Django in the Real World

Jacob Kaplan-Moss

OSCON 2009
http://jacobian.org/TN
 Jacob Kaplan-Moss
http://jacobian.org / [email protected] / @jacobian

Lead Developer, Django

Partner, Revolution Systems

2
Shameless plug:

http://revsys.com/

3
 Hat tip:
James Bennett (http://b-list.org)

4
So you’ve written a
Django site…

5
… now what?

6
• API Metering • Distributed Log storage, analysis
• Backups & Snapshots • Graphing
• Counters • HTTP Caching
• Cloud/Cluster Management Tools • Input/Output Filtering
• Instrumentation/Monitoring • Memory Caching
• Failover • Non-relational Key Stores
• Node addition/removal and hashing • Rate Limiting
• Auto-scaling for cloud resources • Relational Storage
• CSRF/XSS Protection • Queues
• Data Retention/Archival • Rate Limiting
• Deployment Tools • Real-time messaging (XMPP)
• Multiple Devs, Staging, Prod • Search
• Data model upgrades • Ranging
• Rolling deployments • Geo
• Multiple versions (selective beta) • Sharding
• Bucket Testing • Smart Caching
• Rollbacks • Dirty-table management
• CDN Management
• Distributed File Storage
http://randomfoo.net/2009/01/28/infrastructure-for-modern-web-sites
7
The bare minimum:
• Test.
• Structure for deployment.
• Use deployment tools.
• Design a production environment.
• Monitor.
• Tune.

8
Testing

9
“ Tests are the
Programmer’s stone,
transmuting fear into
boredom.

”
— Kent Beck

10
Hardcore TDD

11
“
I don’t do test driven
development. I do stupidity
driven testing… I wait until
I do something stupid, and
then write tests to avoid

”
doing it again.

— Titus Brown

12
 Whatever happens, don’t let
your test suite break thinking,
“I’ll go back and fix this later.”

13
Unit testing unittest

doctest
Functional/behavior
testing
django.test.Client, Twill

Browser testing Windmill, Selenium

14
You need them all.

15
Testing Django

• Unit tests (unittest)

• Doctests (doctest)
• Fixtures
• Test client
• Email capture

16
Unit tests
• “Whitebox” testing
• Verify the small functional units of your
app
• Very fine-grained
• Familier to most programmers (JUnit,
NUnit, etc.)
• Provided in Python by unittest

17
django.test.TestCase

• Fixtures.
• Test client.
• Email capture.
• Database management.
• Slower than unittest.TestCase.

18
class StoryAddViewTests(TestCase):
    fixtures = ['authtestdata', 'newsbudget_test_data']
    urls = 'newsbudget.urls'
    
    def test_story_add_get(self):
        r = self.client.get('/budget/stories/add/')
        self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
     …
        
    def test_story_add_post(self):
        data = {
            'title': 'Hungry cat is hungry',
            'date': '2009‐01‐01',
        }
        r = self.client.post('/budget/stories/add/', data)
        self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 302)
        …

19
Doctests
• Easy to write & read.
• Produces self-documenting code.
• Great for cases that only use assertEquals.
• Somewhere between unit tests and
functional tests.
• Difficult to debug.
• Don’t always provide useful test failures.

20
class Choices(object):
    """
    Easy declarative "choices" tool::
    
        >>> STATUSES = Choices("Live", "Draft")
        
        # Acts like a choices list:
        >>> list(STATUSES)
        [(1, 'Live'), (2, 'Draft')]
        
        # Easily convert from code to verbose:
        >>> STATUSES.verbose(1)
        'Live'
        
        # ... and vice versa:
        >>> STATUSES.code("Draft")
        2
        
    """
    …

21
****************************************************
File "utils.py", line 150, in __main__.Choices
Failed example:
    STATUSES.verbose(1)
Expected:
    'Live'
Got:
    'Draft'
****************************************************

22
Functional tests
• a.k.a “Behavior Driven Development.”
• “Blackbox,” holistic testing.
• All the hardcore TDD folks look down on
functional tests.
• But they keep your boss happy.
• Easy to find problems; harder to find the
actual bug.

23
Functional testing
tools
• django.test.Client
• webunit
• Twill
• ...

24
django.test.Client

• Test the whole request path without

running a web server.
• Responses provide extra information
about templates and their contexts.

25
class StoryAddViewTests(TestCase):
    fixtures = ['authtestdata', 'newsbudget_test_data']
    urls = 'newsbudget.urls'
    
    def test_story_add_get(self):
        r = self.client.get('/budget/stories/add/')
        self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
     …
        
    def test_story_add_post(self):
        data = {
            'title': 'Hungry cat is hungry',
            'date': '2009‐01‐01',
        }
        r = self.client.post('/budget/stories/add/', data)
        self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 302)
        …

26
Web browser testing

• The ultimate in functional testing for

web applications.
• Run test in a web browser.
• Can verify JavaScript, AJAX; even CSS.
• Test your site across supported browsers.

27
Browser testing tools

• Selenium
• Windmill

28
“Exotic” testing

• Static source analysis.

• Smoke testing (crawlers and spiders).
• Monkey testing.
• Load testing.
• ...

29
30
Further resources

• Windmill talk here at OSCON

http://bit.ly/14tkrd
• Django testing documentation
http://bit.ly/django-testing
• Python Testing Tools Taxonomy
http://bit.ly/py-testing-tools

31
 Structuring
applications for reuse

32
Designing for reuse

• Do one thing, and do it well.

• Don’t be afraid of multiple apps.
• Write for flexibility.
• Build to distribute.
• Extend carefully.

33
 1.
Do one thing, and do it well.

34
Application == encapsulation

35
Focus

• Ask yourself: “What does this

application do?”
• Answer should be one or two
short sentences.

36
Good focus

• “Handle storage of users and

authentication of their identities.”
• “Allow content to be tagged, del.icio.us
style, with querying by tags.”
• “Handle entries in a weblog.”

37
Bad focus

• “Handle entries in a weblog, and users

who post them, and their authentication,
and tagging and categorization, and some
flat pages for static content, and...”

38
Warning signs

• Lots of files.
• Lots of modules.
• Lots of models.
• Lots of code.

39
Small is good

• Many great Django apps are very small.

• Even a lot of “simple” Django sites
commonly have a dozen or more
applications in INSTALLED_APPS.
• If you’ve got a complex site and a short
application list, something’s probably wrong.

40
Approach features skeptically

• What does the application do?

• Does this feature have anything to do
with that?
• No? Don’t add it.

41
 2.
Don’t be afraid of many apps.

42
The monolith anti-pattern

• The “application” is the whole site.

• Re-use? YAGNI.
• Plugins that hook into the “main” application.
• Heavy use of middleware-like concepts.

43
(I blame Rails)

44
The Django mindset

• Application: some bit of functionality.

• Site: several applications.
• Spin off new “apps” liberally.
• Develop a suite of apps ready for when
they’re needed.

45
Django encourages this

• INSTALLED_APPS
• Applications are just Python packages,
not some Django-specific “app” or
“plugin.”
• Abstractions like django.contrib.sites
make you think about this as you develop.

46
Spin off a new app?

• Is this feature unrelated to the app’s focus?

• Is it orthogonal to the rest of the app?
• Will I need similar functionality again?

47
The ideal:

48
I need a contact form

49
urlpatterns = ('',
    …
    (r'^contact/', include('contact_form.urls')),
    …
)

50
 Done.
(http://bitbucket.org/ubernostrum/django-contact-form/)

51
But… what about…

• Site A wants a contact form that just

collects a message.
• Site B’s marketing department wants a
bunch of info.
• Site C wants to use Akismet to filter
automated spam.

52
53
 3.
Write for flexibility.

54
Common sense

• Sane defaults.
• Easy overrides.
• Don’t set anything in stone.

55
Forms

• Supply a form class.

• Let users specify their own.

56
Templates

• Specify a default template.

• Let users specify their own.

57
Form processing

• You want to redirect after successful

submission.
• Supply a default URL.
• (Preferably by using reverse resolution).
• Let users override the default.

58
def edit_entry(request, entry_id):
    form = EntryForm(request.POST or None)
    if form.is_valid():
        form.save()
        return redirect('entry_detail', entry_id)
    return render_to_response('entry/form.html', {…})

59
def edit_entry(request, entry_id, 
               form_class=EntryForm, 
               template_name='entry/form.html', 
               post_save_redirect=None):
    
    form = form_class(request.POST or None)
    if form.is_valid():
        form.save()
        if post_save_redirect:
            return redirect(post_save_redirect)
        else:
            return redirect('entry_detail', entry_id)
    
    return render_to_response([template_name, 'entry/form.html'], {…})

60
URLs

• Provide a URLConf with all views.

• Use named URL patterns.
• Use reverse lookups (by name).

61
 4.
Build to distribute (even private code).

62
 What the tutorial teaches

myproject/
    settings.py
    urls.py
    
    myapp/
        models.py
    
    mysecondapp/
        views.py
    
    …

63
from myproject.myapp.models import …
from myproject. myapp.models import …

myproject.settings
myproject.urls

64
Project coupling
kills re-use

65
Projects in real life.

• A settings module.
• A root URLConf.
• Maybe a manage.py (but…)
• And that’s it.

66
Advantages

• No assumptions about where things live.

• No PYTHONPATH magic.
• Reminds you that “projects” are just a
Python module.

67
You don’t even need a project

68
ljworld.com:

• worldonline.settings.ljworld
• worldonline.urls.ljworld
• And a whole bunch of apps.

69
Where apps really live
• Single module directly on Python path
(registration, tagging, etc.).
• Related modules under a top-level
package (ellington.events,
ellington.podcasts, etc.)
• No projects (ellington.settings
doesn’t exist).

70
Want to distribute?

• Build a package with distutils/setuptools.

• Put it on PyPI (or a private package
server).
• Now it works with easy_install, pip,
buildout, …

71
General best practices
• Establish dependancy rules.
• Establish a minimum Python version
(suggestion: Python 2.5).
• Establish a minimum Django version
(suggestion: Django 1.0).
• Test frequently against new versions
of dependancies.

72
Document obsessively.

73
 5.
Embrace and extend.

74
Don’t touch!

• Good applications are extensible

without patching.
• Take advantage of every extensibility point
an application gives you.
• You may end up doing something that
deserves a new application anyway.

75
But this application
wasn’t meant to be
extended!

76
Python Power!

77
Extending a view

• Wrap the view with your own code.

• Doing it repetitively? Write a decorator.

78
Extending a model

• Relate other models to it.

• Subclass it.
• Proxy subclasses (Django 1.1).

79
Extending a form

• Subclass it.
• There is no step 2.

80
Other tricks

• Signals lets you fire off customized

behavior when certain events happen.
• Middleware offers full control over
request/response handling.
• Context processors can make additional
information available if a view doesn’t.

81
If you must make
changes to
external code…

82
Keep changes to a minimum

• If possible, instead of adding a feature,

add extensibility.
• Keep as much changed code as you can
out of the original app.

83
Stay up-to-date

• Don’t want to get out of sync with the

original version of the code!
• You might miss bugfixes.
• You might even miss the feature you
needed.

84
Use a good VCS
• Subversion vendor branches don’t cut it.
• DVCSes are perfect for this:
• Mercurial queues.
• Git rebasing.
• At the very least, maintain a patch queue
by hand.

85
Be a good citizen

• If you change someone else’s code, let

them know.
• Maybe they’ll merge your changes in and
you won’t have to fork anymore.

86
Further reading

87
Deployment

88
Deployment should...
• Be automated.
• Automatically manage dependencies.
• Be isolated.
• Be repeatable.
• Be identical in staging and in production.
• Work the same for everyone.

89
Dependency
Isolation Automation
management

apt/yum/... virtualenv Capistrano

easy_install zc.buildout Fabric

pip Puppet/Chef/…

zc.buildout

90
Dependancy management

• The Python ecosystem rocks!

• Python package management doesn’t.
• Installing packages — and dependancies
— correctly is a lot harder than it should be;
most defaults are wrong.
• Here be dragons.

91
Vendor packages

• APT, Yum, …
• The good: familiar tools; stability; handles
dependancies not on PyPI.
• The bad: small selection; not (very)
portable; hard to supply user packages.
• The ugly: installs packages system-wide.

92
easy_install

• The good: multi-version packages.

• The bad: requires ‘net connection; can’t
uninstall; can’t handle non-PyPI packages;
multi-version packages barely work.
• The ugly: stale; unsupported; defaults
almost totally wrong; installs system-wide.

93
pip
http://pip.openplans.org/

• “Pip Installs Packages”

• The good: Just Works™; handles non-
PyPI packages (including direct from
SCM); repeatable dependancies;
integrates with virtualenv for isolation.
• The bad: still young; not yet bundled.
• The ugly: haven’t found it yet.

94
zc.buildout
http://buildout.org/

• The good: incredibly flexible; handles any

sort of dependancy; repeatable builds;
reusable “recipes;” good ecosystem;
handles isolation, too.
• The bad: often cryptic, INI-style
configuration file; confusing duplication of
recipes; sometimes too flexible.
• The ugly: nearly completely undocumented.

95
Package isolation

• Why?
• Site A requires Foo v1.0; site B requires
Foo v2.0.
• You need to develop against multiple
versions of dependancies.

96
Package isolation tools
• Virtual machines (Xen, VMWare, EC2, …)
• Multiple Python installations.
• “Virtual” Python installations.
• virtualenv
http://pypi.python.org/pypi/virtualenv

• zc.buildout
http://buildout.org/

97
Why automate?
• “I can’t push this fix to the servers until
Alex gets back from lunch.”
• “Sorry, I can’t fix that. I’m new here.”
• “Oops, I just made the wrong version of
our site live.”
• “It’s broken! What’d you do!?”

98
Automation basics

• SSH is right out.

• Don’t futz with the server. Write a recipe.
• Deploys should be idempotent.

99
Capistrano
http://capify.org/

• The good: lots of features; good

documentation; active community.
• The bad: stale development; very
“opinionated” and Rails-oriented.

100
Fabric
http://fabfile.org/

• The good: very simple; flexible; actively

developed; Python.
• The bad: no high-level commands; in flux.

101
Configuration management

• CFEngine, Puppet, Chef, …

• Will handle a lot more than code
deployment!
• I only know a little about these.

102
Recommendations
Pip, Virtualenv, and Fabric

Buildout and Fabric.

Buildout and Puppet/Chef/….

Utility computing and Puppet/Chef/….

103
 Production
environments

104
 net.
LiveJournal Backend: Today
(Roughly.)

BIG-IP
perlbal (httpd/proxy) Global Database
bigip1 mod_perl
bigip2 proxy1 master_a master_b
web1
proxy2 web2
proxy3 web3 Memcached
slave1 slave2 ... slave5
djabberd proxy4 mc1
web4
djabberd proxy5
... mc2 User DB Cluster 1
djabberd
webN mc3 uc1a uc1b
mc4 User DB Cluster 2
... uc2a uc2b
gearmand
Mogile Storage Nodes gearmand1 mcN User DB Cluster 3
sto1 sto2 gearmandN uc3a uc3b
Mogile Trackers
... sto8
tracker1 tracker3 User DB Cluster N
ucNa ucNb
MogileFS Database “workers”
gearwrkN Job Queues (xN)
mog_a mog_b theschwkN jqNa jqNb

slave1 slaveN
http://danga.com/words/
Brad Fitzpatrik, http://danga.com/words/2007_06_usenix/
3
105
 django

database

media
server

106
Application servers

• Apache + mod_python
• Apache + mod_wsgi
• Apache/lighttpd + FastCGI
• SCGI, AJP, nginx/mod_wsgi, ...

107
Use mod_wsgi

108
WSGIScriptAlias / /home/mysite/mysite.wsgi

109
import os, sys

# Add to PYTHONPATH whatever you need
sys.path.append('/usr/local/django')

# Set DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE
os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'mysite.settings'

# Create the application for mod_wsgi
import django.core.handlers.wsgi
application = django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler()

110
“Scale”

111
Does this scale?

django

database

media
server

Maybe!
112
Things per secong

Number of things

113
Real-world example
Database A

175 req/s

Database B

75 req/s

114
Real-world example

http://tweakers.net/reviews/657/6
115
 django

media
web server

database

database server

116
Why separate hardware?

• Resource contention
• Separate performance concerns
• 0 → 1 is much harder than 1 → N

117
DATABASE_HOST = '10.0.0.100'

FAIL 118
Connection middleware
• Proxy between web and database layers
• Most implement hot fallover and
connection pooling
• Some also provide replication, load
balancing, parallel queries, connection
limiting, &c
• DATABASE_HOST = '127.0.0.1'

119
Connection middleware

• PostgreSQL: pgpool
• MySQL: MySQL Proxy
• Database-agnostic: sqlrelay
• Oracle: ?

120
 django media
web server media server

database
database server

121
Media server traits

• Fast
• Lightweight
• Optimized for high concurrency
• Low memory overhead
• Good HTTP citizen

122
Media servers

• Apache?
• lighttpd
• nginx
• S3

123
The absolute minimum

django media
web server media server

database
database server

124
The absolute minimum

django media

database

web server

125
 proxy media

load balancer media server

django django django

web server cluster

database
database server

126
Why load balancers?

127
Load balancer traits

• Low memory overhead

• High concurrency
• Hot fallover
• Other nifty features...

128
Load balancers

• Apache + mod_proxy
• perlbal
• nginx
• Varnish
• Squid

129
CREATE POOL mypool
    POOL mypool ADD 10.0.0.100
    POOL mypool ADD 10.0.0.101

CREATE SERVICE mysite
    SET listen = my.public.ip
    SET role = reverse_proxy
    SET pool = mypool
    SET verify_backend = on
    SET buffer_size = 120k
ENABLE mysite

130
you@yourserver:~$ telnet localhost 60000

pool mysite add 10.0.0.102
OK

nodes 10.0.0.101
10.0.0.101 lastresponse 1237987449
10.0.0.101 requests 97554563
10.0.0.101 connects 129242435
10.0.0.101 lastconnect 1237987449
10.0.0.101 attempts 129244743
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 200 358
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 302 14
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 207 99
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 301 11
10.0.0.101 responsecodes 404 18
10.0.0.101 lastattempt 1237987449

131
 proxy proxy proxy media media

load balancing cluster media server cluster

django django django cache cache

web server cluster cache cluster

database database database

database server cluster

132
“Shared nothing”

133
BALANCE = None

def balance_sheet(request):
    global BALANCE
    if not BALANCE:
        bank = Bank.objects.get(...)
        BALANCE = bank.total_balance()
    ...

FAIL 134
Global variables are
right out

135
from django.cache import cache

def balance_sheet(request):
    balance = cache.get('bank_balance')
    if not balance:
        bank = Bank.objects.get(...)
        balance = bank.total_balance()
        cache.set('bank_balance', balance)

    ...

WIN 136
def generate_report(request):
    report = get_the_report()
    open('/tmp/report.txt', 'w').write(report)
    return redirect(view_report)

def view_report(request):
    report = open('/tmp/report.txt').read()
    return HttpResponse(report)

FAIL 137
 Filesystem?
What filesystem?

138
Further reading

• Cal Henderson, Building Scalable Web Sites

• John Allspaw, The Art of Capacity Planning
• http://kitchensoap.com/
• http://highscalability.com/

139
Monitoring

140
Goals
• When the site goes down, know it immediately.
• Automatically handle common sources of
downtime.
• Ideally, handle downtime before it even happens.
• Monitor hardware usage to identify hotspots and
plan for future growth.
• Aid in postmortem analysis.
• Generate pretty graphs.

141
Availability monitoring
principles
• Check services for availability.
• More then just “ping yoursite.com.”
• Have some understanding of dependancies.
• Notify the “right” people using the “right”
methods, and don’t stop until it’s fixed.
• Minimize false positives.
• Automatically take action against common
sources of downtime.

142
Availability monitoring tools

• Internal tools
• Nagios
• Monit
• Zenoss
• ...
• External monitoring tools

143
Usage monitoring

• Keep track of resource usage over time.

• Spot and identify trends.
• Aid in capacity planning and management.
• Look good in reports to your boss.

144
Usage monitoring tools

• RRDTool
• Munin
• Cacti
• Graphite

145
146
147
Logging

• Record information about what’s

happening right now.
• Analyze historical data for trends.
• Provide postmortem information after
failures.

148
Logging tools

• print
• Python’s logging module
• syslogd

149
Log analysis
• grep | sort | uniq ‐c | sort ‐rn
• Load log data into relational databases,
then slice & dice.
• OLAP/OLTP engines.
• Splunk.
• Analog, AWStats, ...
• Google Analytics, Mint, ...

150
What to monitor?

• Everything possible.
• The answer to “should I monitor this?” is
always “yes.”

151
Performance
And when you should care.

152
Ignore performance
Step 1: write your app.
Step 2: make it work.
Step 3: get it live.
Step 4: get some users.
…
Step 94,211: tune.

153
Ignore performance

• Code isn’t “fast” or “slow” until it’s

deployed in production.
• That said, often bad code is obvious.
So don’t write it.
• YAGNI doesn’t mean you get to be
an idiot.

154
Low-hanging fruit

• Lots of DB queries.
• Rule of thumb: O(1) queries per view.
• Very complex queries.
• Read-heavy vs. write-heavy.

155
Anticipate bottlenecks

• It’s probably going to be your DB.

• If not, it’ll be I/O.

156
“It’s slow!”

157
Define “slow”

• Benchmark in the browser.

• Compare to wget/curl.
• The results can be surprising.
• Often, “slow” is a matter of perceived
performance.

158
159
 YSlow
http://developer.yahoo.com/yslow/

160
 Server-side
performance tuning

161
Tuning in a nutshell

• Cache.
• Cache some more.
• Improve your caching strategy.
• Add more cache layers.
• Then, maybe, tune your code.

162
Caching is magic

• Turns less hardware into more!

• Makes slow code fast!
• Lowers hardware budgets!
• Delays the need for new servers!
• Cures scurvy!

163
Caching is about
trade-offs

164
Caching questions
• Cache for everybody? Only logged-in users?
Only non-paying users?
• Long timeouts/stale data? Short timeouts/
worse performance?
• Invalidation: time-based? Data based? Both?
• Just cache everything? Or just some views?
Or just the expensive parts?
• Django’s cache layer? Proxy caches?

165
Common caching strategies
• Are most of your users anonymous? Use
CACHE_MIDDLEWARE_ANONYMOUS_ONLY
• Are there just a couple of slow views? Use
@cache_page.
• Need to cache everything? Use a site wide
cache.
• Everything except a few views? Use
@never_cache.

166
Site-wide caches

• Good: Django’s cache middleware.

• Better: A proper upstream cache. (Squid,
Varnish, …).

167
External caches

• Most work well with Django.

• Internally, Django just uses HTTP headers
to control caching; those headers are
exposed to external caches.
• Cached requests never even hit Django.

168
Conditional view
processing

169
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www2.ljworld.com/

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: Apache
Expires: Wed, 17 Jun 2009 18:17:18 GMT
ETag: "93431744c9097d4a3edd4580bf1204c4"
…

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www2.ljworld.com/
If‐None‐Match: "93431744c9097d4a3edd4580bf1204c4"

HTTP/1.1 304 NOT MODIFIED
…

GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: www2.ljworld.com/
If‐Modified‐Since: Wed, 17 Jun 2009 18:00:00 GMT

HTTP/1.1 304 NOT MODIFIED
…
170
Etags

• Opaque identifiers for a resource.

• Cheaper to compute than the resource itself.
• Bad: “17”, “some title”, etc.
• Good:
“93431744c9097d4a3edd4580bf1204c4”,
“74c05a20-5b6f-11de-adc7-001b63944e73”, etc.

171
When caching fails…

172
“I think I need a bigger box.”
173
Where to spend money

• First, buy more RAM.

• Then throw money at your DB.
• Then buy more web servers.

174
No money?

175
Web server
improvements
• Start with simple improvements: turn off
Keep-Alive, tweak MaxConnections; etc.
• Use a better application server
(mod_wsgi).
• Investigate light-weight web servers
(nginx, lighttpd).

176
Database tuning

• Whole books can be — and many have

been — written about DB tuning.
• MySQL: High Performance MySQL
http://www.amazon.com/dp/0596101716/
• PostgreSQL:
http://www.revsys.com/writings/postgresql-performance.html

177
Build a toolkit

• profile, cProfile
• strace, SystemTap, dtrace.
• Django debug toolbar                               
http://bit.ly/django-debug-toolbar

178
 More…
http://jacobian.org/r/django-cache
http://jacobian.org/r/django-conditional-views

179
Final thoughts
• Writing the code is the easy part.
• Making it work in the Real World is that
part that’ll make you lose sleep.
• Don’t worry too much: performance
problems are good problems to have.
• But worry a little bit: “an ounce of
prevention is worth a pound of cure.”

180
 Fin.
Contact me: [email protected] / @jacobian

Hire me: http://revsys.com/

181