Partial Answers to the

Chapter End Problems

M. Asghar Bhatti

Fundamental Finite Element

Analysis and Applications
with Computations Using Mathematica and Matlab

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005

CHAPTER ONE

Finite Element Method

The Big Picture

1.1

1.29281 y i T1
ij 3.63562 -2.1
zz jj
jj
zz jj T
jj -2.1
2.8
-0.7
zz jj 2
jj
zz jj
j
2.23562 { k T3
k 1.29281 -0.7

1.2

0.357143 -0.81044
0.302198 -0.384615 -0.659341 yi u1
ij 1.19505
zzjj
jj
jj 0.357143 0.659341 0.412088 0.43956 -0.769231 -1.0989 zzzjjj v1
zzjj
jj
zj
jj
jj -0.81044
0.412088 1.96429 -1.07143 -1.15385
0.659341 zzzzjjjj u2
7j
zzjj
10 jjj
2.85714
0.769231 -3.2967 zzzzjjjj v2
jjj 0.302198 0.43956 -1.07143
zzjj
jj
zzjj u3
jj -0.384615 -0.769231 -1.15385
0.769231 1.53846
0
zzjj
jj
zj
j
0.659341 -3.2967
0
4.3956 {k v3
k -0.659341 -1.0989

yz ij 70.7107 yz
zz
zz jj
zz
zz = jj
0
zz
zz jj
z
z j
{ k 70.7107 {
yz ij -30. yz
z
zz jj
zz jj 45. zzz
zz
zz jj
z
zz jj
zz jj 0. zzz
zz
zz = jj
zz
zz jj
zzz jjj 0. zzz
zz
zz jj
zzz jjj -30. zzz
zz
zz jj
{ k 45. {

Chapter 1.

1.3

0.104965 y i T1
ij 1.53743 -0.18
zz jj
jj
zz jj T
jj -0.18
0.666
-0.486
zz jj 2
jj
zz jj
j
k 0.104965 -0.486 1.84343 { k T3

1.4

yz ij T1 yz ij 0 yz
ij 0.04 -0.04 0
zz jj
z
jj
z j
zz jj T3 zzz = jjj 50.4 zzz
jj -0.04
0.53
0.23
z jj
zz
jj
zz jj
z
zj
z
j
z j
0.23 0.49 { k T4 { k 50.4 {
k 0

1.5

0.04
0.02 -0.06 y i T1 y i 0 y
jij
zz jj zz
zz jj
jj 0.02
0.02 -0.04 zzzz jjjj T4 zzzz = jjjj 0 zzzz
jj
jj
zz jj zz
zz jj
0.1 { k T2 { k 0 {
k -0.06 -0.04

1.6

yz ij 46.7966 yz
zz
zz jj
zz
zz = jj
0
zz
zz jj
z
z j
{ k 46.7966 {

ij 200.625 -0.4 99.775 yz

zz
jj
zz
jj -0.4
0.4
0
zz
jj
z
j
200.225 {
k 99.775 0

84500, 2000, 6500<

1.7

100800. 0
0
0 0 -75600. -100800. y i u1 y i
0
yz
ij 75600.
zz jj
z j
zz
jj
zz jj v zzz jjj
zz
jj 100800. 134400. 0
0
0
0
-100800.
-134400.
0
z
z
j
j
zz jj 1 zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj
z
zz
jj
z
j
j
u
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
z
z
j
j
2
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj
zz
jj
0
0 0
262500.
0 0
0 -262500. zzz jjj v2 zzz jjj
0
zz
jj
zz jj
zz = jj
zz
jj
z
z
j
j
0
0 0
0
350000. 0 -350000.
0 zz jj u3 zz jj
0
zz
jj
zz jj
zz
jj
z jj
z
zz
jj
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0 zzzz jjjj v3 zzzz jjjj
0
zz
jj
zz jj
z
jj
zz jj
zz jj u zz jj 14142.1 zzz
jj -75600. -100800. 0
0
-350000.
0
425600.
100800.
zz jj 4 zz jj
zz
jj
zj
z
j
z j
0 0
100800. 396900. { k v4 { k -24142.1 {
k -100800. -134400. 0 -262500.

Finite Element Method: The Big Picture

1.8

79991.4 0
0
0
0
-63993.2 -79991.4 y
ij 63993.2
zz
jj
jj 79991.4 99989.3 0
0
0
0
-79991.4 -99989.3 zzzz
jj
zz
jj
jj
0
0
0.
0.
0
0
0.
0. zzzz
jj
zz
jj
jj
0
0
0.
210000.
0
0
0. -210000. zzzz
j
zz
K = jj
jj
0
0
0
0
239682. -59920.6 -239682.
59920.6 zzz
jj
zz
jj
jj
0
0
0
0
-59920.6 14980.1
59920.6 -14980.1 zzzz
jj
zz
jj
jj -63993.2 -79991.4 0.
0. -239682.
59920.6 303675.
20070.9 zzzz
z
jj
59920.6 -14980.1
20070.9
324969. {
k -79991.4 -99989.3 0. -210000.

RT = H 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 14142.1 -24142.1 L

1.9

1.10

ij 246
jj
jj 198
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 221
jj
jj 179
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 0
jj
jj
jj 188
jj
k 194

198 0 0 0 0 221 179 0 0 188 194 y i d1

zz jj
273 0 0 0 0 182 242 0 0 221 186 zzzz jjjj d2
zz jj
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 zzz jjj d3
zz jj
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 zzzz jjjj d4
zz jj
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 zzz jjj d5
zz jj
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 zzzz jjjj d6
zz.jj
182 0 0 0 0 215 167 0 0 198 185 zzzz jjjj d7
zj
242 0 0 0 0 167 243 0 0 225 183 zzzz jjjj d8
zz jj
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 zzzz jjjj d9
zj
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 zzzz jjjj d10
zz jj
221 0 0 0 0 198 225 0 0 266 180 zzzz jjjj d11
zj
186 0 0 0 0 185 183 0 0 180 201 { k d12
0.02 y
ij 0.08 -0.06 -0.04
zz
jj
jj -0.06
0.1
0
-0.04 zzzz
j
zz
j
K = jj
jj -0.04
0
0.53
0.23 zzzz
jj
z
0.23
0.51 {
k 0.02 -0.04

RT = H 0 0 50.4 50.4 L

yz
ij 10 yz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 6 zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 0 zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 0 zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 0 zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj zz
zz
j z
zz == jjj 0 zzz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 9 zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 10 zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 0 zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 0 zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj zz
zz
jj 8 zz
zz
jj zz
{
k 7 {

Chapter 1.

1.11
u

0.0506837

-0.0736988

1.12
Nodal solution

1.13

x-coord

y-coord

0.

0.

-0.1

0.2

400.

0.

0.

600.

400.

500.

0.0809795

-0.0423694

239 y i d3 y i -2064 y
ij 182342 1479
zz jj zz jj
zz
jj
jj 1479 277735 -1056 zzz.jjj d5 zzz = jjj 4224 zzz
jj
zz jj zz jj
zz
j
zj z j
z
-1056 33134 { k d6 { k -5643 {
k 239

8-0.0112155, 0.014623, -0.169762<

1.14

-5000.
0
-2560. y i u2 y i -19200. y
ij 12560. -1920.
zz jj
zz
zz jj
jj
jj -1920. 8106.67
0
0
1920. zzzz jjjj v2 zzzz jjjj -5600. zzzz
jj
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj
zz
0
10000.
0
0 zzzz jjjj u3 zzzz = jjjj
0
zz
jjj -5000.
zz jj
z
jj
zz jj
zz jj v3 zz jj 46666.7 zzz
jj
0
0
0
6666.67
0
zz jj
zz
jj
zz jj
zj
z
j
z j
0
0
10120. { k u6 { k
0
{
k -2560. 1920.

8u2 = -2.21254, v2 = -1.13317, u3 = -1.10627, v3 = 7., u6 = -0.344704<

1.15
THx,yL

Tx

Ty

-2.94118 x + 2.94118 y + 99.4118

-2.94118

2.94118

-2.94118 x + 2.94118 y + 99.4118

-2.94118

2.94118

Finite Element Method: The Big Picture

1.16
Axial stress, s = Ee = -11.9905

Axial force = sA = -5995.25

Axial stress, s = Ee = -35.4786

Axial force = sA = -17739.3

Axial stress, s = Ee = -38.6919

Axial force = sA = -19345.9

1.17
Nodal solution
x-coord

y-coord

0.

0.

1.5

0.

-5.64054 10-6

0.

1.5

1.5

1.

1.04785 10

Element solution
Stress

Axial force

0.

0.

-25038.6

-20.0308

35136.4

28.1091

0.

0.

1.18
10 x
+ 5 y + 10
3
20

1.19

1.20

8-2.01064, -3.01064, 3.01064, 4.70213, -1.7234<

4 3
2 1
:- , , - , >
5 5
5 5

0
-6

-5.64054 10-6

Chapter 1.

1.21

29
9
7
3
1
1
:- , - , - , - , - , - >
40
20
40
40
20
40
7 27 21 9
3
3
: , , , , , >
40 20 40 40 20 40
1 5 3
1
3
11
: , , , - , - , - >
8 4 8
8
4
8

1.22

6113
1224
1991 4518 14863 62757
6693
3761 8139
923
: , - , - , , , , - , - , , - >
4837
4837
4837 4837 4837
9674
9674
691 9674
1382
12709 1304 30416 7706
7836
30439 38239 3090
2601 5039
: , , , , - , - , , , - , >
4837 4837 4837 4837
4837
9674
9674
691
9674 1382
7037 776
2405 15061 1895
38649 37059 194
8195 2473
:- , , - , , , - , , , - , >
4837 4837
4837 4837 4837
9674
9674 691
9674 1382

1.23

1.24

1.25

8-2.01064, -3.01064, 3.01064, 4.70213, -1.7234<

4 3
2 1
:- , , - , >
5 5
5 5

29
9
7
3
1
1
:- , - , - , - , - , - >
40
20
40
40
20
40

1.26

81.2638, -0.253049, -0.411619, 0.93405, 3.07277, 6.48718, -0.691854, -5.44284, 0.841327, -0.667873<

1.27

8-2.01064, -3.01064, 3.01064, 4.70213, -1.7234<

Finite Element Method: The Big Picture

1.28

1.29

4 3
2 1
:- , , - , >
5 5
5 5

29
9
7
3
1
1
:- , - , - , - , - , - >
40
20
40
40
20
40

1.30

81.2638, -0.253049, -0.411619, 0.93405, 3.07277, 6.48718, -0.691854, -5.44284, 0.841327, -0.667873<

1.31

8-0.725, -0.45, -0.175, -0.075, -0.05, -0.025<

1.32

81.26032, -0.253115, -0.410117, 0.935126, 3.07278, 6.48661, -0.691353, -5.44312, 0.841222, -0.668436<

1.33

8d1 = 1.53802, d2 = -0.538023, d3 = 1.61407, d4 = 2.91635, d5 = -1.44867, l1 = -2.15209<

1.34

8d1 = -0.42562, d2 = 0.85124, d3 = 0.338843,

d4 = 0.165289, d5 = 0.157025, d6 = 0.14876, l1 = 0.35124, l2 = 0.210744<

1.35
Penalty parameter, m = 900000.

8d1 = 1.53802, d2 = -0.538024, d3 = 1.61407, d4 = 2.91635, d5 = -1.44867<

1.36
Penalty parameter, m = 300000.

8d1 = -0.425619, d2 = 0.85124, d3 = 0.338843, d4 = 0.165289, d5 = 0.157025, d6 = 0.14876<

Chapter 1.

1.37

Finite Element Method: The Big Picture

1.38

10

Chapter 1.

1.39

Finite Element Method: The Big Picture

1.40

11

12

Chapter 1.

1.41

Finite Element Method: The Big Picture

1.42

13

14

Chapter 1.

1.43

CHAPTER TWO

Mathematical Foundation of the

Finite Element Method

2.1

2.2

H2 EA g+L q HL-xLL x
uHxL =

2 EA L

Hk+h HL-xLL T0 +h x T
THxL =

k+h L

2.3
THrL = 20 r 2 - 200 r + 580

Chapter 2.

2.4
3x
uHxL = + 2
2

2.5

2.6

240 Hx - 1L x
uHxL = -

p H10 + p2 L

2
uHxL = H4 x - 1L
7

2.7
uHxL = -1.65881 + 3.3853 x

2.8

2.9

2.10

1
uHxL = I17 x2 + 24 x - 4M
30

5
uHxL = - Hx - 1L x
18

1
uHxL = I30 x2 + 71 x - 59M
128

2.11
3x
uHxL = - 2
2

2.12

H2 EA g + L q HL - xLL x
uHxL =

2 EA L

Mathematical Foundation

2.13

3 c L2 HL - xL x
uHxL =

20 EA

2.14

x Hp H61200 - 263 xL + 64000 H3 x + 4LL

uHxL =

1378000000 p

2.15

-w Hx0 L uH3L Hx0 L + w Hxb L uH3L Hxb L + w Hx0 L uH4L Hx0 L - w Hxb L uH4L Hxb L -

wHx0 L IuH3L Hx0 L + uH5L Hx0 LM + wHxb L IuH3L Hxb L + uH5L Hxb LM + x0 Hw x - uH3L Iw + w H3L ML dx = 0
xb

2.16

EJw Iw H0L fH0L - w HLL f HLL - wH0L fH3L H0L + wHLL fH3L HLLM + 0 HHEJw w - w GJ0 L f - t wL dx = 0
L

2.17

2.18

7 H1015625 x3 - 19125000 x2 + 88000000 x + 1055502L

pHxL =
502620

H2 EA g+L q HL-xLL x
uHxL =

2 EA L

2.19
u@xD 0.000154286 x - 0.000257143 x2

2.20
12 x2
263 x2
16 x
153 x
u =
-

+
+

86125 p
1378000000
86125 p
3445000

2.21
VHzL = -0.199251 z 4 + 0.67403 z 3 - 1.37394 z 2 + 1.14916 z + 3.75

Chapter 2.

2.22
tHzL = -0.0000379346z 4 + 0.00175396z 3 - 0.0233431z 2 - 0.0228071z + 2.81

2.23

f HxL = = -0.3 x3 + 0.575 x2 + 0.1

2.24

f HxL = = 0.368 x3 -1.08 x2 +1

2.25

2x
17 x
223 x
253 x
5897 x
286 x
AHxL = 10 I-
+
-
+
-
+
+ 8M
512578125
15187500
1822500
40500
40500
225
6

2.26
Range

0 x 400

0.0008125

162.5

32500.

400 x 800

-0.0001875

-37.5

-7500.

Range

0 x 300

6000

100

20000

300 x 900

1
-

12000

50
-

10000
-

2.27

2.28
Range

Solution

0 x 120

99 x

1093750

120 x 240

171 x
162

2187500
109375

240 x 360

9x
162

218750
15625

360 x 480

4212
81 x

109375
2187500

480 x 600

324
27 x

3125
156250

Mathematical Foundation

2.29
Range

2.30
AE

2.31

Solution
16 x
61 x

3125 p
1500000

100

0x

100
200

3
3

16 x
23 x
256
109

+
-
+

1625 p
780000
1625 p
292500

200

x 100
3

16 x
x
5888
359

+
-
+

625 p
60000
4875 p
292500

1
ij 1 -1 yz ij u1 yz ijj 6 L H2 q1 + q2 L yzz ij P1
zz + j
j
z j z = jj
k -1 1 { k u2 { jk 1 L Hq1 + 2 q2 L z{ k P2
6

HAl +Ar L E
HAl +Ar L E
ij
-

2b
2b
jj
jj HA +A L E
HA
+A
L
j -
l
r
l
r E

k
2b
2b

2.32
Three element solution
0
jij
jj 30.
jj
jj
jj 60.
jj
jj
k 90.

zyz
0.0302521 zzzz
zz
0.0547419 zzzz
zz
0.084994 {

yz
z
{

yz i u y ji 1 H2 ql + qr L b zy i Fl y
zz jj 1 zz = jj 6
zz + jj zz
zz
z k u2 { jj 1 Hq + 2 q L b zz k Fr {
r
k 6 l
{
{

Chapter 2.

u
0.12
0.1

3 Elem Soln
6 Elem Soln
12 Elem Soln
24 Elem Soln

0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02

x
20

40

60

80

CHAPTER THREE

One Dimensional
Boundary Value Problem

3.1
kHxL = 12 x2 ; pHxL = -x; qHxL = -4
NBC at x = 1:
a = 0; b = -1
EBC at x = 3:

3.2

uH3L = 1

80 x 0.0095, 1140.49 - 47.6108 x<

Chapter 3.

80.0095 x 0.2095, 1181.91 - 4408.41 x<

80.2095 x 0.21575, 268.326 - 47.6108 x<

3.3
Four linear elements
Range

Temp.

Heat loss

0 x 0.00625

95. - 63.0279 x

0.0342645

0.00625 x 0.0125

94.8901 - 45.446 x

0.0340981

0.0125 x 0.01875

94.6712 - 27.9358 x

0.0339855

0.01875 x 0.025

94.3437 - 10.4697 x

0.0339266

Total heat loss 0.136275

Two quadratic elements

Range
1
2

Temp.

0 x 0.0125

Heat loss
2

0.0683536

0.0679033

1406.41 x - 71.8102 x + 95.

0.0125 x 0.025

1397.14 x - 71.5933 x + 94.9987

Total heat loss 0.136257

3.4
Three linear element solution
Range
1

60

Temp.

Heat loss

17488.7 x + 500

-254.26

0x

1
1

60
30

4679.71 x + 713.484

-69.5234

30

1076.66 x + 833.586

-21.5537

20

Total heat loss -345.338

One quadratic element

Range
1

0x

Temp.
1

20

Heat loss
2

-245752. x + 19686.3 x + 500

Total heat loss -337.908

-337.908

One Dimensional BVP

3.5
Two linear element solution
Range

Solution
x

10500

10

0x

x 35
10

1
x

17500
10500

Two quadratic element solution

Range

Solution

3
0 x

10

x
x
-
-

13200
13200

x 35
10

13 x
13 x
13

-
-

92400
462000
385000

3.6
Range

0 x 0.3

0.0000101024

707168.

1060.75

0.3 x 0.6

-0.000450934

-3.15654 107

0.6 x 0.9

0.000286541

0.9 x 1.2

0.000154291

21060.8

21060.8

2.00579 10
1.08004 10

3.7
1 element solution
Range
1

0x

Solution
45

0.000022956 x

2 element solution
Range
1

0x

25

3 element solution

Solution
52
45

-18939.2

0.0000315645 x
0.0000143475 x + 6.88679 10-6

Chapter 3.

Range

Solution
4

15

0x

15

x 45
15

15

0.0000331586 x
0.0000255066 x + 2.04053 10-6
0.0000102027 x + 0.0000102027

3.8
Range

Solution

0 x 4.

277.778 x + 14.7

4. x 8.

2236.92 - 277.778 x

3.9
Range

Solution

1x2

36 x
287

55
55

2x3

51 x
317

55
55

3x4

219 x
821

-

55
55

3.10
2 element solution
Range

Solution

1x2

2.37147 - 1.37147 x

2x3

2.1976 - 1.28454 x

8Which@1 x 2, 2.37147 - 1.37147 x, 2 x 3, 2.1976 - 1.28454 xD<

Solution convergence

Which@1 x 3, 2.32941 - 1.32941 xD

Which@1 x 2, 2.37147 - 1.37147 x, 2 x 3, 2.1976 - 1.28454 xD
WhichA1 x 53 , 2.40859 - 1.40859 x, 53 x 73 , 2.21073 - 1.28987 x, 73 x 3, 2.19739 - 1.28416 xE
WhichA1 x 32 , 2.42941 - 1.42941 x, 32 x 2, 2.26582 - 1.32035 x, 2 x 52 , 2.1703 - 1.27259 x, 52 x 3, 2
11
11
WhichA1 x 75 , 2.44164 - 1.44164 x, 75 x 95 , 2.3109 - 1.34825 x, 95 x
, 2.20016 - 1.28673 x,
x
5
5

Solution using Mathematica function NDSolve

One Dimensional BVP

soln = NDSolve@8x^2 y''@xD + 2 x y'@xD - x y@xD + 4 == 0, y@1D == 1, y'@3D == 2 + 2 y@3D<, y, 8x, 1, 3<D;
um = y@xD . soln@@1DD
InterpolatingFunction@H 1. 3. L, <>D@xD

Comparison of different solutions

colors = Join@88RGBColor@1, 0, 0D<<,
Table@8RGBColor@Random@D, Random@D, Random@DD<, 8Length@uaD<DD;
Plot[Evaluate[Join[{um},ua]],{x,1,3},
AxesLabel->{" x", "u"},
PlotStyle->colors,
PlotLegend->{"um","e1", "e2", "e3", "e4", "e5"},
LegendPosition->{1,0}];
um
e1

e2

e3
0.5

e4
x
1.5

-0.5
-1
-1.5

3.11
10 element solution
Solution summary

2.5

e5

Chapter 3.

Range
1

0x

Solution
1

10

3.10287 x

10

51

2.79914 x + 0.030373

3
51 x

10

2.22141 x + 0.145919

10

1.42623 x + 0.384472

52 x 12

0.491446 x + 0.758386

12

1.24983 - 0.491446 x

7
35 x

10

1.8107 - 1.42623 x

10

45

2.36733 - 2.22141 x

9
45 x

10

2.82951 - 2.79914 x

10

10

3.10287 - 3.10287 x

52
35

x1

3.12
2 element solution
Range

Solution

0.785398 q 1.1781

2.08239 - 1.37814 q

1.1781 q 1.5708

1.83522 - 1.16833 q

CHAPTER FOUR

Trusses, Beams, and Frames

4.1
x-coord

y-coord

72

-0.00791478

108

0.0361918

x-coord

y-coord

72

0.0488567

108

0.109927

0.5

4.2

Chapter 4.

4.3
x-coord

y-coord

-0.209497

-4000.

3000.

3000.

4000.

3000.

x-coord

y-coord

96

0.0238171

0.0312798

72

96

72

x-coord

y-coord

0.25

96

0.199743

0.0729465

72

96

72

4.4

4.5

4.6
x-coord

y-coord

8000.

6000.

0.738808

0.0661619

8000.

6000.

0.85643

-0.0766952

4.7
x-coord

y-coord

z-coord

0.

0.

10000.

2.08356

-0.222246

0.

8000.

0.

6928.2

-4000.

0.

-6928.2

-4000.

0.

Trusses, Beams, and Frames

4.8
1

x-coord

y-coord

z-coord

0.

4000.

0.

-0.396825

-0.14881

-6.5448

-3000.

2000.

5000.

2.74335

5.00783

-1.70566

-3000.

0.

0.

3000.

0.

0.

0.

0.

5000.

4.9
x-coord

y-coord

0.

0.

10.

0.

-0.015161

4.10
x-coord

y-coord

0.

72.

-0.00960326

0.

0.

108.

0.

-0.0216073

x-coord

y-coord

4.11
1
2

96

0.11641

-0.0208035

72

96

72

4.12
x-coord

y-coord

z-coord

0.

4000.

0.

-8.74

-3000.

2000.

5000.

-3000.

0.

0.

3000.

0.

0.

0.

0.

5000.

4.13
Spring forces

Chapter 4.

5P
6P
6P
: , - , - >
11
11
11

4.14
Spring forces
2g k 2g k 2g k
: , , >
7
7
7

4.15
vHL4L = -0.143229 in;

MHL4L = 520.833 k-in

4.16
v

10
-

1
-

20

4.17
9
Vertical displacement at the hinge = -

22

4.18
Rotation of the right end = 0.00589169

4.19
Rotation of the right end = 0.00160714

4.20
Rotation of the right end = 0.00010582

4.21
The axial force in the spring = 27.7316

Trusses, Beams, and Frames

4.22
Vertical deflection at load location = -0.0499836

4.23
vHL4L = -0.143229 in;

MHL4L = 520.833 k-in

4.24
Rotation of the right end = 0.00583333

4.25
Rotation of the right end = 0.00261905

4.26
1
vH2L3L = - in;
48

5
MH2L3L = k-in
8

4.27
Rotation of the left end = 0.00675154

4.28
Rotation of the right end = -0.000843705

4.29
Vertical deflection at point load location = -54.5919 mm

4.30
Vertical deflection at mid-span = -0.0226372

4.31
Vertical deflection at mid-span = -0.000127098

Chapter 4.

4.32
Vertical deflection at point load location = -0.00152975

4.33
Rotation at right pin support = 0.002385

4.34
Vertical deflection at point where load P is applied = 0.000140669

4.35
Vertical deflection at free end = -5.27429

4.36
Vertical deflection at free end = -0.575948

4.37
Horizontal displacements at the top of the dam -0.0007

Trusses, Beams, and Frames

4.38

4.39
Vertical deflection at tip of the cantilever = -5.79544

4.40
Vertical deflection under load P = -16.0819

CHAPTER FIVE

Two Dimensional Elements

5.1
kx = ky = -1; P = 0; Q = -2 x - 2 y + 4
Essential: On side 3: u = x2 ;

On side 4: u = y 2

Natural: On side 1: a = 0 and b = -2 + 2 x + x3

Natural: On side 2: a = 0 and b = 1 - 3 y
Weak form:

u Ni
u Ni
3
+
+ H-2 x - 2 y + 4L Ni M dA = 0
x=0 H2 - 2 x - x L Ni dx + y=0 -H1 - 3 yL Ni dy + I
x x
y y
1

Chapter 5.

5.2
Three parameter solution
2

2199 y x
1704 y x
13983 y x
1704 y
1494 y
2199 x
5463 x
1383
yHxL =
-
+
-
+
-
+
+

5438
10876
2719
27190
54380
2719
13595
13595

5.3

ij
jj
jj
jj
jj
r q = jjj
jj
jj
jj
jj
k

19 a b H4 Q1 + 2 Q2 + Q3 + 2 Q4 L yz
zz
zz
19 a b H2 Q1 + 4 Q2 + 2 Q3 + Q4 L zzzz
zzz
91 a b HQ1 + 2 HQ2 + 2 Q3 + Q4 LL zzzz
zz
zz
19 a b H2 Q1 + Q2 + 2 Q3 + 4 Q4 L {

5.4
x-coord

y-coord

91

43

83

43

5.5
Solution at element centroids
x-coord

y-coord

yx

yy

14

41

23

32

- 58

18

34

41

13

32

- 58

- 58

x-coord

y-coord

300

300

345

75

5.6

Two Dimensional Elements

5.7
Stresses at element centroid (x = y = 0.25)
tyz HNcm2 L

txz HNcm2 L

700.

-700.

5.8
Stresses at element centroids
tyz HMPaL

txz HMPaL

2.23214

-2.23214

1.11607

-2.23214

2.23214

-1.11607

5.9
Cutoff frequencies

83.87298, 3.4641, 3.4641, 1.73205, 0.<

5.10
Cutoff frequencies

82.73861, 1.73205, 1.28512, 1.28512, 0.<

5.11

9
ij -
Hx - 2L Ix - 23 M Ix + 32 M H1 - yL yz
zz
jj 256
zz
jj 27
2
jjj
Hx - 2L Ix - 3 M Hx + 2L H1 - yL zzzz
jj 256
zz
jj
jj - 27 Hx - 2L Ix + 2 M Hx + 2L H1 - yL zzz
zz
jj 256
3
zz
jj
z
jj 9
2
2
jj Ix - M Ix + M Hx + 2L H1 - yL zzz
zz
jj 256
3
3
zz
j
Interpolation Functions jj
jj 9 Ix - 2 M Ix + 2 M Hx + 2L Hy + 1L zzz
zz
jj 256
3
3
zz
jj
z
jj 27
2
jj - Hx - 2L Ix + M Hx + 2L Hy + 1L zzz
zz
jj 256
3
zz
jj
zz
jj 27
2

Hx
2L
Ix

M
Hx
+
2L
Hy
+
1L
zz
jj
3
zz
jj 256
zz
jj
9
2
2

Hx
2L
Ix

M
Ix
+

M
Hy
+
1L
{
k 256
3
3

Chapter 5.

5.12
Integral = 11979

5.13
Integral = 62.9638

5.14
Integral = 215500

5.15

8y5 = 295.891, y8 = 290.897, y11 = 286.626<

5.16
y
2

1
2

5
4

47

1
0

6
5
x

10

12

8f1 = -98.3232, f2 = -98.7015, f3 = -58.6855, f4 = -54.2459, f5 = -22.0387, f6 = -13.0548<

5.17

8f4 = 0.000178326, f6 = 0.000109739<

The maximum shear stress is 3.65 Pa.

Two Dimensional Elements

5.18

8f2 = 0.000142857, f4 = 0.000247619, f5 = 0.000180952<

Chapter 5.

5.19
Cutoff frequencies

83.87298, 3.4641, 3.36855, 1.72577, 0.<

5.20
Cutoff frequencies

82.68328, 1.71139, 1.3993, 1.29308, 0.<

CHAPTER SIX

Mapped Elements

6.1

23

Hx - yL dAxy = -
20
Axy

6.2

151
Hx yL dAxy = 12
Axy

6.3

911
2
Hx yL dAxy = 30 = 30.3667
Axy

Chapter 6.

6.4
Using 1 1 integration: I = 18.
Using 2 2 integration: I = 12.5833

6.5
Using 1 1 integration: I = 22.75
Using 2 2 integration: I = 30.4167

6.6
detJ = -2.27817 t s 2 + 0.207107 s 2 + 0.414214 t s - 1.41421 s - 6.02817 t + 11.5992

6.7
2

3t s
7ts
3s
7t s
ts
35 s
t
23 t
49
detJ =
-
+
+
-
+
+
-
+

64
64
32
64
2
64
32
64
64

6.8

NT x = 80.0534091, 0.112652, -0.0471737, -0.0866226, -0.0322651<

NT y = 8-0.0582398, 0.113808, 0.0512185, -0.017848, -0.0889388<

6.9
3s
detJ =
+ 4t + 3
4

I = = 28.2667
From the exact value we can see that the 2 2 Gauss quadrature gives a reasonable approximation to the
integral.

6.10
3t
detJ = s2 +
+ 74
4

At node 3, s = t = 1; N3 y = - 13

Mapped Elements

Using 1 1 Gauss quadrature: 64 N2 N3 dA = 28

A

Using 2 point Gauss quadrature: 4 N3 c dc = 8

c

6.11
T at element center = -1
T/x at node 5 = 1.21286
Finite Element Computations Over Mapped Elements

6.12

0.0477476 -0.56552
-0.237797 y
ij 0.755569
zz
jj
jj 0.0477476 0.524955 -0.465856 -0.106847 zzz
zz
j
j
k k = jj
z
jj -0.56552
-0.465856
1.05965
-0.0282722 zzzz
jjj
zz
k -0.237797 -0.106847 -0.0282722 0.372916 {

6.13

ij -0.537852 -0.238165 0.180604 0 0 0 0 0 yz

z
jj
jj -0.238165 -2.87502 -0.484252 0 0 0 0 0 zzz
zz
jj
z
jj
jj 0.180604 -0.484252 -0.906983 0 0 0 0 0 zzz
zz
jj
z
jj
jj 0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 zzzz
j
zz
k a = jj
jj 0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 zzz
jj
zz
jj
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 zzzz
jjj 0
zz
jj
jj 0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 zzzz
jj
z
j
0
0
0 0 0 0 0{
k 0

6.14

8T2 = 32.1398, T3 = 30.0087<

6.15

8T1 = 20.8893, T2 = 21.5601, T3 = 21.5124, T4 = 140.972, T8 = 155.004<

CHAPTER SEVEN

Analysis of Elastic Solids

7.1

Principal stresses = 8121.698, 15.445, -77.143<

Effective stress = 172.337

7.2

7.3

Factor of safety = 1.45065

Principal stresses = 874.6835, -10.1031, -124.58<

Effective stress = 173.205

Stresses = 8-p, -p, -p, 0, 0, 0<

tmax = 99.4205

tmax = 99.632

Factor of safety = 1.1547

Chapter 7.

7.4

Component stresses = 878.2807, 0., 0., 41.4982, 0., 0.<

Factor of safety = sf se = 2.82289

se = 106.274 MPa

7.5
Solution at element centers
Coord

10
20

7.6

Disp

Stresses

Principal stresses

Effective Stress

-0.013
-0.0557143

-100.
-30.
0
-150.
0
0

89.0292
0
-219.029

274.591

11
:u3 = 0, v3 = >
400

7.7
Nodal solution
x

50

10

0.140936

0.00489362

50

20

0.133596

0.0269149

20

Coord

50

3
10

100

3
50

Disp

Stresses

Principal stresses

Effective Stress

0.0469787
0.00163121

-13.1751
-164.953
0
2.63502
0
0

0.
-13.1294
-164.998

158.841

0.0915106
0.0106028

26.3502
1.05401
0
-5.27005
0
0

27.4043
4.44089 10-16
0.

27.4043

Analysis of Elastic Solids

7.8
Nodal solution
x

35.

0.

0.000412196

50.

0.

0.000352237

0.

50.

0.000352237

0.

35.

0.000412196

Solution at selected points on elements

Coord

21.25
21.25

Disp

Stresses

Principal stresses

Effective Stress

0.000191108
0.000191108

0.960784
0.960784
0.576471
-0.999276
0
0

1.96006
0.576471
-0.0384919

1.77295

7.9
Nodal solution
x

0.

48.

0.0361081

33.9411

33.9411

0.0257251

0.0257251

48.

0.

0.0361081

54.

0.

0.0337736

60.

0.

0.0322063

42.4264

42.4264

0.0229371

0.0229371

0.

60.

0.0322063

0.

54.

0.0337736

Solution at selected points on elements

Coord

38.1838
38.1838

Disp

Stresses

Principal stresses

Effective Stress

0.0241393
0.0241393

8.56336
8.56336
5.13802
-11.0078
0
0

19.5712
5.13802
-2.44445

19.3713

Chapter 7.

7.10 Stress Analysis of a Bolted Bracket

Model with no holes

Analysis of Elastic Solids

Chapter 7.

7.11 Stresses in a concrete dam

Analysis of Elastic Solids

7.12

Chapter 7.

7.13

Analysis of Elastic Solids

7.14

10

Chapter 7.

7.15 Stresses in an Aluminum machine part

Analysis of Elastic Solids

7.16 Stresses in Spoked Flywheels

11

12

Chapter 7.

Analysis of Elastic Solids

13

CHAPTER EIGHT

Transient Problems

8.1

.
T
6777 2259 yijj T2 yzz i 15.035 7.5
597.5 y
zzjj zz + jj
zz
zyzjij 2 yzz = jij
jij
jj . zz
2259
4518
7.5
15.0175
T
{ T
{k 3 { k 580. {
k
k
k 3{

To C
Node 2
27
Node 3

26.5
26
25.5
1000

2000

3000

4000

t, s
5000

Transient Problems

8.2
5

6
4

2
1
1

50.3623 50.3623 100.725

ij 201.449
jj
jj 50.3623 100.725
0
50.3623
jj
jj 50.3623
0
151.087
75.5435
jj
jj
jj 100.725
50.3623 75.5435 302.174
jj
jj
jj 0
0
25.1812 50.3623
jj
0
0
25.1812
k 0

ij T. yz
jj 1 zz
j z
0
0
yzjjj . zzz
zzjjj T2 zzz
0
0
zzzjjj . zzz
zzj z
25.1812 0
zzzjjj T3 zzz
zzjj zz +
50.3623 25.1812 zzzjjjj . zzzz
zzj T4 z
100.725 25.1812 zzzzjjjj . zzzz
zjj zz
25.1812 50.3623 {jjj T5 zzz
jj . zz
j z
k T6 {

0
0
0
ij 1.3075 -1.046 -0.2615 0
yzij T1 yz ijj
jj
zzjj zz jjj 0
z
jj -1.046
z
j
1.3075 0
-0.2615 0
0
zzjj T2 zz jjj
jjj
zzjj zz jj 0
jj -0.2615 0
zzjj T3 zz jj
2.3535
-1.569
-0.523
0
jj
zzjj zz = jj
jj
zj z
jj 0
-0.2615 -1.569
2.3535 0
-0.523 zzzjjj T4 zzz jjjj 5
jj
zzjj zz j 3
jj 0
0
-0.523
0
1.246 -0.423 zzzzjjjj T5 zzzz jjjj - 2
jj
j
zj z jj
0
0
-0.523 -0.423 1.246 {k T6 { j - 3
k 0
k 2

yz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
zz
z
{

To C
Node 5
2

Node 6
5000

10000

15000

t, s
20000

-2
-4

8.3
The final global system of equations after adjusting for essential boundary conditions is as follows
i .
0 yjjj T1
ij 26685.8 13342.9
zzjj .
jj
jj 13342.9 71876.5
7816.09 zzzzjjjj T2
jj
zj
0
7816.09 15632.2 {jjj .
k
k T3

yz
zz i 2.55681 0.581682 0
yzij T1 yz ij 82.2986 yz
zz jj
zz + jj 0.581682 5.05772 0.774077 zzzjjj T zzz = jjj 198.719 zzz
zz jj
zz
zzzjjj 2 zzz jjj
z
zzz j 0
0.774077
2.56443
z k
{k T3 { k 132.3 {
{

To C
Node 1
11.2
11
10.8
10.6
10.4
10.2

Node 2

200

400

600

800

t, s
1000

8.4
Natural frequencies and mode shapes
1
2

w HradsecL

f HHzL

T HsecL

4196.21
12309.9

667.848
1959.19

0.00149735
0.000510416

8.5
Natural frequencies and mode shapes
82527.97, 3319.11<

-0.52637 0.850256 y
zz
jij
k 0.88527 0.465078 {

8.6
Natural frequencies and mode shapes
897.3496, 125.354<

0.655385 y
ij 0.755295
zz
j
-0.655385
0.755295 {
k

8.7
Natural frequencies and mode shapes

8136.503, 408.009, 433.192, 533.73<

0.0700205 0.703631 -0.0700205 y

ij 0.703631
zz
jj
jj 0.10039
0.699944 -0.10039
0.699944 zzzz
jj
z
jj 0.0634883 -0.704251
0.0634883 0.704251 zzzz
jj
zz
jj
k 0.701213 -0.0911096 -0.701213 -0.0911096 {

8.8
Natural frequencies and mode shapes

85.50805 10-6 , 167.146, 223.775, 358.339, 532.145, 1225.18<

Mode shape
0.676257 0.757172
-0.827969 1.30859

Transient Problems

-17
-1.28255 10-15
jij -4.62267 10
jj 0.738959
0.0277773
jj
jj
jj -0.0647607
0.809102
jjj
jj 0.031967
0.0422761
jj
jj
jj 0.0311645
0.0252551
jj
j
0.00594057
k 0.013388

-0.596285
0.0479423
0.0486193
-0.0528745
-0.0357075
-0.023626

2.48247 10-15
0.745356 -0.298142 zy
z
-0.037125
0.626771 -0.238012 zzzz
zz
-0.114284
0.534295 -0.200661 zzz
zz
0.66381
-0.659161 0.345337 zzzz
zz
-0.669731
-0.69779 -0.248326 zzz
zz
-0.412237
0.102114 0.904909 {

8.9
Natural frequencies and mode shapes

878.5105, 711.616, 1395.17, 3261.03<

-1.3366 10-15
jij -0.334142 -0.881305
jj
-16
jj 0.57735 -1.36539 10
-0.57735
jj
jj
-1.59796 10-16
jjj -0.706047 0.0547294
j
-17
3.6484 10
0.57735
k 0.57735

0.334142 zy
zz
0.57735 zzzz
zz
0.706047 zzzz
z
0.57735 {

8.10
Natural frequencies and mode shapes
8805.267, 882.587, 1195.83<

ij -0.873687 -0.332045 -0.355552 yz

z
jj
jj -0.421046
0.647647 0.635038 zzzz
jj
z
k -0.0956541 -0.286418 0.953318 {

8.11
v1

v2

q1

v3

q2

q3

1
2

3
4

Global matrices after incorporating essential boundary conditions

0.0167143 0
-0.104464 y
zz
jij
j
j
9.64286 -3.61607 zzzz
m = jj 0
z
j
k -0.104464 -3.61607 4.82143 {

0
8000. y
ij 213.333
zz
jj
z
6
j
k = jj
0
1.6 10 400000. zzz
jj
zz
400000.
800000. {
k 8000.
rT = H -60. 1500. 0 L

5
6

Time history of nodal solution

Time

DOF
1
2
3
4
5
6

Disp
0
0
0
0
0
0

Vel
0
0
0
0
0
0

Acc
0
0
0.
0.
0
0.

0.001

1
2
3
4
5
6

0
0
-0.255943
0.0130543
0
0.00391816

0
0
-511.887
26.1086
0
7.83632

0.002

1
2
3
4
5
6

0
0
-0.000127972
6.52715 10-6
0
1.95908 10-6
0
0
-0.000777531
0.0000371082
0
9.48963 10-6
0
0
-0.00249963
0.000108476
0
0.0000204648
0
0
-0.00587142
0.00022586
0
0.0000220795
0
0
-0.011446
0.000383511
0
-5.21514 10-6
0
0
-0.0196676
0.000569168
0
-0.0000783954
0
0
-0.0307849
0.000769818
0
-0.000201679

0
0
-1.04318
0.0481078
0
0.011143

0
0
-1062.58
43.9984
0
6.61327

0
0
-2.40103
0.0946276
0
0.0108074
0
0
-4.34255
0.14014
0
-0.00757793

0
0
-1653.13
49.0412
0
-7.28446
0
0
-2229.91
41.9841
0
-29.4861

0
0
-6.80669
0.175162
0
-0.0470114

0
0
-2698.37
28.0586
0
-49.3807

0
0
-9.63648
0.196153
0
-0.0993492
0
0
-12.598
0.205148
0
-0.147219

0
0
-2961.21
13.9237
0
-55.295
0
0
-2961.81
4.06751
0
-40.4444

0.003

0.004

0.005

0.006

0.007

1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6

Transient Problems

1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6

0.008

0.009

0.01

0
0
-0.044801
0.000975622
0
-0.000360654
0
0
-0.0614833
0.00118004
0
-0.000523885
0
0
-0.0804283
0.00137641
0
-0.000651513

0
0
-15.4343
0.206459
0
-0.17073
0
0
-17.9303
0.202381
0
-0.15573
0
0
-19.9598
0.190344
0
-0.099526

0
0
-2710.73
-1.44542
0
-6.57864
0
0
-2281.44
-6.71073
0
36.5787
0
0
-1777.42
-17.3638
0
75.8301

8.12
v2
q2

v3
u2

q3

u3

1
v1
q1

Figure 8.18.

u1

Two element model for the plane frame

Global matrices after incorporating essential boundary conditions

-0.102857
-36.0018
0.797143 0.102857
21.2738 y
ij 1.90286
zz
jj
zz
jj -0.102857
1.90286
36.0018
0.102857
0.797143
-21.2738
zz
jj
z
jj -36.0018
36.0018
1666.29
-21.2738
21.2738
-1249.71 zzzz
j
j
zz
m = jjj
0.102857
-21.2738
3.70286 -0.102857
36.0018 zzz
jjj 0.797143
zz
jj
0.797143
21.2738 -0.102857 3.90857
14.9124 zzzz
jjj 0.102857
z
j
-21.2738
-1249.71
36.0018
14.9124
3332.57 {
k 21.2738

8.30247 106 -3.92837 106 -8.3642 106 -8.30247 106 -3.92837 106 yz
ij 8.3642 106
zz
jj
jj 8.30247 106 8.3642 106
3.92837 106 -8.30247 106 -8.3642 106
3.92837 106 zzzz
jj
z
jj
jj -3.92837 106 3.92837 106 6.66667 108 3.92837 106 -3.92837 106 3.33333 108 zzz
zz
j
k = jjj
z
jj -8.3642 106 -8.30247 106 3.92837 106 2.50309 107 8.30247 106 3.92837 106 zzz
zz
jj
z
jj
jj -8.30247 106 -8.3642 106 -3.92837 106 8.30247 106 8.42593 106 1.62718 106 zzz
zz
jj
z
j
6
3.92837 106 3.33333 108 3.92837 106 1.62718 106 1.33333 109 {
k -3.92837 10
rT = H 12727.9 -12727.9 -540000. 12727.9 -12727.9 540000. L

Time history of nodal solution

Time

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

0.005

DOF
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Disp
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.00183535
-0.00216981
-9.63473 10-6
0.000414303
-0.00102521
0.0000411559
0
0
0
0.00645218
-0.00863759
-0.0000545939
0.000864672
-0.00344596
0.000145407
0
0
0
0.0135154
-0.0195489
-0.000103311
0.000429732
-0.00660953
0.000279593
0
0
0
0.0243155
-0.0351789
-0.0000509029
-0.000119237
-0.010706
0.000408729
0
0
0
0.0389857
-0.0546126
0.000132756
0.00014845
-0.0156927
0.000486692
0
0
0

Vel
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Acc
5174.34
-4420.
18.3648
1446.04
-2954.7
105.277
0
0
0

3.67069
-4.33962
-0.0192695
0.828607
-2.05042
0.0823118
0
0
0
5.56298
-8.59594
-0.0706489
0.0721304
-2.79108
0.12619
0
0
0
8.56341
-13.2267
-0.0267848
-0.942011
-3.53606
0.142183
0
0
0
13.0368
-18.0332
0.1316
-0.155925
-4.65689
0.116087
0
0
0
16.3035
-20.8342
0.235717
0.691299
-5.31648
0.0398399
0
0
0

2167.05
-4259.23
-56.9037
211.178
-1146.14
59.3462
0
0
0
1617.53
-4253.42
-45.8551
-1724.13
-335.182
28.4099
0
0
0
4383.34
-5008.12
133.583
-304.152
-1154.78
3.57705
0
0
0
4563.48
-4604.93
183.187
1876.33
-1086.9
-55.7699
0
0
0
1969.91
-997.029
25.0461
-181.878
-232.274
-96.7241
0
0
0

Transient Problems

0.006

0.007

0.008

0.009

0.01

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.0555934
-0.0758254
0.000357364
0.000486564
-0.0208822
0.000482633
0
0
0
0.0724475
-0.0979574
0.000574048
0.000169029
-0.0258101
0.000416664
0
0
0
0.0897333
-0.121091
0.000848287
-0.000245159
-0.0310133
0.000353337
0
0
0
0.106907
-0.143957
0.00117402
-0.000147595
-0.0369513
0.000340708
0
0
0
0.121003
-0.163878
0.00138287
0.0000894329
-0.0430209
0.000378079
0
0
0

16.912
-21.5914
0.213498
-0.0150723
-5.06259
-0.0479584
0
0
0
16.7961
-22.6726
0.21987
-0.619996
-4.79309
-0.0839785
0
0
0
17.7755
-23.5948
0.328607
-0.208381
-5.61342
-0.0426759
0
0
0
16.5714
-22.1371
0.322869
0.40351
-6.26264
0.0174181
0
0
0
11.6217
-17.7038
0.0948185
0.0705448
-5.87648
0.0573229
0
0
0

-752.874
-517.324
-69.4838
-1230.86
740.058
-78.8725
0
0
0
520.962
-1645.06
82.2277
21.0157
-201.057
6.83225
0
0
0
1437.92
-199.428
135.246
802.215
-1439.62
75.773
0
0
0
-3846.17
3114.79
-146.722
421.567
141.181
44.4149
0
0
0
-6053.31
5751.93
-309.379
-1087.5
631.145
35.3947
0
0
0

CHAPTER NINE

PFormulation

9.1
p=9

1 $%%%%%%%
3
1 $%%%%%%%
5
1 $%%%%%%%
7
Hs2 1L,
s Hs2 1L,
H5 s4 6 s2 + 1L=;
2
2
2
2
8
2

dp = D@p, sD;
Table@Integrate@dp@@iDD dp@@jDD, 8s, 1, 1<D, 8i, 1, 3<, 8j, 1, 3<D
1 0 0y
z
jij
jj 0 1 0 zzz
jj
zzz
j
k0 0 1 {

9.2
Range
1

0x

Solution
45

0.000022956 x

Solution with one p-mode

Range
1

0x

Solution
45

0.0000401729 x - 0.0000215212 x2

Solution with two p-modes

1

Range

Solution

0 x 45

-0.0000179344 x3 + 0. x2 + 0.000034434 x

P-Formulation

9.3

ij -2.84764
jj
jj -2.86328
jj
jj -0.0224879
jj
jj
jj -0.00684593
j
Element equations: jjj
jj 3.49721
jj
jj 0.00957872
jj
jj
jj 0.0179632
jj
j
k -0.00957872

-2.86328
-2.85025
-0.00684593
-0.0198714
3.49881
-0.00797645
0.016361
0.00797645

-0.0224879
-0.00684593
0.0224879
0.00684593
0.0179632
-0.00957872
-0.0179632
0.00957872

-0.00684593 3.49721
-0.0198714
3.49881
0.00684593 0.0179632
0.0198714
0.016361
0.016361
-4.28417
0.00797645 -0.00098119
-0.016361
-0.0210192
-0.00797645 0.00098119

9.4
Nodal solution summary
dof
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
f6

x
0
1
0
1
0
1

y
0
0
1
1
2
2

Value
-1.30795
0
-3.99197
1
0
1

Element solution summary

1
2

x
0.5
0.5

f
-1.97741
-1.98683

y
0.5
1.5

fx
2.83314
4.43836

fy
-0.790941
2.53129

9.5
Nodal solution summary
dof
u1

x
0

y
0

Value
0

u2

12

u3
u4

0
1

1
0

0
0

u5

12

u6

Element solution summary

1
2

x
0.5
0.5

y
0.25
0.75

u
0.0539941
0.54205

ux
0.
0.

uy
0.423281
1.52894

0.00957872
-0.00797645
-0.00957872
0.00797645
-0.00098119
0.0107503
0.00098119
-0.0107503

0.01796
0.01636
-0.01796
-0.01636
-0.02101
0.00098
0.02101
-0.00098

APPENDIX B

Variational Form for

Boundary Value Problems

B.1
Compute variation of the following functionals
2

u
(a) F@u, xD =
+ ex
x3

(b) F@u , u, xD = 0 Hx2 u2 + u3 + xL dx

1

(c) F@u, xD = u2 u2 + x3

u
(d) F@u , u , u, xD = -1 H
+ u xL dx
u
1

u
(a) F@u, xD =
+ ex
x3

2 udu
dF =

x3

(b) F@u , u, xD = 0 Hx2 u2 + u3 + xL dx

1

(c) F@u, xD = u2 u2 + x3

dF = 0 Hx2 2 u du + 3 u2 duL dx
1

dF = 2 u du u2 + u2 2 u du

u
(d) F@u , u , u, xD = -1 H
+ u xL dx = -1 Hu u-1 + u xL dx
u
1

dF = -1 Hdu u-1 - u u-2 du + du xL dx

1

B.2
Determine an equivalent variational form for the following boundary value problem.
2

d u

+ x2 = 0; 0 < x < 1
dx2

with the boundary conditions

uH0L = 1

u ' H1L + 2 uH1L = 1

The equivalent functional can be derived using the steps outlined in section as follows.
d u
2
0 I dx2 + x M du dx = 0
1

Integrating the first term by parts

du
du dHduL
@
duD0 + 0 I-

+ x2 duM dx = 0
dx
dx
dx
1

du
du
u ' H1L duH1L - u ' H0L duH0L + 0 H-
dH
L + x2 duL dx = 0
dx
dx
1

Taking into consideration the natural boundary condition and requiring trial solutions to satisfy essential boundary condition
du
du
dH
L + x2 duL dx = 0
@1 - 2 uH1LD duH1L + 0 H-
dx
dx
1

du
L + x2 u= dxE = 0
d@uH1L - uH1L2 D + dA0 9- 12 H
dx
2

Thus the appropriate functional is as follows.

du
IHuL = uH1L - uH1L2 + 0 9- 12 H
L + x2 u = dx
dx
1

B.3
Consider the following boundary value problem
u sinHxL + u cosHxL + u sinHxL = 0;
uHp 4L = 1 and u Hp 2L = 2

p4 < x < p2

Derive an equivalent variational functional for the problem. Note that the differential equation can be written as follows.
d

@u sinHxLD + u sinHxL = 0
dx

The equivalent variational functional is as follows.

d
@u sinHxLD + u sinHxLL du x = 0
p4 H
dx
p2

Integration by parts

Hdu u sinHxLLx=p2 - Hdu u sinHxLLx=p4 + p4 H-du u sinHxL + du u sinHxL L dx = 0

p2

Incorporating u Hp 2L = 2 and requiring trial solutions to be such that duHp 4L = 0, we have

2 duHp 2L + dAp4 H-1 2 u 2 sinHxL + 1 2 u2 sinHxL L xE = 0
p2

dA2 uHp 2L + p4 H-1 2 u 2 sinHxL + 1 2 u2 sinHxL L xE = 0

p2

Thus the functional is as follows.

2 uHp 2L + p4 H-1 2 u 2 + 1 2 u2 L sinHxL x

p2

B.4
Consider finite element solution of the following boundary value problem
-u + x = 0; p 4 < x < p 2

uHp 4L = 1 and u Hp 2L + 2 = 0
Verify that the following is an appropriate functional for the problem.
IHuL = 2 uHp 2L + p4 H 12 u 2 + x uL dx
p2

Taking variation of the functional

dIHuL = 2 duHp 2L + p4 Hu du + xd uL dx
p2

Integrating the first term inside the integral by parts

dIHuL = 2 duHp 2L + Hu duLp2 - Hu duLp4 + p4 H-u du + xd uL dx

p2

Using the natural boundary condition

dIHuL = 2 duHp 2L - 2 duHp 2L - u Hp 4L duHp 4L + p4 H-u + xL d u dx

p2

or

dIHuL = -u Hp 4L duHp 4L + p4 H-u + xL d u dx

p2

For admissible trial solutions du(p/4) must be 0, therefore

dIHuL = p4 H-u + xL d u dx.
p2

Since d u is arbitrary, for dI(u) to be 0, we must have -u + x = 0 which is the governing differential equation. Thus the
functional is appropriate for the given boundary value problem.

B.5
A functional is given as follows.

px
LL dx - 12 k uHbL2 - 1p uH0L
IHuL = 0 H 12 EA u2 - u sinH
b
b

Determine the corresponding boundary value problem.

The first variation of the variational functional is as follows.

px
dI = 0 HEA u du - du sinH
LL x - k uHbL duHbL - 1p duH0L
b
b

Integrate the first term by parts

d
px
dI = HEA u uLx=b - HEA u uLx=0 + 0 H-
HEA u L u - sinH
L u L x - k uHbL duHbL - 1p duH0L
dx
b
b

Combining the boundary terms

d
px
HEA u L + sinH
L L u x + HEA u HbL - k uHbLL duHbL + H-EA u H0L - p1 L duH0L
dI = - 0 H
dx
b
b

For dI to be zero the following conditions must be met

d
px

HEA u L + sinH
L = 0 0 < x < b
dx
b

Either EA u HbL - k uHbL = 0 or duHbL = 0

Either -EA u H0L - p1 = 0 or duH0L = 0
Thus the equivalent BVP

d
px

HEA u L + sinH
L = 0 0 < x < b
dx
b

EA u HbL - k uHbL = 0 or uHbL = Specified value

-EA u H0L - 1p = 0 or uH0L = Specified value

B.6

The potential energy for the problem of the torsion of a thin-walled section with warping restraint can be written as follows.
E Jw 2
G J0 2
f +
2 f - tHxL fL dx
P = 0 H
2
L

where E is the modulus of elasticity, G is shear modulus, Jw is the warping constant, J0 is the torsional constant, t is thickness of the section, and f is the angle through which a cross-section rotates. Determine the governing differential equation
and appropriate boundary conditions.

The first variation of the variational functional is as follows.

d HdfL
dHdfL
E Jw
G J0
dP = 0 H
2 f df +
2 2 f df - t dfL x = 0 IE Jw f
+ G J0 f
- t dfM x
2
df
df2
L

Integrate the first term by parts twice

dHdfL
dHE Jw f L dHdfL
d HdfL
M x = AE Jw f
E - 0 I

M x
0 IE Jw f
df 0
df
df
df2
L

dHdfL
dHE Jw f L
d HE Jw f L
= AE Jw f
E - A
dfE + 0 I
df M x
df
df
df2
L

Integrate the second term by parts

dHG J0 f L
dHdfL
M x = @G J0 f dfD0L - 0 I
df M x
0 IG J0 f
df
df
b

Combining the terms

dHdfL
dHE Jw f L
d HE Jw f L
dHG J0 f L
E + AI-
+ G J0 f M dfE + 0 I
-
- tM df x
dP = AE Jw f
df
df
df
df2
L

For dP to be zero the following conditions must be met

d HE Jw f L
dHG J0 f L

-
- t = 0; 0 < x < L
df
df2
2

dHdfL
At x = 0 and L : either E Jw f = 0 or
= df = 0
df

dHE Jw f L
At x = 0 and L : Either -
+ G J0 f = 0 or df = 0
df

Thus the equivalent BVP

d HE Jw f L
dHG J0 f L

-
- t = 0; 0 < x < L
df
df2
2

At x = 0 and L : either E Jw f = 0 or f = specified

dHE Jw f L
At x = 0 and L : Either -
+ G J0 f = 0 or f = specified
df