ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

Irshad Ahmed (Dept of Management studs)

UNIT I PART A

1. Define organizational behaviour? Adtag & brief defines organizational behaviour as, A branch of the Social Science applied to predicting, understanding and controlling behaviour in work organization 2. What are the key elements of organizational behaviour? The important elements of Organizational Behaviour (OB) are as follows, People. Structure. Technology. Environment. 3. What are the disciplines contributing to organizational behaviour? Organizational behaviour is multidisciplinary in nature. Psychology. Sociology Social psychology. Anthropology. Economics. Political science. 4. Name the four organizational behaviour models? The four organizational behaviour models developed by Davis are as follows. Autocrative. Supportive Custodial Collegial.

5. What are the basic objectives of organizational behaviour? The basis objectives of organizational Behaviour are as follows, To describe human behaviour in workplace. To understand behaviour. To predict behaviour To influence behaviour.

6. Write importance concepts relevance to organizational behaviour? What is the natural scope of organizational behaviour? Individual differences. Perception. The concept of whole person Motivation. Involvement / empowerment. Dignity of labour. social system Mutuality of interest. 7. What are the natural / scope of ob? Three levels of analysis. Distinct field of study. Interdisciplinary i nature. Use of science methods. Focus on application. Contingency thinking. Subset of management. Positive and optimistic. Integrative in nature It focuses on the behaviour of individuals It is an art as well. 8. Write importance of organizational behaviour or its needs? To secure better labour-management relationships. To identify individual differences. To overcomes resistance. To understand group behaviour. To provide counselling. To manage conflicts. To introduce changes. Explain and predict behaviour 9. Write the peculiar problems in the study of organizational behaviour? The behaviour of an individual cannot be studied going by the happening in the work place alone.

 The behaviour of an employee as an individual may be different from his behaviour in a group. Conflict between personal goal and organizational goal. Perception, value, beliefs, etc., are not static. Not possible to prescribe a particular style of leadership for all managers. Not possible to offer a solution, to a certain behavioural problem. 10. What are autocratic models? Under the autocratic model, the manager user his authority and directs the subordinates to do the work as per his specifications. The subordinates are not given the freedom to act. 11. Explain custodial model? In custodial models he has to depend on the organizational. The organization takes care of all the needs of the employees. This done by the introduction of a number of welfare measures. Welfare measures make the employees dependent on the organization that become their custodian 12. What is meant by supportive models? In supportive model the manager supports his subordinates in the performance of their tasks. The manager does not make unilateral decisions but involves his subordinates in the decision making processes 13. Explain collegial models? In the collegial models the manager participates in the process of task performance by the subordinates. In other words, the manager and the subordinates work as a team.

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UNIT II PART A

1. Write any two indicators of positive individual behaviour at a work place? In a work place the behaviour of an individual is positive when, Complete his task within the stipulated time. Does not waste time during working hours. Accept and carry out any assignment with enthusiasm. 2. Write any two indicators of negative individual behaviour at a work place? In a work place the behaviour of an individual is negative when, There is always undue delay in carrying out his/her duties. Irregular for work Shows resistance to any proposal. 3. Write personal factors which influence the individual behaviour? Personal factors which effects the individual behaviour are, Age. Sex. Education. Marital status. Potentials. 4. Write the psychological factors which influence the individual behaviour? The psychological factors which influencing the individual behaviour are, Personality. Perception. Attitudes. Values. Learning. 5. What are the Organizational factor influencing the individual behaviour? Nature of job Job security Work environmental Pay benefits Leadership style 6. Mention the environmental factors influence the individual behaviour? The environmental factors which are influencing the individual behaviour are,

 Economic conditions. Technological changes Government policies Cultural environment 7. Define personality :According to STEPHEN P. ROBBIN personality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interact with others. 8. State the determinants of personality? The major determinates of personality are generally grouped by researchers under the following heads; Biological factors Personality factors Cultural factors. Family and social factors. Situational factors. 9. Write any five personality traits influencing behaviour? Communication skills. Inquisitiveness. Tolerance. Self-esteem. Desire of nomination. 10. Define extroverted and introverted? Extroverted: Extroverted persons are dependable. Friendly, outgoing, sociable, and assertive. They are pragmatic, methodical and like jobs that involve active human interaction and public relations Introverted: A personality dimension describing someone who is quiet, introspective shy and inexpressive. 11. What is meant by locus of control? Locus of control is a personality characteristic manifested in individuals who attributed causes of their behaviour to either external (environment) or internal (themselves) sources. Externalises believe that outside forces and events control their decisions and lives. Internalises believe that they control their decisions and lives. 12. What is Machiavellianism? The tendency to direct much of ones behaviour towards the acquisition of power and the manipulation of others for personal gain.

13. Define type A and type B personality? Type A Behaviour: Behaviour pattern characterized but extreme competitiveness, impatience aggressiveness and devotion to work . Type B Behaviour: Behaviour pattern characterized by a casual, laid-back style; the opposite of the type a behaviour pattern. 14. Name the different theories of personality: The theories are: Psycho analytic theory of personality. Trait theory. Self concept theory. Social learning theory. 15. Define perception? Perception can be described as a persons view of reality. Perception can be defined as the process of receiving, selection, organization, interpreting, checking and reacting to sensory stimuli on data- udai pareek. 16. Name the stage in the process of perception? Perception is presses of interpreting and understanding ones environment it is a complex 17. What is meant by principal of similarity and proximity? Similarity: The principle of similarity states that the greater the similarity of the simulate the greater the tendency to perceive them as a common group. Proximity: This is the tendency to perceive sensory data as related because of close physical location. 18. What is meant by principle of closure? People when faced with incomplete information have a tendency to fill in the gaps themselves. When presented with as set of stimuli that is incomplete. People fill in the missing parts and make it more meaningful. The tendency to organize perceptual stimuli so that they form a complete message is known as closure 19. What do you meant by stereotyping?

Judging people on the basis of the characteristics of the group of which they belong. Is called stereotyping. It is the belief that all members of a specific groups share similar traits and behaviour 20. What is halo effect? Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic or trait is called halo effect It occurs when one attribute of a person or situation is used to develop on overall impression of the individual or situation. 21. What are the determinants of perception? Qualities of the perceiver: Value system. Attitude. Personality traits. Experience. Needs. Qualities of the perceived: Physical stamina. Mental qualities. Level of commitment. Environmental conditions. 22. Define Learning? Learning can be defined as the process by which a relatively enduring change in the behaviour occurs as a result of practice. The term relatively enduring means that changes in behaviour is more or less permanent. 23. What are the determinants of learning? Motivation. Qualities of the trainer and trainee. Feedback. Reinforcement. Environment. Practice. Meaning fullness of the subject. Time schedule 24. What is meant by reinforcement? Reinforcement is the process of modelling. The learner must have some motivation to learn from the model. Obviously. We dont emulate every behaviour we observe. Instead, we concentrate on those behaviour for which we have some reason or incentive to match such as actions where other were praised and rewarded profusely

25. Name the important theories of learning? Classical conditioning theory. Operant conditioning theory. Cognitive learning theory. Social / observational learning theory 26. What do you mean by classical and operant conditioning theory? Classical Condition: A form of learning through association that involves the manipulation of stimuli to influence behaviour. Operant Conditioning: The process of controlling behaviour by manipulating or operating on its consequences 27. What do you mean by cognitive and social learning theory? Cognitive learning: Conation refers to an individuals ideas, through, knowledge, interpretations. Understandings etc, about himself and environment. According to cognitive theory proposed by Tolman and Kohler learning is considered to be outcome of deliberate thinking about a problem or situation both intuitively and based o known facts and responding in an objective and goal oriented way Social learning: People can learn through observation and direct experience. Social learning is nothing but acquisition of knowledge through processing of information. 28. Distinguish between classical and operant conditioning? Features 1. Type of association 2. State of subject 3. Focus of attention 4. Type of responding typically involved. 5. Range of responses 6. Responses learned Classical conditioning Between the stimuli Passive On what produces response Involuntary response Relatively simple Emotional responses: fear, like & dislikes. Operation conditioning Between a response and its consequences active Active On what follows response. Voluntary response Simple to highly complex Goal-oriented responses

29. Define attitude?

An individual behaviours is also a function of attitudes, an attitude is a learned predisposition, an evaluation statement either favourable or unfavourable towards a given object a person or an event 30. How are attitudes formed? Or write the factors influencing the formation of attitudes? Attitudes are acquired and not inherited. The following factors influences the formation of attitude. Personality traits. Direct experience Socio-economic background Learning Family Peer group Media. Association. 31. Write the functions of attitude? According to Katz, attitudes serve four important functions. Adjustment function. The ego-defensive function. The value-expression function The knowledge function. 32. What are the different ways of changing attitude? Filling up information gap. Threat. Peer influence. Co-opting. 33. Define values? A value is define as a concept of the desirable an internalized criterion or standard of evaluation a person posses. Such concepts and standards are relatively few and determine or guide an individuals evaluation of many objects encounter in everyday life. 34. What is terminal value and instrumental value? Terminal value: Terminal value is the goal an individual would like to achieve during his life time Instrumental value: Instrument value is the tool for achieve terminal value. 35. Write the type of values? Terminal value Instrumental value.

36. What do you meant by co-opting? Co-opting is a method of bringing together all those who are dissatisfied with a condition and involving them in making things better 37. Write two characteristics of attitudes? Attitudes may be positive or negative. Attitudes are acquired through learning over a period of time. Attitudes are subject to change. Attitudes influence behaviour. 38. Write any two characteristics of learning? Learnings in change in behaviour. Learning is a continuous process. A mean change in ones through process or attitude is not learning. 39. What do you meant by contextual influence? The context in which the stimulus arises in another factor influencing its interpretation. 40. What is different between sensation and perception? Sensation: Sensation is the response of a physical sensory organ, E.g. eyes sees, ears hear and so on. It is essentially a physical process. Perception: Perception is the process of receiving, selecting organizational interpreting, checking and reacting to sensory stimuli or data. 41. What do you meant by type and trait theory? Type theory: The type theory classification personalities based on. Body build / structure and Psychological. Trait theory: The trait theory explains personality on the basis of the traits of a person. Traits are the distinguishing characteristics of an individual. 42. What is psychoanalytical theory? (Or) what is Freud theory on personality? The theory is based on the assumption that the human behaviour is influence more by unseen or unconscious forces rather than conscious and rational thoughts. The unconscious framework comprises of three elements. They are:

 Id Ego and Super 43. What is social learning theory? A person acquires certain behaviour or modifies his behaviour by learning . he learns to behave by observing the action of other the consequences of such actions. 44. Define self theory? Carl rouges is given credit for developing the self theory. It is based on what a person says about himself. It focuses on the following four factors. Self-image. Ideal-self. Looking glass-self. Peal self. 45. What is meant by principle of figure-ground? According to this principal, the perceiver tends to focus attention on some phenomena leaving others in the background .if what is kept in the background gets focuser what is focused is kept in the background, perception changes. 46. What do you meant by mindset and attribution? Mindset: The opinion that one has developed about someone or something influences perception. Attribution: Attribution is the process by which the cause for behaviour is determined. 47. Define motivation? Motivation Means a process of stimulation people to action to accomplish desired goals.- W.G. Scott.