Case: 1:13-cv-00501-TSB Doc #: 46

Filed: 10/11/13 Page: 1 of 2

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO WESTERN DIVISION JAMES OBERGEFELL and JOHN ARTHUR, et al, Plaintiffs, vs. THEODORE E. WYMYSLO, et al, Defendants. : : : : : : : : : : : Case No. 1:13-cv-501 Judge Timothy S. Black NOTICE OF FILING EXPERT REPORT

Plaintiffs give notice that they are filing the expert report of Letitia Anne Peplau.

Respectfully submitted, /s/ Jacklyn Gonzales Martin Alphonse A. Gerhardstein # 0032053 Trial Attorney for Plaintiffs Jennifer L. Branch #0038893 Jacklyn Gonzales Martin #0090242 Gerhardstein & Branch Co. LPA Attorneys for Plaintiffs 432 Walnut Street, Suite 400 Cincinnati, Ohio 45202 (513) 621-9100 (513) 345-5543 fax [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Attorneys for Plaintiffs

Lisa T. Meeks (0062074) Newman & Meeks Co., LPA 215 E. Ninth Street, Suite 650 Cincinnati, OH 45202 phone: 513-639-7000 fax: 513-639-7011 [email protected] Attorney for Plaintiffs

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I hereby certify that on October 11, 2013, a copy of the foregoing pleading was filed electronically. Notice of this filing will be sent to all parties for whom counsel has entered an appearance by operation of the Courts electronic filing system. Parties may access this filing through the Courts system. I further certify that a copy of the foregoing pleading and the Notice of Electronic Filing has been served by ordinary U.S. mail upon all parties for whom counsel has not yet entered an appearance electronically. /s/ Jacklyn Gonzales Martin Jacklyn Gonzales Martin # 0090242

Case: 1:13-cv-00501-TSB Doc #: 46-1

Filed: 10/11/13 Page: 1 of 23

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF OHIO WESTERN DIVISION JAMES OBERGEFELL, et al., Plaintiffs, vs. THEODORE E. WYMYSLO, et al, Defendants. : : : : : : : : : : : Case No. 1:13-cv-00501 Judge Timothy S. Black EXPERT DECLARATION OF LETITIA ANNE PEPLAU, PH.D. IN SUPPORT OF PLAINTIFFS MOTION FOR DECLARATORY JUDGMENT AND PERMANENT INJUNCTION

I, Letitia Anne Peplau, Ph.D., pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1746, declare under the penalty of perjury under the laws of the United States of America that the following are my true and correct opinions: PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1. My professional background, experience, and publications are detailed in my

curriculum vitae, a true and accurate copy which is attached as Exhibit A to this declaration. I have been retained by counsel for Plaintiffs as an expert in connection with the above-captioned litigation (Obergefell). I have actual knowledge of the matters stated in this declaration and could and would so testify if called as a witness. 2. I was a Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles

beginning in 1973, with promotions to tenure in 1978, to full professor in 1982, and to Distinguished Professor in 2010. From 2005-2011, I served as Director of the UCLA Interdisciplinary Relationship Science Program. This program, funded by the National Science Foundation, trained doctoral students in the study of families and other personal relationships. I formally retired from UCLA in June 2011, but am continuing to work at UCLA as Distinguished

Research Professor and as the Psychology Department Vice Chair for Graduate Studies. 3. In broad terms, my research addresses topics concerning personal relationships,

gender, and sexual orientation. I have conducted research on heterosexual couples, co-authored a book entitled Close Relationships, and published articles comparing empirical findings about men's and women's experiences in close relationships. In the 1970s, I was one of the first researchers to conduct empirical investigations of the intimate relationships of lesbians and gay men, and I have continued this program of research for the past 35 years. In addition, I have written several major reviews of the scientific research on same-sex relationships, including a 2007 article in the Annual Review of Psychology and a 2009 article in the Encyclopedia of Human Relationships. I have also conducted empirical studies on gay and lesbian identity. 4. I received my B.A. in Honors Psychology from Brown University in 1968 and

my Ph.D. in Social Psychology from Harvard University in 1973. As reflected in my curriculum vitae (Exhibit A), I have published more than 120 papers in scholarly journals and scholarly books, primarily in the field of couple relationships. I have co-authored or co-edited over 10 books, and I have frequently presented my research at universities and scientific meetings. 5. My expertise extends beyond the specific areas addressed in my own empirical

research program to include other theory and empirical research related to sexual orientation and same-sex relationships. A broad knowledge of this area has been necessary not only for my own scholarship, but also for successfully completing my professional duties as a teacher, as Director of the UCLA Interdisciplinary Relationship Science Program, and as a reviewer of academic journals and book manuscripts. 6. As a result of my research and other accomplishments, I have received several

professional awards. I have been elected a fellow of the American Psychological Association and of the Association for Psychological Science. I have received lifetime achievement awards from the American Psychological Association, the International Association for Relationship Research, and the Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. I also had the honor of being elected president of the International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships (an 2

organization since renamed the International Association for Relationship Research). 7. In preparing this report, I reviewed the materials listed in the attached

Bibliography (Exhibit B). I may rely on those documents, in addition to the documents specifically cited as supportive examples in particular sections of this report, as additional support for my opinions. For the documents from websites that I have cited, I have listed the true and complete web address and the date I last accessed those documents in my report. I have also relied on my years of experience in this field, as set out in my curriculum vitae (Exhibit A), and on the materials listed therein. The materials I have relied upon in preparing this report are the same types of materials that experts in my field of study regularly rely upon when forming opinions on the subject. 8. In the past four years, I have testified as an expert either at trial or through

declaration or been deposed as an expert in In the Matter of the Adoption of X.X.G. and N.R.G. in the Circuit Court of the 11th Judicial Circuit in and for Miami-Dade County, Florida, Case No. 06-43881 FC 04, Cole v. The Arkansas Department of Human Services in the Circuit Court of Pulaski County, Arkansas, Case No. CV2008-14284, Perry v. Schwarzenegger, 704 F. Supp.2d 921 (N.D. Cal. 2010), Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management, 824 F.Supp.2d 968 (N.D. Cal. 2012), Windsor v. U.S., 833 F. Supp.2d 394 (S.D.N.Y. 2011), Pedersen v. Office of Personnel Management, 881 F. Supp. 2d 294, 2012 WL 3113883 (D. Conn. 2012), Dragovich v. U.S. Dept of the Treasury, 872 F. Supp. 2d 944, 2012 WL 1909603 (N.D. Cal. 2012), Donaldson and Guggenheim v. Montana in the Montana First Judicial District Court, Lewis and Clark County, Case No. BDV-2010-702, Sevcik v. Sandoval, No. 2:12-CV-00578-RCJ-PAL (D. Nev. 2012), and Darby v. Orr, Lazaro v. Orr, Nos. 12 CH 19718 & 19719 (Circuit Ct., Cook Cty). 9. I am being compensated an hourly rate for actual time devoted, at the rate of

$300.00 per hour for preparation of reports and for testimony. My compensation does not depend on the outcome of this litigation, the opinions I express, or the testimony I provide. SUMMARY OF OPINIONS 3

10.

Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or

sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Most adults are attracted to and form relationships with members of only one sex. Efforts to change a person's sexual orientation through religious or psychotherapy interventions have not been shown to be effective. 11. It is well-established that homosexuality is a normal expression of human

sexuality. It is not a mental illness, and being gay or lesbian has no inherent association with a person's ability to lead a happy, healthy, and productive life or to contribute to society. 12. Research shows that same-sex couples closely resemble heterosexual couples.

Like their heterosexual counterparts, many lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals form loving, long lasting relationships with a partner. 13. Marriage provides a range of social and other benefits and protections to spouses.

These contribute to enhanced psychological well-being, physical health, and longevity among married individuals. Same-sex couples are therefore harmed by being excluded from marriage. 14. In the United States, lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals experience pervasive

social stigma and the added stress that results from prejudice and discrimination. Stigma is reflected both in acts of individuals and in the institutions of society, including its laws, that legitimate and perpetuate the second-class status of gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals. By denying recognition to legally married same-sex couples, Ohio Revised Code Sections 3101.01 and 3101.05 and the 2004 amendment to the Ohio Constitution (Article XV, 11), both reflect and perpetuate stigma against lesbians, gay men, and same-sex couples.The stigma and discrimination perpetuated by these statutory and constitutional amendments harms not only same-sex couples, but gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals as a group. 15. There is no scientific support for the notion that allowing same-sex couples to

marry would harm different-sex relationships or marriages. The factors that affect the quality, stability, and longevity of different-sex relationships would not be affected by marriages of same-sex couples.

OPINIONS I. Understanding Sexual Orientation A. 16. What Is Sexual Orientation? The American Psychological Association provides a widely accepted definition of

sexual orientation: Sexual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. Sexual orientation also refers to a person's sense of identity based on those attractions, related behaviors, and membership in a community of others who share those attractions. 1 17. Beginning with the research of Alfred Kinsey in the 1940s, researchers have

recognized that sexual orientation can range along a continuum from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual. Nonetheless, it is most often discussed in terms of three categories: heterosexual (having emotional, romantic, or sexual attractions to members of the other sex), gay/lesbian (having attractions to members of one's own sex), and bisexual (having attractions to both men and women). Most adults in the United States can readily categorize themselves as heterosexual, gay/lesbian, or bisexual. 2 The specific category name that an individual prefers (e.g., homosexual, gay) may vary, 3 but in national surveys in the U.S., nearly all participants are able to indicate their sexual orientation category. 18. For clarity, it is important to distinguish sexual orientation from other aspects of

sex and gender. These include biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (an individual's psychological sense of being male or female), and gender-role orientation (the extent to which an individual conforms to cultural norms defining feminine and masculine behavior). 19. Social scientists view sexual orientation as a multi-faceted phenomenon involving

attractions, related behaviors, and identity. In research studies, the particular component of American Psychological Association, 2008; Herek, 2000. See, e.g., Chandra, Mosher, Copen & Sionean, 2011, pp 29-30; Laumann, Gagnon, Michael & Michaels, 1994, p. 293. 3 See, e.g., Herek, Norton, Allen & Sims, 2010. 5
1 2

sexual orientation that researchers assess will differ depending on the purpose of the research. For example, a study about the experiences of individuals in same-sex marriages would recruit participants based on their behavior of marrying a person of the same sex. A study of personal experiences of social stigma and discrimination among openly gay and lesbian individuals would most likely recruit individuals who self-identify as gay or lesbian. 20. Sexual orientation is inherently linked to social relationships. Sexual orientation is

a characteristic of an individual, like his or her biological sex, age, or race, and it is also about relationships whether an individual is attracted sexually or romantically to partners of the same sex or different sex. 4 Just as heterosexual individuals often express their sexual orientation through relationships including marriage with a different-sex partner, so gay and lesbian individuals express their sexual orientation through relationships including marriage (where possible) with a same-sex partner. Further, sexual orientation is not merely about sexual behavior but also about building enduring intimate relationships. In other words, sexual orientation is centrally linked to the most important personal relationships that adults form with other adults in order to meet their basic human needs for love, attachment, and intimacy. These relationships, whether with a same-sex or different-sex partner, are an essential part of an individual's personal identity. B. 21. Can Sexual Orientation Be Changed? Currently, the precise factors that cause an individual to be heterosexual,

homosexual, or bisexual are still being researched. Much research has examined possible genetic, prenatal hormonal, developmental, and social influences on sexual orientation, and many scientists view sexual orientation as resulting from the interplay of those factors. 5 22. A consistent finding across many studies, beginning with the work of Alfred

Kinsey in the 1940s and 1950s and continuing through current research, is that most adults report

4 5

Peplau & Cochran, 1990; Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007. American Psychological Association, 2008. 6

having sexual attractions to and experiences with members of only one sex. 6 As adults, the majority of these individuals have had exclusively heterosexual experiences and attraction, and a minority have had exclusively same-sex experiences and attraction. A small percentage of adults report sexual attractions and experiences with both sexes. 7 23. The significant majority of adults exhibit a consistent and enduring sexual

orientation. 8 The fact that many lesbian and gay adults form long-term intimate relationships with a partner of the same sex, 9 just as heterosexual adults do with a partner of the other sex, provides evidence of the stability of sexual orientation over time. Nonetheless, a small minority of individuals are exceptions to this majority pattern. For example, while in prison, some men who identify as heterosexual may nonetheless engage in sexual activities with men since female partners are unavailable. Some individuals have reported changes in their sexual orientation in midlife, perhaps as a result of meeting a particular person. Understanding these kinds of exceptions to the general pattern of stable sexual orientation described above is of theoretical interest to scholars. Researchers have used terms like sexual fluidity or sexual plasticity to refer to changes in sexual behavior, attractions, and identity over time or across situations. Importantly, observations about fluidity in a small minority of people should not obscure the big picture of stability for the majority of adults. In a discussion of women's sexual fluidity, Peplau and Garnets 10 noted: Claims about the potential erotic plasticity of women do not mean that most women will actually exhibit change over time. At a young age, many women adopt patterns of heterosexuality that are stable across their lifetime. Some women adopt enduring patterns of Kinsey, Pomeroy & Martin, 1948; Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin & Gebhard, 1953; Laumann, et al., 1994; Chandra, et al., 2011. 7 Some individuals are very clear about their sexual orientation at an early age. In contrast, because of the social prejudice and discrimination against gay men and lesbians, some adolescents and young adults go through a prolonged period of trying to understand their own sexual identity and coming to terms with being lesbian, gay, or bisexual. 8 Based on large-scale survey data, Chandra et al. (2011, p. 1) conclude that Sexual attraction and identity correlate closely but not completely with reports of sexual behavior. Thus, most heterosexual individuals do not engage in sexual activity with same-sex partners, and most gay and lesbian individuals similarly do not engage in heterosexual behavior. 9 Carpenter & Gates, 2008; see also Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007. 10 Peplau & Garnets, 2000, p. 333. 7
6

same-sex attractions and relationships. Nor does the fact that a small minority of people may experience some change in their sexual orientation over their lifetime suggest that such change is within their power to effect, let alone that individuals outside this small minority have the power to change voluntarily their sexual orientation. This is why standard definitions of sexual orientation characterize it as stable. 24. Before the emergence of gay communities in the United States, it was fairly

common for lesbians and gay men to marry a person of the other sex. 11 They entered these ostensibly heterosexual marriages for diverse reasons: to avoid social stigma, in response to pressure from family and friends, from a belief that marriage was the only way to have children, and/or to participate in a fundamental social institution. In some cases, these individuals only recognized or acknowledged their sexual orientation after marriage. It is psychologically harmful to ask lesbians and gay men to deny a core part of who they are by ignoring their attraction to same-sex partners and instead marrying a different-sex partner. Moreover, the disclosure that a spouse is gay or lesbian is often hurtful to the heterosexual spouse, highly upsetting to their children or other family members, and frequently sets the stage for separation or divorce. Therefore, encouraging gay men and lesbians to enter into a marriage with a heterosexual partner is not in the best interests of the individuals or the interests of society. 25. When gay men and lesbians are asked by researchers about their sexual

orientation, the vast majority report that they experienced no choice or very little choice about their sexual orientation. In a national survey conducted with a representative sample of more than 650 self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults, 95% of the gay men and 83% of the lesbians reported that they experienced no choice at all or very little choice about their

11

Bozett, 1982; Higgins, 2006. Researchers have estimated the percentage of lesbians and gay men who have been married. An analysis of responses to a 2003 survey of adults in California found that about 25% of lesbians and 9% of gay men ages 18-59 reported having ever been married, most of them presumably to a person of the other sex (Carpenter & Gates, 2008, Table 3). 8

sexual orientation. 12 26. Sexual orientation is highly resistant to change through psychological or religious

interventions. In 2007, the American Psychological Association appointed a task force to conduct a systematic review of the peer-reviewed journal literature on sexual orientation change efforts. 13 The Task Force concluded that efforts to change sexual orientation are unlikely to be successful and involve some risk of harm (p. 3). Based on currently available research, there is no credible evidence that these efforts are either effective or safe, and ample reason to believe that these interventions can harm those who participate. 14 The Task Force also found evidence that many individuals who unsuccessfully attempt to change their sexual orientation experience considerable psychological distress including anxiety, depression, thoughts of suicide, and sexual dysfunction. 27. Currently, no major mental health professional organization has approved

12

Herek, Norton, Allen & Sims, 2010. In that survey, 88% of gay men reported that they had no choice, and 7% reported very little choice. Similarly, 68% of lesbians responded that they had no choice at all, and 15% reported having very little choice. See also results from a California survey by Herek, Gillis & Cogan, 2009, Table 5. 13 APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation, 2009, Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. This report provides a detailed review and analysis of relevant research. Available at: http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response.pdf. 14 Although some psychotherapists and religious counselors have reported changing their clients sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual, empirical support for these claims is lacking. After reviewing published empirical research on this topic, the APA Task Force reported that it found serious methodological problems in this area of research, such that only a few studies met the minimal standards for evaluating whether psychological treatments, such as efforts to change sexual orientation, are effective (p. 2). Based on its review of the studies that met acceptable standards, the Task Force concluded that enduring change to an individuals sexual orientation is uncommon. The participants in this body of research continued to experience same-sex attractions following SOCE [sexual orientation change efforts] and did not report significant change to other-sex attractions that could be empirically validated, though some showed lessened physiological arousal to all sexual stimuli. Compelling evidence of decreased same-sex sexual behavior and of engagement in sexual behavior with the other sex was rare. Few studies provided strong evidence that any changes produced in laboratory conditions translated to daily life. Thus, the results of scientifically valid research indicate that it is unlikely that individuals will be able to reduce same-sex attractions or increase other-sex sexual attractions through SOCE (pp. 2-3). 9

interventions to change sexual orientation, and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning professionals and the public about these treatments. 15 These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, and National Association of Social Workers. Further, since adolescents may be subjected to these treatments after disclosing to their families that they are gay, lesbian, or bisexual, the American Academy of Pediatrics has adopted a policy statement advising that therapy directed specifically at attempting to change an adolescent's sexual orientation should be avoided and is unlikely to result in change. The Pan American Health Organization, which is the World Health Organizations regional office for the Americas and the oldest public health organization in the world, has stated that there is no scientific evidence for the effectiveness of efforts to change sexual orientation. 16 28. In summary, there is convergent scientific evidence documenting that sexual

orientation reflects an enduring set of attractions and experiences for most people. Efforts to change a persons sexual orientation through religious or psychotherapy interventions have not been shown to be effective. II. Sexual Orientation Does Not Affect a Persons Ability to Function Effectively 29. The consensus view of scientific researchers and mental health professionals is

that homosexuality is a normal expression of human sexuality. Homosexuality is not a mental illness, and being gay or lesbian has no inherent association with a person's ability to participate in or contribute to society. 17 Lesbians and gay men are as capable as heterosexuals of leading a happy, healthy, and productive life. They are also as capable as heterosexuals of doing well in their jobs and of excelling in school. 30.
15

Although homosexuality was once believed to be a mental illness, that mistaken

These policy statements are compiled in Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation and Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators, and School Personnel, a publication that is available from the Just the Facts Coalition on the American Psychological Associations website: http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/just-the-facts.pdf. 16 Pan American Health Organization, 2012. 17 Herek, 2010; Herek & Garnets, 2007. 10

view was discredited by scientific research beginning in the 1970s. In 1973, the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, noting that homosexuality per se implies no impairment in judgment, stability, reliability, or general social or vocational capabilities. 18 In 1975, the American Psychological Association endorsed this position and urged psychologists to help educate the public and to dispel the stigma of mental illness associated with homosexuality. 19 31. Gay and lesbian individuals are subject to the same stresses of life as their

heterosexual counterparts, including the death of a close relative, loss of a job, or a serious illness. Research consistently demonstrates that high levels of stress are harmful not only to psychological well-being but also to physical health. 20 In addition to the life stresses that can affect everyone, members of stigmatized minority groups, including gay men and lesbians as well as ethnic/racial minorities, may experience additional stress caused by prejudice and discrimination. This has been termed minority stress. 21 This excess stress has been associated with an increased risk of psychological problems, especially those like anxiety and depression that are most closely linked to stress. 22 Despite the pervasive social stigma against homosexuality and the resulting unique social stressors lesbians and gay men experience, the vast majority of lesbian and gay individuals cope successfully with these challenges and lead healthy, happy, well-adjusted lives. And there is nothing about sexual orientation itself whether one is heterosexual or homosexual that makes a person more or less able to contribute to or participate in society. 32. Social relationships can play an important role in buffering individuals from the

stresses of life. Like heterosexuals, lesbians and gay men benefit from having a close intimate
18

American Psychiatric Association, 1974. For other resolutions by this organization, see http://www.healthyminds.org/More-Info-For/GayLesbianBisexuals.aspx. 19 Conger, 1975. Also, the American Psychological Association has endorsed several resolutions concerning sexual orientation. These can be found at: http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/policy/index.aspx (last accessed February 7, 2013) 20 Thoits, 2010. 21 Meyer, 2003, 2007. 22 Herek & Garnets, 2007; Pascoe & Richman, 2009. 11

relationship, for example, with a spouse or partner. Further, people benefit from the social, emotional, and material support that can be provided by family, friends, and others. Research also documents that the psychological well-being of lesbians and gay men is enhanced by having positive feelings about being gay, having developed a positive sense of gay identity, and being open about their sexual orientation with important other people, such as family members. 23 III. Scientific Research Into Same-Sex Couples Relationships Establishes That They Closely Resemble Different-Sex Couples Relationships 33. Negative stereotypes about same-sex couples are common in America, leading

many people to believe and argue that same-sex relationships are fundamentally different from, and inferior to, heterosexual relationships. But the consensus of the scientific research is that this characterization is inaccurate. 34. Lesbians and gay men are as able to form loving, committed relationships with a

same-sex partner as are heterosexuals in committed relationships with a different-sex partner. Empirical research has repeatedly shown that gay men and lesbians have happy, satisfying relationships. 24 Like their heterosexual counterparts, lesbians and gay men form deep emotional bonds and strong commitments to their partners. Research documents striking similarities between same-sex and heterosexual couples on standardized measures of love, relationship satisfaction, and relationship adjustment. The extensive body of research that examines the quality and functioning of same-sex relationships demonstrates that same-sex couples are not inherently different from heterosexual couples. To the contrary, same-sex couples closely resemble heterosexual couples, and the processes that affect both types of relationships are remarkably similar. 25 35. Lesbians and gay men, like heterosexuals, value committed relationships and a

majority would like to marry. In a national survey, 26 74% of lesbians and gay men said that if
23 24 25

Herek & Garnets, 2007; Meyer, 2003; Pachankis, 2007; Pascoe & Richman, 2009. Kurdek, 2004, 2005; Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007. American Psychological Association, 2004. 26 Kaiser Family Foundation, 2001. 12

they could legally marry someone of the same sex, they would like to do so. 36. Scientific research consistently shows that the same factors that contribute to

commitment and stability in different-sex couples apply to same-sex couples. One factor is the quality of a couple's relationship as reflected in factors as satisfaction, love and relationship adjustment. As noted above, research shows that, on average, same-sex and different-sex relationships are equally satisfying and well-adjusted. Couples with more satisfying relationships are more likely to stay together than other couples, regardless of sexual orientation. A second factor that contributes to commitment and stability within different-sex and same-sex couples alike are barriers that make it difficult for a person to leave a relationship. Couples who decide to own joint property, make personal sacrifices for the sake of the relationship, or choose to begin a family through birth or adoption create important barriers to ending the relationship. The more a couple has invested in a relationship in terms of time, energy and resources, the more they stand to lose if the relationship ends. Research demonstrates that, as with their heterosexual counterparts, lesbians and gay men who perceive more barriers to terminating a relationship are more likely to remain together. In addition, certain demographic characteristics of different-sex couples are consistently correlated with breakup rates (e.g. their age at marriage, race, level of education, and religious affiliation). It is likely that the same demographic characteristics that predict stability and instability in different-sex couples also apply to same-sex couples. 37. In 2004, based on a review of research on marriage and same-sex relationships,

the American Psychological Association passed a Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Marriage, 27 in which it concluded that many lesbians and gay men have formed durable relationships and the factors that predict relationship satisfaction, relationship commitment, and relationship stability are remarkably similar for both same-sex cohabiting couples and heterosexual married couples. IV. Barring Same-Sex Couples from Marriage Causes Them Harm

27

American Psychological Association, 2004. 13

38.

There is widespread consensus among social science researchers that marriage

generally provides many benefits to both spouses. A large body of scientific research comparing heterosexuals who are currently married to those who are not married establishes that marriage fosters psychological well-being, physical health, and longevity. 28 Of course, marriages that are unhappy, conflict-ridden, or violent do not provide the same benefits as the average marriage. 39. Studies consistently associate marriage with better health and greater longevity;

marriage also has a moderating effect on individual risk-taking behavior. 29 Illustrative data come from a report by the U.S. Center for Disease Contro1. 30 Using a large national database, CDC researchers found that regardless of age, sex, race, ethnicity, education, or income, married adults were on average healthier than cohabiting, divorced, widowed, or never married adults. Married individuals reported lower rates of smoking, drinking heavily, or being physically inactive (although married men were more likely to be overweight than other men). Married adults also reported lower rates of being limited in their daily activities of living, being in poor health, or suffering from headaches or serious psychological distress. Other research using national data reliably demonstrates that, on average, married individuals live longer than unmarried individuals. 40. Marriage is also associated with enhanced psychological well-being. On average,

married individuals report less anxiety and depression and greater happiness and satisfaction with life than do unmarried individuals. 31 The legal status of marriage enables spouses to exert greater control over their lives when stressful situations arise and to avoid some types of stressors entirely. In Ohio, these can include, for example, the right to consent to after-death examinations of ones spouse, the right to claim marital communications privilege or spousal

E.g., Cherlin, 2009; Johnson, et al., 2000; Kim & McKenry, 2002; Lamb, Lee,& DeMaris, 2003; Nock, 1995; Proulx, et al., 2007; Schoenborn, 2004; Umberson, 1992; Waite, 1995. 29 Hu & Goldman, 1990; Johnson et al., 2000; Waite, 1995; Waldron, Hughes, & Brook, 1996. 30 Schoenborn, 2004. Marital status and health: United States, 1999-2002. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, Number 351, December 15, 2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 31 Kim & McKenry, 2002; Lamb, Lee,& DeMaris, 2003;Proulx, et al., 2007; Waite, 1995. 14

28

immunity from testifying in court, and the right to pursue a divorce, legal separation, or dissolution of marriage. 32 41. There are two explanations for the clear differences observed between married

and unmarried individuals. 33 One explanation is known as the selection effect: to some extent, individuals with better mental and physical health are more likely to choose to marry and/or better able to attract a partner and maintain a relationship over time. Using a variety of research methods, researchers have demonstrated that the selection effect only partially accounts for the physical and psychological differences found between married and unmarried individuals. These research methods include longitudinal studies of the effects of marriage over time, longitudinal studies of transitions into or out of marriage, and studies that statistically control for factors such as income that are known to be associated with health. For example, one longitudinal study found that individuals who married between the first and second assessment were less depressed at the time of the second assessment than those who remained unpartnered. This suggests that getting married on average led to a reduction in depression. 34 42. The second explanation for the positive physical and psychological benefits of

marriage is known as the protection effect. 35 There are many ways in which marriage can provide protective benefits that contribute to the health and well-being of spouses. The marriage relationship is a social union and a legal contract that creates a well-recognized and valued kinship relationship. Marriage binds spouses not only to each other but can also bind individuals to the broader community, which understands, appreciates, and values the significance of the marriage relationship. Marriage often provides individuals with a sense of obligation to others, which gives life meaning beyond oneself. 36 For many people, marriage has great symbolic Ohio Rev. Code Ann. 2108.50 and 2108.81 (B)(1); Ohio Rev. Code Ann. 2317.02 (D) and Ohio Evid. R. 601; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. 3105.01, 3105.17, 3105.61. 33 Gove, Hughes, & Style, 1990; Kim & McKenry, 2002; Lamb, Lee,& DeMaris, 2003; Waldron, Hughes, & Brook, 1996. 34 Lamb, Lee, & DeMaris, 2003. 35 Cherlin, 2009;Gove, Hughes, & Style, 1984; Kim & McKenry, 2002; Lamb, Lee,& DeMaris, 2003; Waldron, Hughes, & Brook, 1996. 36 Waite, 1995. 15
32

significance, establishing that the individual has a new social identity and is part of a valued and respected social institution. 43. In addition, marriage often entails a moral commitment by spouses to support

each other in sickness and in health. Spouses often help each other to adopt more healthful lifestyles, cope with the stress and uncertainty of life, and recuperate from illness and injury. 44. The security of marriage often enables spouses to adopt a long-term perspective,

putting off immediate rewards to build a future life together and encouraging mutual sacrifice. This has been referred to as enforceable trust. 37 45. One way that couples express the symbolic significance of their marriage is

through a wedding ceremony. Although cultures have differing traditions and individual couples may choose to depart from certain customs and traditions, the celebration of a wedding is a ritual that is important to the couple, their respective families, and the larger community. Wedding ceremonies are typically state-sanctioned public rituals that signify not only the joining together of the spouses, but the creation of new extended families and in-laws with shared interests and mutual obligations. The formation of a marriage transforms biological strangers into kin. Wedding ceremonies usually also involve members of the broader community friends, coworkers, neighbors who come together to recognize the new status of the couple and their changed position in their community. 46. Marriage is widely regarded as one of the most important rites of passage for

adulthood, and it marks a major transition in a persons life. For many, marriage signifies entry into full adulthood, with expectations that the individual will act in more mature ways. The sense of being a responsible adult may be one reason why married individuals engage in less risky behavior than their unmarried peers. The marriage relationship itself is associated with certain duties and responsibilities for example, that spouses should care for each other and build a life together.

37

Cherlin, 2009. 16

47.

When a couple marries, they may bring with them separate networks of family,

friends, and others who can support them in time of need. Marriage often merges these support networks, expanding the circle of valued confidants, help givers, and others who are available to the couple. Marriage typically involves spouses in new sets of social obligations: the new responsibilities of each spouse toward their in-laws are complemented by the obligations of the extended family to support the married couple. 48. Social support is central to the institution of marriage. Compared to unmarried

individuals, married adults tend to receive more social support from other people, especially from their parents, and this support contributes to individual well-being. The public aspect of marriage can increase each spouses sense of security that the relationship will be long-lasting. 49. Although these conclusions are derived from studies of heterosexual couples, it is

reasonable to infer that same-sex couples will generally benefit from marriage as do their heterosexual counterparts given the many well-established similarities in the nature and quality of same-sex and heterosexual couples relationships. 38 And, indeed, this was the finding of a recent study of a representative sample of California adults-- gay people who were legally married had significantly better psychological well-being than their peers who were not in a legally recognized relationship. 39 50. As it does for many different-sex couples, marriage for many same-sex couples

creates bonds between the spouses and a social network of in-laws, friends, and others who can provide emotional support and tangible assistance. As with different-sex couples, marriage binds same-sex couples together in a well-understood and highly valued social union and legal contract. 51. Marriage embodies many cultural values and expectations, often reflected in

marriage vows by which spouses pledge to love and care for each other, to be faithful to each other, and to stay together through good times and bad until separated by death. These cultural
38 39

Kurdek, 2004, 2005; Peplau & Fingerhut, 2007. Wight, LeBlanc & Badgett, 2013. 17

expectations provide a framework that individuals can draw upon to understand and build a relationship together. These cultural expectations also provide guidelines that relatives and society can draw on. 52. Data from same-sex spouses in Massachusetts offer additional insights on the

experience of married lesbian and gay American couples. 40 Most lesbians and gay men reported that marriage had improved their social relationships: 62% said their family was more accepting of their partner and 41% said their family was more accepting of their sexual orientation. In addition, 69% felt more accepted in their community. Most respondents said that their parents reacted positively to their marriage (82%) as did their siblings (91%). Lesbians and gay men were also asked about ways that marriage had improved their relationship. A majority (72%) agreed that they felt more committed to their partner. Many reported that they now worry less about legal problems (48%) and nearly a third said that one of the spouses receives health benefits from an employer as a result of marriage. Other benefits mentioned included feeling more accepted by society (38%) and feeling more financially stable (14%). One in four of the same-sex couples surveyed were raising children, and 93% of these respondents agreed that their children were happier or better off as a result of their marriage; 2% disagreed, and 4% were unsure. 53. Leading organizations of mental health professionals recognize the benefits of

marriage for same-sex couples and the harm created by denying access to civil marriage to samesex couples. As one example, in 2005 the American Psychiatric Association, the leading organization representing physicians in the field of mental health, adopted a policy statement on this issue. Their resolution stated: In the interest of maintaining and promoting mental health, the American Psychiatric Association supports the legal recognition of same-sex civil marriage with all rights, benefits, and responsibilities conferred by civil marriage, and opposes restrictions to those same rights, benefits, and responsibilities. 41 Further, in its Resolution on Sexual
40 41

Ramos, Goldberg & Badgett, 2009. American Psychiatric Association, 2005. 18

Orientation and Marriage, 42 the American Psychological Association resolved [t]hat APA believes that it is unfair and discriminatory to deny same-sex couples legal access to civil marriage and all its attendant benefits, rights, and privileges. V. Barring Same-Sex Couples from Marriage Reflects and Perpetuates Stigma Against Lesbians, Gay Men, and Same-Sex Couples 54. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals are the targets of prejudice and

discrimination in the United States. 43 National opinion surveys document that many Americans have negative attitudes toward this group of people and toward marriage for same-sex couples. Research has also documented that heterosexuals often view same-sex couples more negatively than heterosexual couples. 44 Gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals experience discrimination at work and in their communities, 45 and most states provide no legal protection against discrimination based on sexual orientation. Significant numbers of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals are targets of harassment and violence. 46 These facts demonstrate that gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals experience pervasive social stigma. 55. Social stigma refers to severe social disapproval of a class of people perceived as

being different, deviant, or in violation of cultural norms. 47 In American society today, gay men, lesbians, and bisexuals continue to be a highly stigmatized minority group. Many heterosexuals, who are the dominant group in society, perceive gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and same-sex couples, as fundamentally different, hold negative stereotypes about their characteristics, and view discrimination against them as acceptable. Social stigma is reflected both in the acts of individuals and in the institutions of society, including its laws, that legitimate and perpetuate the second-class status of gay men, lesbians, bisexuals, and same-sex couples. 56. By denying state recognition to married same-sex couples, Ohios 2004 statutory

42 43 44 45 46 47

American Psychological Association, 2004. Herek, 2009a. Testa, Kinder & Ironson, 1987. Herek, 2009b. Herek, 2009b. Herek, 2009a. 19

and constitutional amendments both reflect and perpetuate stigma against lesbians, gay men, and same-sex couples. These laws devalue and delegitimize the relationships of legally married same-sex couples. By giving heterosexuals exclusive access to the benefits associated with the institution of marriage, these laws perpetuate power differentials between heterosexual citizens and non-heterosexual citizens. Ohio law signals that in the eyes of the state, the committed relationships of same-sex couples are inferior to different-sex relationships and that partners in same-sex relationships, even those recognized as legal marriages by another states government, are less deserving of social recognition and government protection. The stigma perpetuated by Ohio law affects not only individuals in committed relationships with a person of the same sex, but all gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals as a group. VI. There Is No Evidence That Heterosexual Relationships Would Be Harmed If Same-Sex Couples Were Permitted To Marry 57. For many decades, social scientists have studied and analyzed the factors that

contribute to rates of divorce. 48 There is a scientific consensus about the key factors that may be responsible. First, increasing employment opportunities for women have led to a dramatic increase in the percentage of married women in the workforce. Paid employment gives wives greater economic independence from their husbands, which in turn makes it more feasible to end an unhappy marriage. Second, since the 1970s, economic opportunities for men without college education have diminished, adding financial stress to the lives of some married couples. Third, there have also been important changes in public attitudes. Public acceptance of divorce has increased, as has the social acceptability of unmarried cohabitation. Some scholars also suggest that a growing emphasis on individualism and personal fulfillment has eroded an earlier emphasis on the importance of obligation and commitment in marriage. Fourth, state no-fault divorce laws have made it easier for spouses to end their relationships. 58. In addition, research has identified several demographic characteristics that are

48

Cherlin, 2009; Coontz, 2007; Bramlett & Mosher, 2002; Teachman, 2002. 20

associated with an increased likelihood of divorce. 49 First, age at marriage matters: people who marry as teenagers are more likely to divorce than those who are in their 20s or older. Second, unemployment and low incomes are associated with greater rates of divorce. Third, so too is race or ethnicity; African Americans have significantly higher rates of marital separation, Asian Americans have lower rates, and other groups fall in between. Fourth, individuals whose parents divorced while they were growing up are at greater risk of divorce. Although a correlation exists, there is no scientific evidence that these demographic characteristics in and of themselves cause relationships to end. When spouses are similar to each other with regard to such characteristics as religion and age, the risk of divorce is lower. 59. None of these factors uniquely correlates with same-sex couples or with allowing

them to marry. Allowing same-sex couples to marry would not alter state marriage laws, economic opportunities for married heterosexual women or men, public attitudes toward divorce or cohabitation, or personal values of individualism or commitment. Nor would it affect the age at which heterosexuals decide to marry, their personal history of parental divorce, their choice of a similar or dissimilar partner, or their race or ethnicity. Indeed, the fact that lesbians and gay men, a class of citizens denied legal marriage, are seeking to obtain marriage rights could be seen as beneficial, because it broadens the scope of support for the value of marriage as a central social institution in American society. 60. Allowing same-sex couples to marry would not affect the quality or stability of

different-sex relationships. The quality of a heterosexual couples marriage depends on such factors as the spouses personalities, their communication styles and ways of handling conflict with each other, the stress a couple experiences, and the social support and resources available to the couple. None of these factors is altered if a same-sex couple living down the block gets married. In addition, the stability of marriages between different-sex couples depends on barriers to divorce, including investments the spouses have made in each other and their relationship,
49

Amato, 1996; Bramlett & Mosher, 2002; Heaton, 2002; Lehrer & Chiswick, 1993; Raley & Sweeney, 2007. 21

their moral and personal convictions about marriage, the options they see available outside of marriage, and the many legal, financial, and social obligations that come with a marriage license. These factors are not influenced by the marital status of other couples. In short, there is no scientific basis for the proposition that allowing same-sex couples to marry would affect the underlying processes that foster stability in different-sex marriages. 61. In response to an effort to ban marriage for same-sex couples, the Executive

Board of the American Anthropological Association, the worlds largest organization of anthropologists, issued the following statement: The results of more than a century of anthropological research on households, kinship relationships, and families, across cultures and through time, provide no support whatsoever for the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon marriage as an exclusively heterosexual institution. Rather, anthropological research supports the conclusion that a vast array of family types, including families built upon same-sex partnerships, can contribute to stable and humane societies. 50 62. Empirical evidence demonstrates that legalizing marriage for same-sex couples

does not affect either marriage or divorce rates for different-sex couples. An examination of statistical data from Massachusetts, where marriage for same-sex couples became available in 2004, indicates that marriage of same-sex couples has not led to a decline in marriage nor to an increase in divorce. In the four years prior to when same-sex couples were permitted to marry (2000-2003), the average marriage rate was 5.9 marriages per 1,000 total population in the state. In the seven years after same-sex couples were permitted to marry (2004-2010), the average marriage rate was also 5.9. In the four years prior to when same-sex couples were permitted to marry (2000-2003), the average divorce rate was 2.5. In the seven years after same-sex couples were permitted to marry (2004-2010), the divorce rate was lower, averaging 2.2. 51 Similarly, a
50 51

American Anthropological Association, 2004. Marriage rates by State: 1990, 1995, and 1999-2010, Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvss/marriage_rates_90_95_99-10.pdf. Divorce rates by State: 1990, 1995, and 1999-2010, Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvss/divorce_rates_90_95_99-10.pdf. (last accessed February 7, 2013). 22

Case: 1:13-cv-00501-TSB Doc #: 46-2

Filed: 10/11/13 Page: 1 of 16

September 2013

Letitia Anne Peplau

Distinguished Research Professor Department of Psychology University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 Telephone: (310) 825-1187 FAX: (310) 206-5895 Email: [email protected]

Education
B.A. in Honors Psychology, Brown University, 1968 (Summa cum laude) Ph.D. in Social Psychology, Harvard University, 1973

Academic Positions at UCLA

1973-2010 2010 2011 1983-1988 1985-1986 1988-1990 1994-1995 1999-2011 2005-2011 2004-present Professor of Psychology Distinguished Professor of Psychology Distinguished Research Professor of Psychology Director, Graduate Program in Social Psychology Associate Director, Center for the Study of Women Acting Co-Director, Center for the Study of Women Director, Graduate Program in Social Psychology Faculty Affiliate, UCLA Center for the Study of Women Director, NSF IGERT Interdisciplinary Relationship Science Program, UCLA Vice Chair for Graduate Studies, UCLA Psychology Department

Honors and Professional Societies

Danforth Graduate Fellowship, 1968-1973 National Science Foundation Predoctoral Fellowship, 1968-1970 Phi Beta Kappa Sigma Xi American Psychological Association (elected fellow in Divisions 8, 9, 35 and 44) Association for Psychological Science (fellow) American Sociological Association Society for Experimental Social Psychology Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues International Academy of Sex Research Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality Outstanding Achievement Award, Committee on Lesbian and Gay Concerns, AP A, 1986 President, International Society for the Study of Personal Relationships, 1994-1996 Distinguished Scientific Achievement Award, Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, 1997 Monette/Horwitz Trust Award for Research on Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Studies, 2000. Outstanding Faculty Award, UCLA Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Campus Center, June 2001. Distinguished Publication A ward 2001, Association for Women in Psychology Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award, Division 44, APA, 2002

.i

EXHIBIT
Pe.p la..{A.

Dockets.Justia.com

Invited Master Lecture at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, 2002. Elected to membership in the International Academy of Sex Research, 2003 Distinguished Teaching Award, UCLA Psychology Department, 2003 Award for Distinguished Faculty Service, Women's Studies Program, UCLA, 2005 Mentoring Award, International Association for Relationship Research, 2006 Distinguished "Elder" A ward, APA National Multicultural Summit and Conference, 2007 Heritage Award for Research, APA Division 35 (Society for the Psychology of Women), 2007 Awarded the Evelyn Hooker A ward for Distinguished Contribution by an Ally, AP A Division 44 (Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Issues), 2008

Editorial Activities
Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Social Issues, 1974-1977 Member, Editorial Board, Social Psychology Quarterly, 1977-1979 Consulting Editor, Psychology ofWomen Quarterly, 1978-1980 Member, Editorial Board, Journal ofHomosexuality, 1980-1985 Member, Editorial Board, SIGNS: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 1981-1989 Member, Advisory Board, Journal ofPersonal and Social Relationships, 1985-1987 Consulting Editor, Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 1985-1989 Member, Editorial Board, Journal ofPsychology and Human Sexuality, 1987-1989 Member, Advisory Board, Advances in Personal Relationships, 1986-1992 Member, Editorial Board, Journal of Social Issues, 1992-1995 Member, Advisory Board, Columbia University Press Series on Lesbian and Gay Studies, 1993-2000 Associate Editor, SIGNS: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2000-2005 Member, Editorial Board, Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Psychology, APA Books, 2001-2009 Member, Editorial Board, Sexuality Research and Social Policy: Journal ofNSRC, 2003-2011 Member, International Advisory Board, Ibadan Journal of Social Sciences, 2004-2010

Selected Recent Professional Activities

Member, Editorial Board, Psychology and Sexuality Member, Scientific Review Panel for the Placek Research Award Program, American Psychological Foundation, 1995-2000 Member, Committee on Women in Psychology Network (representative from Division 8), 1998-present Member, Working Group on Same-Sex Families, American Psychological Association, April 2004. Chair, Fellows Selection Committee, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (Div. 9 of APA), 2004-2005. Member, Fellows Selection Committee, Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Issues (Div. 44 of APA), 2006-2008.

Books and Edited Volumes

Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L.A., & Sears, D. 0. (2006). Social psychology, 1ih Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L. A., & Sears, D. 0. (2003). Social psychology, II th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Published into Russian in 2004. Peplau, L.A., & Garnets, L. D. (Eds.) (2000). Women's sexualities: Perspectives on sexual orientation and gender. Journal ofSociallssues, 56 (whole number 2). This volume was selected for the 200 I Distinguished Publication A ward of the Association for Women in Psychology. Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L.A., & Sears, D. 0. (2000). Social psychology, I Oth Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Peplau, L.A., DeBro, S.C., Veniegas, R. C., & Taylor, P. (Eds.) (1999). Gender, culture and ethnicity. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing. Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L.A., & Sears, D. 0. (1997). Social psychology, 9th Ed. Upper SaddleR iver, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Peplau, L. A. & Taylor, S. E. (Eds.) (1997). Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Taylor, S. E., Peplau, L.A., & Sears, D. 0. (I 994). Social psychology, 8th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Rubin, Z., Peplau, L. A., & Salovey, P. (I 993). Psychology, 1st Ed. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin. Sears, D. 0., Peplau, L.A., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social psychology, 7th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Peplau, L.A., Sears, D. 0., Taylor, S. E. , & Freedman, J. L. (Eds.) (1988). Readings in social psychology: Classic and contemporary contributions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Sears, D. 0., Peplau, L.A., Freedman, J. L., & Taylor, S. E. (1988). Social psychology, 6th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Sears, D. 0., Freedman, J. L., & Peplau, L. A. (I 985). Social psychology, 5th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Peplau, L.A., & Goldston, S. E. (Eds.) (1984). Preventing the harmful consequences of severe and persistent loneliness. DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 84-1312. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office (Monograph). Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J., Huston, T., Levinger, G., McClintock, E., Peplau, L. A., & Peterson, D. (1983). Close relationships. New York: Freeman. Reprinted (2002) by Percheron Press. Peplau, L.A., & Jones, R. (Issue Editors) (1982). Homosexual couples. Journal ofHomosexuality, 8 (whole number 2).

Peplau, L.A., & Perlman, D. (Eds.) (1982). Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Published in Japanese translation in 1988 and in Russian in 1989. Peplau, L.A., & Hammen, C. L. (Eds.) (1977). Sexual behavior: Social psychological issues. Journal of Social Issues, 33, (whole number 2).

Articles and Book Chapters

Lavner, J., Waterman, J., & Peplau, L.A. (accepted for publication). Parent adjustment over time in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual parent families adopting from foster care. Journal of Orthopsychiatry. Fingerhut, A.W. & Peplau, L.A. (2013). Same-sex romantic relationships. In C. J. Patterson & A. R. D'Augelli (Eds.), Handbookofpsychology and sexual orientation (pp. 165-178). New York: Oxford University Press. Preciado, M. A., Johnson, K. L., & Peplau, L.A. (2013). The impact of cues of stigma and support on self-perceived sexual orientation among heterosexually identified men and women. Journal ofExperimental Social Psychology. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.006 Lavner, J., Waterman, J., & Peplau, L.A. (2012). Can gay and lesbian parents promote healthy development in high-risk children adopted from foster care? Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82, 465472. Ghavami, N., & Peplau, L.A. (2012). An intersectional analysis of gender and ethnic stereotypes: Testing three hypotheses. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37, 113-127. Preciado, M. A. & Peplau, L. A. (2011 ). Self-perception of same-sex sexuality among heterosexual women: Association with personal need for structure. Self and Identity, doi: 10.1080115298868.2010.51572. Ghavami, N., Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L.A., Grant, S. K., & Wittig, M.A. (2011). Testing a model of minority identity achievement, identity affirmation and psychological well-being among ethnic minority and sexual minority individuals. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 17, 79-88. Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L.A., & Gable, S. L. (2010). Identity, minority stress and psychological well-being among gay men and lesbians. Psychology and Sexuality, 1(2), 101-114. Beals, K. P., Peplau, L.A., & Gable, S. L. (2009). Stigma management and well-being: The role of social support, cognitive processing, and suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 867-879. Conley, T. D., & Peplau, L.A. (2009). Gender and perceptions of romantic partners' sexual risk. Journal ofSexual Medicine, 7, 794-802. Conley, T. D., Roesch, S. C., Peplau, L.A., & Gold, M. S. (2009). Testing the positive illusions model of relationship satisfaction among gay and lesbian couples. Journal ofApplied Social Psychology, 39, 1417-1431.

Peplau, L.A., Frederick, D. A., Yee, C., Maisel, N., Lever, J. & Ghavami, N. (2009). Body image satisfaction among heterosexual, gay and lesbian adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(5), 713725. Peplau, L. A., & Ghavami, N. (2009). The relationships of lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. In H. Reis & S. Sprecher (Eds.). The encyclopedia of human relationships. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Frederick, D., Lever, J., & Peplau, L.A. (2008). The Barbie mystique: Satisfaction with breast size and shape across the lifespan. International Journal of Sexual Health, 20, 200-211. Peplau, L. A. & Huppin, M. (2008). Masculinity, femininity and the development of sexual orientation in women. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Mental Health, 12(1/2), 147-167. Also published as a chapter in R. Mathy & J. Drescher (Ed.) Childhood gender nonconformity and the development of adult homosexuality (pp 147 -167). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. Peplau, L. A., & Fingerhut, A. W. (2007). The close relationships of lesbians and gay men. Annual Review ofPsychology, 58. 10.1-10.20. Frederick, D. A., Buchanan, G. M., Sadeghi-Azar, L., Peplau, L.A., Haselton, M. G., Berezovskaya, A., & Lipinski, R. E. (2007). Desiring the muscular ideal: Men's body satisfaction in the United States, Ukraine, and Ghana. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8, 103-117. Frederick, D., Lever, J., & Peplau, L.A. (2007). Interest in cosmetic surgery and body image: Views of men and women across the life span. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 120, 14071415. Fingerhut, A. W., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). The impact of social roles on stereotypes of gay men. Sex Roles, 55, 273-278. Garnets, L., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). Sexuality in the lives of adult lesbian and bisexual women. In D. C. Kimmel, T. Rose, & S. David (Eds.) Research and clinical perspectives on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender aging, pp. 70-90. New York: Columbia University Press. Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). Disclosure patterns within the social networks of gay men and lesbians. Journal ofHomosexuality, 51(2), 101-120. Lever, J., Frederick, D., & Peplau, L.A. (2006). Does size matter? Men's and women's views on penis size across the life span. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 7(3), 129-143. Frederick, D. A., Peplau, L.A., & Lever, J. (2006). The swimsuit issue: Correlates of body image in a sample of 52, 677 heterosexual adults. Body Image: An International Journal of Research, 3, 413-419. Impett, E. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). "His" and "her" relationships: A review of the empirical evidence. In A. Vangelisti & D. Perlman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook ofpersonal relationships (pp. 884-904). New York: Cambridge University Press. Elsesser, K., & Peplau, L. A. (2006). The glass partition: Obstacles to cross-sex friendships at work. Human Relations, 59(8), 1077-1100.

Impett, E. A., Gable, S., & Peplau, L. A. (2005). Giving up and giving in: The costs and benefits of daily sacrifice in intimate relationships. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 89, 327-344. Impett, E. A., Peplau, L. A., & Gable, S. (2005). Approach and avoidance sexual motives: Implications for personal and interpersonal well-being. Personal Relationships, 12, 465-482.

This paper received "Distinguished Publication" award from the International Association for Relationships Research, July 20, 2008.
Fingerhut, A. W., Peplau, L.A., & Ghavami, N. (2005). A dual-identity framework for understanding lesbian experience. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 129-139. Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L.A. (2005) Identity support, identity devaluation and well-being among lesbians. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 140-145. Peplau, L.A., & Fingerhut, A. (2004). The paradox of the lesbian worker. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 719-735. Peplau, L.A., Fingerhut, A., & Beals, K. P. (2004). Sexuality in the relationships of lesbians and gay men. In J. Harvey, A. Wenzel, & S. Sprecher (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality in close relationships (pp. 350-369). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Peplau, L.A. & Beals, K. P. (2004). The family lives of lesbians and gay men. In A. Vangelisti (Ed.), Handbook offamily communication (pp. 233-248). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Peplau, L.A. (2003). Human sexuality: How do men and women differ? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(2), 37-40. Reprinted in J. B. Ruscher & E. Y. Hammer (Eds.) (2004). Current directions in social Psychology (pp. 76-82). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Impett, E. A., & Peplau, L.A. (2003). Sexual compliance: Gender, motivational, and relationship perspectives. Journal ofSex Research, 40, 87-100.

This paper received the 2004 Student Research Award from the Society for Sex Therapy and Research.
Impett, E. A., & Peplau, L. A. (2002). Why some women consent to unwanted sex with a dating partner: Insights from attachment theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 360-370. Beals, K., Impett, E., & Peplau, L. A. (2002). Lesbians in love: Why some relationships endure and others end. Journal ofLesbian Studies, 6(1), 53-64. Garnets, L. D., & Peplau, L.A. (2002). A new paradigm for women's sexual orientation: Implications for therapy. Women and Therapy, 24, 111-122. Reprinted in E. Kaschak & L. Tiefer (Eds.) (2002). A new view of women's sexual problems (pp. 111-122.) Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. Impett, E. A., Beals, K. P., & Peplau, L.A. (2001-02). Testing the investment model of relationship commitment and stability in a longitudinal study of married couples. Current Psychology, 20(4), 312-326.

Reprinted inN. J. Pallone (Ed.) (2003), Love, romance, and sexual interaction: Research perspectives from Current Psychology (pp. 163-181). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press. Peplau, L.A., & Beals, K. P. (2001). Lesbians, gay men and bisexuals in relationships. In J. Worell (Ed.), Encyclopedia of women and gender (pp. 657-666). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Beals, K. P ., & Peplau, L. A. (200 1). Social involvement, disclosure of sexual orientation, and the quality of lesbian relationships. Psychology ofWomen Quarterly. 25, 10-19. Peplau, L.A. (2001). Rethinking women's sexual orientation: An interdisciplinary, relationshipfocused approach. Personal Relationships, 8, 1-19. Peplau, L.A., & Garnets, L. D. (2000). A new paradigm for understanding women's sexuality and sexual orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 329-350. Garnets, L. D., & Peplau, L. A. (2000). Understanding women's sexualities and sexual orientations: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 56(2), 181-192. Peplau, L. A., & Spalding, L. R. (2000). The close relationships of lesbians, gay men and bisexuals. In C. Hendrick & S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Close relationships: A sourcebook (pp. 111124). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Veniegas, R. C., Taylor, P. L., & Peplau, L.A. (1999). A guide to resources about gender, culture and ethnicity. In L.A. Peplau, S.C. DeBro, R. C. Veniegas, & P. Taylor (Eds.) Gender, culture and ethnicity (pp 1-13). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing. Peplau, L.A., Veniegas, R. C., Taylor, P. L., & DeBro, S.C. (1999). Sociocultural perspectives on the lives of women and men. In L.A. Peplau, S.C. DeBro, R. C. Veniegas, & P. Taylor (Eds.) Gender, culture and ethnicity (pp 23-37). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing. Peplau, L.A., Spalding, L. R., Conley, T. D., & Veniegas, R. C. (1999). The development of sexual orientation in women. Annual Review of Sex Research, VallO, 70-99. Vincent, P. C., Peplau, L.A., & Hill, C. T. (1998). A longitudinal application of the theory of reasoned action to women's career behavior. Journal ofApplied Social Psychology, 28, 761-778. Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L.A. (1998). Premarital predictors of relationship outcomes: A 15-year followup of the Boston Couples Study. InT. N. Bradbury (Ed.), The developmental course of marital dysfunction (pp. 237-278). New York: Cambridge University Press. Peplau, L.A., Garnets, L.D., Spalding, L. R., Conley, T. D., & Veniegas, R. C. (1998). A critique ofBem's "Exotic Becomes Erotic" theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review, 105(2), 387-394. Perlman, D., & Peplau, L.A. (1998). Loneliness. In H. S. Friedman (Ed.) Encyclopedia of mental health, Vol2 (pp. 571-581). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Spalding, L. R., & Peplau, L. A. (1997). The unfaithful lover: Heterosexuals' stereotypes of bisexuals and their relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 611-625.

V eniegas, R. C., & Peplau, L. A. (1997). Power and the quality of same-sex friendships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 279-297.

This article was awarded the Graduate Student Research Prize by APA Division 35 and the Association for Women in Psychology in 1997.
Veniegas, R. C., & Peplau, L. A. (1997). A guide to sociocultural resources in social psychology. In L.A. Peplau & S. E. Taylor (Eds.), Sociocultural perspectives in social psychology (pp. xivxx). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Peplau, L.A., Cochran, S.D., & Mays, V. M. (1997). A national survey of the intimate relationships of African-American lesbians and gay men: A look at commitment, satisfaction, sexual behavior and HIV disease. In B. Greene (Ed.) Ethnic and cultural diversity among lesbians and gay men (pp 11-38). Newbury Park: Sage Publications. Bui, K. T., Peplau, L.A., & Hill, C. T. (1996). Testing the Rusbult model of relationship commitment and stability in a 15-year study of heterosexual couples. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 1244-1257. Peplau, L.A., Veniegas, R. C., & Campbell, S.M. (1996). Gay and lesbian relationships. In R. C. Savin-Williams & K. M. Cohen (Eds.), The lives of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals: Children to adults (pp. 250-273). New York: Harcourt Brace. Wayment, H. A., & Peplau, L.A. (1995). Social support and well-being among lesbian and heterosexual women: A structural modeling approach. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(11), 1189-1199. Peplau, L.A. (1994). Men and women in love. In D. L. Sollie & L. S. Leslie (Eds.), Gender, families, and close relationships: Feminist research journeys (pp. 19-49). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. De Bro, S.C., Campbell, S.M., & Peplau, L.A. (1994). Influencing a partner to use a condom: A college student perspective. Psychology ofWomen Quarterly, 18, 165-182. Peplau, L.A., Hill, C. T., & Rubin, Z. (1993). Sex-role attitudes in dating and marriage: A 15year followup of the Boston Couples Study. Journal of Social Issues, 40(3), 31-52. Campbell, S.M., Peplau, L.A., & De Bro, S.C. (1992). Women, men, and condoms: Attitudes and experiences of heterosexual college students. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16(3), 273288. Garnets, L., Hancock, K. A., Cochran, S.D., Goodchilds, J., & Peplau, L.A. (1991). Issues in psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men: A survey of psychologists. American Psychologist, 46(2), 964-972. Reprinted in D. R. Atkinson & G. Hackett (Eds.) (1998). Counseling diverse populations. New York: McGraw-Hill. Campbell, S.M., Dunkel-Schetter, C. A., & Peplau, L.A. (1991). Perceived control and adjustment to infertility among women undergoing in vitro fertilization. In A. L. Stanton & C. A. Dunkel-Schetter (Eds.), Psychological adjustment to infertility (pp. 133-156). New York: Plenum.

Cochran, S.D., & Peplau, L.A. (1991). Sexual risk reduction behaviors among young heterosexual adults. Social Science and Medicine, 33(1 ), 25-36. Peplau, L.A. (1991). Lesbian and gay relationships. In J. C. Gonsiorek & J.D. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Research findings for public policy (pp. 177 -196). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Reprinted in L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.) (1993). Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 395-419). New York: Columbia University Press. Peplau, L.A., & Cochran, S.D. (1990). A relationship perspective on homosexuality. In D.P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 321-349). New York: Oxford University Press. Peplau, L. A., & Conrad, E. (1989). Beyond nonsexist research: The perils of feminist methods in psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 381-402. Peplau, L.A., & Campbell, S. M. (1989). Power in dating and marriage. In J. Freeman (Ed.), Women: A feminist perspective, 4th Ed. (pp. 121-137). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing. Reprinted inS. J. Ferguson (Ed.), (2001). Shifting the center: Understanding contemporary families, 2nd Ed. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield, pp. 142-152. Peplau, L.A. (1988). Loneliness: New directions in research. Participate in the challenge of mental health and psychiatric nursing in 1988 (pp. 127-142). [Proceedings of the 3rd National Conference on Psychiatric Nursing, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.] Peplau, L.A. (1988). Reading research reports in social psychology. In L.A. Peplau, D. 0. Sears, S. E. Taylor, & J. L. Freedman (Eds.), Readings in social psychology: Classic and contemporary contributions, 2nd Ed. (pp.1-5). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Peplau, L.A. (1987). Loneliness and the college student. In I. Z. Rubin & E. McNeil. The psychology of being human, 4th Ed. (pp. 475-479). New York: Harper & Row. Cochran, S.D., & Peplau, L.A. (1985). Value orientations in heterosexual relationships. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 9, 477-488. Blasband, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1985). Sexual exclusivity versus openness in gay male couples. Archives ofSexual Behavior, 14(5), 395-412. Peplau, L.A., & Gordon, S. L. (1985). Women and men in love: Gender differences in close heterosexual relationships. In V. E. O'Leary, R. K. Unger, & B.S. Wallston Eds.), Women, gender and social psychology (pp. 257-291). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Reprinted in T. Roberts (Ed.) (1997). The Lanahan readings in the psychology of women (pp. 246-268). Baltimore, MD: Lanahan Publishers. Peplau, L. A. (1985). Loneliness research: Basic concepts and findings. In I. G. Sarason & B. R. Sarason (Eds.), Social support: Theory, research and application (pp. 270-286). Boston: Martinus Nijhof. Peplau, L.A. (1985). Loneliness. In A. Kuper & J. Kuper (Eds.), The social science encyclopedia (p. 474). Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Perlman, D., & Peplau, L.A. (1984). Loneliness research: A survey of empirical findings. In L. A. Peplau & S. E. Goldston (Eds.), Preventing the harmful consequences ofsevere and persistent loneliness (pp. 13-46). DHHS Publication No. (ADM) 84-1312. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Caldwell, M.A., & Peplau, L.A. (1984). The balance of power in lesbian relationships. Sex Roles, 10, 587-600. Reprinted in W. R. Dynes & S. Donaldson (Eds.) (1992), Studies in homosexuality, Vol VII: Lesbianism (pp. 27-39). New York: Garland Publishing. Hill, C. T., Peplau, L.A., & Rubin, Z.(1983). Contraceptives use by college dating couples. Population and Environment: Behavioral and Social Issues, 6(1), 60-69. Peplau, L.A. (1983). Roles and gender. In H. H. Kelley, et al., Close relationships (pp. 220-264). New York: Freeman. Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J., Huston, T., Levinger, G., McClintock, E., Peplau, L.A., & Peterson, D. (1983). Analyzing close relationships. In H. H. Kelley, et al., Close relationships (pp. 20-64). New York: Freeman. Berscheid, E., & Peplau, L. A. (1983). The emerging science of relationships. In H. H. Kelley, et al., Close relationships (pp. 1-19). New York: Freeman. Peplau, L.A., & Gordon, S. L. (1983). The intimate relationships of lesbians and gay men. In E. R. Allgeier & N. B. McCormick (Eds.), The changing boundaries: Gender roles and sexual behavior (pp. 226-244). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield. Reprinted in J. N. Edwards & D. H. Demo (Eds.) (1991). Marriage and family in transition (pp 479-496.) Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Rook, K. S., & Peplau, L.A. (1982). Perspectives on helping the lonely. In L.A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 351-378). New York: Wiley. Perlman, D., & Peplau, L. A. (1982). Theoretical approaches to loneliness. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 123-134). New York: Wiley. Peplau, L.A., & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In L.A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 1-18). New York: Wiley. Peplau, L.A., Padesky, C., & Hamilton, M. (1982). Satisfaction in lesbian relationships. Journal ofHomosexuality, 8(2), 23-35. Peplau, L. A., Miceli, M., & Morasch, B. (1982). Loneliness and self evaluation. In L. A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 135-151). New York: Wiley. Peplau, L.A., Bikson, T. K., Rook, K. S., & Goodchilds, J.D. (1982). Being old and living alone. In L.A. Peplau & D. Perlman (Eds.), Loneliness (pp. 327-347). New York: Wiley. Peplau, L. A., & Amaro, H. (1982). Understanding lesbian relationships. In W. Paul & J.D. Weinrich (Eds.), Homosexuality: Social, psychological and biological issues (pp. 233-248). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

10

Reprinted in T. Roberts (Ed.) (1997). The Lanahan readings in the psychology of women (pp. 269-280). Baltimore, MD: Lanahan Publishers. Peplau, L.A. (1982). Research on homosexual couples: An overview. Journal of Homosexuality, 8(2), 3-8. Reprinted in J.P. DeCecco (Ed.) (1988). Gay relationships (pp. 33-40). New York: Harrington Park Press. Michela, J. L., Peplau, L.A., & Weeks, D. G. (1982). Perceived dimensions of attributions for loneliness. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 929-936. Caldwell, M.A., & Peplau, L.A. (1982). Sex differences in same-sex friendship. Sex Roles, 8(7), 721-732. Berg, J., & Peplau, L. A. (1982). Loneliness: The relationship of self-disclosure and androgyny. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 8(4), 624-630. Rubin, Z., Peplau, L.A., & Hill, C. T. (1981). Loving and leaving: Sex differences in romantic attachments. Sex Roles, 7(8), 821-835. Risman, B. J., Hill, C. T., Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L.A. (1981). Living together in college: Implications for courtship. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 43, 77-83. Perlman, D., & Peplau, L.A. (1981). Toward a social psychology of loneliness. InS. Duck & R. Gilmour (Eds.), Personal relationships in disorder (pp. 31-56). London: Academic Press. Reprinted in B. Earn & S. Towson (Eds.) (1986). Readings in social psychology (pp. 137155). Peterborough, Canada: Broadview Press Ltd. Peplau, L.A., & Cochran, S.D. (1981). Value orientations in the intimate relationships of gay men. Journal ofHomosexuality, 6(3), 1-19. Reprinted in J.P. DeCecco (Ed.) (1988). Gay relationships (pp. 195-216). New York: Harrington Park Press. Peplau, L.A. (1981, March). What homosexuals want in relationships. Psychology Today, pp. 28-34, 37-38. Peplau, L.A. (1981). Interpersonal attraction. In D. Sherrod (Ed.), Social psychology, 2nd Ed. (pp. 195-229). New York: Random House. Hill, C. T., Peplau, L.A., & Rubin, Z. (1981). Differing perceptions in dating couples: Sex roles vs. alternative explanations. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5(3), 418-434. Weeks, D. G., Michela, J. L., Peplau, L.A., & Bragg, M. E. (1980). The relation between loneliness and depression: A structural equation analysis. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1238-1244. Russell, D., Peplau, L.A., & Cutrona, C. E. (1980). The revised UCLA loneliness scale: Concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472-480.

11

Rubin, Z., Hill, C. T., Peplau, L.A., & Dunkel-Schetter, C. (1980). Self-disclosure in dating couples: Sex roles and the ethic of openness. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42(2), 305317. Peplau, L. A. (1980). Sexual aspects of lesbian relationships. Medical Aspects ofHuman Sexuality, 14(3), 107. Peplau, L.A. (1980). Lesbian mothers. Medical Aspects ofHuman Sexuality, 14(3), 136-137. Falbo, T., & Peplau, L.A. (1981). Power strategies in intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 618-628. Rubenstein, C., Shaver, P., & Peplau, L.A. (1979, February). Loneliness. Human Nature, pp. 5865. Peplau, L. A., Russell, D., & Heim, M. (1979). The experience of loneliness. In I. H. Frieze, D. Bar-Tal, & J. S. Carroll (Eds.), New approaches to social problems: Applications of attribution theory (pp. 53-78). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Peplau, L.A., & Perlman, D. (1979). Blueprint for a social psychological theory of loneliness. In M. Cook & G. Wilson (Eds.), Love and attraction (pp. 99-108). Oxford, England: Pergamon. Peplau, L.A. (1979). Power in dating relationships. In J. Freeman (Ed.), Women: A feminist perspective, 2nd Ed. (pp. 106-121). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing. Reprinted (1984) in the 3rd Edition. Hill, C. T., Rubin, Z., Peplau, L.A., & Willard, S. G. (1979). The volunteer couple: Sex differences, couple commitment and participation in research on interpersonal relationships. Social Psychology Quarterly, 42(4), 415-420. Russell, D., Peplau, L.A., & Ferguson, M. (1978). Developing a measure of loneliness. Journal ofPersonality Assessment, 42(3), 290-294. Peplau, L.A., Russell, D., & Heim, M. (1978). Loneliness: A bibliography of research and theory. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 8, 38. (Ms. No. 1682.) Peplau, L.A., Cochran, S., Rook, K., & Padesky, C. (1978). Loving women: Attachment and autonomy in lesbian relationships. Journal ofSociallssues, 34(3), 7-27.
This article was awarded the Evelyn C. Hooker research award by the national Gay Academics Union, November 24, 1979.

Reprinted in L. Richardson & V. A. Taylor (Eds.) (1983) Feminist frontiers: Rethinking sex, gender & society (pp. 408-419). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Peplau, L.A., & Ferguson, M. (1978). Loneliness: A cognitive analysis. Essence, 2(4), 207220. (This is a Canadian gerontology journal that devoted a special issue to loneliness.) Hammen, C. L., & Peplau, L.A. (1978). Brief encounters: Impact of gender, sex-role attitudes, and partner's gender on interaction and cognition. Sex Roles, 4(1), 75-90.

12

Peplau, L. A., Rubin, Z., & Hill, C. T. (1977). Sexual intimacy in dating relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 33(2), 86-109. Peplau, L.A., & Hammen, C. L. (1977). Social psychological issues in sexual behavior: An overview. Journal of Social Issues, 33(2), 1-6. Peplau, L.A., Rubin, Z., & Hill, C. T. (1976). The sexual balance of power. Psychology Today, November, pp. 142, 145, 147, 151. Reprinted in C. Gordon & G. Johnson (Eds.) (1976), Readings in human sexuality: Contemporary perspectives, 2nd Ed. New York: Harper & Row. Reprinted in Annual Editions (1980), Readings in personal growth and adjustment 80/81. Guilford, CT: Dushkin. Peplau, L.A. (1976). Fear of success in dating couples. Sex Roles, 2, 249-258. Peplau, L. A. ( 197 6). Impact of fear of success and sex -role attitudes on women's competitive achievement. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 34, 561-568. Hill, C. T., Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L.A. (1976). Breakups before marriage: The end of 103 affairs. Journal of Social Issues, 32(1), 147-168. Reprinted in A. Skolnick & J. Skolnick (Eds.) (1977), Family in transition, 2nd Ed. Boston, MA: Little, Brown & Co. Reprinted in G. Levinger & 0. C. Moles (Eds.) (1979), Divorce and separation: A survey of causes and consequences. New York: Basic Books. Reprinted in Peplau, L.A., Sears, D. 0., Taylor, S. E., & Freedman, J. L. (Eds.) (1988), Readings in social psychology: Classic and contemporary contributions. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L.A. (1975). Who believes in a just world? Journal of Social Issues, 31(3), 65-90. Reprinted (1977) in Reflections, XII(1), 1-26. Rubin, Z., & Peplau, L. A. (1973). Belief in a just world and reactions to another's lot: A study of participants in the national draft lottery. Journal ofSocial Issues, 29(4), 73-94. Peplau, L.A. (1972). Intergroup behavior. In Psychology today: An introduction (pp. 545-563). Del Mar, CA: CRM Books. Peplau, L. A. ( 1972). Patterns of social behavior: The case of sex roles. In Psychology today: An introduction (pp. 487 -500). Del Mar, CA: CRM Books. Peplau, L.A. (1967). Infantile autism. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 5(3), 112-122.

Book Reviews
Peplau, L.A. (1996). The wit and wisdom of a feminist sexologist. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 173-174. (Review of "Sex is not a natural act and other essays")

13

Peplau, L.A. (1994). Is it a relationship if we're not having sex? Contemporary Boston Marriages. Journal of Sex Research, 31(3), 243-245. (Review of"Boston Marriages: Romantic but Asexual Relationships among Contemporary Lesbians") Peplau, L. A. ( 1988). Review of "In search of parenthood: Coping with infertility and high-tech conception." Contemporary Psychology, 33(10), 919. Peplau, L.A. (1982). Review of"The Anatomy ofLoneliness" and "In Search ofintimacy." Journal ofPsychosocial Nursing, 20(11), 38-39. Peplau, L.A., & Gutek, B. (1979). Textbooks on the psychology ofwomen: A review essay. Psychology ofWomen Quarterly, 4(1), 129-136. Peplau, L. A. (1979). Review of "Friends and Lovers." American Journal of Sociology, 84( 6), 1513-1514. Peplau, L. A. ( 1977). Review of "The Rite Report" and "Sex and Personality." Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2(1), 86-88. Peplau, L.A. (1977). An Introduction to Women's Studies. Contemporary Psychology, 22(12), 933-934. (Review of "Beyond Intellectual Sexism") Peplau, L.A. (1977). Review of"Women and Achievement." Sex Roles, 3(6), 600-602. Peplau, L.A. (1975). Assessing sexual innovation in marriage. Contemporary Psychology, 20(12), 941-942. (Review of "Beyond Monogamy")

Selected Recent Paper Presentations, Invited Addresses and Posters

Ghavami, N., Peplau, L. A., Sears, D. & Zawatsky, J. (January, 2012). Diagnosticity ofgender and ethnic stereotypes. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, San Diego, CA. Peplau, L. A. (August, 201 0). Marriage equality for same-sex couples: Perspectives from relationship research in the United States. Invited Presidential Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, San Diego, CA. Peplau, L. A. (August, 201 0). Same-sex couples: Research, law and policy. Presented at the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Psychology Summer Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L.A. (July, 2008). Is love blind? Attractiveness ratings by self, partner, and others, and the outcome of dating relationships 25 years later. Paper presented at the International Congress of Psychology, Berlin, Germany. Fingerhut, A. D., deRoulhac, C., Natale, C., & Peplau, L.A. (2008, February). Heterosexuals' attitudes toward gay men and lesbians: Predictors ofpositive and negative attitudes. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Albuquerque, NM. Frederick, D.A., & Peplau, L.A. (2007, January). The UCLA Body Matrices II: Computer-

14

generated images of men and women varying in body fat and muscularity/breast size to assess body satisfaction and preferences. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Memphis, TN.
Mulrenan, T., Frederick, D.A., Sadeghi-Azar, L., Ha, J., Peplau, L.A., & Haselton, M.G. (2006, January). The UCLA Body Matrices as measures of body image and body type preferences. Poster presented at the annual meting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Palm Springs, CA. Laird, K., Mulrenan, T., Frederick, D.A., Grigorian, K., Peplau, L.A., & Haselton, M.G. (2006, January). Sex differences in preferences for dating a taller romantic partner. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Palm Springs, CA. Sadeghi-Azar, L., Frederick, D.A., Mulrenan, T., Peplau, A., Haselton, M.G., & Fessler, D.M.T. (2006, January). Representations of the ideal male and female bodies in popular media. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, Palm Springs, CA. Fingerhut, A. W., & Peplau, L.A. (2006, January). Symposium: Integrating social identity perspectives with research on the experiences of lesbians and gay men. Symposium presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Social and Personality Psychology, Palm Springs, CA. Frederick, D.A., Haselton, M., Peplau, L.A., Mansourian, A., & Allameh, S. (2005, January). Sex differences in desires for sexual variety. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, New Orleans, LA. Ghavami, N., Fingerhut, W., & Peplau, L. A. (2005, January). A dual-identity approach to understanding stress experiences of lesbians and gay men. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Social and Personality Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Peplau, L.A., Frederick, D.A., Lever, J., Burklund, L., & Madrid, H. (2005, January). Correlates of body image dissatisfaction among 52,171 online respondents. Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference, New Orleans, LA. Sadeghi-Azar, L., Frederick, D.A., Allameh, S., Lever, J., & Peplau, L.A. (2005). Attitudes toward cosmetic surgery and the body across the lifespan. American Psychological Society Convention, Los Angeles, CA. Peplau, L.A., Frederick, D.A., Lever, J., Kroskrity, E. (2005). Body image satisfaction among lesbian, gay, and heterosexual adults. American Psychological Society Convention, Los Angeles, CA. Frederick, D.A., Lever, J., Peplau, L.A., Casey, J., & Berezovskaya, A. (2005). Does size matter? Attitudes toward breast size and shape among heterosexual adults. American Psychological Society Convention, Los Angeles, CA. Fingerhut. A.W., Peplau, L.A., & Ghavami, N. (2005, February). Gay and Lesbian Psychological Health: The Role ofIdentity. Poster presented at the National Multicultural Conference and Summit, Los Angeles, CA. Fingerhut, A. W., & Peplau, L. A. (2005, January). Stereotypes of women in the workforce: The role of sexual orientation and parental status. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, New Orleans, LA.

15

Peplau, L. A., Lever, J., Frederick, D., Burklund, L., & Madrid, H. (2005, January). Correlates of body image dissatisfaction among 52,171 online respondents. Poster presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Social and Personality Psychology, New Orleans, LA. Peplau, L.A. (2004, November 12). New directions in research on women's sexual orientation. Invited colloquium, Institute for Social and Behavioral Research, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Peplau, L. A. (2004, September 29). The development ofsexual orientation in women: A socialpsychological analysis. Invited colloquium, Psychology and Women's Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Peplau, L.A., Fingerhut, A., & Ghavami, N. (2004, July). Individual differences in gay-related stress: A dual-identity perspective. Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L.A. (July, 2003). Sources ofself-esteem: A 25-year study. Paper presented at the 29th Inter-American Congress of Psychology. Peplau, L. A., & Impett, E. A. (2003, Apri111 ). Sexual compliance: Why partners make "sexual sacrifices." Invited presentation, Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Western Region Annual Conference, San Jose, CA. Peplau, L. A. (April11, 2003). Gender differences in sex and relationships. Invited address, Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality, Western Region Annual Conference, San Jose, CA. Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L.A. (March 28, 2003). Romantic beliefs and marital outcomes: A 25-year study. Paper presented at the Southeast Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA. Peplau, L. A. (August, 2002). Venus and Mars in the lab: New research on gender and sexuality. Invited Master Lecture, annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL. Hill, C. T., & Peplau, L.A. (July, 2001). Life satisfaction: A 25-year follow-up of the Boston Couples Study. Presented at the VIIth European Congress of Psychology, London, England. Peplau, L.A., & Garnets, L. D. (May, 2001). A new paradigm for understanding women's sexual orientation. Presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Maui, Hawaii.

16

Case: 1:13-cv-00501-TSB Doc #: 46-3

Filed: 10/11/13 Page: 1 of 7

Bibliography
Amato, P. R (1996). Explaining the intergenerational transmission of divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(3), 628-640. American Anthropological Association Statement on Marriage and the Family (Adopted by the Executive Board of the AAA on February 26, 2004). Retrieved from: http://www.aaanet.org/issues/policy-advocacy/Statement-on-Marriage-and-theFamily.cfm. American Psychiatric Association (1974). Position statement on homosexuality and civil rights. American Journal ofPsychiatry, 131(4), p. 497 (official actions). American Psychiatric Association. (2005, July). Support of legal recognition of same-sex civil marriage. Retrieved from: http://www.psychiatry.org/File%20Library/Advocacy%20and%20Newsroom/Position%2 0Statements/ps2005_ SameSexMarriage. pdf. American Psychological Association. (2004). Sexual orientation and marriage: Adopted by the APA Council of Representatives July 28 & 30,2004. Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org/about/governance/council/policyI gay-marriage.pdf. Published in Paige, R. U. Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, American Psychologist, 60(5), p. 494. American Psychological Association. (2008). Answers to your questions: For a better understanding of sexual orientation and homosexuality. Washington, DC: Author. http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/sorientation.pdf.

i
1

Pt-p(~~

EXHIBIT

Dockets.Justia.com

American Psychological Association. (2009). Report of the Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation. Washington, DC: Author. http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/therapeutic-response. pdf. Bozett, F. W. (1982). Heterogenous couples in heterosexual marriages: Gay men and straight women. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 8(1), 81-89. Bramlett, M., & Mosher, W. (2002). Cohabitation, marriage, divorce, and remarriage in the United States. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Statistics, 23(22). Carpenter, C. S., & Gates, G. J. (2008). Gay and lesbian partnership: Evidence from California. Demography, 45, 573-590. Chandra, A., Mosher, W. D., Copen, C., & Sionean, C. (2011, March 3). Sexual behavior, sexual attraction, and sexual identity in the United States: Data from the 2006-2008 National Survey of Family Growth. National Health Statistics Reports, No. 36. U.S. Centers for Disease Control. Cherlin, A. J. (2009). The marriage-go-round: The state of marriage and the family in America today. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Conger, J. J. (1975). Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the year 1974: Minutes ofthe annual meeting of the Council ofRepresentatives. American Psychologist, 30, 620-651. Coontz, S. (2007). The origins of modem divorce. Family Process, 46, 7-16. Dinno, A. & Whitney, C. (2013). Same Sex Marriage and the Perceived Assault on Opposite Sex Marriage. PLOS ONE 8 (6): e65730. Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Marriage rates by State:

1990, 1995, and 1999-2010. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvss/marriage_rates _90_95 _99-1 O.pdf. Division of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Divorce rates by State: 1990, 1995, and 1999-2010. Retrieved from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvss/divorce rates 90 95 99-1 O.pdf. Gove, W. R., Style, C. B., & Hughes, M. (1990). The effect of marriage on the well-being of adults: A theoretical analysis. Journal ofFamily Issues, 11, 4-35. Heaton, T. B. (2002). Factors contributing to increasing marital stability in the United States. Journal of Family Issues, 23(3), 392-409. Herek, G. M. (2000). Homosexuality. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 149-153). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Herek, G. M. (2009a). Sexual stigma and sexual prejudice in the United States: A conceptual framework. In D.A. Hope (Ed.), Contemporary perspectives on lesbian, gay and bisexual identities: The 54th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (pp. 65-111 ). New York: Springer. Herek, G. M. (2009b). Hate crimes and stigma-related experiences among sexual minority adults in the United States: Prevalence estimates from a national probability sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 24, 54-74. Herek, G. M. (2010). Sexual orientation differences as deficits: Science and stigma in the history of American psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 693-699. Herek, G. M., & Garnets, L. D. (2007). Sexual orientation and mental health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 353-375.

Herek, G. M., Gillis, J. R., & Cogan, J. C. (2009). Internalized stigma among sexual minority adults: Insights from a social psychological perspective. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 32-43. Herek, G. M., Norton, A. T., Allen, T. J., & Sims, C. L. (2010). Demographic, psychological, and social characteristics of self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in a U.S. probability sample. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 7, 176-200. Higgins, D. J. (2006). Same-sex attraction in heterosexually partnered men: Reasons, rationales and reflections. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 21, 217-228. Hu, Y., & Goldman, N. (1990). Mortality differentials by marital status: An international comparison. Demography, 27,233-250. Johnson, N.J., Backlund, E., Sorlie, P. D., & Loveless, C. A. (2000). Marital status and mortality: The National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Annals of Epidemiology , 10, 224238. Just the Facts Coalition. (2008). Just the facts about sexual orientation and youth: A primer for principals, educators, and school personnel. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/just-the-facts.pdf. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2001). Inside-out: A report on the experiences of lesbians, gays, and bisexuals in America and the public's view on issues and politics related to sexual orientation. Menlo Park, CA: Author. Retrieved from: http://www.kff.org/kaiserpolls/upload/New-Surveys-on-Experiences-of-Lesbians-Gaysand-Bisexuals-and-the-Public-s-Views-Related-to-Sexual-Orientation-Report. pdf. Kim, H., & McKenry, P. C. (2002). The relationship between marriage and psychological well-being: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 885-911.

Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., & Martin, C. E. (1948). Sexual behavior in the human male. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. Kinsey, A. C., Pomeroy, W. B., Martin, C. E., & Gebhard, P.H. (1953). Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. Kurdek, L.A. (2004). Are gay and lesbian cohabiting couples really different from heterosexual married couples? Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 880-900 Kurdek, L. A. (2005). What do we know about gay and lesbian couples? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14, 251-54. Lamb, K. A., Lee, G. R., & DeMaris, A. (2003). Union formation and depression: Selection and relationship effects. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 953-962. Laumann, E. 0., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lehrer, E. L., & Chiswick, C. U. (1993). Religion as a determinant of marital stability. Demography, 30(3), 385-404. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 674697. Meyer, I. H. (2007). Prejudice and discrimination as social stressors. In I. H. Meyer & M. E. Northridge (Eds.), The health of sexual minorities (pp. 242-267). New York: Springer. Nock, S. L. (1995). A comparison of marriages and cohabiting relationships. Journal of Family Issues, 16, 53-76. Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitiveaffective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 328-345.

Pan American Health Organization. (2012). "Cures" For An Illness That Does Not Exist: Purported Therapies Aimed At Changing Sexual Orientation Lack Medical Justification and Are Ethically Unacceptable. Retrieved from: http://new.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=1770 3&Itemid=. Pascoe, E. A., & Richman, L. S. (2009). Discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 531-554. Peplau, L.A., & Cochran, S.D. (1990). A relationship perspective on homosexuality. In D.P. McWhirter, S. A. Sanders, & J. M. Reinisch (Eds.), Homosexuality/heterosexuality: Concepts of sexual orientation (pp. 321-349). New York: Oxford University Press. Peplau, L. A., & Fingerhut, A. W. (2007). The close relationships of lesbians and gay men. Annual Review of Psychology, 58. 10.1-10.20. Peplau, L. A., & Garnets, L. D. (2000). A new paradigm for understanding women's sexuality and sexual orientation. Journal of Social Issues, 56 (2), 329-350. Proulx, C. M., Helms, H. M., & Buehler, C. (2007). Marital quality and personal well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 576-593. Raley, R. K., & Sweeney, M. M. (2007). What explains race and ethnic variation in cohabitation, marriage, divorce, and non-marital fertility? California Center for Population Research On-Line Working Paper Series, CCPR-026-07. Ramos, C., Goldberg, N. G., & Badgett, M. V. L. (2009, May). The effects of marriage equality

in Massachusetts: A survey of the experiences and impact of marriage on same-sex couples. The Williams Institute, UCLA Law School, Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved from:
http://williamsinstitute.law. ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Ramos-Goldberg-Badgett-MA-

Effects-Marriage-Equality-May-2009.pdf. Schoenborn, C. A. (2004). Marital status and health: United States, 1999-2002. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, Number 351, December 15, 2004. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Teachman, J. D. (2002). Stability across cohorts in divorce risk factors. Demography, 39(2),331 351. Testa, R. J., Kinder, B. N. & Ironson, G. (1987). Heterosexual bias in the perception of loving relationships of gay males and lesbians. Journal of Sex Research, 23, 163-72. Thoits, P. S. (2010). Stress and health: Major findings and policy implications. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51 no. 1 supplement, S41-S53. Umberson, D. (1992). Relationships between adult children and their parents: psychological consequences for both generations. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54(3), 664-674. Waite, L.T. (1995). Does marriage matter? Demography, 32,483-507. Waldron, I., Hughes, M. E., & Brooks, T. L. (1996). Marriage protection and marriage selection-prospective evidence for reciprocal effects on marital status and health. Social Science and Medicine, 43, 113-123. Wight, R., LeBlanc, A., deVries, B. & Detels, R. (2012). Stress and Mental Health Among Midlife and Older Gay-Identified Men. Amer. Journal of Public Health, vol. 102(3), 503510. Wight, R., LeBlanc, A. & Badgett, M.(2013). Same-Sex Legal Marriage and Psychological Well-Being: Findings From the California Health Interview Survey. Amer. Journal of Public Health, vol. 103 (2), 339-346.