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    Things+to+know+ Part+2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    John Chen
    This document provides an overview of key concepts related to infinite series, including: 1) It defines Taylor polynomials and Taylor approximations, which allow functions to be approximated by polynomials near a center point. 2) It distinguishes between infinite sequences and infinite series, noting that sequences are lists of numbers while series involve the sum of sequence terms. 3) It outlines various tests that can be used to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges, such as the harmonic series test, geometric series test, limit comparison test, integral test, and others.

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    Things+to+know+ Part+2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    John Chen
    48 views2 pages
    This document provides an overview of key concepts related to infinite series, including: 1) It defines Taylor polynomials and Taylor approximations, which allow functions to be approximated by polynomials near a center point. 2) It distinguishes between infinite sequences and infinite series, noting that sequences are lists of numbers while series involve the sum of sequence terms. 3) It outlines various tests that can be used to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges, such as the harmonic series test, geometric series test, limit comparison test, integral test, and others.

    Original Description:

    MATH 2J required topics part 2

    Original Title

    things+to+know+_part+2_.pdf

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document provides an overview of key concepts related to infinite series, including: 1) It defines Taylor polynomials and Taylor approximations, which allow functions to be approximated by polynomials near a center point. 2) It distinguishes between infinite sequences and infinite series, noting that sequences are lists of numbers while series involve the sum of sequence terms. 3) It outlines various tests that can be used to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges, such as the harmonic series test, geometric series test, limit comparison test, integral test, and others.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    48 views2 pages

    Things+to+know+ Part+2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    John Chen
    This document provides an overview of key concepts related to infinite series, including: 1) It defines Taylor polynomials and Taylor approximations, which allow functions to be approximated by polynomials near a center point. 2) It distinguishes between infinite sequences and infinite series, noting that sequences are lists of numbers while series involve the sum of sequence terms. 3) It outlines various tests that can be used to determine if an infinite series converges or diverges, such as the harmonic series test, geometric series test, limit comparison test, integral test, and others.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    of 2

    PART 2: INFINITE SERIES

    Here is a list of remarks for the second part of the class; it is only a study aid, not study guide!
    This is put together by me, which means I might forget some (or a lot) of information. Let me know if you see
    anything I missed. Thanks!
    Kate =]

    TAYLOR POLYNOMIALS
    Definition: suppose ( ) f x has 1 n + derivatives in an open real interval ( ) , a b and ( ) , c a b e , then
    (a)
    ( )
    2 3
    ( ) ( ) ( )
    ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
    2! 3! !
    n
    n
    n
    f c f c f c
    p x f c f c x c x c x c x c
    n
    '' '''
    ' = + + + + +
    is called the n
    th
    order Taylor polynomial of function ( ) f x about the center point x c = .

    (b) For x near c, ( ) f x can be approximated by ( )
    n
    p x i.e. ( ) ( )
    n
    f x p x ~ . This approximation is called the n
    th
    order
    Taylor approximation of ( ) f x about the point c.

    (c) The error term or remainder term associate with the approximation is denoted by ( )
    n
    E x and defined by
    ( )
    ( )
    ( 1)
    1
    ( )
    1 !
    n
    n
    n
    f
    E x x c
    n
    +
    +
    =
    +

    Hence, we can write ( ) ( ) ( )
    n n
    f x p x E x = + .

    INFINITE SEQUENCES vs. INFINITE SERIES

    SEQUENCE SERIES
    Definition Sequence: List of numbers/function
    Series: Sum of numbers/function
    (sum of sequence terms)
    Notation {a
    n
    } = { a
    1
    , a
    2
    , a
    3
    , a
    n
    ,} o
    n

    1
    = a
    1
    +a
    2
    +a
    3
    + a
    n
    +
    Sub and partial
    Subsequence: infinite partial list of the sequence
    ex. {2n} is an infinite subsequence of {n}
    Partial sum: partial sum of the series (NOT
    infinite)
    S
    n
    = S
    1
    + S
    2
    + S
    3
    +. + S
    n

    Sequence of partial sum: { S
    1
    , S
    2
    , ,S
    n
    ,}
    Convergence
    If lim
    n
    o
    n
    = I and L is a number
    then {a
    n
    } converges to L
    Notations:
    lim
    n
    o
    n
    = I
    (a
    n
    ) L
    If (S
    n
    ) L (seq. of partial sum converges)
    then series {a
    n
    } converges to L
    Notations:
    o
    n

    1
    = L
    a
    1
    +a
    2
    +a
    3
    + a
    n
    + = L
    Divergence
    If (o
    n
    ) does NOT have a finite limit
    then (o
    n
    ) diverges
    If (S
    n
    ) diverges (seq. of partial sum diverges)
    then series {a
    n
    } diverges
    Harmonic [
    1
    n
    0 converges

    1
    n
    =

    1
    diverges
    Geometric
    (ar
    n
    ) converges to 0 if |r| < 1

    diverges otherwise
    or
    n
    1
    =
    u
    1-
    if |r| < 1

    otherwise
    ltm
    n
    a
    n
    =
    Means (a
    n
    ) 0 converges
    Means o
    n

    1
    can be convergent or
    divergent (meaning NO CONCLUSION)
    ltm
    n
    a
    n
    = L
    Means (a
    n
    ) L converges Means o
    n

    1
    = diverges
    Absolute value If (|a
    n
    |) 0 then ( a
    n
    ) 0
    If |o
    n

    1
    | converges then o
    n

    1
    converges

    Definitions:
    o
    n

    1
    absolutely converges if |o
    n

    1
    |
    converges
    o
    n

    1
    conditionally converges if |o
    n

    1
    |
    diverges and If |o
    n

    1
    | converges
    Squeeze theorem
    vs.
    Comparison test
    Squeeze theorem: If
    n n n
    a b c s s for
    0
    n n > and
    lim lim
    n n
    n n
    a c L

    = = , then lim
    n
    n
    b L

    =

    Comparison test: 0 for all
    n n
    a b n s s
    If
    1
    n
    n
    b

    converges, then
    1
    n
    n
    a

    converges.
    If
    1
    n
    n
    a

    diverges, then
    1
    n
    n
    b

    diverges.

    Limit of sequence
    vs.
    integral test
    Limit of sequence:
    If ( )
    n
    f n a = for all n andlim ( )
    x
    f x L

    =
    then lim
    n
    n
    a L

    =

    Integral test:
    If f(n)= o
    n
    for all n, and f(x) is positive,
    continuous, decreasing for x1, then:

    o
    n

    1
    converges (x)Jx

    1
    converges
    Properties of limit
    and series
    Properties of limits:
    If (o
    n
    ) and (b
    n
    ) converge , then
    lim
    n
    (o
    n
    _ b
    n
    ) = lim
    n
    (o
    n
    ) _ lim
    n
    (b
    n
    )

    lim
    n
    (c. o
    n
    ) = c. lim
    n
    (o
    n
    )

    lim
    n
    (o
    n
    b
    n
    ) = lim
    n
    (o
    n
    ) lim
    n
    (b
    n
    )


    IIm
    n
    (u
    n
    )
    IIm
    n
    (b
    n
    )
    = lim
    n
    [
    u
    n
    b
    n
    (b
    n
    u n)

    Properties of Series:
    If o
    n

    1
    and o
    n

    1
    converge, then

    (o
    n
    _b
    n

    1
    ) = o
    n

    1
    _ b
    n

    1


    (c. o
    n)

    1
    = c o
    n
    (c is o constont)

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