Verilog 2012

Synthesizable Coding of Verilog
REF: Verilog Training Manual, CIC, July, 2008 Reuse Methodology Manual For System-ON-A-Chip Design, Third Edition 2002 Logic Synthesis with Design Complier, CIC , July, 2008
Speaker: Y. X. Chen
Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.
Nov. 2012
1
11/21
: Synthesizable Verilog & Coding
Synthesizable coding style in Verilog Syntax check with nLint
LAB1-simple 8-bit microprocessorVerilog code

:RTL codingnLintcode :RTL netlistsimulation
Outline
Basic of Logic Synthesis Concept Basic Concept of Verilog HDL Synthesizable Verilog LAB 1-1: Design Rule Check with nLint Tips for Verilog Design LAB 1-2: RTL Simulation
Basic Concept of the Synthesis
Cell-Based Design Flow

Spec. System Level
MATLAB/ C/ C++/ System C/ ADS/ Covergen (MaxSim) Memory Generator
RTL Level
Verilog/ VHDL
NC-Verilog/ ModelSim Debussy (Verdi)/ VCS Physical Compiler/ Magma Blast Fusion Design/ Power Compiler DFT Compiler/ TetraMAX NC-Verilog/ ModelSim Debussy (Verdi)/ VCS SOC Encounter/ Astro GDS II DRC/ LVS (Calibre)
PVS: Calibre xRC/ NanoSim (Time/ Power Mill)
Syntest
Logic Synthesis Design for Test Gate Level
Conformal/ Formality
Layout Level Post-Layout Verification
Tape Out
Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab. 5
What is Synthesis
Synthesis = translation + optimization + mapping
if(high_bits == 2b10)begin residue = state_table[i]; end else begin residue = 16h0000; end
Translate (HDL Compiler)
HDL Source (RTL)
No Timing Info. Optimize + Mapping (HDL Compiler)
Generic Boolean (GTECT)
Timing Info. The synthesis is constraint driven and technology independent !!

Target Technology
6
Notice Before Synthesis

Area
Your RTL design

Functional verification by some high-level language Coding style checking (i.e. n-Lint)
Better
Cycle Time
Also, the code coverage of your test benches should be verified (i.e. VN) Good coding style will reduce most hazards while synthesis Better optimization process results in better circuit performance Easy debugging after synthesis
Constraints
The area and timing of your circuit are mainly determined by your circuit architecture and coding style There is always a trade-off between the circuit timing and area In fact, a super tight timing constraint may be worked while synthesis, but failed in the Place & Route (P&R) procedure
Basic Concept of Verilog HDL
Verilog Model
Key features of Verilog
Supports various level of abstraction
Switch level model or transistor level model Gate level model Data flow model or register transfer model Behavioral model
Register Transfer Level (RTL)
10
Gate Level Model

Model consists of basic logic
Ex. AND, NAND, OR, NOR, XOR, NOT, etc.
11
Verilog Module
/* This is sample code. The function is ALU. */ module ALU(a,b,sel,out); input [7:0] a,b; //Data in output[7:0]out; //Data out input [2:0]sel; //Control select reg [7:0]out; wire always@(...)begin end endmodule
module module_name(port_names); Port declaration Data type declaration Task & function declaration Module functionality or structure Timing Specification endmodule
12
Verilog Syntax
Verilog consists of a series token
Comment: //, /* */ operators: unary, binary, ternary
A=~B; A=B&C; C=SEL?A:B;
Numbers: size, unsized

Sized: 4b0010, 8ha
Identifiers: $, #, etc. Keywords

Verilog Syntax (Contd)

always@ statement
Blocking Non-blocking
always @ (posedge clk) begin x_temp<=x; end always @ (a or x_temp)begin if (a) begin x= x_temp+1b1; end else begin x= x_temp; end
14
Verilog Syntax (Contd)

Case statement If-else statement
always @ (d) begin case (d) 2'b00: z=1'b1; 2'b01: z=1'b0; default : z=1'b0; endcase end always @ (a or x_temp)begin if (a) begin x= x_temp+1b1; end else begin x= x_temp; end
Connection Manners
net/register net net/register input net output inout net net
16
Synthesizable Verilog
17
Importance of Coding Style

Make sure your code is readable, modifiable, and reusable Good coding style helps to achieve better results in synthesis and simulation
18
Concept of Clocks and Reset

Synchronous
D Q clk CBL D Q clk
Mixed Clock Edges

D Q CBL D Q
Gated Clocks Combination Feedback

CBL clk D Q D Q
19
Asynchronous and Synchronous Reset

Synchronous reset
always@(posedge clock)begin if (rst) begin . end end
Asynchronous reset
always@(posedge clock or negedge reset) if (!rst) begin end end
Synthesizable Verilog
Not all kinds of Verilog constructs can be synthesized Only a subset of Verilog constructs can be synthesized and the code containing only this subset is synthesizable
21
Synthesizable Verilog (Cont)

Verilog Basis
parameter declarations wire, wand, wor declarations reg declarations input, output, inout continuous assignment module instructions gate instructions always blocks task statement function definitions for, while loop
Synthesizable Verilog primitives cells

and, or, not, nand, nor, xor, xnor bufif0, bufif1, notif0, notif1
Can not use for Synthesis

=== !== / (division) % (modulus) delay Initial repeat forever wait fork join event
22
Synthesizable Verilog (Cont)

Operators
Concatenation ( { }, {{}} ) Unary reduction ( !, ~, &, |, ^ ) 2s complement arithmetic ( +, -, *) Logic shift ( >>, << ) Relational ( >, <, >=, <= ) Equality ( ==, != ) Binary bit-wise ( &, |, ^, ~^ ) Logical ( &&, || ) Conditional ( ?: )
precedence
highest
lowest
23
Coding for Synthesis

Combinational Blocks
always @ (d) begin case (d) 2'b00: z=1'b1; 2'b01: z=1'b0; default : z=1'b0; endcase end always @ (a or x_temp)begin if (a) begin x= x_temp+1b1; end else begin x= x_temp; end
Sequential Blocks
always @ (posedge clk )begin if (a) begin z<=1b1; end else begin z<=1b0; end end
Coding for Synthesis (Cont)

Avoid Combinational Feedback
always @ (a or x)begin if (a) begin x= x+1b1; end else begin x= x; end always @ (posedge clk) begin x_temp<=x; end always @ (a or x_temp)begin if (a) begin x= x_temp+1b1; end else begin x= x_temp; end
25

Blocking Assignment
always @ (posedge clk )begin b=a; c=b; end Just like a=c; a D Q b c a
Non-Blocking Assignment
always @ (posedge clk )begin b<=a; c<=b; end Just like shift register D Q b D Q c
clk
clk
26

Avoid Latches
always @ (d) begin case (d) 2'b00: z=1'b1; 2'b01: z=1'b0; default : z=1'b0; endcase end always @ (d)begin if (a) begin ............ end else begin ........... end end
always @ (d) begin x=1b0; z=1b0; case (d) 2'b00: begin z=1'b1; x=1b1; end 2'b01: begin z=1'b0; end default : begin z=1'b0; end endcase end always @ (posedge clk )begin if (a) begin z<=1b1; end else begin z<=1b0; end end
27

Sensitivity List
always @ (d) begin case (d) 2'b00: z=1'b1; 2'b01: z=1'b0; default : z=1'b0; endcase end always @ (a or b or c or d)begin if (a) begin ............ end else begin if (b)begin z=c; end else begin z=d; end end end
28

Case statements
always @ ( sel or a or b or c or d)begin case (sel) 2'b00:out=a; 2'b01:out=b; 2'b10:out=c; 2'b11:out=d; endcase end a b c d 00 01 10 11 sel
if else statements
always @ ( sel or a or b or c or d) begin if (sel==2'b00) out=a; else if (sel==2'b01) out=b; else if (sel==2'b10) out=c; else out=d; end sel d c b a 0 1
out
0 1
0 1
out
Lab 1-1 Design Rule Check with nLint
30
Design Rule Check

Use nLint tool (include by Debussy) and the Verilog Coding Guideline to check your design and modify parts of code to match the coding guidelines
31
Start nLint
Unix% nLint gui &
32
Load Verilog Code (1/2)
33
Load Verilog Code (2/2)
34
Run nLint Check
Compile
35
nLint Check Result (1/2)
36
nLint Check Results (2/2)
37
Lab Time
38
11/28
: Synthesizable Verilog & Coding
Tips for Verilog Design RTL simulation Waveform viewer nWave / Debussy
LAB1-simple 8-bit microprocessorVerilog code

:RTL codingnLintcode :RTL netlistsimulation
39
Outline
Basic of Logic Synthesis Concept Basic Concept of Verilog HDL Synthesizable Verilog LAB 1-1: Design Rule Check with nLint Tips for Verilog Design LAB 1-2: RTL Simulation
40
Tips for Verilog Design
41
Pre-RTL Preparation Checklist

Communicate design issues with your team
Naming conventions, revision control, directory tree and other design organizations
Have a specification for your design

Everyone should have a specification before they start coding
Design partition
Follow the specifications recommendations for partition Break the design into major function blocks
42
RTL Coding Style

Create a block level drawing of your design before you begin coding
Draw a block diagram of the function and sub-function of your design
Always think of the poor guy who has to read your RTL code
Correlate top to bottom in the RTL description with left to right in block diagram Comments and headers
Hierarchy design
Basic Coding Practices

Naming Conventions
Use lowercase letters for all signal names, and port names, versus uppercase letters for names of constants and user-defined types Use meaningful names For active low signals, end the signal name with an underscore followed by a lowercase character (e.g., rst_ or rst_n) Recommend using bus[X:0] for multi-bit signals
44
Basic Coding Practices (Cont)

Include Headers in Source Files and Comments
45

Indentation Port Maps and Generic Maps
46

Use Functions or Tasks
Which Instead of repeating the same sections of code
47
Write Efficient HDL Code

Use parentheses control complex structure of a design Resource Sharing Scalable design and propagate constant value Use operator bit-width efficiently Timescale
48
Use Parentheses Properly

out=a+b+c+d+e
a b c d e
out=((a+(b+c))+(d+e));
c b a d e
out out
Resource Sharing
Operations can be shared if they lie in the same always blocks
50
Scalable Design & Constant
parameter size=8; wire [3:0] a,b,c,d,e; assign a=size+2; assign b=a+1; assign c=d+e;
Constant Increaser Adder
51
Use Operator Bit-width Efficiently
module fixed_multiplier(a,b,c); input [8:0] a, b; output [8:0] c; reg [15:0] tmp; reg [8:0] c; assign tmp = a*b; assign c = tmp(15,8); endmodule
52
Timescale
`timescale: which declares the time unit and precision.
`timescale <time_unit> / <time_precision> e.g. : `timescale 1s/1ps, to advance 1 sec, the timewheel scans its queues 1012 times versus a `timescale 1s/1ms, where it only scans the queues 103 times.
The time_precision must be at least as precise as the time_unit. Keep precision as close in scale to the time units as is practical. If not specified, the simulator may assign a default timescale unit. The smallest precision of all the timescale directive determines the simulation time unit of the simulation.
53
Omit for Synthesis

Omit the Wait for XX ns Statement
Do not use #XX;
Omit the ...After XX ns or Delay Statement

Do not use assign #XX Q=0;
Omit initial values

Do not use initial sum = 1b0;
54
Non-Synthesizable Style
Either non-synthesizable or incorrect after synthesis initial block is forbidden (non-synthesizable) Multiple assignments (multiple driving sources) Mixed blocking and non-blocking assignment
55
Summary
No initial in the RTL code Avoid unnecessary latches Avoid combinational feedback For sequential blocks, use non-blocking statement For combinational blocks, use blocking statements
56
Lab 1-2 RTL Simulation
57
Tools
Simulators
Verilog-XL, NC-Verilog, Altera Quartus, ModelSim and etc.
Synthesizers
Design vision, Ambit, and etc.
Debugger and verification tools

Debussy, nWave, nLint, and etc. nLint can check the correctness of your codes syntax
58
Verilog Simulator
59
Run Verilog Simulation(1/2)

Method 1:
unix% verilog alu.v t_alu.v unix% ncverilog +access+r alu.v t_alu.v Method 2: Using additional file alu.f alu.v t_alu.v unix% verilog -f alu.f unix% ncverilog +access+r -f alu.f
Method 3:
Using additional description `include module_file
Run Verilog Simulation(2/2)
61
Testbench
Compare this with your design
module testfixture; Declare signals Instantiate modules Applying stimulus Monitor signals endmodule
62
FSDB File
Waveform file format Add commands in testbench
// testbench.v module (); initial begin $fsdbDumpfile(abcd.fsdb); $fsdbDumpvars; End endmodule
63
Example of Testbench
//t_alu.v /* This is testbench of sample code. The function is ALU. */ module test_ALU; reg [7:0] A,B; reg[2:0]SEL; wire[7:0] OUT; ALU U0(.a(A),.b(B),.sel(SEL),.out(OUT)); always #5 B=~B; initial begin A=0;B=0;SEL=0; #10 A=0;SEL=1; #10 SEL=0; .. #10 SEL=1; #10 $finish; end initial begin $fsdbDumpfile(ALU.fsdb); $fsdbDumpvars; end endmodule
//alu.v /* This is sample code. The function is ALU. */ module ALU(a,b,sel,out); input [7:0] a,b; //Data in output[7:0]out; //Data out input [2:0]sel; //Control select reg [7:0]out; wire always@(...)begin end endmodule
64
Debussy Getting Start

Using nWave or Debussy
unix% nWave& unix% debussy&
65
Get Signals
Select Signal -> Get Signal
66
Observe Waveform
67
Change Radix
68
Save Waveform
69
LAB Time
70

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Synthesizable Coding of Verilog

LAB1-simple 8-bit microprocessorVerilog code

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Basic Concept of the Synthesis

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Cell-Based Design Flow

Logic Synthesis Design for Test Gate Level

Layout Level Post-Layout Verification

Translate (HDL Compiler)

HDL Source (RTL)

No Timing Info. Optimize + Mapping (HDL Compiler)

Generic Boolean (GTECT)

Timing Info. The synthesis is constraint driven and technology independent !!

Notice Before Synthesis

Your RTL design

Basic Concept of Verilog HDL

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Register Transfer Level (RTL)

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Gate Level Model

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Numbers: size, unsized

Identifiers: $, #, etc. Keywords

Verilog Syntax (Contd)

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Verilog Syntax (Contd)

net/register net net/register input net output inout net net

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Importance of Coding Style

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Concept of Clocks and Reset

Mixed Clock Edges

Gated Clocks Combination Feedback

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Asynchronous and Synchronous Reset

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Synthesizable Verilog (Cont)

Synthesizable Verilog primitives cells

Can not use for Synthesis

Synthesizable Verilog (Cont)

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Coding for Synthesis

Coding for Synthesis (Cont)

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Coding for Synthesis (Cont)

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Coding for Synthesis (Cont)

Coding for Synthesis (Cont)

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Coding for Synthesis (Cont)

Lab 1-1 Design Rule Check with nLint

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Design Rule Check

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.

Advanced Reliable Systems (ARES) Lab.