MC9277-Software Quality Management

1)Define software quality? Crosby,1979 - Zero defects ISO,1986 - The totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy specified or implied needs. Fruhauf - Quality is when the customer comes back,not the product. 2)Write down the different views of quality? The transcendent view The product based view The value based view The manufacturing view The user based view 3)Describe the three areas addressed by Mccals model? Product operation Product revision Product transition 4)Define Mccalls quality criteria Usability Integrity Efficiency Correctness Reliability Maintainability Flexibility Testability Portability

 Reusability Interoperability 5)How the quality criteria interrelated? Inverse Neutral Direct 6)Give the conditions that quality metrics should met? Be clearly linked to the quality criterion. Be sensitive to the different degrees of the criterion. Provide objective determination of criterion.

7)Define Structuredness? Structuredness Modularity Number of modules 8)What are the two types of metrics? Predictive Metrics Descriptive Metrics 9)Give the characteristics of quality of software? Quality is not absolute Quality is multidimensional. Quality is subject to constraints Quality is about acceptable compromises. Quality criteria are not independent. 10)Why software is considered to be problematical? Software has no physical existence The lack of knowledge of client needs The change of client needs. Lines of code

 The rapid change in hardware and software. High expectation of customers 11)what are the seven criteria suggested by watts for a good metric? Objectivity Reliability Validity Standardization Comparability Economy Usefulness 12)How the metrics are classified? Readability as a measure of usability Error prediction as a measure of correctness Error detection as a measure of correctness MTTF as a measure of reliability Complexity as a measure of reliability. Complexity as a measure of mainatanability Readability of a code as a measure of mainatanability Modularity as a measure of maintainability. Testability as a measure of maintainability 13)Write down the limitations of metrics? They cannot be validated. They are not generally objective. Quality is relative.,not an absolute quantity. They depend upon a small set of measurable properties. The do not measure the complete set of quality criteria. The metrics measure more than one criterion.

14)What are the problem areas associated with implementation of the method? The method is different. The need for training and retraining. The need for effective management. The need to measure progress. Piciking up errors earlier may cause frustration. 15)write down the gilbs quality attributes? Workability Availability Adaptability Usability 16)Define workability? Workability is defined as the raw ability of the system to do work.workability may considered in terms of Process capacityIts the ability to process transactions within a given unit of time. Storage capacity-Its the ability of the syatem to store things such as information. Responsiveness-Its the measure of the response to single event. 17)Define Availability? Availability is concerned with the proportion of elapsed time that a system is able to be used.The sub attributes are Reliability Mainatainability. Integrity 18)Define Adaptability? Adaptability may considered in terms of improvability,extendability,and portability. Improvability-the time taken to make minor changes to the system where the term system is taken to include items such as documentation.

 Extendability-Its the ease of adding new functionality to system. Portability-Its the ease of moving a system from one environment to another. 19)Gilbs approach become obselent.State reason. Use of a template rather than rigid model. Explicit recognition of constraints upon quality. Recognition of critical resources Use of locally defined measures. Close links with the development process. 20)Write down the five methods suggested by waats for measuring quality? Simple Scoring. Weighted Scoring. Phased Weighting factor method. The Kepner-Tregoe method. The Cologne combination method. 21)Define Methodology? A methodology may be defined as a frame work for the systematic organization of a collection of methods. 22)Define QMS? The organizational structure,responsibilities,procedures,processes and resources for implementing quality management. 23)Define Quality Control. A systematic mathod of economically providing products or services that met the users requirements. 24)Define DRE? DRE= inspection * 100% Total Errors in the product before Inspection 25)Name the two metrics for DRE? Errors found by an

 Total defect containment Effectiveness(TDCE) Phase containment Effecetiveness(PCE) TDCE= of pre release defects Numberof prerelease defects+number of post release defects PCE= phase i errors Number of phase I errors+Number of phase I defects 26)Write down the characteristics of DRE? There are only two phases of defect removal. The defect removal effectiveness for the two phases is same. 27)What are five factors affecting software quality assurance? Size of the system Criticality of the system. The cost of correcting errors. Type of release. Relationship with user. 28)Write down the guidelines for effective leadership? Trust your subordinates. Develop your vision. Keep u cool. Encourage risk Be an expert. Invite dissent. Simplify. 29)Write down the five effective methods to ensure the failure of software quality assurance? Too many technical niceties. Too much time spent stopping,rather than preventing defects. Efforts wasted. Management has a problem with the mathematical kid. Always complaining about the government,but no one does anything. Number of Number

30)What is SRS? The software requirement specification document describes capabilities,states,functionality of all aspects of the system.This include major components,subcomponentsof the software and internal interfaces of the software and may include databases.It also include items specifically required by the user. 31)Write down the principles behind the review process? Establishing what reviews are needed by the project. What are contents of various review. What should be results o f the review. 32)Write down the specification for reviews? Formal reviews occur at menaing ful points of the software schedule. Include affected groups within organization and customer or end user representatives as appropriate. Review materials that the responsible software managers have reviewed and approved. Check the commitments,plans and status of the software activities. Document the identification of significant issues. Address the software project risks. Define any refinements in the software development plan 33)Write down the objectives of Management Review Process? Making activities progress according to plan Changing project direction. Identify the need for alternative palnning. Maintaining the global control of the project. 34)What are the inputs given to the management review process? Statement of objectives List of issues to be addressed. Current project schedule.

 Report from other reviews. Reports of resources assigned to project Data on the software elements completed. 35)What are the procedures involved in the management review? Planning Overview Preparation Examination. Rework Exit criteria. Management review output. Auditability 36)Write down the objective of Technical review ? Evaluation of a specific software elements. Identification of any discrepancies from specification and standards. Recommendations after the examination of alternatives. 37) What are inputs given to the technical review processs? Statement of objectives. Software elements being examined. Specifications for the software elements. Plans,standards or guidelines against which the software elements are to be examined. 38)Write down the procedures involved in auditing? Planning Overview Preparation Examination Reporting

39)Write down the preparations that has to be made by the audit team? Understand the organization Understand the products and processes. Understand the objective audit criteria. Prepare for the audit report. Detail the audit plan. 40)Write down the contents included in the Auditing plan? Project processes to be examined. Software required to be examined. Reports shall be identified. Reports distribution. Required follow up activities. Requirements. Objective audit criteria. Audit procedures and checklists. Audit personnel. Organization involved in the audit. Date,time, place,agenda of session. 41)What are the requirements required for the document audit and verification? Acquisition of project documentation. Analysis of documents. Dissemination of information. 42)When the auditing is said to be complete? Each element within the scope has been examined. Findings have been presented to the auditing organization. Response to the draft audit have been received. Final findings have been formally presented.

 The audit report has been prepared and submitted. All follow-up actions by the auditing organization have been performed. 43)Write down the contents of audit reports? Audit Identification Scope Conclusions. Synopsis Follow-up. 44)What is Auditing? An audit provides an objective compliance confiramation of products and processes to certify adherence to standards,guideleines,specifications and procedures.Audits are performed in accordance with documented plans and procedures .The results of the audit are documented and are submitted to the management of the audited organization,to the entity initiating the audit and to any external organiztions identified in the audit plan. 45)What is the purpose of performing Review and auditing? The purpose of performing review and audits are to ensure that the products meets all client needs and equirementsand to find development anomalies as early and as inexpensively as possible. 46)What are Ishikawas seven basic tools for quality control? Check sheet Pareto diagram Histogram Scatter diagram Run chart Control chart Cause and effect diagram. 47)What is the purpose of using check sheet? A check sheet is a paper form with printed items to be checked.Its main purpose is to facilitate gathering data and to arrange data while collecting it so the data can be easily used later.

48)What is the use of pareto diagram? A pareto diagram is a frequency chart of bars in descending order.A pareto daiagram can identify the few causes that account for the majority of defects.It indicates which problem can be solved first in eliminating defects and improving the operation.Pareto analysis can be referred to as 80-20% principle. 49) What is the purpose of using Histogram? The histogram is a graphic representation of frequency counts of a sample or a population.the purpose of histogram is to show the distribution characteristics of a parameter. 50) What is the use of scatter diagram? A scatter diagram vividly portrays the relationship of two interval variables. 51)What is the use of cause and effect diagram? The cause and effect diagram is also known as fish bone diagram.It shows the relationship between the quality characteristics and factors that affect the characteristics.It identifies all casual factors of a quality characteristics in one chart.