Third

Edition

COATINGS
TECHNOLOGY
HANDBOOK

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Third
Edition

COATINGS
TECHNOLOGY
HANDBOOK
Edited by

Arthur A. Tracton

Boca Raton London New York Singapore

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
International Standard Book Number-10: 1-57444-649-5 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-57444-649-4 (Hardcover)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
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DK4036_C000.fm Page v Friday, July 1, 2005 1:40 PM

Preface to Third Edition

The world of coatings is very broad. The application techniques are many, and the uses are numerous.
Technical people need to be aware of many things. One study said that a coating chemist must be proficient
in 27 different disciplines. This book is directed at supplying a broad cross-index of some of the different
aspects to help the technical person. It is not meant to be an in-depth treatise on any subject. It is meant
to give insight into the various subjects covered. The chapter authors or the editor may be contacted for
more information or direction on the subjects.
To aid the person involved in coatings, inks, or adhesives, be they chemists, engineers, technicians,
researchers, or manufacturers, chapters are given in the areas of fundamentals and testing, coating and
processing, techniques and materials, and surface coatings. Each section contains information to expand
the awareness and knowledge of someone practicing in the field. The objective is to help people solve
problems and increase their level of technology. With time, technology increases, as shown by the chapter
on statistical design of experiments, and the chapter on using equipment to determine ultraviolet (UV)
resistance. Newer materials such as fluorocarbon resins, polyurethane thickeners, and high-temperature
pigments are included as well as older materials such as alkyds, clays, and driers.
To accomplish the presentation of technology, this book has been expanded to 118 chapters by adding
new material and updating other material. Hopefully, the reader will expand his or her knowledge and
further push the envelope of technology.
The editor gratefully acknowledges the many contributions of the chapter authors and the publishers
who have made this book possible.
Arthur A. Tracton

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Contributors

N. J. Abbott

Deepak G. Bhat

Peter A. Callais

Albany International Research

Company
Dedham, Massachusetts

GTE Valenite Corporation

Troy, Michigan

Pennwalt Corporation
Buffalo, New York

Thomas P. Blomstrom

Naomi Luft Cameron

Harold Van Aken

GretagMacbeth
New Windsor, New York

Monsanto Chemical Company

Springfield, Massachusetts

Walter Alina

Kenneth Bourlier

General Magnaplate
Corporation
Linden, New Jersey

Union Carbide Corporation

Bound Brook, New Jersey

Mark J. Anderson
Stat-Ease, Inc.
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Robert D. Athey, Jr.

Athey Technologies
El Cerrito, California

J. David Bower
Hoechst Celanese Corporation
Somerville, New Jersey

E. I. du Pont de Nemours &

Company
Wilmington, Delaware

Patrick Brennan
Q-Panel Lab Products
Cleveland, Ohio

Bruce R. Baxter
Specialty Products, Inc.
Lakewood, Washington

William F. Beach
Bridgeport, New Jersey

Robert W. Carpenter
Windsor Plastics, Inc.
Evansville, Indiana

Chi-Ming Chan
Raychem Corporation
Menlo Park, California

Gary W. Cleary
Donald L. Brebner

Brian E. Aufderheide
W. H. Brady Company
Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Datek Information Services

Newtonville, Massachusetts

George E. F. Brewer
George E. F. Brewer Coating
Consultants
Birmingham, Michigan

Cygnus Research Corporation

Redwood City, California

Carl A. Dahlquist
3M Company
St. Paul, Minnesota

B. Davis
ABM Chemicals Limited
Stockport, Cheshire, England

Richey M. Davis
Hercules Incorporated
Wilmington, Delaware

Edward A. Bernheim

Lisa A. Burmeister

David R. Day

Exxene Corporation
Corpus Christi, Texas

Aqualon Company
Wilmington, Delaware

Micromet Instruments, Inc.

Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Marcel Dery

K. B. Gilleo

Herman Hockmeyer

Chemical Fabrics Corporation

Merrimack, New Hampshire

Sheldahl, Inc.
Northfield, Minnesota

Hockmeyer Equipment
Corporation
Elizabeth City, North Carolina

Arnold H. Deutchman

William S. Gilman

BeamAlloy Corporation
Dublin, Ohio

Gilman & Associates

South Plainfield, New Jersey

John W Du

F. A. Goossens

BYK-Chemie USA
Wallingford, Connecticut

Stork Brabant
Boxmeer, The Netherlands

Richard P. Eckberg

Joseph Green

General Electric Company

Schenectady, New York

FMC Corporation
Princeton, New Jersey

Jesse Edenbaum

Douglas Grossman

Consultant
Cranston, Rhode Island

Q-Panel Lab Products

Cleveland, Ohio

Eric T. Everett

Clive H. Hare

Q-Panel Lab Products

Cleveland, Ohio

Coating System Design, Inc.

Lakeville, Massachusetts

Carol Fedor

William F. Harrington,
Jr.

Q-Panel Lab Products

Cleveland, Ohio

William C. Feist
Consultant
Middleton, Wisconsin

R. H. Foster
Eval Company of America
Lisle, Illinois

Uniroyal Adhesives and Sealants

Company, Inc.
Mishawaka, Indiana

J. Rufford Harrison
E. I. du Pont de Nemours &
Company
Wilmington, Delaware

Helen Hatcher

Krister Holmberg
Chalmers University of
Technology
Gteborg, Sweden

Albert G. Hoyle
Hoyle Associates
Lowell, Massachusetts

H. F. Huber
Hls Troisdorf AG
Troisdorf/Marl, Germany

Michael Iskowitz
Kop-Coat Marine Group
Rockaway, New Jersey

Joseph L. Johnson
Aqualon Company
Wilmington, Delaware

Stephen L. Kaplan
Plasma Science, Inc.
Belmont, California

Douglas S. Kendall
National Enforcement
Investigations Center
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency
Denver Federal Center
Denver, Colorado

ICI Resins US
Wilmington, Massachusetts

Johnson Matthey Pigments &

Dispersions
Kidsgrove, Stoke-on-Trent,
Staffs, United Kingdom

Sam Gilbert

Jack Hickey

Ashok Khokhani

Sun Chemical Corporation

Cincinnati, Ohio

International Paint Company

Union, New Jersey

Engelhard Corporation
Iselin, New Jersey

James D. Gasper

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Carol D. Klein

Ronald A. Lombardi

Helmut W. J. Mller

Spectra Colors Corporation

Kearny, New Jersey

ICI Resins US
Wilmington, Massachusetts

BASF AG
Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany

Lisa C. Klein

Donald M. MacLeod

Richard Neumann

Industry Tech
Oldsmar, Florida

Windmller & Hlscher

Lengerich/Westfalen, Germany

Algirdas Matukonis

Robert E. Norland

Kaunas Technical University

Kaunas, Lithuania

Norland Products, Inc.

North Brunswick, New Jersey

Ceramic and Materials

Engineering
Rutgers The State University
of New Jersey
Piscataway, New Jersey

Joseph V. Koleske
Charleston, West Virginia

Alan Lambuth
Boise Cascade
Boise, Idaho

Kenneth Lawson
DeSoto, Inc.
Des Plaines, Illinois

B. H. Lee
Ciba-Geigy Corporation
Ardsley, New York

Peter A. Lewis
Sun Chemical Corporation
Cincinnati, Ohio

Raimond Liepins
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos, New Mexico

John A. McClenathan

Milton Nowak

IMD Corporation
Birmingham, Alabama

Troy Chemical
Newark, New Jersey

Christopher W.
McGlinchey

Michael OMary

The Metropolitan Museum of

Art
New York, New York

Frederic S. McIntyre
Acumeter Laboratories, Inc.
Marlborough, Massachusetts

Timothy B. McSweeney
Screen Printing Association
International
Fairfax, Virginia

R. Milker

The Armoloy Corporation

DeKalb, Illinois

Robert J. Partyka
BeamAlloy Corporation
Dublin, Ohio

John A. Pasquale III

Liberty Machine Company
Paterson, New Jersey

Patrick Patton
Q-Panel Lab Products
Cleveland, Ohio

Lohmann GmbH
Neuwied, Germany

Detlef van Peij

Samuel P. Morell
S. P. Morell and Company
Armonk, New York

Solventborne Coatings
Europe
Elementis GmbH
Cologne, Germany

Harry G. Lippert

Wayne E. Mozer

Kim S. Percell

Extrusion Dies, Inc.

Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin

Oxford Analytical, Inc.

Andover, Massachusetts

Witco Corporation
Memphis, Tennessee

H. Thomas Lindland
Flynn Burner Corporation
New Rochelle, New York

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Edwin P. Plueddemann

Jaykumar (Jay) J. Shah

Subbu Venkatraman

Dow Corning Corporation

Midland, Michigan

Decora
Fort Edward, New York

Raychem Corporation
Menlo Park, California

Liudas Pranevicius

Douglas N. Smith

Vytautas Magnus University

Kaunas, Lithuania

Waterborne Coatings Global

Elementis GmbH
Cologne, Germany

Theodore G.
Vernardakis
BCM Inks USA, Inc.
Cincinnati, Ohio

Charles P. Rader
Advanced Elastomer Systems,
L.P.
Akron, Ohio

Steve Stalker

Lawrence R. Waelde

ITW Industrial Finishing

Glendale Heights, Illinois

Troy Corporation
Florham Park, New Jersey

Valentinas Rajeckas

Henry R. Stoner

Leonard E. Walp

Kaunas Polytechnic University

Kaunas, Lithuania

Henry R. Stoner Associates

North Plainfield, New Jersey

Witco Corporation
Memphis, Tennessee

H. Randhawa

D. Stoye

Patrick J. Whitcomb

Vac-Tec Systems, Inc.

Boulder, Colorado

Hls Troisdorf AG
Troisdorf/Marl, Germany

Stat-Ease, Inc.
Minneapolis, Minnesota

Richard Rathmell

Larry S. Timm

K. Winkowski

Londonderry, New Hampshire

Donald A. Reinke
Oliver Products Company
(Retired)
Grand Rapids, Michigan

Peter W. Rose
Plasma Science, Inc.
Belmont, California

D. Satas
Satas & Associates
Warwick, Rhode Island

Findley Adhesives, Inc.

Wauwatosa, Wisconsin

Harry H. Tomlinson
Witco Corporation
Memphis, Tennessee

Arthur A. Tracton
Consultant
Bridgewater, New Jersey

George D. Vaughn
Surface Specialties Melamines
Springfield, Massachusetts

Milton C. Schmit
Plymouth Printing Company,
Inc.
Cranford, New Jersey

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ISP Corporation
Piscataway, New Jersey

Kurt A. Wood
Arkema, Inc.
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania

Daniel M. Zavisza
Hercules Incorporated
Wilmington, Delaware

Randall W. Zempel
Dow Chemical Company
Midland, Michigan

Ulrich Zorll
A. Vaskelis
Lithuanian Academy of Sciences
Vilnius, Lithuania

Forschungsinstitut fur Pigmente

and Lacke
Stuttgart, Germany

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Contents

Fundamentals and Testing

1 Rheology and Surface Chemistry .....................................................................................1-1
K. B. Gilleo
2 Coating Rheology ..............................................................................................................2-1
Chi-Ming Chan and Subbu Venkatraman
3 Leveling...............................................................................................................................3-1
D. Satas*
4 StructureProperty Relationships in Polymers ..............................................................4-1
Subbu Venkatraman
5 The Theory of Adhesion....................................................................................................5-1
Carl A. Dahlquist
6 Adhesion Testing................................................................................................................6-1
Ulrich Zorll
7 Coating Calculations .........................................................................................................7-1
Arthur A. Tracton
8 Infrared Spectroscopy of Coatings...................................................................................8-1
Douglas S. Kendall
9 Thermal Analysis for Coatings Characterizations..........................................................9-1
William S. Gilman
10 Color Measurement for the Coatings Industry.............................................................10-1
Harold Van Aken
11 The Use of X-ray Fluorescence for Coat Weight Determinations ...............................11-1
Wayne E. Mozer
12 Sunlight, Ultraviolet, and Accelerated Weathering.......................................................12-1
Patrick Brennan and Carol Fedor
13 Cure Monitoring: Microdielectric Techniques ..............................................................13-1
David R. Day
14 Test Panels ........................................................................................................................14-1
Douglas Grossman and Patrick Patton

*Deceased.

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15 Design of Experiments for Coatings..............................................................................15-1

Mark J. Anderson and Patrick J. Whitcomb
16 Top 10 Reasons Not to Base Service Life Predictions upon Accelerated Lab
Light Stability Tests..........................................................................................................16-1
Eric T. Everett
17 Under What Regulation? .................................................................................................17-1
Arthur A. Tracton

II

Coating and Processing Techniques

18 Wire-Wound Rod Coating ..............................................................................................18-1
Donald M. MacLeod
19 Slot Die Coating for Low Viscosity Fluids.....................................................................19-1
Harry G. Lippert
20 Extrusion Coating with Acid Copolymers and Lonomers ...........................................20-1
Donald L. Brebner
21 Porous Roll Coater...........................................................................................................21-1
Frederic S. McIntyre
22 Rotary Screen Coating.....................................................................................................22-1
F. A. Goossens
23 Screen Printing ................................................................................................................23-1
Timothy B. McSweeney
24 Flexography ......................................................................................................................24-1
Richard Neumann
25 Ink-Jet Printing ................................................................................................................25-1
Naomi Luft Cameron
26 Electrodeposition of Polymers........................................................................................26-1
George E. F. Brewer
27 Electroless Plating............................................................................................................27-1
A. Vakelis
28 The Electrolizing Thin, Dense, Chromium Process......................................................28-1
Michael OMary
29 The Armoloy Chromium Process...................................................................................29-1
Michael OMary
30 Sputtered Thin Film Coatings ........................................................................................30-1
Brian E. Aufderheide
31 Vapor Deposition Coating Technologies .......................................................................31-1
Lindas Pranevicius

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32 Cathodic Arc Plasma Deposition ...................................................................................32-1

H. Randhawa
33 Industrial Diamond and Diamondlike Films ...............................................................33-1
Arnold H. Deutchman and Robert J. Partyka
34 Tribological Synergistic Coatings...................................................................................34-1
Walter Alina
35 Chemical Vapor Deposition............................................................................................35-1
Deepak G. Bhat
36 Solvent Vapor Emission Control ....................................................................................36-1
Richard Rathmell
37 Surface Treatment of Plastics..........................................................................................37-1
William F. Harrington, Jr.
38 Flame Surface Treatment ................................................................................................38-1
H. Thomas Lindland
39 Plasma Surface Treatment...............................................................................................39-1
Stephen L. Kaplan and Peter W. Rose
40 Surface Pretreatment of Polymer Webs by Fluorine.....................................................40-1
R. Milker and Artur Koch
41 Calendering of Magnetic Media .....................................................................................41-1
John A. McClenathan
42 Embossing ........................................................................................................................42-1
John A. Pasquale III
43 In-Mold Finishing............................................................................................................43-1
Robert W. Carpenter
44 HVLP: The Science of High-Volume, Low-Pressure Finishing ....................................44-1
Steve Stalker
45 A Practical Guide to High-Speed Dispersion ................................................................45-1
Herman Hockmeyer

III

Materials
46 Acrylic Polymers ..............................................................................................................46-1
Ronald A. Lombardi and James D. Gasper
47 Vinyl Ether Polymers.......................................................................................................47-1
Helmut W. J. Mller
48 Poly(Styrene-Butadiene) .................................................................................................48-1
Randall W. Zempel

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49 Liquid Polymers for Coatings.........................................................................................49-1

Robert D. Athey, Jr.
50 Polyesters ..........................................................................................................................50-1
H. F. Huber and D. Stoye
51 Alkyd Resins .....................................................................................................................51-1
Krister Holmberg
52 The Polyurea Revolution: Protective Coatings for the 21st Century ..........................52-1
Bruce R. Baxter
53 Phenolic Resins ................................................................................................................53-1
Kenneth Bourlier
54 Coal Tar and Asphalt Coatings .......................................................................................54-1
Henry R. Stoner
55 Vulcanizate Thermoplastic Elastomers..........................................................................55-1
Charles P. Rader
56 Olefinic Thermoplastic Elastomers................................................................................56-1
Jesse Edenbaum
57 Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) Resins .....................................................57-1
R. H. Foster
58 Elastomeric Alloy Thermoplastic Elastomers ...............................................................58-1
Charles P. Rader
59 Polyvinyl Chloride and Its Copolymers in Plastisol Coatings ....................................59-1
Jesse Edenbaum
60 Polyvinyl Acetal Resins....................................................................................................60-1
Thomas P. Blomstrom
61 Polyimides ........................................................................................................................61-1
B. H. Lee
62 Parylene Coating..............................................................................................................62-1
William F. Beach
63 Nitrocellulose ...................................................................................................................63-1
Daniel M. Zavisza
64 Soybean, Blood, and Casein Glues .................................................................................64-1
Alan Lambuth
65 Fish Gelatin and Fish Glue..............................................................................................65-1
Robert E. Norland
66 Waxes ................................................................................................................................66-1
J. David Bower
67 Carboxymethylcellulose ..................................................................................................67-1
Richey M. Davis
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68 Hydroxyethylcellulose .....................................................................................................68-1
Lisa A. Burmeister
69 Antistatic and Conductive Additives..............................................................................69-1
B. Davis
70 Silane Adhesion Promoters.............................................................................................70-1
Edwin P. Plueddemann
71 Chromium Complexes ....................................................................................................71-1
J. Rufford Harrison
72 Nonmetallic Fatty Chemicals as Internal Mold Release Agents in Polymers .............72-1
Kim S. Percell, Harry H. Tomlinson, and Leonard E. Walp
73 Organic Peroxides............................................................................................................73-1
Peter A. Callais
74 Surfactants for Waterborne Coatings Applications......................................................74-1
Samuel P. Morell
75 Surfactants, Dispersants, and Defoamers for the Coatings, Inks, and
Adhesives Industries ........................................................................................................75-1
John W Du
76 Pigment Dispersion .........................................................................................................76-1
Theodore G. Vernardakis
77 Colored Inorganic Pigments...........................................................................................77-1
Peter A. Lewis
78 Organic Pigments ............................................................................................................78-1
Peter A. Lewis
79 Amino Resins ...................................................................................................................79-1
George D. Vaughn
80 Driers ................................................................................................................................80-1
Milton Nowak
81 Biocides for the Coatings Industry ................................................................................81-1
K. Winkowski
82 Clays..................................................................................................................................82-1
Ashok Khokhani
83 Fluorocarbon Resins for Coatings and Inks..................................................................83-1
Kurt A. Wood
84 High Temperature Pigments...........................................................................................84-1
Helen Hatcher
85 Polyurethane Associative Thickeners for Waterborne Coatings .................................85-1
Douglas N. Smith and Detlef van Peij

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IV

Surface Coatings
86 Flexographic Inks.............................................................................................................86-1
Sam Gilbert
87 Multicolor Coatings.........................................................................................................87-1
Robert D. Athey, Jr.
88 Paintings Conservation Varnish.....................................................................................88-1
Christopher W. McGlinchey
89 Thermoset Powder Coatings...........................................................................................89-1
Lawrence R. Waelde
90 Peelable Medical Coatings ..............................................................................................90-1
Donald A. Reinke
91 Conductive Coatings .......................................................................................................91-1
Raimond Liepins
92 Silicone Release Coatings ................................................................................................92-1
Richard P. Eckberg
93 Silicone Hard Coatings....................................................................................................93-1
Edward A. Bernheim
94 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Adhesive Products...................................................94-1
D. Satas*
95 Self-Seal Adhesives...........................................................................................................95-1
Larry S. Timm
96 Solgel Coatings.................................................................................................................96-1
Lisa C. Klein
97 Radiation-Cured Coatings ..............................................................................................97-1
Joseph V. Koleske
98 Nonwoven Fabric Binders ...............................................................................................98-1
Albert G. Hoyle
99 Fire-Retardant/Fire-Resistive Coatings..........................................................................99-1
Joseph Green
100 Leather Coatings ............................................................................................................100-1
Valentinas Rajeckas
101 Metal Coatings ...............................................................................................................101-1
Robert D. Athey, Jr.
102 Corrosion and Its Control by Coatings .......................................................................102-1
Clive H. Hare
103 Marine Coatings Industry.............................................................................................103-1
Jack Hickey

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104 Decorative Surface Protection Products......................................................................104-1

Jaykumar (Jay) J. Shah
105 Coated Fabrics for Protective Clothing .......................................................................105-1
N. J. Abbott
106 Coated Fabrics for Apparel Use: The Problem of Comfort........................................106-1
N. J. Abbott
107 Architectural Fabrics .....................................................................................................107-1
Marcel Dery
108 Gummed Tape ................................................................................................................108-1
Milton C. Schmit
109 Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems ...........................................................................109-1
Gary W. Cleary
110 Optical Fiber Coatings ..................................................................................................110-1
Kenneth Lawson
111 Exterior Wood Finishes .................................................................................................111-1
William C. Feist
112 Pharmaceutical Tablet Coating.....................................................................................112-1
Joseph L. Johnson
113 Textiles for Coating........................................................................................................113-1
Algirdas Matukonis
114 Nonwovens as Coating and Laminating Substrates....................................................114-1
Albert G. Hoyle
115 General Use of Inks and the Dyes Used to Make Them .............................................115-1
Carol D. Klein
116 Gravure Inks...................................................................................................................116-1
Sam Gilbert
117 Artists Paints: Their Composition and History..........................................................117-1
Michael Iskowitz
118 Fade Resistance of Lithographic Inks A New Path Forward: Real World
Exposures in Florida and Arizona Compared to Accelerated Xenon Arc
Exposures........................................................................................................................118-1
Eric T. Everett, John Lind, and John Stack

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