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    Lecture Notes ELE-B7: Ramadan El Shatshat Synchronous Machine

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    satyakar_vvk
    The document discusses synchronous machines, including their classification and operation principles. It describes the components and working of round rotor and salient rotor synchronous machines. Key points covered include the induced voltages in synchronous generators, their equivalent circuits, power characteristics, and parallel operation considerations. Examples are also provided on calculating generator EMF and voltage regulation.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture Notes ELE-B7: Ramadan El Shatshat Synchronous Machine

    Uploaded by

    satyakar_vvk
    157 views25 pages
    The document discusses synchronous machines, including their classification and operation principles. It describes the components and working of round rotor and salient rotor synchronous machines. Key points covered include the induced voltages in synchronous generators, their equivalent circuits, power characteristics, and parallel operation considerations. Examples are also provided on calculating generator EMF and voltage regulation.

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    Synchronous machines

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    Synchronous Machines

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    The document discusses synchronous machines, including their classification and operation principles. It describes the components and working of round rotor and salient rotor synchronous machines. Key points covered include the induced voltages in synchronous generators, their equivalent circuits, power characteristics, and parallel operation considerations. Examples are also provided on calculating generator EMF and voltage regulation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    157 views25 pages

    Lecture Notes ELE-B7: Ramadan El Shatshat Synchronous Machine

    Uploaded by

    satyakar_vvk
    The document discusses synchronous machines, including their classification and operation principles. It describes the components and working of round rotor and salient rotor synchronous machines. Key points covered include the induced voltages in synchronous generators, their equivalent circuits, power characteristics, and parallel operation considerations. Examples are also provided on calculating generator EMF and voltage regulation.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 25

    Lecture Notes ELE-B7

    Ramadan El Shatshat Synchronous Machine

    7/7/2008

    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    Classification of AC Rotating Machines


    Synchronous Machines: Synchronous Generators: A primary source of electrical energy. Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power factor compensators (synchronous condensers). Asynchronous (Induction) Machines: Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors in both domestic and industrial applications. Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field excitation, these machines are rarely used as generators.
    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

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    SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
    Round Rotor Machine
    The stator is a ring shaped laminated ironcore with slots. Three phase windings are placed in the slots. Round solid iron rotor with slots. A single winding is placed in the slots. Dc current is supplied through slip rings. Concept (two poles)
    A Stator with laminated iron-core

    C
    Slots with winding

    B A
    + -

    C
    +

    S A B
    +

    Rotor with dc winding

    C
    -

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    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    Round Rotor Machine

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    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
    Salient Rotor Machine
    The stator has a laminated iron-core with slots and three phase windings placed in the slots.
    A+

    Concept (two poles)


    BN

    C+

    AS

    The rotor has salient poles excited by dc current.


    C-

    B+

    DC current is supplied to the rotor through slip-rings and brushes.


    7/7/2008 ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    Salient Rotor Machine

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    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
    Principle of Operation 1) From an external source, the field winding is supplied with a DC current -> excitation. 2) Rotor (field) winding is mechanically turned (rotated) at synchronous speed. 3) The rotating magnetic field produced by the field current induces voltages in the outer stator (armature) winding. The frequency of these voltages is in synchronism with the rotor speed.

    7/7/2008

    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
    Operation concept
    The frequency - speed relation is p is the number of poles.

    f = (p / 120) n = p n /120

    Typical rotor speeds are 3600 rpm for 2-pole, 1800 rpm for 4 pole and 450 rpm for 16 poles. The rms. value of the induced voltages is:

    EA = 4.44 N BA f , (BA = )
    where: N = number of turns, B= flux density, A = cross sectional area of the magnetic circuit, f = frequency, and = flux per pole

    7/7/2008

    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    Comparisons Between DC and Synchronous Machines

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    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    Synchronous Generators Equivalent Circuit (round rotor)


    1) DC current in the field winding produces the main flux, f. 2) f induces an emf, EG, in the armature winding. 3) Depending on the load condition, the armature current IA is established. In the following discussions, it is assumed to be a lagging power factor. 4) IA produces its own flux due to armature reaction, EAR is the induced emf by AR. 5) The resulting phasor, Eresultant = EG + EAR is the true induced emf that is available.
    7/7/2008 ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

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    Synchronous Generators Equivalent Circuit (round rotor)

    Vt

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    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

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    Synchronous Generators Equivalent Circuit (round rotor)


    Phasor Diagrams:

    V V t V V t

    = E A I A jX A I A jX AR I A RA = E A jX s I A I A RA = E A I A ( RA + jX s )

    where, (XAR + XA) = synchronous reactance, Xs.

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    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

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    Synchronous Generators Equivalent Circuit (round rotor)


    Inductive Load Resistive Load

    = power angle
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    13

    Power Supplied by a Synchronous Generator


    S = P + jQ = 3Vt I A
    *

    Ea ( ) Vt 0 S = 3Vt 0( ) jX s EaVt P=3 sin( ) Xs


    7/7/2008 ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    14

    SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
    Power angle Characteristics
    The P() curve shows that the increase of power increases the angle between the induced voltage and the terminal voltage. The power is maximum when =90o The further increase of input power forces the generator out of
    P( )

    Round Rotor Machine Pmax


    100 80 60 40 20 0

    synchronism. This generates large current and mechanical forces.

    The maximum power is the static stability limit of the system. Safe operation requires a 1520% power reserve.

    30

    60

    90

    120

    150

    180

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    ELEC B7. Synchr. Machine

    15

    Example 1
    A 25 kVA, 230 V three phase, four pole, 60 Hz, Yconnected synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of 1.5 /phase and a negligible resistance. The generator is connected to an open circuit of constant voltage (230 V) and frequency (60 Hz), find: a) The generated EMF (EG) when the machine is delivering rated kVA at 0.8 power factor lagging. b) If the field current If is increased by 20 % without changing the power input find the stator current Ia.
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    Voltage Regulation
    As the load on the generator increases, the terminal voltage drops. But, the terminal voltage, must be maintained constant, and hence the excitation on the machine is varied, or input power to the generator is varied. That means, EG has to be adjusted to keep the terminal voltage Vt constant. VNL VFL 100% Voltage Regulation, V. R. =

    VFL

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    Example 2
    Calculate the percent voltage regulation for a three phase, Y-connected, 20 MVA ,13.8 kV synchronous generator operating at full load and 0.8 power factor lagging. The synchronous reactance is 8 ohm per phase and the armature resistance can be neglected.
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    Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generators


    Generators are rarely used in isolated situations. More commonly, generators are used in parallel, often massively in parallel, such as in the power grid. The following steps must be adhered to: when adding a generator to an existing power grid: 1) RMS line voltages of the two generators must be the same. 2) Phase sequence must be the same. 3) Phase angles of the corresponding phases must be the same. 4) Frequency must be the same.

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    Q1

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    Q2

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