Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

Chapter 23 Multilane Highways

Increasing trac ow has forced engineers to increase the number of lanes of highways in order to provide good manoeuvring facilities to the users. The main objectives of this lecture is to present the basics of multilane highway, its operational characteristics, capacity and level of service (LOS) concepts. An important parameter in the capacity and LOS analysis is the free ow speed. This also will be covered in the lecture.

23.2

Multilane Highways

A highway is a public road especially a major road connecting two or more destinations. A highway with at least two lanes for the exclusive use of trac in each direction, with no control or partial control of access, but that may have periodic interruptions to ow at signalized intersections not closer than 3.0 km is called as multilane highway. Multilane highways exist in a number of settings, from typical suburban communities leading to central cities or along highvolume rural corridors that connect two cities or important activities generating a considerable number of daily trips.

23.2.1

Highway Classication

Although there are various ways of classication of highways; the most common one is based on the number of lanes. Thus highways may be classied as: Two lane highways. Three lane highway, and Four or more lane highway Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay 1 April 2, 2012

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23. Multilane Highways

23.2.2

Highway Characteristics

Multilane highways generally have posted speed limits between 60 km/h and 90 km/h. They usually have four or six lanes, often with physical medians or two-way right turn lanes. The trac volumes generally varies from p15,000 - 40,000 vehicles per day. It may also go up to 100,000 per day with grade separations and no cross-median access. Trac signals at major intersections are possible for multilane highways which facilitate partial control of access. Typical illustrations of multilane highway congurations are provided in Fig. ??.

23.3

Highway Capacity

An important operation characteristic of any transport facility including the multi lane highways is the concept of capacity. Capacity may be dened as the maximum sustainable ow rate at which vehicles or persons reasonably can be expected to traverse a point or uniform segment of a lane or roadway during a specied time period under given roadway, geometric, trac, environmental, and control conditions; usually expressed as vehicles per hour, passenger cars per hour, or persons per hour. There are two types of capacity, possible capacity and practical capacity. Possible capacity is dened as the maximum number of vehicles that can pass a point in one hour under prevailing roadway and trac condition. Practical capacity on the other hand is the maximum number that can pass the point without unreasonable delay restriction to the average drivers freedom to pass other vehicles. The procedure for computing practical capacity for the uninterrupted ow condition is as follows: 1. Select an operating speed which is acceptable for the class of highways the terrain and the driver. 2. Determine the appropriate capacity for ideal conditions from table 1 shown below. 3. Determine the reduction factor for conditions which reduce capacity (such as width of road, alignment, sight distance, heavy vehicle adjustment factor). 4. Multiply these factors by ideal capacity value obtained from step 2.

Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay

April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

Table 23:1: Free ow speed and capacity for freeway and multilane highway.(Source: HCM, 2000) Types of facility Freeway Free ow speed(kmph) 110 105 100 90 100 90 80 70 Capacity (pcphpl) 2400 2350 2300 2250 2200 2100 2000 1900

Multilane

23.4

Level of Service for Multilane Highways

Level of service (LOS) is a qualitative term describing the operational performance of any transportation facility. The qualitative performance measure can be dened using various quantitative terms like: 1. Volume to capacity ratio, 2. Mean passenger car speed, and 3. Density, in terms of passenger cars per kilometre per lane. Each of these measures can indicate how well the highway accommodates the trac demand since speed does not vary over a wide range of ows, it is not a good indicator of service quality. Density which is a measure of proximity of other vehicles in the trac stream and is directly perceived by drivers and does not vary with all ow levels and therefore density is the most important performance measure for estimating LOS. Based on the quantitative parameter, the LOS of a facility can be divided into six qualitative categories, designated as LOS A,B,C,D,E,F The denition of each level of service, is given below: Level of Service A. Travel conditions are completely free ow. The only constrainton the operation of vehicles lies in the geometric features of the roadway and individual driver preferences. Manoeuvrability within the trac stream is good, and minor disruptions to trac are Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay 3 April 2, 2012

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23. Multilane Highways

Figure 23:1: LOS A

Figure 23:2: LOS B easily absorbed without an eect on travel speed. Fig. 23:1 shows LOS A. Level of Service B. Travel conditions are at free ow. The presence of other vehicles is noticed but it is not a constraint on the operation of vehicles as are the geometric features of the roadway and individual driver preferences. Minor disruptions are easily absorbed, although localized reduction in LOS are noted. Fig. 23:2 below shows LOS B. Level of Service C. Trac density begins to inuence operations. The ability tomanoeuvre within the trac stream is aected by other vehicles. Travel speeds show some reduction when free-ow speeds exceed 80 km/h. Minor disruptions may be expected to cause serious local deterioration in service, and queues may begin toform. Fig. 23:3 shows LOS C. Level of Service D. The ability to manoeuvre is severely restricted due to congestion. Travel speeds are reduced as volumes increase. Minor disruptions maybe expected to cause serious

Figure 23:3: LOS C Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay 4 April 2, 2012

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23. Multilane Highways

Figure 23:4: LOS D

Figure 23:5: LOS E local deterioration in service, and queues may begin toform. Fig. 23:4 shows LOS D. Level of Service E. Operations are unstable and at or near capacity. Densities vary, depending on the free-ow speed. Vehicles operate at the minimum spacing for which uniform ow can be maintained. Disruptions cannot be easily dissipated and usually result in the formation of queues and the deterioration of service to LOS F. For the majority of multilane highways with free-ow speed between 70 and 100km/h, passenger-car mean speeds at capacity range from 68 to 88 km/h but are highly variable and unpredictable. Fig. 23:5 shows LOS E. Level of Service F. A forced breakdown of ow occurs at the point where the numbers of vehicles that arrive at a point exceed the number of vehicles discharged or when forecast demand exceeds capacity. Queues form at the breakdown point, while at sections downstream they may appear to be at capacity. Operations are highly unstable, with vehicles experiencing brief periods of movement followed by stoppages. Travel speeds within queues are generally less than 48 km/h. Note that theterm LOS F may be used to characterize both the point of the breakdown and the operating condition within the queue. Fig. 23:6 shows LOS F.

23.5

Determination of Level of Service

The determination of level of service for a multilane highway involves three steps: 1. Determination of free-ow speed Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay 5 April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

Figure 23:6: LOS F 2. Determination of ow rate 3. Determination of level of service

23.5.1

Free-ow speed

Free-ow speed is the theoretical speed of trac density, when the density approaches zero. It is the speed at which drivers feel comfortable travelling under the physical, environmental and trac conditions existing on an uncongested section of multilanehighway. In practice, free-ow speed is determined by performing travel-timestudies during periods of low-to-moderate ow conditions. The upper limit for low to moderate ow conditions is considered 1400 passenger cars per hour per lane(pc/h/ln) for the analyses. Speed-ow and density ow relationships are shown in Fig. 23:7 and Fig. 23:8. These relationships hold for a typical uninterrupted-ow segment on a multilane highway under either base or no base conditions in which free-ow speed is known. Fig. 23:7 indicates that the speed of trac volume up to a ow rate of 1400 pc/h/ln. It also shows that the capacity of a multilane highway under base conditions is 2200 pc/h/ln for highways with a 90 km/h free-ow speed. At ow rates between 1400 and 2200 pc/h/ln, the speed on a multilane highway drops; for example, by 8 km/h for a highways with a free-ow speed of 90 km/h. Fig. 23:8 shows that density varies continuously throughout the full range of ow rates. The capacity value of 2200 pc/h/ln is representative of the maximum 15-min ow rate that can be accommodated under base conditions for highways with 90 km/h free-ow speed. From various studies of the ow characteristics, base conditions for multilane highways are dened as follows: 1. Lane widths are 3.6 m. 2. Lateral clearance is 1.8 m. 3. No direct access points along the highway.

Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay

April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

110 100

Speed (km/hr)

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400

Flow (pc/h/ln)

Figure 23:7: Speed-ow relationship on multilane highways (HCM, 2000)

50

Density (pc/h/ln)

45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 1 5 0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400

Free flow speed = 70 km/hr Free flow speed = 80 km/hr Free flow speed = 90 km/hr Free flow speed = 100 km/hr

Flow (pc/h/ln)

Figure 23:8: Density-ow relationships on multilane highways (HCM, 2000)

Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay

April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

Speed (km/hr)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400

Density = 7 pc/km/ln Density = 11 pc/km/ln Density = 16 pc/km/ln Density = 22 pc/km/ln Density = 25 pc/km/ln

Flow (pc/h/ln)

Figure 23:9: Speed-ow curves with LOS criteria for multilane highways (HCM, 2000) 4. A divided highway. 5. Only passenger cars in the trac stream. 6. A free-ow speed of 90 km/h or more. The total lateral clearance is 3.6 m, with minimum of 1.8 m on either sides of in the direction of travel. The clearnce distance is measured from the edge of the outer lane and is inclusive of the shoulder. If lateral clearance is more than 1.8 m, then it is considered as equal to 1.8 m. The average of all passenger-car speeds measured in the eld under low volume conditions can be used directly as the free-ow speed if such measurements were taken at ow rates at or below 1400 pc/h/ln. No adjustments are necessary as this speed reects the net eect of all conditions at the site that inuence speed, including lane width, lateral clearance, type of median, access points, posted speedlimits, and horizontal and vertical alignment. Free-ow speed also can be estimated from 85th-percentile speed or posted speed limits, research suggests that free-ow speed under base conditions is 11 km/h higher than the speed limit for 65 km/h to 70 km/h speed limits and 8 km/h higher for 80 km/h to 90 km/h speed limits. Fig. 23:9 shows speedow curves with LOS criteria for multilane highways, here LOS is easily determined for any value of speed simply by plotting the point which is a intersection of ow and corresponding speed. Note that density is the primary determinant of LOS. LOS F is characterized by highly unstable andvariable trac ow. Prediction of accurate ow rate, density, and speed at LOS F is dicult.

Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay

April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

Table 23:2: Level of Service criteria for a typical free ow speed of 100 km/hr.(Source: HCM, 2000). Free-Flow Speed 100 km/h Criteria Maximum density (pc/km/ln) Average speed(km/h) Maximum volume to capacity ratio(v/c) Maximum service ow rate(pc/h/ln) (LOS) A 7 100 0.32 700 (LOS) (LOS) B C 11 16 100 0.50 1100 98.4 0.72 1575 (LOS) (LOS) D E 22 25 91.5 0.92 2015 88 1.00 2200

Table 23:3: Adjustment for lane width(Source: HCM, 2000) Lane Width (m) 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0 Reduction in FFS(km/h) 0.0 1.0 2.1 3.1 5.6 8.1 10.6

23.5.2

Determination of free-ow speed

When eld data are not available, the free-ow speed can be estimated indirectly as follows: F F S = BF F S fLW fLC fM fA (23.1)

where, F F S is the estimated FFS (km/h), BF F S = base FFS (km/h), fLW = adjustment for lane width, from Table 3 (km/h), fLC = adjustment for lateral clearance, from Table 4 (km/h), fM = adjustment for median type, from Table 5 (km/h), and fA = adjustment for access points, from Table 6 (km/h). According to Table 3, the adjustment in km/h increase as the lane width decreases from a base lane width of 3.6 m. No data exist for lane widths less than 3.0m.

Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay

April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

Table 23:4: Adjustment for lateral clearance(Source: HCM, 2000) Four-Lane Highways Total Lateral Reduction in FFS Clearance a (m) (km/h) 3.6 0.0 3.0 0.6 2.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 1.2 3.0 0.6 5.8 0.0 8.7 Six-Lane Highways Total Lateral Reduction in FFS Clearance a (m) (km/h) 3.6 0.0 3.0 0.6 2.4 1.5 1.8 2.1 1.2 2.7 0.6 4.5 0.0 6.3

Table 23:5: Adjustment for median type(Source: HCM, 2000) Median Type Undivided highways Divided highways Reduction in FFS (km/h) 2.6 0.0

Adjustment for lateral clearance is determined by rst computing the total lateral decrease given as: T LC = LCL + LCR (23.2) where, TLC = Total lateral clearance (m), LCL = Lateral clearance (m), from the right edge of the travel lanes to roadside obstructions (if greater than 1.8 m, use 1.8 m), and LCR = Lateral clearance (m), from the left edge of the travel lanes to obstructions in the roadway median (if the lateral clearance is greater than 1.8 m, use 1.8 m). Once the total lateral clearance is computed, the adjustment factor is obtained from Table 4. For undivided highways, there is no adjustment for the right-side lateral clearance as this is already accounted for in the median type. Therefore, in order to use Table 5 for undivided highways, the lateral clearance on the left edge is normally about 1.8 m. The access-point density, for a divided roadway is found by dividing the total number of access points (intersections and driveways) on the right side of the roadway in the direction of travel being studied by the length of the segment in kilometres. The adjustment factor for access-point density is given in Table 6. Thus the free ow speed can be computed using equation 1 and applying all the Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay 10 April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

Table 23:6: Adjustment for Access-point density(Source: HCM, 2000) Access Points/Kilometre 0 6 12 18 24 Reduction in FFS (km/h) 0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0 16.0

adjustment factors.

23.5.3

Determination of Flow Rate

The next step in the determination of the LOS is the computation of the peak hour factor. The fteen minute passenger-car equivalent ow rate (pc/h/ln), is determined by using following formula: V (23.3) vp = (P HF N fHV fp ) where, vp is the 15-min passenger-car equivalent ow rate (pc/h/ln), V is the hourly volume (veh/h), P HF is the peak-hour factor, N is the number of lanes, fHV is the heavy-vehicle adjustment factor, and fp is the driver population factor. PHF represents the variation in trac ow within an hour. Observations of trac ow consistently indicate that the ow rates found in the peak 15-min period within an hour are not sustained throughout the entire hour. The PHFs for multilane highways have been observed to be in the range of 0.75 to 0.95. Lower values are typical of rural or o-peak conditions, whereas higher factors are typical of urban and suburban peak-hour conditions. Where local data are not available, 0.88 is a reasonable estimate of the PHF for rural multilane highways and 0.92 for suburban facilities. Besides that, the presence of heavy vehicles in the trac stream decreases the FFS because base conditions allow a trac stream of passenger cars only. Therefore, trac volumes must be adjusted to reect an equivalent ow rate expressed in passenger cars per hour per lane (pc/h/ln). This is accomplished by applying the heavy-vehicle factor (fHV ). Once values for ET and ER have been determined, the adjustment factors for heavy vehicles are applied as follows: 1 (23.4) fHV = (1 + PT (ET 1) + PR (ER 1) Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay 11 April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management

23. Multilane Highways

Table 23:7: Passenger-car equivalent on extended general highway segments(Source: HCM, 2000) Factor ET (Trucks and Buses) ER (RVs) Type of Terrain Level Rolling Mountainous 1.5 2.5 4.5 1.2 2.0 4.0

where, ET and ER are the equivalents for trucks and buses and for recreational vehicles (RVs), respectively, PT and PR are the proportion of trucks and buses, and RVs, respectively, in the trac stream (expressed as a decimal fraction), fH V is the adjustment factor for heavy vehicles. Adjustment for the presence of heavy vehicles in trac stream applies for three types of vehicles: trucks, buses and recreational vehicles (RVs). Trucks cover a wide range of vehicles, from lightly loaded vans and panel trucks to the most heavily loaded coal, timber, and gravel haulers. An individual trucks operational characteristics vary based on the weight of its load and its engine performance. RVs also include a broad range: campers, self-propelled and towed; motor homes; and passenger cars or small trucks towing a variety of recreational equipment, such as boats, snowmobiles, and motorcycle trailers. There is no evidence to indicate any distinct dierences between buses and trucks on multilane highways, and thus the total population is combined.

23.5.4

Determination of Level of Service

The level of service on a multilane highway can be determined directly from Fig. 23:9 or Table-2 based on the free-ow speed (FFS) and the service ow rate (vp) in pc/h/ln. The procedure as follows: 1. Dene and segment the highway as appropriate. The following conditions help dene the segmenting of the highway, Change in median treatment Change in grade of 2% or more or a constant upgrade over 1220 m Change in the number of travel lanes The presence of a trac signal Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay 12 April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management A signicant change in the density of access points Dierent speed limits The presence of bottleneck condition

23. Multilane Highways

In general, the minimum length of study section should be 760 m, and the limits should be no closer than 0.4 km from a signalized intersection. 2. On the basis of the measured or estimated free-ow speed on a highway segment, an appropriate speed-ow curve of the same as the typical curves is drawn. 3. Locate the point on the horizontal axis corresponding to the appropriate ow rate (vp) in pc/hr/ln and draw a vertical line. 4. Read up the FFS curve identied in step 2 and determine the average travel speed at the point of intersection. 5. Determine the level of service on the basis of density region in which this point is located. Density of ow can be computed as vp (23.5) D= S where, D is the density (pc/km/ln), vp is the ow rate (pc/h/ln), and S is the average passenger-car travel speed (km/h). The level of service can also be determined by comparing the computed density with the density ranges shown in table given by HCM. To use the procedures for a design, a forecast of future trac volumes has to be made and the general geometric and trac control conditions, such as speed limits, must be estimated. With these data and a threshold level of service, an estimate of the number of lanes required for each direction of travel can be determined.

23.5.5

Numerical Example

A segment of undivided four-lane highway on level terrain has eld-measured FFS 74.0-km/h, lane width 3.4-m, peak-hour volume 1,900-veh/h, 13 percent trucks and buses, 2 percent RVs, and 0.90 PHF. What is the peak-hour LOS, speed, and density for the level terrain portion of the highway? Solution

Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay

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23. Multilane Highways

LOS can be calculated by computing the ow rate and free ow speed. Flow rate is V vp = (P HF N f HV f p) Since fHV is unknown it is calculated by 1 f HV = (1 + P T (ET 1) + P R(ER 1) 1 = 1 + 0.13(1.5 1) + 0.02(1.2 1) = 0.935 1900 vp = (0.90 2 0.935 1) vp = 1129pc/h/ln S = 74.0km/h (given) D = V p/S = 15.3

(23.6)

Determine LOS: LOS determined from the speed-ow diagram. LOS = C

23.5.6

Numerical Example 2

A segment of an east-west ve-lane highway with two travel lanes in each direction separated by a two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) on a level terrain has- 83.0-km/h 85th-percentile speed ,3.6-m lane width, 1,500-veh/h peak-hour volume, 6 % trucks and buses, 8 access points/km (WB), 6 access points/km (EB), 0.90 PHF, 3.6-m and greater lateral clearance for westbound and eastbound. What is the LOS of the highway on level terrain during the peak hour? Solution Assume base FFS to be 3 km/h less than 85th percentile speed. BFFS=83.0-3=80.0 km/h Assume no RVs, since none is indicated. LOS can be calculated by knowing ow rate and free ow speed. Flow rate V vp = (P HF N f HV f p) Since fHV is unknown it is calculated by 1 f HV = (1 + P T (ET 1) + P R(ER 1) Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay 14

(23.7)

April 2, 2012

Trac Engineering And Management 1 1 + 0.06(1.5 1) + 0 = 0.970 1500 vp = (0.90 2 0.970 1) vp = 858pc/h/ln =

23. Multilane Highways

Now, Compute EB and WB free-ow speeds F F S = BF F S f LW f LC f A f M = 80 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 = 76.0km/h(EB ) = 80 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 = 74.7km/h(W B ) Determine LOS LOS determined from the speed-ow diagram(See gure 3). LOS = C(EB and WB)

23.6

Conclusion

This chapter helps to determine the level of service and capacity for a given road segment. In the rst part we studied highways in general there classication and characteristics which gives the overall idea of multilane highways. Then we studied determination of capacity for multilane highway which is again a very important parameter used to determine the level of service, then we studied the concept of level of service and procedure to determine level of service. Also by using its applications, number of lanes required (N), and ow rate achievable (vp), Performance measures related to density (D) and speed (S) can also be determined.

23.7

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank my student Mr. Digviyay S. Pawar for his assistance in developing the lecture note, and my sta Mr. Rayan and Ms. Reeba in typesetting the materials. I also wish to thank several of my students and sta of NPTEL for their contribution in this lecture.

Dr. Tom V. Mathew, IIT Bombay

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April 2, 2012