ow easier stru,tura) ins"e,tion and tan5 maintenan,e<
T!e 4erti,a) ,enter o( t!e out(it wei3!t is t#"i,a))# a+o4e t!e main de,5 and ,an
+e estimated usin3 an equation as (o))ows:
K/G
o
. D 1 0<B?& L 0B? m
. D 1 0<B? 1 ><>0LG0B?'& 0B? N L B?> m
. D 1 B<?>&
T!e )on3itudina) ,enter o( t!e out(it wei3!t de"ends u"on t!e )o,ation o( t!e
ma,!iner# and t!e de,5!ouse sin,e si3ni(i,ant "ortions o( t!e out(it are in t!ose
)o,ations< T!e remainder o( t!e out(it wei3!t is distri+uted a)on3 t!e entire !u))<
L/G
o
. B?A 9
o
at L/G
M
& 8;<?A at L/G d!& and 8;<?A at amid s!i"s'
T!e s"e,i(i, (ra,tions ,an +e ada"ted +ased u"on data (or simi)ar s!i"s< T!is
a""roa,! ,a"tures t!e in()uen,e o( t!e ma,!iner# and de,5!ouse )o,ations on t!e
asso,iated out(it wei3!t at t!e ear)iest sta3es o( t!e desi3n<
T!e ,enters o( t!e deadwei3!t items ,an +e estimated +ased u"on t!e "re)iminar#
in+oard "ro(i)e arran3ement and t!e intent o( t!e desi3ner<
9.0 Estimation of Capacity
Grain /a"a,it# . Mou)ded /o)< 1 e=tra 4o)< due to !at,! m
8
' ,oamin3s&ed,a"e
!at,!ed et, H 4o)< o( stru,tura)s<
Tan5 ,a"a,it# . Ma=< no< o( ,ontainers +e)ow de,5 TE%' and a+o4e d5<
Stru,tura)s (or !o)ds :
B
0
0 to BA o( mid 4o)<
Stru,tura)s (or -< O< tan5s : of to A
I
0
B
I
0
B mid< Ko)<wit!out !eatin3 ,oi)s':
of to A
I
:
B
B
0
B mid 4o)< wit! !eatin3 ,oi)s':0A (or
,ar3o oi) tan5s
Stru,tura)s (or *9$-9 tan5s:
B
0
B
I
0
B to (or d<+< tan5s nonG,ementedF
A
I
8
B
B
0
B to (or d<+< tan5s ,ementedF
0 to 0<? A (or dee" tan5s (or -O$*9$P9<
*a)e ,a"a,it# ><:> = Grain /a"a,it#<
Grain ,a"a,it# ,an +e estimated +# usin3 an# one o( 8 met!ods 3i4en +e)ow as
"er re(< MSD +# MunroGSmit!:
0< Grain ,a"a,it# (or underde,5 s"a,e (or ,ar3o s!i"s in,)udin3 ma,!iner#
s"a,e& tunne)& +un5ers et,<:
/a"a,it# . /
0
1 /
B
1 /
8

9!ere
/
0
: Grain ,a"a,ita# o( s"a,e +etween 5ee) and )ine "ara))e) to L
9L
drawn at
t!e )owest "oint o( de,5 at side<
/
0
. L
*P
= *
m)
= D
m)d
= /
/ : ,a"a,it# ,oe((i,ient as 3i4en +e)ow
/
*
at ><@?D ><;8 ><;I ><;? ><;C ><;; ><;@
/ ><;IB ><;?0 ><;C> ><;C: ><;;@ ><;@;
/
*
at ><@?D ,an +e ,a),u)ated (or t!e desi3n s!i" (rom t!e re)ations!i"
T dT
dc
u
< 0>
0

T!e /<G< o( /
0
,an +e ta5en as ><?0? = D a+o4e tan5 to"<
/
B
: Ko)ume +etween 9L at )owest "oint o( s!eer and s!eer )ine at side<
/
B
: ><B8C T S T * T L
*P
$B wit! ,entroid at ><B?:S a+o4e 9L at )owest "oint
o( s!eer
9!ere S . s!eer (orward 1 s!eer a(t<
/
8
. ><?I@ = ,am+er at mids!i" = * = L
*P
$ B wit! ,entriod at ><B8C? 1 ><8@0 =
,am+er at a+o4e 9L at )owest "oint o( s!eer< *ot! (orward and a(t ,a),u)ations
are done se"arate)# and added< /
B
and /
8
are ,a),u)ated on t!e assum"tion t!at
de,5 )ine& ,am+er )ine and s!eer )ine are "ara+o)i,<
II< /a"a,it# De"t! D
/
D
/
. D
m)d
1 Q ,am+er 1 0$C S
A
1 S
-
' H de"t! o( d<+< 1 tan5 to" ,ei)in3'
Grain ,a"a,it# +e)ow u""er de,5 and a+o4e tan5 to" in,)udin3 non ,ar3o s"a,es
is 3i4en as:
L*D
/
</
*
$0>>(t
8
' B>>> 8>>> I>>> ?>>> C>>> ;>>> @>>>
Grain /a"< (t
8
' B>>> 8>>> I>>> ?>?> C0>> ;0?> @B>>
III< -rom +asi, s!i":
/
0
: %nder d5 sa"a,it# o( +asi, s!i"
. Grain ,a"< o( ,ar3o s"a,es 1 under d5 nonG,ar3o s"a,es H !at,!wa#s<
/
B
: %nder de,5 ,a"a,it# o( new s!i"<
/
B.
B B B B
0 0 0
0
B c
BL
C D B L
C D B L
C

9!ere /
*
is ta5en at ><@? D
I( D
H
: De"t! o( !o)d amids!i"s and /
:
: ,intoroid o( t!is ,a"a,it# a+o4e tan5 to"
t!en& (or
/
*
. ><;C at ><@? D&
0$CS
-
1 S
A
'$D
H
><>C ><>@ ><0> ><0B
/
:
$D
H
><??C ><?C? ><?;8 ><?@8
-or an in,rease o( de,rease o( /
*
+# ><>B&
/
:
$D
H
is de,reased or in,reased +# ><>>B<
-rom t!e ,a"a,it# t!us o+tained& non ,ar3o s"a,es are dedu,ted and e=tra s"a,es
as !at,!wa#s et,< are added 3o 3et t!e tota) 3rain ,a"a,it#<
<.0 Power Estimation
-or qui,5 estimation o( "ower:
a'
[ ]
? < >
8
>
0>>> $ ?@08 < > DWT
V
S.P

+' Admira)it# ,oe((i,ient is same (or simi)ar s!i"s in siLe& (orm&

n

'<
B.P
V
"
C
: 8 $ B

9!ere
Coefficent "dmirality "
C

tons in nt Displaceme
%nots in Speed V
,' In RINA& 4o) 0>B& Moor and Sma)) Ha4e "ro"osed
L /
C %
L
V .
S.P
B

,
_

0?>>
0B ' 0 I>>
B>>
I>
B 8 8 $ 0
9!ere
#P! /:
on constructi welded for factor correction .ull . : < > :
< & & :
U :
tons in $nots in V ft in L
formula s "le+ander from beobtained To %

d' -rom +asi, s!i": I( +asi, s!i" EHP is 5nown< EHP (or a new s!i" wit!
simi)ar !u)) (orm and -r< No<G ,an +e (ound out as (o))ows:
i' *readt! and Drau3!t ,orre,tion ,an +e a"")ied usin3 Mum(ord indi,es moor
and sma))& RINA& 4o)< 0>B'
8 $ B 8 $ B

,
_

,
_

0
b
n
1
b
n
T
T
B
B
basic new
9!ere = . ><: and # is 3i4en as a (un,tion o(
L V $
as
L
V

><?> ><?? ><C> ><C? ><;> ><;? ><@>

><?I ><?? ><?; ><?@ ><C> ><CB ><CI

9!ere
$nots V tons andwhere
V
&.P
: & :
0 < IB; 8 8 $ B

ii' Len3t! ,orre,tion as su33ested +# wand G RINA 0:;;'

( )
I
0 B B 0
0> I V V

+ L L L L
T!is ,orre,tion is a""ro=imate w!ere
< : ft L
e' Estimation o( EHP (rom series Data wetted sur(a,e Area S in
B
m is 3i4en as
m L m L S & & <
B
8

9etted sur(a,e e((i,ien,# see dia3ram o( Te)(er& Ne,& Ko)< ;:& 0:CBGC8'<
T!e nonGdimensiona) resistan,e ,oe((i,ients are 3i4en as

B
B $ 0 V S
#
C
#
#

T!is ,an +e estimated (rom ser4i,es data wit! ,orre,tions<

B
B $ 0 V S
#
C

-rom ITT/&
( )
B
0>
B )o3
>;? < >

#
C
9!ere
*
VL
/o s ynold #
n
< U Re :
and Viscocity of t coefficien %inematic *

water fresh for m W for and water sea for m se, $ 0> 08: < 0 <& < se, $ 0> 0@@ < 0
B C B C

( )
8
0> >>I < > @ < >
>>>I < >

l w "
"
L C or
general in
"llowance #oughness C
w!ere
m in is L
l w
B
B $ 0 V S
#
C C C C
T
" # T

+ +
9!ere < tan ce resis hull bare the is #
T
To 3et tota) resistan,e& A""enda3e resistan,e must +e added to t!is:
Twin S,rew *ossin3s @ to 0>A
A +ra,5et ?A
Twin Rudder 8A
*ow T!ruster B to ?A
I,e Oni(e ><?A
I( resistan,e is in Newtons and K is in m$se,&
( ) < B? < 0 0 < 0 %W to &.P &P.
Lrial ser*ice

('
: Data l statistica from &.P
See Ho)tro" and Mannen& ISP 0:@0$0:@I 3i4en at t!e
end o( t!ese notes'
3' Estimation o( SHP or s!a(t !orse "ower
2PC
&.P
S.P
ser*ice

0>>>>
>
L /
% 2PC
# .


9!ere
#P! /
m in L L
P B

@I < > %
-or (i=ed "it,! "ro"e))ers
@B < >
-or ,ontro))a+)e "it,! "ro"e))ers ,an +e estimated more a,,urate)#
)ater
!'
s
B.P
losses on Transmissi S.P B.P
s
+
Transmission )oss ,an +e ta5en as (o))ows:
A(t En3ine 0A
En3ine Semi a(t BA
Gear )osses 8 to IA
i' Se)e,tion o( En3ine Power:
T!e ma=imum ,ontinuous ratin3 M/R' o( a diese) en3ine is t!e "ower t!e en3ine
,an de4e)o" (or )on3 "eriods< *# ,ontinuous runnin3 o( en3ine at M/R ma# ,ause
e=,essi4e wear and tear< So En3ine manu(a,tures re,ommend t!e ,ontinuous ser4i,e
ratin3 /SR' to +e s)i3!t)# )ess t!an M/R< T!us /SR o( N/R Norma) /ontinuous
Ratin3'
( ) :? < > @? < > to !C#
T!us en3ine se)e,ted must !a4e M/R as
< :? < > $ @? < > $
s
B.P !C#
T!us
PEN tria) PET ser4i,e PES
Na5ed !u)) HP' A))owan,e A))owan,e
WP/
><@? to ><:? S!a(tin3
M/R
s
B.P
SHP
N/R' )osses
Se)e,t En3ine
=.0 ,ea)eeping Re:uirement
:<0 "ow (ree-oard
bow

L
V

><C> ><;> ><@> ><:>

L

bow
><>I? ><>I@ ><>?C ><>;?
+' Pro+a+i)it# o( De,5wetness P (or 4arious
L
bow
$
4a)ues !a4e +een 3i4en in
D#nami,s o( Marine Ke!i,)es& +# R<*!atta,!ar#a:
( ) t f L B>> I>> C>> @>>
( ) m L C0 0BB 0@8 BII
L
bow
$
(or
P . ><0A ><>@> ><>?@ ><>IC ><>8;
0A ><>?C ><>IC ><>8C ><>BC
0>A ><>8B ><>BC ><>B> ><>0?
Estimate
bow

,!e,5 (or de,5wetness "ro+a+i)it# and see i( it is a,,e"ta+)e<

bow

S!ou)d a)so +e ,!e,5ed (rom )oad )ine requirement<
=.2
Ear)# estimates o( motions natura) (requen,ies e((e,ti4e estimates ,an o(ten +e
made (or t!e t!ree natura) (requen,ies in ro))& !ea4e& and "it,! +ased on)# u"on
t!e ,!ara,teristi,s and "arameters o( t!e 4esse)< T!eir e((e,ti4eness usua))#
de"ends u"on t!e !u)) (orm +ein3 ,)ose to t!e norm<
An a""ro=imate ro)) natura) "eriod ,an +e deri4ed usin3 a sim")e oneGde3ree o(
(reedom mode) #ie)din3:
t
! ) $ T $ >>; < B
00

9!ere
00
$ is t!e ro)) radius o( 3#ration& w!i,! ,an +e re)ated to t!e s!i" +eam
usin3:
%B $ ?> < >
00
& 9it!
@B < > ;C < >
(or mer,!ant !u))s and
>> < 0 C: < >

3enera))#<
%sin3 B I> < >
00
< A more ,om")e= "arametri, mode) (or estimatin3 t!e ro))
natura) "eriod t!at #ie)ds t!e a)ternati4e resu)t (or t!e "arameter

is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ' $ $ B < B > < 0 B < > 0 < 0 B < > ;BI < >
B
B D T D C C C C
B B B B
+ + +
Ro)) is a )i3!t)# dam"ed "ro,ess so t!e natura) "eriod ,an +e ,om"ared dire,t)#
wit! t!e domonant en,ounter "eriod o( t!e seawa# to esta+)is! t!e ris5 o( resonant
motions< T!e en,ounter "eriod in )on3G ,rested o+)ique seas is 3i4en +#:
( ) ( )
w e
g V T ,os $ $ B
B

9!ere

is t!e wa4e (requen,#& K is s!i" s"eed& and

w

is t!e wa4e an3)e re)ati4e

to t!e s!i" !eadin3 wit!

>
w
(o))owin3 seas&

> :
w
+eam seas& and

> 0@
w

Head seas< -or re(eren,e& t!e "ea5 (requen,# o( an ISS/ s"e,trum is )o,ated at
0
0
@? < I

T wit!
0
T t!e ,!ara,teristi,s "eriod o( t!e seawa#< An a""ro=imate "it,!
natura) "eriod ,an a)so +e deri4ed usin3 a sim")e oneG de3ree o( (reedom mode)
#ie)din3:
L
)! $ T $ >>; < B
BB

9!ere now
BB
$ is t!e "it,! radius o( 3#ration& w!i,! ,an +e re)ated to t!e s!i"
)en3t! +# notin3 t!at < BC < > BI < >
BB
L $ L
An a)ternati4e "arametri, mode) re"orted +# Lam+ ,an +e used (or ,om"arison:
( ) ' $ 8C < > C < > $ ;;C < 0
0
T C T C T
B
p w +

Pit,! is a !ea4i)#Gdam"ed non resonant' mode& +ut ear)# desi3n ,!e,5s t#"i,a))#
tr# to a4oid ,riti,a) e=,itation +# at )east 0>A
An a""ro=imate !ea4e natura) "eriod ,an a)so +e deri4ed usin3 a sim")e one
de3reeGo(G(reedom mode)< A resu)tin3 "arametri, mode) !as +een re"orted +#
Lam+:
( ) ' $ B < 0 8 >>; < B
p w B h
C T B C T T + +
Li5e "it,!& !ea4e is a !ea4i)# dam"ed non resonant' mode< Ear)# desi3n ,!e,5s
t#"i,a))# tr# to a4oid !a4in3
&

T T
h
&

T T
h
& B

T T
h
&

T T & B

T T
w!i,!
,ou)d )ead to si3ni(i,ant mode ,ou")in3< -or man# )ar3e s!i"s& !owe4er& t!ese
,onditions o(ten ,annot +e a4oided<
=.# O4era)) Sea5ee"in3 Ran5in3 used *a)es re3ression ana)#sis to o+tain a ran5
estimator (or 4erti,a) ")ane sea5ee"in3 "er(orman,e o( ,om+atant mono!u))s<
T!is estimator
#
X
#ie)ds a ran5in3 num+er +etween 0 "oor sea5ee"in3' and 0>
su"erior sea5ee"in3' and !as t!e (o))owin3 (orm:
a p * f p * a p w f p w
C C L C L T C C # : < 0? ? < B8 $ B; < 0 $ 8;@ 0 < 0> 0 < I? IB < @
X
+ + +
Here t!e water")ane ,oe((i,ient and t!e 4erti,a) "rismati, ,oe((i,ient are
e="ressed se"arate)# (or t!e (orward (' and t!e a(t a' "ortions o( t!e !u))< Sin,e
t!e o+Me,ti4e (or su"erior sea5ee"in3 is !i3!
#
X
& !i3!
p w
C
and )ow
&
p *
C
/orres"ondin3 to KGs!a"ed !u))s& ,an +e seen to "ro4ide im"ro4ed 4erti,a)
")ane sea5ee"in3< Note a)so t!at added water")ane (orward is a+out I<? times as
e((e,ti4e as a(t and )ower 4erti,a) "rismati, (orward is a+out 0<? times as e((e,ti4e
as a(t in in,reasin3
#
X
< T!us& KGs!a"ed !u)) se,tions (orward "ro4ide t!e +est wa#
to a,!ie4e 3reater wa4e dam"in3 in !ea4e and "it,! and im"ro4e 4erti,a) ")ane
sea5ee"in3<
10. "asic ,hip *ethod
0< /!oose +asi, s!i" su,! t!at
& $ L V
s!i" t#"e and are near)# same and
detai)ed in(ormation a+out t!e +asi, s!i" is a4ai)a+)e<
B< /!oose
B
C T B L (rom em"iri,a) data and 3et
Su,! t!at
( ) ( )
new basic
w d w d $ $
<
/!oose
B
C T B L < < < et, as a+o4e to 3et
new

B
C T B L < >88 < 0 >8 < 0 to
8< Satis(# wei3!t equation +# e=tra"o)atin3 )i3!ts!i" (rom +asi, s!i" data<
I< -or sta+i)it# assume
( )
new basic
D %) D %) $ ' $
wit! on #our de)etion
?< /!e,5 ,a"a,it# usin3 +asi, s!i" met!od< %se in(eren,e equation w!ere4er
ne,essar#
10.1 Difference E:uations
T!ese equations are (requent)# used to a)ter main dimensions (or desired sma))
,!an3es in out "ut< -or e=am")e

B
C T B L < < <
Or&
)o3 + L )o3 + B )o3 + T )o3 )o3 )o3 +
B
C
Assumin3

to +e ,onstant and di((erentiatin3&

B
B
C
C d
T
T d
B
B d
L
L d d
+ + +

So i( a ,!an3e o( d is required in dis")a,ement& one or some o( t!e "arameters

B
C or T B L & & & ,an +e a)tered so t!at a+o4e equation is satis(ied< Simi)ar)#& to
im"ro4e t!e 4a)ues o( *M +# d*M& one ,an write
T B ! B $
B

or T B $ ! B $
B

or
T B $ B! )o3 )o3 B )o3 )o3 +
Di((erentiatin3 and assumin3 5 ,onstant
T
dT
B
dB
B!
dB!
B
11. 3ull .i-ration Calculation
11.1 (or two node .ertical .i-ration/ hull fre:uency is
,"m'
/
.
1
]
1

8
L
I

DS,!)i,5E
9!ere I : Mids!i" m < i< in
B B
ft in
: tons& L : ( t

. 0?C & @?> (or s!i"s wit! (ine )ines

. 0I8& ?>> (or )ar3e "assen3er )ines
. 0B;& :>> (or ,ar3o s!i"s
1
]
1

8
8
,"m'
L
BD
/
*: +readt! in (t and D : De"t! u"to stren3t! d5 in (t< T!is is re(ined to ta5e into
a,,ount added mass and )on3 s <s< de,5s as&
( )
B
B $ 0
8
8
0
,"m'
' 8 $ B < 0
<
C
L T B
D B
C /
&
+
1
]
1

+
D ToddE
9!ere D
E
: e((e,ti4e de"t!
D
E
:
[ ]
8 $ 0
0
8
0
$ L L D
9!ere D
0
: De"t! (rom 5ee) to d5 under ,onsideration
L
0
: Len3t! o( s<s< d5
/
0
/
B
Tan5ers ?B>>> B@
/ar3o Kesse)s IC;?> B?
Passen3er Kesse)s
9it! s<s II>>> B>
( ) ( )
B $ 0
8
0 B $ 0
1
]
1

+ +

S
r T B L
/ *uri))
9!ere

B&I>>&>>>& I : (t
I
& ot!ers in *ritis! unit
r
S
: s!ear ,orre,tion .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 0 $ 8
B < 0 $ C $ : $ 8 ? < 8
B
B 8
+
+ + +
D B L
D B D B D B D
( )
[ ] Bunyan where
T B C
D T
L
%
/
B
&
n
B $ 0
0
C < 8
1
]
1

O . I@&;>> (or tan5ers wit! )on3 (ramin3

8I&>>> (or ,ar3o s!i"s
8@&I>> (or ,ar3o s!i"s )on3 (ramed
n. 0<B8 (or tan5ers
0<0C? (or ,ar3o s!i"s
A)) units are in *ritis! unit<
T
0
: Mean drau3!t (or ,ondition ,onsidered
T : Desi3n Drau3!t
N
8K
. B< N
BK
N
IK
. 8<N
BK

11.2 3ull .i-ration 70umai8
Oumais (ormu)a (or two nodded 4erti,a) 4i+ration is 0:C@'
N
B4
. 8< >; Y 0>
C
cpm
L i
*
8

T!en I
4
. Moment o( inertia m
I
'

i
nt displaceme
T
B
m

,
_

+
8
0
B < 0
in,)udin3 4irtua) added mass o( water tons'
L . )en3t! +etween "er"endi,u)ar m'
*. *readt! amids!i" m'
T
m .
. mean drau3!t m'
T!e !i3!er noded 4i+ration ,an +e estimated (rom t!e (o))owin3 (ormu)a +# Po!annessen
and s5aar 0:@>'
( )

0
B
n / /
* n*
T!en
@I? < >
3enera) ,ar3o s!i"s
0<> +u)5 ,arriers
0<B Tan5ers
N
BK
is t!e two noded 4erti,a) natura) (requen,#< n s!ou)d not e=,eed ? or C in
order to remain wit!in ran3e 4a)idit# (or t!e a+o4e equation<
11.# 3ori>ontal .i-ration
-or B node !oriLonta) 4i+ration& !u)) (requen,# is
cpm
L
B D
/
. .
B $ 0
8
8
B
<
<
1
]
1

D*rownE
9!ere
.
IB>>>& ot!er quantities in *ritis! units<
* .
/ /
B B
? < 0
. .
/ /
B 8
< B
. .
/ /
B I
8
11.$ Torsional .i-ration
-or Torsiona) 4i+ration& !u)) (requen,# is
B $ 0
B B
?
<
0> 8
1
]
1

+

L D B
I
C /
p
T
cpm
DHornE
T
/ node one for C

0
& ?@ < 0
T
/ node two for

B
& >> < 8
T
/ node three for

8
& >; < I
( )
I B
$ I ft
T
ds
" I
p
T!is (ormu)ae is e=a,t (or !o))ow ,ir,u)ar ,#)inder'
"
Area en,)osed +# se,tion in
B
ft

g
d
E)ement )en3t! a)on3 en,)osin3 s!e)) and de,5
' ft
t
/orres"ondin3 t!i,5ness in
' ft
< : & : & & tons ft D B L
11.% Resonance
Pro"e))er *)ade -requen,# . No< o( +)ades

s!a(t (requen,#<
En3ine RPM is to +e so ,!osen t!at !u)) 4i+ration (requen,# and s!a(t and
"ro"e))er (requen,# do not ,oin,ide to ,ause resonan,e<
References
0< ZS!i"Desi3n and /onstru,tion edited +# T!omas La+ SNAME& B>>8<
B< ZEn3ineerin3 E,onomi,s in s!i" Desi3n& I<L *u=ton& *SRA<
8< D< G< M< 9aston and A<9< Gi)(i))an& some s!i" Desi3n Met!ods RINA& 0:;;<
I< P< N< Mis!ra& IINA& 0:;;<
?< ZE)ements o( Na4a) Ar,!ite,ture R<MunroG Smit!
C< ZMer,!ant S!i" Desi3n& R< MunroGSmit!
;< A< A#re& NE/IES& KO)< CI<
@< R< L< Townsin& T!e Na4a) Ar,!ite,t RINA'& 0:;:<
:< ZA"")ied Na4a) Ar,!ite,ture& R< MunroGSmit!
0>< M< /< Eames and T< /< Drummond& Z/on,e"t E=")orationG An a""roa,! to Sma))
9ars!i" Desi3n& RINA& 0:;;<
00< S!i" Desi3n (or E((i,ien,# and E,onom#G H S,!nee5)ut!& 0:@;& *utterwort!<
0B< S!i" Hu)) Ki+ration -<H< Todd 0:C0'
08< P< Ho)tro"G A statisti,a) ReG ana)#sis o( Resistan,e and Pro"u)sion Data ISP 0:@I<
0I< Ameri,an *ureau o( s!i"sG /)assi(i,ation Ru)es
0?< Indian Re3ister o( s!i"sG /)assi(i,ation Ru)es
0C< S!i" Resistan,eG H< E< Go)d!omm,e 2 Sr< Aa Har4a)d Re"ort 0:;I<
0;< ILL/ Ru)es 0:CC<
Resistance Estimation ,tatistical *ethod 736TR6P8 1=<$
R
Total
.
( )
" T# B W "pp
# # # # # % # + + + + + +
0
0
9!ere:

# -ri,tiona) resistan,e a,,ordin3 to ITT/ H 0:?; (ormu)a

0
% -orm (a,tor o( +are !u))

W
#
9a4e H ma5in3 resistan,e

B
# Additiona) "ressure resistan,e o( +u)+ous +ow near t!e water sur(a,e

T#
# Additiona) "ressure resistan,e due to transom immersion

"
# Mode) Hs!i" ,orre)ation resistan,e

"pp
#
A""enda3e resistan,e
T!e 4is,ous resistan,e is ,a),u)ated (rom:
S % C * #
*
' 0
B
0
0 >
B
+ [[[[[<i'
9!ere

>
C
-ri,tion ,oe((i,ient a,,ordin3 to t!e ITT/ H 0:?; (ri,tiona)
.
( )
B
0>
B )o3
>;? < >

n
#
0
0 % + was deri4ed statisti,a))# as
0
0 % + . ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
C>IB < >
8CI: < >
8
0B < >
IC00 < > >C@0 < 0
0 < $ $ < $ < $ I@;0 < > :8 < >

,
_

+
P #
C L L L L T L B c
/ is a ,oe((i,ient a,,ountin3 (or t!e s"e,i(i, s!a"e o( t!e a(ter +od# and is 3i4en +#
/ . 01><>00
Stern
C
Stern
C
. GB? (or "rom wit! 3ondo)a
. G0> (or 4Gs!a"ed se,tions
. > (or norma) se,tion s!a"e
. 10> (or %Gs!a"ed se,tion wit! !ones stern
#
L is t!e )en3t! o( run H ,an +e estimated as
L L
#
$
( ) 0 I $ >C < > 0 +
p p p
C LCB C C
S is t!e wetted sur(a,e area and ,an +e estimated (rom t!e (o))owin3 statisti,a))# deri4ed
(ormu)a:
( ) ( )
B r B wp ! B !
C " C B C C C B T L S $ 8@ < B 8C:C < > >>8IC; < > B@CB < > IIB? < > I?8> < > B
? < >
+ + + +
9!ere
T
A4era3e mou)ded drau3!t in m
L
9ater)ine )en3t! in m
B
Mou)ded +readt! in m
LCB LCB
(ords ( ) + or a(t ( ) o( mids!i" as a "er,enta3e o( L

r B
"
/ross se,tiona) area o( t!e +u)+ in t!e 4erti,a) ")ane interse,tin3 t!e stern ,ontour
at t!e water sur(a,e<
A)) ,oe((i,ient are +ased on )en3t! on water)ine<
T!e resistan,e o( a""enda3es was a)so ana)#sed and t!e resu)ts "resented in t!e (orm o(
an e((e,ti4e (orm (a,tor& in,)udin3 t!e e((e,t o( a""enda3es<
( ) [ ]
tot S
app S
% % % %
0 B 0
0 0 0 0 + + + + +
9!ere

B
% E((e,ti4e (orm (a,tor o( a""enda3es

app
S
Tota) wetted sur(a,e o( a""enda3es

tot
S
Tota) wetted sur(a,e o( +are !u)) and a""enda3es
T!e e((e,ti4e (a,tor is used in ,onMun,tion wit! a modi(ied (orm o( equation i'
( ) % S C V #
tot o *
+ 0
B
B
0

T!e e((e,ti4e 4a)ue o(
B
% w!en more t!an one a""enda3e is to +e a,,ounted (or ,an +e
determined as (o))ows
( )
( )

+
+
i
i i
effecti*e
S
$ S
$
B
B
0
0
In w!i,!
i
S
and
( )
i
$
B
0+
are t!e wetted area and a""enda3e (a,tor (or t!e i t! a""enda3e
TA*LE: E--E/TIKE -ORM -A/TOR KAL%ES
B
% -OR DI--ERENT APPENDAGES
T#"e o( a""enda3e ( )
B
0 o( 4a)ue $ +
Rudder o( sin3)e s,rew s!i" 0<8 to 0<?
S"ade t#"e rudder o( twin s,rew s!i" B<@
S5e3Grudder o( twin s,rew s!i"s 0<? to B<>
S!a(t *ra,5ets 8<>
*ossin3s B<>
*i)3e 5ee)s 0<I
Sta+i)iLer (ins B<@
S!a(ts B<>
Sonar dome B<;
-or wa4eGma5in3 resistan,e t!e (o))owin3 equation o( Ha4e)o,5 0:08'
9as sim")i(ied as (o))ows:
( )
B
B 8 B 0
,os
0

+
n
m
w
m e c c c
W
#
d
n

In t!is equation
& & &
8 B 0
C C C
and m are ,oe((i,ients w!i,! de"end on t!e !u)) (orm< L is
t!e wa4e ma5in3 )en3t!< T!e intera,tion +etween t!e trans4erse wa4es& a,,ounted (or +#
t!e ,osine term& resu)ts in t!e t#"i,a) !um"s and !o))ows in t!e resistan,e ,ur4es<
-or )owGs"eed ran3e
I < >
n

t!e (o))owin3 ,oe((i,ients were deri4ed

( ) ( )
8;?; < 0
>;:C < 0
;@C0 < 8
I 0
:> BBB80>?


&
i
B
T
C C
wit!:
( )

'

B? < > >CB? < > ? < >
B? < > 00 < >
00 < > BB:C < >
I
I
8888 < >
I
L
B
for
B
L
C
L
B
for
L
B
C
L
B
for
L
B
C
d . G><:
( ) ( )
?
8
0
0
;:8B < I ;?B? < 0 >0I>I < > C
L
B
L T
L
m

,
_

wit!:

'

+
@ < > ;>C; < > ;8>0 < 0
@ < > :@II < C @C;8 < 08 >;:@ < @
?
8 B
?
p p
p p p p
C for C C
C for C C C C
BI < 8
>8I < >
C B
I < >

e C m
wit!:

'

,
_

0;B; > < >
0;B; ?0B 8C < B $ > < @ C:8@? < 0
?0B C:8@? < 0
8
C
8
8
0 C
8
C
L
for C
L
for
L
C
L
for C
( ) 0B >8 < > IIC < 0
B
L
for
B
L
C
p

0B 8C < > IIC < 0

B
L
for C
p

w!ere
&
i . !a)( an3)e o( entran,e o( t!e )oad water)ine in de3rees
( )
( )
8
8 B
@ < C
0??0 < > 8B < B8I B? < 0CB C; < 0B?

,
_

+ + +
T
T T
LCB C C
L
B
i
f a
p p &
w!ere T
a
. mou)ded drau3!t at A<P
T
(
. mou)ded drau3!t at -<P
T!e 4a)ue /
B
a,,ounts (or t!e e((e,t o( t!e +u)+<
/
B
. 0<> i( no +u)+s (itted& ot!erwise
( ) i BT
"
e C
B
B BT
+

@: < 0
B
w!ere
B
is t!e e((e,ti4e +u)+ radius& equi4a)ent to
? < >
?C < >
BT B
"
i re"resents t!e e((e,t o( su+mer3en,e o( t!e +u)+ as determine +#
B B f
h T i IICI < >
w!ere
T
(
. mou)ded drau3!t at -P
!
*
. !ei3!t o( t!e ,entroid o( t!e area A
*T
a+o4e t!e +ase )ine
( )
! T
BTC " C $ @ < > 0
8

8
C
a,,ounts (or t!e in()uen,e o( transom stern on t!e wa4e resistan,e
AT is t!e immersed area o( t!e transom at Lero s"eed<
-or !i3! s"eed ran3e
?? < >
n

& /oe((i,ients
0
C and
0
m are modi(ied as (o))ows
( ) ( )
I>C: < 0
>>:@ < B
8 < 8IC < 8 < 0
0
B $ 8 < C:0:

B
L
L C C
!
( ) ( )
C>?I < > 8BC: < >
0
B>8? < ;
B
T
L
B
m
-or intermediate s"eed ran3e
( ) ?? < > I < >
n

t!e (o))owin3 inter"o)ation is used

( ) { }
1
1
]
1

+
? < 0
I < > 0>
0
>I ?? < >
>I
n n
n
W W n
W
W
# #
#
W W
#
T!e (ormu)a deri4ed (or t!e mode)Gs!i" ,orre)ation a))owan,e /
A
is
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
>I < > $
$ >I < > ? < ; $ >>8 < > >>B>? < > 0>> >>C < >
>I < > $ >>B>? < > 0>> >>C < >
B
I ? < > 0C < >
0C < >

'

+ +
+

WL
WL B WL WL "
WL WL "
L T for
L T C C L L C
L T for L C
w!ere /
B
is t!e ,oe((i,ient ado"ted to a,,ount (or t!e in()uen,e o( t!e +u)+<
Tota) resistan,e
( ) [ ] W
W
#
C $ C S #
W
" tot T
< 0
B
0
B
+ + +