Fisika Panas

x
z
Thermal Physics
biological
processes
Phase
transitions
chemical reactions
Fabrication
of materials
generating work
semiconductors
Thermal radiation
(global warming)
magnetism
What rules describe the
behavior of:
Materials
gases
liquids
solids
polymers

Phenomena
thermal conduction
thermal radiation
heat engines
magnetism
Temperatur
Hk. Thermodinamika ke-0
Thermometer & Skala Temperatur
Pemuaian
Gas Ideal
Teori Kinetika Gas

Topics
Temperature and the zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Two objects placed in thermal contact will eventually come to
the same temperature. When they do, we say they are in
thermal equilibrium.
A B
C
Then A and B are in thermal equilibrium.
If A is in thermal equilibrium with C
and B is in thermal equilibrium with C
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Thermometers and Temperature Scales
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is.
Thermometers are instruments designed to measure
temperature. In order to do this, they take advantage of
some property of matter that changes with temperature.
Most materials expand when heated.
6
Termometer Galileo
Tabung berisi cairan yang mudah
memuai (koefisien muai termalnya
besar)

Bola-bola kecil berisi aneka cairan,
dengan bermassa jenis dari besar
sampai kecil

Jika suhu naik, makin banyak bola
kecil tenggelam

Suhu ditunjukkan oleh bola yang
terapung terendah
Common thermometers used today include the liquid-in-glass
type and the bimetallic strip.
Thermometers and Temperature Scales
Thermal Physics 10-01
A bimetallic strip, consisting of metal G on the top and
metal H on the bottom, is rigidly attached to a wall at the
left as shown. In the diagram. The coefficient of linear
thermal expansion for metal G is greater than that of
metal H. If the strip is uniformly heated, it will
(A) curve upward.
(B) curve downward.
(C) remain horizontal, but get longer.
(D) bend in the middle.
Temperature is generally measured using either the Kelvin,
Celsius, or the Fahrenheit scale.
Thermometers and Temperature Scales
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
A steel washer
is heated
Does the hole increase
or decrease in size?
Expansion occurs when an
object is heated.
When the washer
is heated
The hole
becomes
larger
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
Thermal Physics 10-02
Consider a flat steel plate with a hole through its center
as shown in the diagram. When the plate's temperature
is increased, the hole will

(A) expand only if it takes up more than half
the plate's surface area.

(B) contract if it takes up less than half
the plate's surface area.

(C) always contract.

(D) always expand.
L
o

AL
AL L
o
AT
AT
AL = oL
o
AT
L = L
o
(1+oAT)
Coefficient of
linear expansion
L L
o
= oL
o
AT
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
A cylindrical brass sleeve is to be shrunk-fitted over a
brass shaft whose diameter is 3.212 cm at 0
o
C. The
diameter of the sleeve is 3.196 cm at 0
o
C.
D
d
To what temperature must the sleeve be heated before
it will slip over the shaft?
shaft
sleeve
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids (Problem)
To what temperature must the sleeve be
heated before it will slip over the shaft?
shaft
sleeve
D
d
C / 1 10 x 19
o 6
= o
T L L
i
A o = A
( )
d
d D
T
f
o

=
C 0 T
cm 196 . 3 d
cm 212 . 3 D
o
i
=
=
=
( )
( ) cm 3.196 C / 1 10 x 19
cm 3.196 cm 3.212
o 6

= C 263
o
=
d D L = A
( )
i f
T T d d D o =
f
dT d D o =
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids (Problem)
( )
3 2
o
2
o
3
o
L L L 3 L L 3 L V A + A + A + =
New Volume
( )
3
o
L L V A + =
Initial Volume
3
o o
L V =
T L 3 V
3
o
A o = A
L
o
L
o

L
o
L
o
+ AL
L
o
+ AL
L
o
+ AL
Volume Expansion
AL = oL
o
AT
L L 3 V V V
2
o o
A = = A
( ) T L L 3 V
o
2
o
A o = A
T V 3 V
o
A o = A
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
T V 3 V
o
A o = A
o = | 3
T V V
o
A | = A
T V V V
o o
A | =
( ) T 1 V V
o
A | + =
Coefficient
of
Volume
Expansion
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
An automobile fuel tank is filled to the brim with 45 L of
gasoline at 10
o
C. Immediately afterward, the vehicle is parked
in the Sun, where the temperature is 35
o
C. How much gasoline
overflows from the tank as a result of expansion?
S G
V V V A A = A
( ) T V V
o S G
A | | = A
( ) 25 45 10 x 33 10 x 6 . 9 V
6 4
= A
L 04 . 1 V = A
Overflow
Change in
volume
of the
gasoline
Change in
volume
of the steel
gas tank
T V T V V
o S o G
A | A | = A
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids (Problem)
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l

E
n
e
r
g
y

Intermolecular Distance
Low Temperature
High Temperature
Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
Thermal
Expansion
of Water
As the temperature of water decreases from 4C to 0C, it
expands and its density decreases
Above 4C, water expands with increasing temperature, typical
of other liquids and materials
Maximum density of water is 1000 kg/m
3
at 4C
This unusual behavior explains why:
ice humps up in the middle of the compartments in an ice cube tray
a lake freezes slowly from the top down (important for animal and plant
life!)
water pipes can burst in the winter
PV = nRT
Pressure
(Pa)
Volume
(m
3
)
Absolute
Temperature
(K)
Gas Constant
(8.31 J/mol
.
K)
0.0821 (L
.
atm)/(mol
.
K)
1.99 cal/(mol
.
K)
Gas Quantity
(mol)
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
Thermal Physics 10-03
~M1 ~M2 ~M3 ~M4 ~M5 ~M6 ~M7 ~M8 ~M10 ~M9
~M11 ~M12 ~M13 ~M14 ~M15 ~M16 ~M17 ~M18 ~M20 ~M19
~M21 ~M22 ~M23 ~M24 ~M25 ~M26 ~M27 ~M28 ~M30 ~M29
~M31 ~M32 ~M33 ~M34 ~M35 ~M36 ~M37 ~M38 ~M40 ~M39
~M41 ~M42 ~M43 ~M44 ~M45 ~M46 ~M47 ~M48 ~M50 ~M49
~M51 ~M52 ~M53 ~M54 ~M55 ~M56 ~M57 ~M58 ~M60 ~M59
Both the pressure and volume of a given sample of
an ideal gas double. This means that its
temperature in Kelvin must
(A) double.
(B) quadruple.
(C) reduce to one-fourth its original value.
(D) remain unchanged.
A mole (mol) is defined as the number of grams of a substance
that is numerically equal to the molecular mass of the substance:
1 mol H
2
has a mass of 2 g
1 mol Ne has a mass of 20 g
1 mol CO
2
has a mass of 44 g
( )
( )
( ) mol / g mass molecular
grams mass
mol n =

m
n =
( )
( ) mol / particles number s vogadro' A
) (particles molecules
mol n =
A
N
N
n =
The number of moles in a certain number of particles:
The number of moles in a certain mass of material:
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
PV = NkT
Pressure
(Pa)
Volume
(m
3
)
Absolute
Temperature
(K)
Boltzmanns
Constant
(1.38 x 10
-23
J/K)
Number of
Molecules
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
Boltzmanns Constant
nRT PV = NkT =
N
nR
k =
n
N
R
k =
Gas
Constant
Avogadros
Number
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
A gas is contained in an 8.0 x 10
3
m
3
vessel at 20
o
C
and a pressure of 9.0 x 10
5
N/m
2
.

(a) Determine the number of moles of gas in the vessel.
nRT PV =
RT
PV
n =
( ) K 293 K mol / J 31 . 8
m 10 x 0 . 8 N/m 10 x 0 . 9
2 3 2 5

=

mol 0 . 3 n =
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas (Problem)
A gas is contained in an 8.0 x 10
3
m
3
vessel at 20 oC
and a pressure of 9.0 x 10
5
N/m
2
.

(b) How many molecules are in the vessel?
A
nN N =
mol 0 . 3 n =
mol
molecules
23
10 x 02 . 6 mol 0 . 3 =
molecules 10 x 8 . 1 N
24
=
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas (Problem (cont))
Thermal Physics 10-04
A container of an ideal gas at 1 atm is compressed to
one-third its volume, with the temperature held
constant. What is its final pressure?
(A) 1/3 atm
(B) 1 atm
(C) 3 atm
(D) 9 atm
A cylinder with a moveable
piston contains gas at a
temperature of 27
o
C, a volume
of 1.5 m
3
, and an absolute
pressure of 0.20 x 10
5
Pa.
1.5 m
3

27
o
C
0.20 x 10
5
Pa
0.70 m
3

0.80 x 10
5
Pa
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
What will be its final temperature
if the gas is compressed to 0.70 m
3

and the absolute pressure increases
to 0.80 x 10
5
Pa?
1.5 m
3

27
o
C
0.20 x 10
5
Pa
0.70 m
3

0.80 x 10
5
Pa
nRT PV =
constant nR
T
PV
= =
i
i i
f
f f
T
V P
T
V P
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
i i
f f
i f
V P
V P
T T
3 5
3 5
m 5 . 1 Pa 10 x 2 . 0
m 7 . 0 Pa 10 x 8 . 0
K 300 =
K 560 =
273
C 287
o
Microscopic Description of an Ideal Gas (Problem)
K 300 C 27
o
=
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Assumptions of kinetic theory:
2) molecules are far apart, on average
1) large number of molecules, moving in
random directions with a variety of speeds
3) molecules obey laws of classical mechanics and
interact only when colliding
4) collisions are perfectly elastic
x
y
z
v
L
A
The force exerted on the wall by the collision
of one molecule of mass m is
( )
t
mv
F =
x
x
v
L 2
mv 2
=
L
mv
2
x
=
Then the average force due to N
molecules colliding with that wall is
2
x
v N
L
m
F =
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
The averages of the squares of the speeds
in all three directions are equal:
So the pressure on the wall is:
A
F
P =
AL
v Nm
2
3
1
=
V
v Nm
2
3
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
L
v mN
F
2
3
1
x
y
z
v
L
A
2
x
v N
L
m
F =
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Rewriting,
so
The average translational kinetic energy of the molecules
in an ideal gas is directly proportional to the temperature
of the gas.
2
2
1
3
2
v m N PV =
NkT =
kT v m
2
2
1
3
2
=
( ) kT v m E K
2
3
2
2
1
= =
V
v Nm
P
2
3
1
=
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Molecular Kinetic Energy
Temperature is a measure of the average
molecular kinetic energy.
2
kT 3
KE=
( )
m
kT 3
v
rms
=
2
v m
2
2
kT 3
2
v m
2
=
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Thermal Physics 10-05
According to the ideal gas Law, PV = constant for a
given temperature. As a result, an increase in volume
corresponds to a decrease in pressure. This happens
because the molecules

(A) collide with each other more frequently.

(B) move slower on the average.

(C) strike the container wall less often.

(D) transfer less energy to the walls of the container
each time they strike it.
Thermal Physics 10-06
The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is directly
proportional to which of the following?
(A) speed
(B) momentum
(C) kinetic energy
(D) mass
Thermal Physics 10-07
Oxygen molecules are 16 times more massive than hydrogen
molecules. At a given temperature, the average molecular
kinetic energy of oxygen, compared to hydrogen

(A) is greater.

(B) is less.

(C) is the same.

(D) cannot be determined since pressure and
volume are not given
What is the total random kinetic energy of all the
molecules in one mole of hydrogen at a temperature
of 300 K.
|
.
|

\
|
= kT
2
3
N K
A
Avogadros
number
Kinetic energy
per molecule
J 3740 K =
( ) K 00 3
K
J
10 x 38 . 1
2
3
molecules 10 x 02 . 6 K
23 23
|
.
|

\
|
=
The Kinetic Theory of Gases (Problem)
Calculate the rms speed of a Nitrogen molecule (N
2
)
when the temperature is 100
o
C.
Mass of N
2
molecule:
kg 10 x .65 4
26
=
( )
kg 10 x .65 4
K 373 J/K 10 x .38 1 3
26
23

=
( )
m
kT 3
v
rms
=
( )
m/s 576 v
rms
=
rms speed:
mole molecules/ 10 x .02 6
kg/mole 10 x 0 . 28
m
23
3
=
The Kinetic Theory of Gases (Problem)
If 2.0 mol of an ideal gas are confined to a 5.0 L vessel at
a pressure of 8.0 x 10
5
Pa, what is the average kinetic
energy of a gas molecule?
Temperature of the gas:
nRT PV =
nR
PV
T =
|
.
|

\
|

=

K mol
J
31 . 8 mol 0 . 2
m 10 x 0 . 5 Pa 10 x 0 . 8

3 3 5
K 44 2 =
Kinetic energy:
kT
2
3
K =
K 244
K
J
10 x 38 . 1
2
3
23
|
.
|

\
|
=

molecule
J
10 x 38 . 1
23
=
The Kinetic Theory of Gases (Problem)
Thermal Physics 10-08
A container holds N molecules of an ideal gas at a given
temperature. If the number of molecules in the container is
increased to 2N with no change in temperature or volume,
the pressure in the container
(A) doubles.
(B) remains constant.
(C) is cut in half.
(D) none of the above
Mean and rms Speed
5
2
3
6
2
6
1
4
Mean Speed:
8
5 2 3 6 2 4 6 1 + + + + + + +
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
8
5 2 3 6 2 4 6 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + + +
=
rms Speed:
( )
m/s 4.0 v
rms
=
( )
m/s 3.6 v
mean
=
The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Thermal Physics 10-09
A sample of an ideal gas is slowly compressed to one-half
its original volume with no change in temperature. What
happens to the average speed of the molecules in the
sample?
(A) It does not change.
(B) It doubles.
(C) It halves.
(D) none of the above
Thermal Physics 10-10
A mole of diatomic oxygen molecules and a mole
of diatomic nitrogen molecules at STP have
(A) the same average molecular speeds.
(B) the same number of molecules.
(C) the same diffusion rates.
(D) all of the above
Summary
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is,
and is measured by thermometers.
There are three temperature scales in use: Celsius,
Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
When heated, a solid will get longer by a fraction given
by the coefficient of linear expansion.
The fractional change in volume of gases, liquids, and
solids is given by the coefficient of volume expansion.
nRT PV =
Ideal gas law:
One mole of a substance is the number of grams equal to
the atomic or molecular mass.
Each mole contains Avogadros number of atoms or molecules.
The average kinetic energy of molecules in a gas is
proportional to the temperature:
( ) kT v m E K
2
3
2
2
1
= =
Summary