Testing Machines and Systems for textile materials

FP 295 2.0702.202

The Zwick Roell AG More than a century of experience in materials testing Mechanical-technological testing is the oldest discipline of materials testing. As early as in the 15th and 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei were already considering the flexural stressing and the elastic behaviour of materials. In the course of time further knowledge was obtained. In the middle of the 18th century the first testing machines finally appeared in France. Since the middle of the 19th century the company Amsler (formerly in Schaffhausen, Switzerland) has been involved in materials testing and the company Roell & Korthaus since 1920. Since 1937 Zwick has been building devices, machines and systems for mechanicaltechnological materials testing. Long before that time, i.e. in 1876, Prof. Seger had already founded a chemical laboratory as a scientifictechnological consulting company for the industry of nonmetallic minerals. During the 20th century, the present company Toni Technik has developed from these fundaList of Contents The Zwick Roell AG .............................................................................................................................................. 2 Textile materials application range and characteristic features ............................................................................... 3 Standards and testing machines .......................................................................................................................... 5 Materials testing machines - Examples of applications .................................................................................................................................. 14 - Variants ............................................................................................................................................................ 18 - Loadframes ...................................................................................................................................................... 20 - Drive systems .................................................................................................................................................. 21 - Load cells ........................................................................................................................................................ 22 - Testing software testXpert .............................................................................................................................. 22 - Specimen grips ................................................................................................................................................ 25 - Extensometers ................................................................................................................................................. 28 - Testing in hot and cool conditions .................................................................................................................... 31 Special testing machines and systems ............................................................................................................... 33 Modernization .................................................................................................................................................... 33 Services ............................................................................................................................................................. 35 Addresses .......................................................................................................................................................... 36
Photos front cover: Pyramid type roof: HOCHTIEF Heat protection: Tempex GmbH Airbag: Volkswagen AG 2

Haedquarders of Zwick Roell AG and Zwick GmbH & Co. at Ulm, Germany

mentals and is now considered a leading expert for test systems for building materials. Excellent performances were also supplied by the company MFL (Mohr & Federhaff) a company that was founded in 1870. By the way, Carl Benz was one of the employees.

Since 1992, these companies have formed the Zwick/Roell company group. In the next two years to follow, the companies Dartec, Rosand, Kelsey and Indentec in Great Britain joined the group.

In July 2001, the Zwick Roell company group was converted into a stock corporation: the Zwick Roell AG. Part of this stock corporation are the companies Zwick, Roell Amsler, Toni Technik, Indentec Ltd. and Acmel Labo. These companies supply an extensive program for materials, component, and functional tests - from the manually operated hardness tester up to a complex test system for the process-accompanying application. Zwick has many years of experience, combined with a multitude of supplied systems. This experience is continuously supplemented by the constant communication with the users. On this solid basis, the company supplies a wide range of high-performance products from the economical standard machine up to special versions and designs for special test jobs. Modern mechanics, high-performance electronics and the applicationoriented software are the prerequisite for the versatility and the high intelligence of these modern testing machines and systems. However, the services of the Zwick Roell AG go far beyond the supply of products. Already in 1994 the company received the certification according to DIN EN ISO 9001 and thus guarantees a consistently high product and service quality. With accredited DKD1)- resp. UKAS2)calibration laboratories, the companies of the Zwick Roell AG are in addition entitled to verify and to calibrate test systems and to document that with internationally recognized certificates. This catalogue provides an overview of devices, machines, and systems of the Zwick Roell AG for the use in the textile industry and in the corresponding research and test institutes and training centers. This

is only a part of the extensive overall program of the Zwick Roell AG.
1)

DKD: Deutscher Kalibrier-Dienst (German Calibration Service) 2) UKAS: United Kingdom Accreditation Service

Textile materials application range and characteristic features Textiles have been accompanying man since thousands of years. Already in 5000 B.C. cloths were woven in Egypt. For this purpose the people used natural raw materials such as cotton, flax fibres, animal hair and silk threads. The people used them as garments and as protection from the cold. As textiles for the home, they made living and work rooms look nicer. can be waterproof, impermeable

Modern textiles, however, are hightech products that do not have very much in common any more with these basic functions. In specific material compositions they offer qualities we did not dare dreaming of a few decades ago. Here are a few examples: As garments they can be waterproof, impermeable and breathable at the same time, they can have warmth-giving- and warmth-regulating and recovering qualities (so that e.g. a crease stays unharmed even after washing and dry-cleaning) or they can have tearproof qualities. As safety clothing they protect the wearer against heat and flames, dangerous tools as for example chain saws and even against shots from small arms. In conveyor belts and tires they are used as reinforcement. As climbing ropes they are light and have high strength, at the same time they are elastic to control the

Cloth test, stone relief from Hirzweiler, 2nd/3rd century AD, Trier, Rheinisches Landesmuseum (museum at Trier, Germany)

energy of fall. In form of safety belts they should only show a permanent deformation to avoid injuries caused by an elastic resilience. For kites, paragliders, and parachutes they must have a minimum weight and they must at the same time be extremely light and wind-tight. For ship ropes, the light and waterrepellent, floatable version is required. An example of the variety of different requirements are geotextiles which are used for many jobs in road and railway construction as well as for bank stabilization and coastal fortifications. Essential functions here consist of the separation of different material layers as e.g. sand and gravels the taking up of forces that cannot be transmitted to other elements

the filtration and drainage whenever those geotextiles are used instead of mineral filters As different as the fields of application are also the demands on the long-term behavior of textiles. If they are for example used for permanent wear they must be unrottable and without nutritional value for insects, rodents etc. If it is however only a question of a temporarily limited soil stabilization for cultivation, they should have a longer rotting time as soon as the roots of the plants have taken over the stabilization job. According to the application in question, textiles must have specific properties. Part of this are their resistance to different materials, radiations, temperature influences, and other environmental conditions as well as their mechanical resistance. The multitude of applications

and the high demands on these textiles require particularly in the field of research and development sophisticated testing possibilities. With a large range of testing machines, modern test software and a large range of accessories the Zwick/Roell Group offers a variety of possibilities for a specific, high-precision testing of these geotextiles with exactly reproducible results.

Modern materials testing machine for the testing of textile materials

Standards and Testing machines

Contents 1 General basics Test standard Test means/Test device Page

Test devices: Construction, test devices test, accuracies, environmental requirements Tensile, compression, flexure test machines ISO 7500-1, ISO 379, ASTM D 76, ASTM E 4, EN 10002-4, ISO 9283, DIN 51220 Normal climate for conditioning and testing ISO 139, EN 20139, ASTM D 1776, EN ISO 2231 Sampling and preparation Fibers, yarns and textile fabrics EN 12751 yarns ASTM D 2258 2 Textile physical test methods for fibers and filaments Fiber length Single fiber measurement method DIN 53808-1, ISO 6989, ASTM D 5103 Cotton, comb staple method, DIN 53806 Cotton, gauge length and uniformity factor DIN 53944 Wool, comb staple method, ISO 920, ASTM D 519 Fiber resp. filament fineness and diameter Fiber fineness EN ISO 1973, ASTM D 1577 Mono-filament fineness EN 13392 Fiber diameter in micro-projection DIN 53811 Fiber or filament strength Spun fibers, tensile tests EN ISO 5079, ASTM D 3822 Spun fibers, loop tensile test DIN 53843-2, ASTM D 3217 Cotton fibers, bundle strength ISO 3060, ASTM D 1445 Wool fiber bundle, tensile test at a ASTM D 1294 grip to grip separation of 1 inch (25,4 mm) Wool fiber bundle, tensile test at a grip to grip ASTM D 2524 separation of 1/8th of an inch (3,2 mm) Monofilament, tensile test EN 13895 Shrink behaviour Monofilament, warm shrink behaviour EN 13844 Commercial mass Bast fibers and hard fibers DIN 53826

Auxiliary means to test standards comb sorter Auxiliary means to test standards comb sorter Fiber fineness measurement device Yarn reel or scale Microscope with scale Fiber strength test device Fiber strength test device Bundle strength tester Bundle strength tester Bundle strength tester Materials testing machine Heat shrink chamber Auxiliary means to test standards 18

Contents Test standard 3 Textile physical test methods for fiber tapes and threads Non-uniformity Capacitive measurement method DIN 53817-2 Fiber fineness and mass Yarns, short length method DIN 53830-3, ISO 7211-5, ASTM D 1059 Yarns, skein method EN ISO 2060 Elasto-yarn, short length method DIN 53830-4 Cotton yarn, commercial mass and fineness DIN 53824 Worsted yarn, commercial mass and fineness DIN 53823 Bast and hard fiber yarns, commercial mass and DIN 53825 fineness Fiber twist Yarn, direct count method EN ISO 2061, ISO 7211-4, ASTM D 1423 Yarns, untwist-retwist method ISO/DIS 17202, ASTM D 1422 Fiber strength Yarn, tensile strength EN ISO 2062, ASTM 2256 Yarns and threads, tensile tests in DIN 53834-2 oven dried state Yarn strands, tensile tests ISO 6939, ASTM D 1578 Yarns and threads, knot tensile test DIN 53842-1 Yarns, loop tensile tests DIN 53843-1 Tensile elastic behaviour Yarns and threads from elasto-fibers, multiple DIN 53835-2 tensile loading between constant strain limits Yarns and threads, once-off tensile loading DIN 53835-3 between constant strain limits Yarns and threads, once-off tensile loading DIN 53835-4 between constant force limits Elastomer fibers, remaining deformation ASTM D 3106 Crimp Textured filament yarns up to 500 dtex DIN 53840-1 Extension measurement device Textured filament yarns above 500 dtex DIN 53840-2 Extension measurement device Shrink behaviour Single and plied yarns, shrink behaviour in water DIN 53866-2 Yarns and threads, shrink behaviour in hot air DIN 53866-3 Single and plied yarns, shrink behaviour in steam DIN 53866-4 Yarns and threads, shrink behaviour in DIN 53866-12 gaseous and liquid mediums Yarns, shrink behaviour in boiling water, ASTM D 2259 steam or under dry heat Fiber friction Yarn, friction of yarn to solid material ASTM D 3108 Yarn, friction yarn to yarn ASTM D 3412

Test means/Test device Page

Uster Tester Auxiliary means to test standards Yarn reel Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards

Yarn twist tester Yarn twist tester

Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Reel, heating chamber Reel, heating chamber

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards

Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards

Contents Test standard Test means/Test device Page 4 Textile physical test methods for textile fabrics Construction characteristics (mass proportion, fiber length ratios, fiber density) Fabric, mass proportion of warp and weft DIN 53856, ISO 7211-6 Auxiliary means to test standards Fabric, fiber density EN 1049-2, ISO 7211-2, Auxiliary means to test standards ASTM D 3775 Fabrics and knitted fabrics, yarn length ratios DIN 53852 Auxiliary means to test standards Knitted fabrics, number of meshes DIN 53883 Auxiliary means to test standards Area mass, width and length Fabric, area mass ASTM D 3776 Auxiliary means to test standards Textile fabrics (excepting non-wovens) ISO 3801, EN 12127 Auxiliary means to test standards area mass Non-wovens, area mass EN 29073-1, ISO 9073-1 Auxiliary means to test standards Textile fabrics, width and length EN 1773 Auxiliary means to test standards Thickness and compressibility Textile fabrics (excepting non-wovens), thickness EN ISO 5084 Thickness gauge Non-wovens, thickness EN ISO 9073-2 Thickness gauge Non-wovens, thickness ASTM D 1777 Thickness gauge Highloft non-wovens, thickness ASTM D 5736 Textile fabrics, compressibility DIN 53885 Thickness gauge Strip tests Textile fabrics (excepting non-wovens) EN ISO 13934-1 Materials testing machine 18 strip tests Non-wovens, strip tensile tests EN 29073-3, ISO 9073-3 Materials testing machine 18 Textile fabrics, grab tensile test EN ISO 13934-2 Materials testing machine 18 Textile fabrics, strip tensile tests and ASTM D 1682, M&S P11 Materials testing machine 18 grab tensile test, normal climate Textile fabrics, wet strip tensile tests ASTM D 5035 Materials testing machine 18 Textile fabrics, wet grab tensile test ASTM D 5034 Materials testing machine 18 Textile fabrics, strip tensile tests on seams EN ISO 13935-1 Materials testing machine 18 Textile fabrics, grab tensile tests on seams EN ISO 13935-2 Materials testing machine 18 Burst test Hydraulic method EN ISO 13938-1 Burst pressure tester Pneumatic method EN ISO 13938-2 Burst pressure tester Permeability Textile fabrics EN ISO 9237 Permeability tester Abrasion and pilling test method Pill behaviour, pilling test box EN ISO 12945-1 ICI Pilling box Pill behaviour, Martindale method EN ISO 12945-2 Martindale abrasion tester Pill behaviour, random-tumble method DIN 53867 Random-Tumble pilling tester Abrasive strength, Martindale method, EN ISO 12947-2 Martindale abrasion tester specimen destruction Abrasive strength, Martindale method, EN ISO 12947-3 Martindale abrasion tester mass loss

Contents Abrasive strength, Martindale method, surface changes Abrasive strength, rotary abrasion test Knitted footwear, abrasive resistance Displacement strength Fabric, displacement resistance Displacement resistance of yarns in fabrics, method with a fixed seam opening Displacement resistance of yarns in fabrics, method with set force Seam slippage resistance Seam slippage strength Tear growth and stitch tear out behaviour Textile fabrics, Elmendorf tear growth test Non-wovens, Elmendorf tear growth test Textile fabrics, leg tear growth test Non-wovens, leg tear growth tests Textile fabrics, wing tear growth tests Textile fabrics, tongue tear growth tests Non-wovens, tongue tear growth tests Textile fabrics (excepting non-wovens) trapezoidal tear growth test Non-wovens, trapeze tear growth tests Tensile, elastic behaviour Textile fabrics (excepting knitted fabrics), once-off loading between constants strain limits Knitted fabrics, once-off loading between two force limits Elastic fabric, tensile stress and strain Elastic fabrics, -tapes, tensibility and modul Stretch ware, elongation, modul and remaining elongation Special seam tests Fabrics, failure of seams Stiffness and crease recovery Textile fabrics (excepting non-wovens) flexural strength, cantilever method Non-wovens, flexural strength, cantilever method Flexural strength, Schlenker method Fabrics, crease recovery capability of air dried specimen with horizontal crease edges and hanging free leg

Test standard EN ISO 12947-4 DIN 53863-2 EN 13770 DIN 53934 EN ISO 13936-1 EN ISO 13936-2 DIN 53868 ASTM D 434, M&S P12 EN ISO 13937-1, ASTM D 1424 ASTM D 5734 EN ISO 13937-2, ASTM D 2261 DIN 53859-4 EN ISO 13937-3 EN ISO 13937-4 ASTM D 5735 DIN 53859-5, ASTM D 5587 EN ISO 9073-4, ASTM D 5733 DIN 53835-13 DIN 53835-14 ASTM D 4964 Marks & Spencer, P14 Marks & Spencer, P15

Test means/Test device Page Martindale abrasion tester Schopper or Frank-Hauser abrasion tester Martindale abrasion tester Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Elmendorf tester Elmendorf tester Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine 18 18 18 18 18

18 18 18 18 18 18 18

Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine

18 18 18 18 18

ASTM D 1683 DIN 53362 EN ISO 9073-7 DIN 53364 EN 22313, ISO 2313

Materials testing machine Cantilever tester

18

Cantilever tester Schlenker flexural stiffness tester Auxiliary means to test standards

Contents Test standard Test means/Test device Page Textile fabrics, crease recovery capability DIN 53891-2 Auxiliary means to test standards on wet specimen with vertical crease edge Adhesion tests Delamination of fusible interlinings from upper fabrics DIN 54310 Materials testing machine 18 Textile-Elastomer bondings, adhesion ISO 36 Materials testing machine 18 Adhesion tests on bonded fabric plies ASTM D 413 Materials testing machine 18 Other special test methods for fabrics and knitted fabrics Bulging tendency, elbow test DIN 53860-1 Auxiliary means to test standards Knitted fabrics, capability of being sewn DIN 53882 Sewing machines Fabrics, change in tensile force by DIN 54283 Materials testing system retained chlorine Other special test methods for non-wovens Standard test methods ASTM D 1117 Materials testing machine a. o. 18 Non-wovens for medicinal compresses EN 1644-1 Materials testing machine a. o. 18 Drape coefficient EN ISO 9073-9 Materials testing machine 18 Fiber migration DIN 53865 Materials testing machine 18 Needle tearing out force DIN 54301 Materials testing machine 18 Compression elastic behaviour DIN 54305 Materials testing machine 18 5 Textile physical test method for special product groups, inclusive of textile related products Furniture materials Minimum requirements and tests DIN V 61010 Materials testing machine a. o. 18 Floor coverings Pile carpets, mass of pile per unit area, DIN 54325 Auxiliary means to test standards thickness and density Floor coverings, thickness DIN 53855-3 Thickness gauge Textile floor coverings, wear DIN 54323-1 Test drum Textile floor coverings, penetration behaviour DIN 54316 Thickness gauge Textile floor coverings, change in appearance DIN 54328 Auxiliary means to test standards Reinforcement textiles High modulus fibers, tensile tests ASTM D 3379 Materials testing machine 18 Para-aramid filament yarns EN 12562 Materials testing machine 18 Para-aramid fiber filament yarns EN 13003-2 Materials testing machine 18 Carbon filament yarns EN 13002-2 Materials testing machine 18 Carbon fiber yarns, tensile behaviour of EN ISO 10618 Materials testing machine 18 a resin impregnated yarn Carbon and graphite yarns, ropes, ASTM D 4018 Materials testing machine 18 rovings and cable, tensile test Reinforcement yarns for plastics, tensile test DIN 65382 Materials testing machine 18 Reinforcement yarns, fineness EN ISO 1889 Materials testing machine 18 Reinforcement yarns, rotation EN ISO 1890 Yarn twist tester Tyre cord, tyre cord fabric and technical ASTM D 885 Materials testing machine 18 filament yarns yarns and fabrics for support structures ASTM D 5446 Materials testing machine 18 of inflatable objects Mats and fabrics, area mass ISO 3374 Auxiliary means to test standards

Contents Textile glass products Textile glass yarns Textile glass yarns, cut Textile glass yarns, tensile test Glass threads, yarn and rovings for reinforced plastics, tensile test Textile glass rovings Textile glass rovings, manufacture of test pieces and tensile tests on impregnated rovings Textile glass fabric, thickness Textile glass mats, thickness and recovery capability Textile glass fabric, tensile test Textile glass mats, tensile test Coated textiles Standard test methods Coated and laminated fabrics for use in roofing systems Bonded, fused and laminated apparel materials Flexural strength, cantilever method Tensile test Elmendorf tear growth tests Trapezoid tear growth test Tongue and leg tear growth tests Tongue tear growth test Block resistance Adhesive strength of coatings Adhesion capability between rubber and fabrics Burst test, steel bal and hydraulic method Burst test, steel ball method Burst test, hydraulic method Flexure tests at low temperatures Geo-plastics Geo-textiles, sampling Geo-textiles, area mass Geo-textiles, thickness, single layers Geo-textiles, layer thickness of multi-layer products Geo-textiles, tensile tests on wide strips Geo-textiles, tensile tests Geo-textiles, tensile tests on joinings/seams Geo-textiles, geo-cells, connection point strength Geo-textiles, die penetration test Geo-textiles, tensile creep Geo-textiles, compression creep

Test standard EN 12654-2 EN 12971-2 ISO 3341 ASTM D 2343 EN 14020-2 EN ISO 9163 ISO 4603 ISO 3616 ISO 4606 ISO 3342 ASTM D 751 ASTM D 4851 ASTM D 2724 DIN 53362 EN ISO 1421 EN ISO 4674-2 EN 1875-3 EN ISO 4674-1 DIN 53356 EN 25978, ISO 5978 EN ISO 2411 ISO 4637 ISO 3303 DIN EN 12332-1 DIN EN 12332-2 ISO 4675, ASTM D 2136 EN 963, ISO 9862, ASTM D 4354 EN 965, ISO 9864, ASTM D 5261 EN 964-1, ISO 9863 EN ISO 9863-2 EN ISO 10319, ASTM D 4595 ASTM D 4632 EN ISO 10321, ASTM D 4884 EN ISO 13426-1 EN ISO 12236 EN ISO 13431, ASTM D 5262 ENV 1897, prEN 1897

Test means/Test device Standard requirements Standard requirements Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine

Page

18 18 18 18

Auxiliary means to test standards Auxiliary means to test standards Materials testing machine 18 Materials testing machine 18 Materials testing machine a. o. 18 Materials testing machine 18 Materials testing machine 18 Cantilever tester Materials testing machine 18 Elmendorf tester Materials testing machine 18 Materials testing machine 18 Materials testing machine 18 Auxiliary means to test standards Materials testing machine 18 Materials testing machine 18 Materials testing machine (Meth. A) 18 Burst pressure tester Burst pressure tester Auxiliary means to test standards

Auxiliary means to test standards Thickness gauge Thickness gauge Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Creep tester Creep tester

18 18 18 18 18

10

Contents Geo-textiles, tear growth test, trapeze method Geo-textiles, pyramid drop test Geo-textiles, cone drop test Geo-textiles, abrasion behaviour Geo-synthetic sealing sheets, tensile tests on wide strips Geo-synthetic sealing sheets, tensile tests on notched specimen Geo-synthetic sealing sheets, pyramid penetration resistance Geo-plastics, burst test Geo-plastics, puncture resistance Tapes, belting, ropes, cordage Narrow elastic fabrics, static load testing Flat woven lifting tapes of man-made fibers Woven tapes of textile glass and polyester filaments Textile conveyor belts, tensile test Textile conveyor belts, adhesion between the layers Mountaineering equipment, tape Mountaineering equipment, climbing belt Mountaineering equipment, rope Mountaineering equipment, slings Mountaineering equipment, dynamic climbing ropes Safety belt and safety line for use with sport boats Equipment for paragliding, belt fixtures Fiber ropes Fiber ropes, manila and sisal Fiber ropes, hemp Fiber ropes, polyamid Fiber ropes, polyester Fiber ropes, polypropylene Fiber ropes, polyethylene Fiber ropes, splices Round and spirally braided man-made fiber ropes Polypropylene fiber ropes of yarn to bast fiber spinning method Agricultural twines Sisal agricultural twine Polyolefin agricultural twine Sisal binding twine Polypropylene binding twine Net threads and nets Net yarns, tensile tests Net yarns, strain behaviour

Test standard ASTM D 4533 DIN V 60500-1 EN 918, ISO/DIS 13433 EN ISO 13427 ASTM D 4885 ASTM D 5397 ASTM D 5494 EN 14151 ASTM D 4833 ASTM D 5278 EN 1492-1 DIN EN 61067-2 ISO 283-1 EN ISO 252-1 EN 565 EN 12277 EN 564 EN 566 EN 892 EN 1095 EN 1651 EN 919, ASTM D 4268 EN 698 EN 1261 EN 696 EN 697 EN 699 EN 700 DIN 83319 DIN 83307 DIN 83329

Test means/Test device Materials testing machine Pyramid drop tester Cone drop tester Abrasion tester Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Burst pressure tester Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine

Page 18

18 18 18

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

EN ISO 5080 EN 906 EN 12422 EN 12423 DIN 53842-2, ISO 1805 DIN 53846, ISO 3790

Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine

18 18 18 18 18 18

11

Contents Net yarns, extension after immersion in water Fishing nets, tensile tests on net meshes Fishing nets, tensile tests on floater lines with woven floaters Safety nets Air-freight equipment, air-freight palette nets Aircraft equipment, air cargo load devices Thermal insulating materials Thermal insulating material for the building trade, compressive loading Thermal insulating material for the building trade, deformation at compression and temperature loading Thermal insulating material for the building trade, long-term creep behaviour at compression loading Thermal insulating material for the building trade, tensile testsvertical to the panels plane Thermal insulating material for the building trade, tensile tests in the panel plane Thermal insulating material for the building trade, flexural loading Mineral fibre insulating slabs, compressive stress and compressive strength Mineral fibre insulating slabs, tear strength vertical to the insulation plane Insulating plates, load bearing capacity Finished parts for pipe insulation, break load and calculated modulus of rupture Insulating blocks, breaking load and flexural strength Textile joining systems Fasteners, closing and opening methods Fasteners, peel strength Fasteners, lengthwise shear strength

Test standard DIN 53845, ISO 3090 DIN 53844, ISO 1806 DIN 53847 EN 1263-1 ISO 4170 ISO 8097 EN 826, ASTM C 165 EN 1605

Test means/Test device Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine

Page

18 18 18 18 18

EN 1606 EN 1607 EN 1608 EN 12089 DIN 52272-1 DIN 52274 ASTM E 1803 ASTM C 446 ASTM C 203

Creep tester Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18

EN 1414 EN 12242 EN 13780

Materials testing machine Materials testing machine Materials testing machine

18 18 18

The classification of these standards (status August 2001) has been done in cooperation with Dr. Mathias Mgel, Schsisches Textilforschungsinstitut e.V. (STFI), D-09125 Chemnitz (www.stfi.de)

12

Examples of textile materials

Fibers

Yarns and threads

Yarns and Rovings

Non-wovens

Wovens

Coated textiles

Geo-textiles

Tapes and beltings

Ropes and cordage

13

Application Filaments, Yarns, Twines

test-curve in testXpert

Example of mounting

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN ISO 2062 Tensile test Aramid yarn Crosshead monitor Pneumatic grips 500 mm/min B069001.06.10

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN ISO 2062 Tensile test Sewing yarn Crosshead monitor Screw grips 500 mm/min B069001.06.10

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

DIN 53835 Elastic behaviour Elastic yarn Crosshead monitor Spring loaded grips 500 mm/min B069005.03.10

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN ISO 2062 Tensile test Double twine Crosshead monitor Pneumatic grips 500 mm/min B069001.06.10

14

Application

test-curve in testXpert

Example of mounting

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

DIN ISO 2062 Tensile test Multifilament yarn Optical extensometer Pneumatic grips 500 mm/min B069001.00.10

Fabrics

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN ISO 13934-1 Tensile test Airbag fabrics Crosshead monitor Pneumatic grips 100 mm/min B069001.04.10

Standard: Type of test:

Marks & Spencer P12 Seam slippage of woven fabrics Material: Outwear fabrics Extensometer: Crosshead monitor Grips: Screw grips Test speed.: 100 mm/min B069001.11.10 testXpert :

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN ISO 13937-2 Tear properties Airbag fabrics Crosshead monitor Pneumatic grips 100 mm/min B069003.09.10

15

Application Coated fabrics

test-curve in testXpert

Example of mounting

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

ISO 3303 Methode A Bursting strength Plastic-coated fabrics Crosshead monitor Ball burst device 300 mm/min B069002.00.10

Geotextiles

EN ISO 10319 Tensile test Geo-non-woven material Extensometer: Optical extensometer Grips: Hydraulic grips Test speed.: 20 % of L0/min testXpert : B069001.09.10

Standard: Type of test: Material:

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN ISO 12236 Static puncture test Geo-fabrics Crosshead monitor Static puncture test device 50 mm/min B069002.80.10

Belts, ropes, cordage

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN 565 Tensile test Belt seal Optical extensometer Roller grips 500 mm/min B069001.00.10

16

Application

test-curve in testXpert

Example of mounting

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN 919 Tensile test Fiber rope Optical extensometer Rope grips 500 mm/min B069001.00.10

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

ISO 283-1 Tensile test Conveyer belt Makro extensometer Hydraulic grips 100 mm/min B069001.00.10

Standard: Type of test:

EN ISO 252-1 Adhesive strength between constitutive elements Material: Conveyer belt Extensometer: Crosshead monitor Grips: Pincer grips Test speed.: 100 mm/min B069003.00.10 testXpert :

Thermal insulating products

Standard: Type of test: Material: Extensometer: Grips: Test speed.: testXpert :

EN 826 Compression test Insulation material Crosshead monitor Compression plates 10% of d/min B069002.56.10

17

Materials Testing Machines

Field of application Zwick materials testing machines are not only used for tensile tests on fibres, tapes, ropes, fabrics etc. or for compression tests on floor coverings or insulating materials, but also for tests on textile fastening systems as e.g. zip-fasteners and similar tests. Basic concept The Zwick program includes universal testing machines as tabletop and floor standing designs with different measurement- and control systems, load frames, drives and versatile function and supplementary units. However in order to be able to offer the best machine for each requirement, Zwick has developed a userrelated concept. The user can choose among three machine versions, each of them being completely different as to equipment, performance features and also as to the capability of expansion: BasicLine Standard Line Allround Line The decisive testing machine component is the measurement and control system. Its conception and its scope of performance decide which drive can be controlled, which measurement system can be connected to it and which functions can be controlled with it - and they thus determine the range of application and the testing machines capability for future expansion. The advantages to the user of the three different testing machine versions are as follows:
18

The BasicLine is particularly suitable for functional tests on component parts and for the simple materials test The Standard line is ideal to solve simple test jobs reliably. It is a low-cost, sturdy solution which covers many testing needs The Allround line is the basis for a large spectrum of demanding test jobs and can easily be expanded with the requirements becoming more demanding. It is thus a solution that can be relied on for future requirements

testXpert , thus profiting from all the advantages of standardized test programs and from the many years of experience on the development sector.

Measurement and control system BasicLine

The electronics taken from existing Zwick machine types guarantees a very high availability and reliability of the test system. The measurement and control electronics is compactly packed in a housing. BasicLine testing machines can be operated in the Stand Alone mode without a PC and they can be operated directly via function keys on the testing machine. As standard it is additionally possible to operate the BasicLine with the test software

Materials testing machine BasicLine Z0.5

Materials testing machine BasicLine Z020

Measurement and control system testControl (for standard and allround version) By using most recent technologies and by granting highest quality standards testControl offers a maximum of technical performance and a long-term investment guarantee. These are the particular features of testControl: Time-synchronous test data acquisition with high resolution and measuring frequency Real-time processing of the test data in a 500 Hz cycle for the monitoring and event-related test sequence control (e.g. speed change when reaching the yield or proof stress) and for safety limit values Adaptive control for exactly reproducible speeds and positions The measurement and control electronics and the power electronics for the drive system in question are integrated in a housing in a space-saving way. Thus, the usual cabling can be dispensed with

Load frames
Zwick develops and manufactures load frames for nominal loads of up to more than 6,000 kN. Most applications in the textile industry require test loads of less than 250 kN (see table Load frames and drive systems) Single-column load frame (zwicki) These load frames are designed with very rigid aluminium high-precision extruded profiles. The working area is freely accessible from 3 sides. Thus, it is predestined for the most different function tests on small parts and for Zwick hardness testing machines. It only requires a small floor space. Due to its light weight, it is easy to transport.

on the outer sides allow a simple fitting of accessories such as safety devices without being impeded by the crosshead. All load frames with two profiles except for the BasicLine can be equipped with legs. Advantages are: Positioning of the working area to an optimum height for the user Comfortable seated operation with absolute freedom for leg movement, also suitable for wheelchair users Load frame as floor standing model These load frames are equipped with 2 or 4 hard-chrome plated round columns and 2 precision ball screws. They are preferably used for the testing of specimens with large extensions, large specimens or large parts and they are also used with larger temperature- or climatic chambers. One or (optionally) two working areas are possible.

Load frames in table-top version The load frames are designed with patented aluminium high-precision extruded profiles used for guiding. They are light, very rigid, and serve simultaneously as lead-screw guide and protection. T-shaped grooves

Materials testing machine Z2.5 (zwicki) with testControl Stand Alone variant

Material testing machine Z050 with testControl PC variant

Material testing machine Z100 with testControl PC variant

19

Features of the BasicLine, Standard- and Allround-Line

Machine component or function BasicLine Load frame Type of set-up - Table-top machine (nominal force) 500 N to 20 kN - Floor stand. machine (nominal force) Support and guiding columns - No. of columns 2 - No. of Alluminium profiles 1 (Z0.5) No. of working areas 1 Expanded design (higher and/or larger) no Drive system Electro-mechanical - No. of ball screws 1 or 2 - DC-Motor yes - AC-Motor no Measurement and control system BasicLine (also usable without PC) yes testControl PC-variant (Standard) no testControl Stand Alone variant (Option) no Software test software testXpert (with PC) optional Transducer Strain gauge load cell 1 (interchangeable) Digital crosshead monitor integrated Digital extensometer no Analogue Extensometer no Connection of external systems Digital extensometer no Analogue extensometer no Analogue reduction-in-width-monitor no Video Capturing no Switch Contact no Switch Control no Further measurement systems no Control of external systems Specimen grips (mot., pneum., hydr.) no Extensometer systems no Supplementary units for special applications (optional) Torsion drive no Torque transducer no Multi-channel force measuring system no High-temperature testing equipment no Low-temperature testing equipment no Standard Line Allround Line

1 to 100 kN 50 to 250 kN 2 or 4 1 or 2 1 or 2 yes

up to 100 kN 50 to 250 kN 2 or 4 1 or 2 1 or 2 yes

only zwicki yes (without zwicki) no yes optional optional 1 (optional up to 2) integrated optional 1 optional 1 yes yes yes yes yes yes yes no semi-automatic no no no conditional conditional

1 or 2 1 or 2 only zwicki yes (without zwicki) no yes optional optional 1 (optional up to 3) integrated yes (optional up to 3) yes (optional up to 3) yes yes yes yes yes yes yes yes full-automatic yes yes yes yes yes

20

Load frames and drive systems of the BasicLine

Series Type Max. load, kN Working area, max. - Height, mm - Width, mm - Depth, mm Crosshead speed - min., mm/min - max., mm/min Crosshead travel resolution, m Max. power consumption, kVA Z0.5 zwicki 0.5 596 no limit 99.5 0.001 1500 0.226 0.4 Z005 Table top 5 561/1061 420 no limit 0.001 500 0.05 0.6 Z010 Table top 10 1041 420 no limit 0.001 1000 0.09 0.6 Z020 Table top 20 1041 420 no limit 0.001 500 0.045 0.6

Load frames and drive systems of the Standard and Allround Line
Series Z1.0 Z2.5 Type zwicki zwicki Max. load, kN 1 2.5 Working area, max. - Height, short, mm 573 normal, mm 1073 1058 higher, mm 1373 1373 higher and larger, mm - Width, normal, mm no limit no limit larger, mm - Depth, mm 99.5 99.5 no limit Crosshead speed - min., mm/min 0.001 0.001 - max., mm/min 1800 800 Crosshead travel resolution, m 0.00023 0.0001 Max. power consumpton, kVA 0.4 0.4 1) depending on the selected drive system and its power Series Z050 Z050 Type Table top Floor stand. Table top Max. load, kN 50 50 100 Working area, max. - Height, short, mm normal, mm higher, mm 1380 higher and larger, mm 1765 - Width, normal, mm 440 630 larger, mm 1030 - Depth, mm no limit no limit Crosshead speed - min., mm/min 0.005 0.005 - max., mm/min 600 400/20001) Crosshead travel resolution, m 0.0163 0.0270 Max. power consumption, kVA 2.3 5 1) depending on the selected drive system and its power Z005 Table top 5 1058 1458 440 no limit 0.005 3000 0.041 2/1.9 Z100 Floor stand. 100 1824 1360 640 no limit 0.005 200/15001) 0.0260 6 Z010 Table top 10 1058 1458 1787 440 640 no limit 0.005 2000 0.027 1.9 Z100 Floor stand. 150 1765 630 1030 no limit 0.005 200/10001) 0.0136 5 Z020 Table top 20 1458 1787 440 640 no limit 0.005 1000/20001) 0.014/0.054 2.1/2.6 Z150 Floor stand. 50 1824 1660 630 1030 no limit 0.005 900 0.0123 5,5 Z030 Table top 30 1380 440 -

0.005 1000 0.0271 2.3 Z250

1715 1715 1660 630 1030 no limit 0.005 600 0.0082 6

21

Electro-mechanical drive systems The basis of all electro-mechanical drive systems are backlash-free and low-friction ball screws and digitally controlled drive systems (load frames for test loads of more than 600 kN are equipped with servohydraulic or hybrid drives). Together with the digital measurement and control system they have the following advantages: Extremely high, stepless speed range Very low speeds adjustable (from about 0.001 mm/min on) High-precision and exactly reproducible positions and speeds The testing machines designed with single-column load frames (zwicki and BasicLine) are equipped with low-cost d.c. drives, all the other ones with particularly low-inertia, brushless three-phase drives.

Force transducer Strain gauge load cells are available for precise force measurements from 0.04 N onwards. Together with the digital measurement electronics they have the following advantages: Automatic recognition of the load cells serial number Automatic recognition of the setting and calibration parameters Overload protection Automatic zero and sensitivity alignment Compensation of temperature fluctuations High measuring frequency High test data resolution Accuracy of 1% of the displayed value (1% error limit) from 1/500 and 0.5% of the displayed value on 1/100 of the nominal load. (Type II load cell, F 500N) Manufacturers test certificate to give proof of the works calibration Load cell with one or two sided mounting stud and self-identifying sensor plugs are available for nominal load capacities from 10 N on.

Test software testXpert

Range of application testXpert is the universal Zwick test software for materials, component, and functional testing. Its application range goes from Zwick materials testing machines (for tensile, compression, flexure and functional testing) to hardness testers, pendulum impact testers, extrusion plastometers, automated test systems, etc. right up to the refurbishment of testing machines of a variety of makes and models. Duties and functions The essential fields of use of testXpert are: verification and re-equipping the test machine preparation of the test or test series performance of the test evaluation and documentation data management quality management and data exchange between testXpert and other applications (Word, Excel etc.) testXpert supports the user for all tasks with software wizards and editors, explanatory pictures and video sequences, situation-specific user tips, warnings, error messages and online help. Future-oriented concept The testXpert test software uses the special properties of the objectoriented programming with respect to a clear grouping in tasks and functions. Structure and contents are determined by the Zwick application and software know-how. The testXpert concept is therefore a guarantee for highest flexibility, functional safety as well as simple usability.

Force transducer including sensor plug

22

The essential characteristic features are: uniform basic software for all applications modular system for test programs user support through software tools Modular system The test programs are compiled by Zwick from a selection of several hundred software modules. The modules are sub-divided into classes such as test parameters, test sequence phases, screen views etc. They are continuously updated and expanded with respect to new states of knowledge and necessary supplements. This makes testXpert an intelligent software, and thus enables the realization of test programs strictly to test standards and test programs related to practical applications. Thanks to the numerous possibilities of this system, testXpert can be put to universal use for a wide applicational spectrum and for a variety of testing machines. Test programs The test programs compiled by Zwick stipulate how tests are to be run. Their basis are selected software modules that are linked to one another and are pre-configured through fixed parameters depending upon the functions required. Thus the user receives from Zwick a test template in which only variable parameters must be entered. There are three variants available for a wide range of requirements: Master test programs Standard test programs, and Customized test programs International quality standards To comply with international quality standards, each and every version must be transparent, documented and archived for 10 years. The

testXpert test software fully meets these requirements and even the particularly strict guidelines of the Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). The entire software development process and its components are diligently documented and archived from the source code through to the software tools used, for each and every version. This is valid for each phase from the analysis via the specification, design and implementation up to the test. Conformity to the standard ISO 9000-3 for development of testXpert has been confirmed via audit report no. QM-F-96/1016. Safety in detail Windows software is normally used in offices. However, testXpert takes over an additional and especially critical task: monitoring and controlling machines. Machine damage and potential danger to persons must be ruled out. Thats why testXpert doesnt use any

overlapping windows in the test mode to avoid hiding important displays or key fields.

Automatic acceptance of system data Different test jobs require different test machines with different and usually, interchangeable components. Their specific properties are characterised by the system data (nominal force, travel, speed range, mounting height, calibration factors, etc.). Organisational data also belong to the above, e.g. the series number or the date of the last calibration. testXpert accepts this data automatically directly following the program start for the necessary settings for the determination of safety limit values for the correct measurement signal evaluation

testXpert the strictly object-orientated test software is available in several language versions; among others in english, french and german 23

Furthermore testXpert checks whether or not the test can be carried out with this configuration all settings have been made the data have changed for the current test Simplest operation Operation is reduced to a one-button operation, i.e. activating the start button, for standard applications. This is possible because testXpert automatically records the test data, and dependent upon this, controls and monitors the test sequence and determines and documents the test results. Only two steps to testing Preparation of a test series requires only two steps: call-up the test program foreseen for the required application input or selection of variable parameters

Optimum user information All displays necessary for carrying out a test and a test series, can be grouped together in a clear and concise manner in one single screen setting. input fields for specimen-specific test parameters curve diagram (single or multiple curves) tables for test results tables for result statistics Data saving for further use Depending upon the preselection in the test program, not only all data but also selected result data from a test or test series can be saved. Saving of all data offers the possibility of tracing the origin of the result data up to configuration and settings for the test machine. The standardized measurement data, i.e. the data converted to its basic units can be repeatedly displayed in the simulation mode and can also be evaluated according to other criteria.

Video Capturing The test software testXpert not only supports the user by means of Help videos. It is also possible to carry out multimedia tests by using a video camera and a videocapturecard with the video pictures being recorded time-synchronously with the test data. With the cursor keys, a video reticle can be moved over the test curve and the corresponding picture can be displayed The pictures can be captured at a preselected distance of the measuring points or in dependence on the event The video can also be played alone, irrespective of testing machine Distances between two points and angles between three points, radii, diameters and areas can be measured from the specimen in pictorial representation Optionally, the pictures can also be output with dimension lines and test data

With video capturing the test data and the corresponding video pictures of the test configuration are recorded and saved (example: adhesion test of a textile-rubber compound)

Testing machine with video camera

24

Specimen grips for tensile, creep, and cyclical tests

Textile materials and the specimens taken from those materials are available in many different types. They are e.g. different as to the basic materials and their combination (from animal, vegetable, or synthetic products) shapes and dimensions (thread, tape, strip etc.) structure (fibres, monofil, multifil, spun, braided, woven, knitted etc.), treatments (impregnated, coated etc.) properties (strength, stretching ability, elasticity, homogeneity) According to this variety a large spectrum of specimen grips is required to meet the individual requirements. For specimens from these materials tensile forces can only be transmitted by means of the force-holding principle. The frictional forces between specimen ends and specimen grip are principally applied according to 2 principles:

Principle A Flat clamping between clamping jaws The clamping force (standard force) is either applied by an additional, outer force (hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders or screw drive) or by the deflection and amplification of the test force (self-clamping via wedges, eccentrics or lever systems). The force is nearly the same over the entire gripping length. The frictional force acts on 2 opposed sides of the specimen. Principle B Clamping by wrapping aroung fixed cam plates or rollers The standard force depends on the locally acting test force and its angled position and increases from zero as the gripping length increases also. The frictional force only acts on one specimen side. When combining these two principles, the wrapping around always has priority over the clamping. Its practical realization and the shapes, dimensions and versions (frictional behaviour, elasticity) of the clamping/friction surfaces are particularly important for the field of application of the specimen grips. When selecting the specimen grips, the following requirements must also be taken into consideration:

1. Jaw break-free gripping If the specimen breaks during the tensile test at the place where it is gripped, then smaller values are measured for the maximum force or the tensile strength and the strain assigned to it. According to most standards such tests are therefore evaluated as non-valid tests. The probability of jaw breaks is considerably higher for a gripping action according to principle A (flat clamping) than according to principle B (wrapping around), because the tensile force is reduced over a relatively short gripping length. The high gripping force already acting at the beginning of the gripping action prevents a partial slippage of the specimen. This can lead to a piling up of the force at the beginning of the clamping and can thus release a premature break. 2. Accuracy of the strain measurement For many applications, the strain can be measured indirectly as crosshead travel extension, because the demands on the measuring accuracy are not very high and thus errors through deformation of the testing machine

Hydraulic grips for geo-fabrics

Pneumatic grips

Screw grips

25

Specimen grips - range of Application

Non-woven fabrics General fabrics
Filaments, fine yarns Conveyor belts

Technical yarn

Technical fabrics

Force holding Type of Grips principle Hydraulic grips A Pneumatic grips A Pneumatic grips B+A Wedge grips A Screw grips A Wedge screw grips A Spring screw grips A Pincer grips A Toggle grips B Double toggle grips B + A Rope grips B+A Curved grips B+A Roller grips B

Nominal Load 10 kN to 250 kN 20 N to 100 kN 2,5 kN to 20 kN 2,5 kN to 250 kN 20 N to 50 kN 500 N to 250 N 20 N / 50 N 500 N to 10 kN 300 N to 2,5 kN 500 N 2,5 kN to 100 kN 10 kN / 20 kN 2,5 kN to 250 kN

Strings, ropes

Geofabrics

Belts Cordage

General yarn

Elastic yarn

- Suitable for this application - Suitable only for cyclic tests - Suitable only for test to determine the shear, tear or adhesive properties - Suitable only for simple tensile tests, specimen width max. 32 mm

can be neglected. This applies particularly to specimen grips where the gripping force is applied by an additional force. The realization of the test forcegripping force in case of self-gripping specimen grips has the effect that the bending up of the specimen grips and the thickness reduction of the specimen have to be

compensated by a considerably larger clamping jaw tracking. This can lead to an inadmissible falsification of the strain measurement. Grip-sensitive specimens however require specimen grips where the test force is reduced decreasingly over larger gripping lengths, e.g. via correspondingly shaped cam plates. This has the consequence

that the gripping length (reference size for the strain calculation) is not exactly defined. The strain is moreover constantly reduced in the range of the relatively long gripping area. Therefore the strain can only be determined exactly if an extension measurement system is used to record the deformation directly on the specimen.

Spring screw grips 26

Pincer grips

Double toggle grips

Hydraulic specimen grips One or two-sided clamping jaw positioning Adjustable clamping force (Option: can be controlled by the test software dependant on the test force, for specimens that are sensitive to gripping) Exchangeable clamping jaws Special version with tandem cylinder for geo-textile specimens with a width of 200 mm for a homogeneous gripping force distribution over the entire specimen width Special versions for the use in temperature/climatic chambers at -70 C to +250 C Hand or foot control or control via the test software testXpert Pneumatic specimen grips One or two-sided clamping jaw positioning Adjustable clamping force Exchangeable clamping jaws Special versions for the use in temperature-/climatic chambers at -70 C to +250 C Special versions with cam plates Hand or foot control Screw grips Clamping force depends on the screw moment and the elasticity of the specimen grip Low-cost

Spring screw grips Clamping pressure adjustable by pre-stressing a spring. Thread guide for a simple, centrical gripping. Temperature range 15 C to +80 C Pincer grips Temperature range - 40 C to +250 C Double toggle grips Exact strain measurement by adapting the distances of the deflection pulleys to the specimens elastic behaviour Temperature range -15 C to +80 C Rope grips With a single or multiple wrapping around and mech., pneum. or hydr. gripping of the ropes end Temperature range -70 C to +250 C Curved grips Mech. or pneum. flat clamp with cam plate Temperature range: mechanical 0 C to +100 C pneumatic +10 C to +35 C

Roller grips Gripping by means of a multiple wrapping around Temperature range -40 C bis +250 C Note: The wedge and wedge screw grips used for rigid specimens are not suitable for tensile tests on flexible, textile specimens. Tools for compression tests for the determination of the compression characteristics of insulating materials according to EN 826 A lot of round, square, and rectan gular compression platens are available in different dimensions. The lower compression platens are always mounted rigidly. The upper compression platens may be mounted spherically (freely movable or alignable) to transmit the compressive force homogeneously over the entire compression platen. Tools for compression tests The suitable test configuration may be selected from a large range of different bending tables with rigid and movable supports and bending fins to meet the requirements of nearly every application.

Curved grips with pneumatic end clamping

Rope grips with mechanical end clamping

Roller grips 27

Extensometer
Crosshead travel monitor Standard equipment of all universal testing machines are digital crosshead travel monitors for a highly accurate and exactly reproducible measurement of the crosshead travel extension. Thus, the strain can be measured indirectly for many applications (without additional transducer directly on the specimen). This applies practically for all tear propagation, separation, peel, shear, and compression tests and for many tensile tests. Direct strain measurement Some test standards as e.g. EN ISO 10319, tensile test on large specimen strips and ISO 283-1, tensile test on textile conveyor beltdumbbell specimens, require the strain measurement to be carried out directly on the specimen to avoid any measuring errors that are caused by machine deformation, clamping jaw tracking, partial slippage of the specimen out of the gripping position. This applies parti-

cularly to the use of specimen grips where the specimens are gripped in the wrap-around principle. The strain is defined as extension of the initial gauge length. The extension can be measure in 2 different ways: 1. Contact measurement Two sensor arms are attached to the specimen at the distance of the initial gauge length; they record the extension of the gauge length up to the break (the end points of the gauge length are not marked). The force to move the sensor arms must be applied by the specimen and influences the force measurement. In order to measure also small test forces with a sufficient accuracy, it is necessary to keep the dragging force for the sensor arms as low as possible. At the specimen break, the energy which is elastically stored in the specimen parts, is converted to a kinetic energy. All of a sudden, the stretched, flexible specimen parts rebound to nearly their initial length just to get bent at a high speed or to deflect laterally. This whip effect

can damage or even destroy the sensor arms. The longer the specimen parts stretch, the higher the effect. This danger is particularly large when using specimen grips with wrap-around principle. 2. Contact-free measurement The initial gauge length is marked on the specimen with measurement marks. The travel extension of the marks is recorded optically. The measuring system cannot be damaged. Extension measurement systems A simple, safe and economic extension measurement is only possible by means of a relatively large technical effort. In addition to electronic or optical test data transducers, also motor-driven sensor arms, measuring slides, control devices, microcomputers and programs, i.e. complete systems might according to the function principle also be required.

Optical extensometer

Long stroke extensometer 28

Macro extensometer

Video extensometer

Extensometers Help for choice

Application Extensometers Clamping the specimen between clamping jaws by wrapping around plates or rollers
Video extensometer1) Video extensometer1) Macro extensometer Long stroke extensometer Optical extensometer Laser extensometer Crosshead monitor Macro extensometer Long stroke extensometer Optical extensometer Laser extensometer

Materials characteristics to be determined and the related standards Tensile modul EN ISO 10618 EN 12562, EN 13002-2, EN 13003-2 Secant rigidity and strain at max. force EN ISO 10319 Strain at x% of max. force ISO 283-1 Strain at break ISO 283-1

Crosshead monitor

Strain at max. force and break EN ISO 10618 EN 12562, EN 13002-2, EN 13003-2 EN ISO 5079, ASTM D 38229, ASTM D 3379 EN ISO 2062, DIN 53834-2, ASTM D 2256 ASTM D 885, cords ASTM D 885, fabrics ISO 6939, ASTM D 1578 ISO 3341 EN ISO 9163 EN 13844 EN ISO 13934-1, ASTM D 1682 EN 29073-3, EN 4606, EN 3342 EN ISO 1421 EN 1492-1 EN 61067-2, EN 565 EN 919, ASTM D 4268, EN 892 EN 564 -

- Suitable for this application - Suitable for this application if the deflection in the specimen grips is max. 180 - Suitable for this application if there is no risk that the sensor arms get damaged due to specimen parts rebounding at specimen break - Is used if a higher measuring accuracy without clamping influence is required. Mechanical measuring systems can only be used if there is no risk that they get damaged at specimen break. When using contactless measuring systems, a specimen marking is required
1)

The objectives of the video measuring system cannot be changed during the test. Optionally the determination of variations in width are also possible

29

Extensometer with sensor arms Technical data / special features

Macro extensometer Incremental 10 to 100/205 mm 80/120/160 mm 0.3/0.6/0.9/1.2 m Class 1 acc. to EN 10002-4, better than ISO 5893, grade A < 0.05 N motorized senor attachment motorized gauge length setting (allround version) textiles and compounds With low or medium strain robust and simple to use low inertia force crosshead contact protection exchangeable sensor arms for different measuring ranges convenient for measurements in temperature chambers Long stroke extensometer Incremental 10 to 1000 mm, manual setting 1000 mm L0 5 m 1% of reading or 0.01 mm, whatever is greater < 0.2 N motorized senor attachment

Measurement system Gauge length L0 Measuring range Resolution Accuracy Inertia force Special features

Applications Advantages

textiles and compounds with max. forces > 20 N robust and simple to use strain measurement until fracture without lifting the sensor arms (rotatable knife edges) exchangable sensor arms convenient for measurements in temperature chambers

Non-Contacting Extensometer Technical data / special features

Optical extensometer Incremental, 2 cameras 10 to 900 mm circular reflectors 1000 mm L0 5 m 1% of reading or 0.03 mm Whatever is higher simple-to-use measurement for materials with high strain secure and accurate measurement until fracture convenient for measurements in temperature chambers through a heated optical glass window automatic gauge length recognition Laser extensometer Rotation laser, 0.5 W He/Ne 10 mm (tension) 20 mm (compression) line reflectors ca. 400 mm Video extensometer Digital video camera with image processing system min. 5 mm

Measurement system Gauge length L0 L0-marking Measuring range Resolution Accuracy

Advantages

line reflectors Field of view1): i.e. 50/200/1000 mm 12 m 0.5 / 2 / 10 m1) Class 1 acc. to EN 10002-4, Class 1 acc. to EN 10002-4, better than ISO 5893, grade A1 better than ISO 5893, grade A1 for extensions > 5 mm (depends on lenses) convenient for measure Very adaptable for different ments in temperature materials and test procedures chambers through a heated automatic gauge length optical glass window recognition convenient for measurements in temperature chambers through a heated optical glass window

1)

Measuring range and resolution depends on lenses

30

Temperature and climatic chambers

Temperature / climate Many textile and textile-related materials strongly change their mechanical properties depending on the humidity of air and ambient temperature. One of these influences is illustrated by the following graphic. It shows how the maximum tensile force of a viscose fabric is reduced as the relative humidity of air increases. According to the later use of the material, particularly in the geotechnical, automobile, and aeronautics industry, it may be very important to know the behaviour of materials under different environmental conditions. The mechanical properties of textile and textile-related materials in an extended temperature and climatic range are predominantly tested for research and development purposes. Temperature chamber
Used withTable Height Width Height, mm Width, mm Depth, mm No cooling Cooling with CO2 LN2 Air cooled refrig. unit top and floor standing machine normal higher normal normal 650/500 400/260 825/360 amb./250 C2) 3) -60/250 C3) -80/250 C3) -40/250 C3) -40/250 C3) -70/250 C3) -40/250 C3) -40/250 C3) -70/250 C3) 850/700 400/260 825/360 amb./250 C2) 3) -60/250 C3) -80/250 C3) -40/50 C3) -70/250 C3) -40/250 C3) -70/250 C3)

Average of the max. force with minimum and maximum Regression curve of the max. force

Max. force in N

Regression coefficient = 0,9999

Rel. air humidity in %

Maximum tensile force depending on the relative humidity of air for a viscose fabric

Zwick offers a complete product range of temperature devices corresponding to the multitude of different requirements. Temperature chambers Zwick temperature chambers show the following characteristics: Aperture for sensor arms on the rear left side (45)

Eurotherm temperature controller with digital display for actual and set value Illumination inside the chamber Front door with insulated window * Sliders for removing the chamber without dismounting the grips Insulation and electrical design according to the CE safety regulations

Only floor standing machines normal higher larger larger 800/650 600/450 1150/645 1000/850 600/450 1150/645

Dimensions (external/internal)

Temperature range (from/to)

-60/250 C1) 3) -60/250 C1) 3) -80/250 C3) -80/250 C3) 3) -40/250 C -70/250 C3) -40/250 C3) -70/250 C3) -70/250 C3)

Water cooled refrig. unit

-70/250 C3)

1) 2) 3)

The depth of the chamber is 1080/540 mm Without opening for mechanical or optical extensometers, without removeable sliders Chambers with further temperature ranges on request 31

Climatic chambers
Temperature chambers with control of the relative humidity of air are called climatic chambers. Since the requirements for the humidity and temperature range strongly vary, climatic chambers are specified on request. Available options Several options are available according to the specification of the testing machine and the needs of the laboratory. heatable optical glass insert to ensure a homogeneous temperature distribution when using optical extensometers guiding rails or trolley to move the chamber out of the test area recording and control of the temperature by the testXpert(r)Software via RS 232-interface direct temperature measurement and control on the specimen liquid nitrogen tank, 100 litres, with pressure device, control valve, filling level indicator and safety device

Cooling with liquid nitrogen (LN2) or carbon dioxide (CO2) This type of cooling is used if tests below room temperature are to be carried out from time to time. The cooling effect generated by vaporizing the liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide. These gases are non-toxic. A sufficient ventilation of the testing laboratory is required, however. The optional 100 litres liquid nitrogen tank (3/8"-connection) is sufficient for several hours of tests. Cooling by use of a refrigeration unit Cooling is generated by a compressor. This method is used if tests below room temperature are frequently required, if procurement of liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide is too difficult or if the use of liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide is forbidden for safety reasons.

The energy transmission can be realized by the use of air-cooled heat exchangers (the energy stays in the room) or by a water-cooled heat exchanger (the energy does not heat up the laboratory, but more expensive since cooling water is needed). Refrigeration units generate more noise than vaporizing systems.

Temperature chamber with pneumatic grips (door opend)

Temperature chamber mounted on guide rails

Sliders for removing the chamber without removing the grips

32

Special testing machines and systems

These testing machines are developed according to the field of application in question in close cooperation with the customer. They are mainly based on the components of standard testing machines. Examples of special testing machines for textile applications

ZMART Zwick Modernization and Retrofit Technology

Modernization packages With the two modernization lines ZMART.KIT( and ZMART.PRO) both electromechanical and hydraulic materials testing machines of different manufacturers can be upgraded and brought to the most recent state-of-the-art. A modernization guarantees spare parts supply for modernized components, and makes available the most recent version of the test software testXpert , as well as the entire accessory program of extensometers and specimen grips. The decision whether to purchase a new machine or a modernization depends primarily on the value and technical condition of the machine components to be taken over. Due to the fact that in addition to the load frame other components can

Materials testing machine in horizontal position for hill climbing ropes, test loads up to100 kN and a test travel up to 3.7 m, with optical extensometer

Materials testing machine in horizontal position for conveyor belts, test loads up to 2,500 kN, test travel up to 1. 5 m, gripping length up to 10 m Materials testing machine Zwick Z010 with unit for the determination of the unrolling resistance of medical bandages.

Fully automatic materials testing system with circulating specimen magazine for up to 200 strip-shaped specimens

Modernization of an electro mechanical materials testing machine with ZMART.PRO testControl-M

33

also be used furthermore, as e.g.: load cell and extensometer, the costs for a modernization remain relatively low compared to the costs incurred for the purchase of a new machine. The modernization packages are composed of the following components:
Special features or services

Digital measurement and control electronics Test software testXpert Maintenance-free AC-drives Proportional valves or servovalves and hydraulic units for hydraulic testing machines

ZMART.KIT

ZMART.PRO testControlAllround (DUPS) M H M H I -

Connection to Electro-mechanical testing machines Quasi-static hydraulic testing machines Can also be used without Personal Computer (PC) Up to 3 hydraulic testing machines Test data acquisition and display test force and crosshead or piston travel resp. Further connection of Analog extensometers (inductive) Analog extensometers (strain gauge system) Incremental extensometers Several load cells (Changeover via testXpert ) Test data storage and processing Display of max. force and travel when reaching the test end criteria (without PC) Optional display of test force or stress, travel and/or deformation or strain (only with PC) Output of XY-curves with the coordinates force/stress, travel and /or deformation/strain or test time (only with PC) Automatic determination and documentation of materials characteristics data and statistical data (only with PC) Test sequence control and test speed control Automatic recognition of the test end (specimen break, force-, travel- or time-limit value or number of test cycles reached) Automatic stop at test end or return to start position Automatic speed changes according to the test program (only with PC) Test speed control in dependence on the measured force or deformation (closed loop control (only with PC and optional program) Monitoring of satety limit values Test force Crosshead resp. piston travel

34

Services
Customer satisfaction is given top priority at Zwick/Roell. Therefore, nearly one third of the employees are active in the service field. Extensive services guarantee the best use possible and a high availability of the supplied testing machines and -systems. Advice and support Our technically competent and experienced service personnel support the user directly at site or by phone, fax or e-mail. Detailed information may also be looked up in the internet or may be downloaded in case of need. Maintenance and repair A service contract with individually agreed service intervals for a careful and thorough maintenance and calibration guarantees the correct and trouble-free operation of the supplied testing machines and systems. Whereby it is not important which manufacturer supplied the testing machine. In case of a malfunction, a service-engineer or technician is quickly available at site. Modern auxiliary means such as a telediagnostic service via modem allow a quick and exact fault localization at an early stage. Different reaction models guarantee the availability of a technician within the shortest period of time possible. Calibration service according to ISO 9000 The Zwick/Roell maintenance- and calibration service is accredited as DKD1)- and as UKAS2)-calibration laboratory resp. Thus, it is authorized to check the testing machines and -systems at the place of installation and to issue DKD- or UKAS calibration certificates for the measured quantities force, extension, energy and hardness. These calibration certificates are not only

recognized within the European Union, but also in almost every country of the world. Particular advantage: The technicians of the calibration service can, on the occasion of their service visit, not only service, adjust and calibrate the Zwick/Roell testing machines and systems, but also the machines and systems of other manufactures. This saves time and costs. The regular maintenance and calibration of the testing machines is also a prerequisite for a quality management system according to QS-9000 and VDA 6.1. Hotline Quick assistance in case of malfunctions For Zwick/Roell, the perfect functioning of the testing machine is very important. Should, in spite of the high quality standard, any malfunctions occur on the machine or within the software, then competent specialists are available on the free hotline. Creation and adaptation of test programs With the test software of the Zwick/ Roell Group already many different test programs can be acquired. The test requirements are however not always standardized. Experts will adapt your existing test programs individually or will create a new test program which is tailor-made to comply with your requirements. Seminars Studies have shown that more than half of the problems with technical systems are not caused by the technology itself, but rather by the user. A good training of the users helps to avoid troubles and, as a result, to reduce the costs. The Zwick/Roell seminars inform

about theory and practice of the materials- and component part testing, the evaluation and the valuation of the test data, test results and the operation and maintenance of the testing devices. These seminars either take place directly at the users place or at the locations of Zwick/Roell companies or representations. Support line Assistance for operation and application Alternatively to the visit of a seminar or to the service visit of a technician at site, you can talk to our experts on the support line against charge whenever you have any questions. They will assist you with the adaptation of the test software, with the creation of test programs, when having questions regarding the operation of the software or the machine and they will give you an application-specific support. Spare parts Standard components are mostly available on stock and will be sent to you by courier service on the day of order. Special components, not being carried on stock, will be manufactured just in time by means of the latest production technology.
1)

DKD= UKAS =

2)

Deutscher Kalibrier-Dienst (German Calibration Service) United Kingdom Accreditation Service

35