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aliqays’ copy-right

ADDITIONAL
MATHEMATICS
PROJECT WORK 2009

NAME :
FORM :
I/C NO. :
TEACHER’S NAME :

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TITLE:
PAGE:

APPRECIATION……………………………………
…. 1
INTRODUCTION.…………………………………
…. 2
PART 1
~ TASK 1……………………………………………
……. 4
PART 2
~ TASK 2……………………………………………
……. 10

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After weeks of struggle and hard work to complete assignment

given to us by our teacher, Puan XXX. I finally did it within 2 weeks
with satisfaction and senses of success because I have understood
more deeply about the interest and investment more than before. I
have to be grateful and thankful to all parties who have helped me in
the process of completing my assignment. It was a great experience
for me as I have learnt to be more independent and to work as group.
For this, I would like to take this opportunity to express my
thankfulness once again to all parties concerned.

Firstly, I would like to thanks my Additional Mathematics’

teacher, Puan XXX for patiently explained to us the proper and precise
way to complete this assignment. With her help and guidance, many
problems I have encountered had been solved.

Beside that, I would like to thanks my parents for all their support
and encouragement they have given to me. In addition, my parents
had given me guidance on the methods to account for investment
which have greatly enhanced my knowledge on particular area. Last
but not least, I would like to express my thankfulness to my cousin and
friends, who have patiently explained to me and did this project with
me in group.

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A circle is a simple shape of Euclidean geometry consisting of those points in a plane

which are the same distance from a given point called the centre. The common distance
of the points of a circle from its center is called its radius.

Circles are simple closed curves which divide the plane into two regions, an interior and
an exterior. In everyday use, the term "circle" may be used interchangeably to refer to
either the boundary of the figure (known as the perimeter) or to the whole figure
including its interior. However, in strict technical usage, "circle" refers to the perimeter
while the interior of the circle is called a disk. The circumference of a circle is the
perimeter of the circle (especially when referring to its length).

A circle is a special ellipse in which the two foci are coincident. Circles are conic sections
attained when a right circular cone is intersected with a plane perpendicular to the axis of
the cone.

Circle is also the set of all points equidistant from a given point. The point from which all
the points on a circle are equidistant is called the center of the circle, and the distance
from that point to the circle is called the radius of the circle. A circle is named with a
single letter, its center. See the diagram below.

Figure 1.1: A circle

The circle above has its center at point C and a radius of length r. By definition, all radii
of a circle are congruent, since all the points on a circle are the same distance from the
center, and the radii of a circle have one endpoint on the circle and one at the center.

All circles have a diameter, too. The diameter of a circle is the segment that contains the
center and whose endpoints are both on the circle. The length of the diameter is twice that
of the radius. Therefore, all diameters of a circle are congruent, too.

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Figure 1.2: The diameter of a circle

Keep in mind that an infinite number of radii and diameters can be drawn in a circle.
Although they are all congruent, they are not the same. Sometimes a strategically placed
radius will help make a problem much clearer. Likewise, diameters can be drawn into a
circle to strategically divide the area within the circle. Each of these techniques is
prevalent in geometric proofs, and each is based on the facts that all radii are congruent,
and all diameters are congruent. However, their position when drawn makes each one
different.

The circle has been known since before the beginning of recorded history. It is the basis
for the wheel which, with related inventions such as gears, makes much of modern
civilization possible. In mathematics, the study of the circle has helped inspire the
development of geometry and calculus.

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TASK 1

There are a lot of things around us related to circles or parts of a circle.

(a)Collect pictures of 5 such objects. You may use camera to take pictures around
your school compound or get pictures from magazines, newspapers, the internet
or any other resources.

BALL CYLINDRICAL
ROLLER BEARINGS

CYLINDRICAL NECKLACE CYLINDRICAL

CAN CIRCLE PIPE

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(b)Pi or π is a mathematical constant related to circles.

Define π and write a brief story of π .

Definition of π :

Pi or π is a mathematical constant whose value is the ratio of any circle's

circumference to its diameter in Euclidean space; this is the same value as the ratio of
a circle's area to the square of its radius. It is approximately equal to 3.14159 in the
usual decimal notation (see the table for its representation in some other bases). π is
one of the most important mathematical and physical constants: many formulae from
mathematics, science, and engineering involve π.

In Euclidean plane geometry, π is defined as the ratio of a circle's

circumference to its diameter:

The ratio C/d is constant, regardless of a circle's

size. For example, if a circle has twice the diameter d of
another circle it will also have twice the circumference
C, preserving the ratio C/d.
Area of the circle = π × area of the shaded square.
Alternatively π can be also defined as the ratio of a circle's area (A) to the area of a
square whose side is equal to the radius:[3][5]

These definitions depend on results of Euclidean geometry, such as the fact

that all circles are similar. This can be considered a problem when π occurs in areas
of mathematics that otherwise do not involve geometry. For this reason,
mathematicians often prefer to define π without reference to geometry, instead
selecting one of its analytic properties as a definition. A common choice is to define π
as twice the smallest positive x for which cos(x) = 0.[6] The formulas below illustrate
other (equivalent) definitions.

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History of π :

The ancient Babylonians calculated the area of a circle by taking 3 times the
square of its radius, which gave a value of pi = 3. One Babylonian tablet (ca. 1900–
1680 BC) indicates a value of 3.125 for pi, which is a closer approximation.
In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus (ca.1650 BC), there is evidence that the Egyptians
calculated the area of a circle by a formula that gave the approximate value of 3.1605
for pi.

The ancient cultures mentioned above found their approximations by measurement.

The first calculation of pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC), one of
the greatest mathematicians of the ancient world. Archimedes approximated the area
of a circle by using the Pythagorean Theorem to find the areas of two regular
polygons: the polygon inscribed within the circle and the polygon within which the
circle was circumscribed. Since the actual area of the circle lies between the areas of
the inscribed and circumscribed polygons, the areas of the polygons gave upper and
lower bounds for the area of the circle. Archimedes knew that he had not found the
value of pi but only an approximation within those limits. In this way, Archimedes
showed that pi is between 3 1/7 and 3 10/71.

A similar approach was used by Zu Chongzhi (429–501), a brilliant Chinese

mathematician and astronomer. Zu Chongzhi would not have been familiar with
Archimedes’ method—but because his book has been lost, little is known of his work.
He calculated the value of the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter to
be 355/113. To compute this accuracy for pi, he must have started with an inscribed
regular 24,576-gon and performed lengthy calculations involving hundreds of square
roots carried out to 9 decimal places.

Mathematicians began using the Greek letter π in the 1700s. Introduced by William
Jones in 1706, use of the symbol was popularized by Euler, who adopted it in 1737.

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An 18th century French mathematician named Georges Buffon devised a way to

calculate pi based on probability.

And next, we find progress in India, where the mathematician Madhava worked out a
power series definition of π, which allowed him to compute π to 13 decimal
places. 13 decimal places, computing a power series completely by hand Astounding!
Even better, during the same century, when this work made its way to the great
Persian Arabic mathematicians, they worked it out to 9 digits in base-60 (base-60 was
in inheritance from the Babylonians). 9 digits in base 60 is roughly 16 digits in
decimal!

And finally, we get back to Europe; in the 17th century, van Ceulen used the power
series to work out 35 decimal places of π. Alas, the publication of it was on his
tombstone.

Then we get to the 19th century, when William Rutherford calculated 208 decimal
places of π. The real pity of that is that he made an error in the 153rd digit, and so
only the first 152 digits were correct.

That was pretty much it until the first computers came along, and once that happened,
the fun went out of trying to calculate it, since any bozo could write a program to do
it. There's a website that will let you look at its computation of the first 2 hundred
million digits of π.

The name of π came from Euler (he of the great equation, eiπ + 1 = 0). It's an
abbreviation for perimeter in Greek.

There's also one bit of urban myth about π that is, alas, not true. The story goes that
some state in the American Midwest (Indiana, Iowa, Ohio, Illinois in various
versions) passed a law that π=3.

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TASK 2
(a) Diagram 1 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB and
BCR of diameter d1 and d 2 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle PQR
such that the sum of d1 and d 2 is equal to 10 cm.

Complete Table 1 by using various values of d1 and the corresponding values of d 2 .

Hence, determine the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR.

Using formula: Arc of semicircle = ½πd

d 1 (cm) d 2 (cm) Length of arc Length of arc Length of arc

PQR (cm) PAB (cm) BCR (cm)
1.0 9.0 5π π 7
π
2 2
1.1 8.9 5π 11 89
π π
20 20
1.5 8.5 5π 3 17
π π
4 4
2.3 7.7 5π 23 77
π π
20 20
2.5 7.5 5π 5 15
π π
4 4
3.0 7.0 5π 3 7
π π
2 2
3.5 6.5 5π 7 13
π π
4 4

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3.7 6.3 5π 37 63
π π
20 20
4.0 6.0 5π 2π 3π
4.5 5.5 5π 9 11
π π
4 4
Table 1

From the Table 1 we know that the length of arc PQR is not affected by the different in d1

and d2 in PAB and BCR respectively. The relation between the length of arcs PQR , PAB

and BCR is that the length of arc PQR is equal to the sum of the length of arcs PAB and

BCR, which is we can get the equation:

SPQR = S + S PAB BCR

Let d1= 3, and d2 =7 SPQR = S + S PAB BCR

5π = ½ π(3) + ½ π(7)

5π = 3/2 π + 7/2 π

5π = 10/2 π

5π = 5 π

Therefore, the length of arc PQR equals to the sum of the lengths of arcs of the two
inscribed semicircles.

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(b)Diagram 2 shows a semicircle PQR of diameter 10 cm. Semicircles PAB, BCD

and DER of diameter d1 , d 2 and d 3 respectively are inscribed in the semicircle
PQR such that the sum of d1 , d 2 and d 3 is equal to 10 cm.

(i) Using various values of d1 and d 2 , and the corresponding values of d 3 ,

determine the relation between the lengths of arcs PQR, PAB, BCD and
DER.
Tabulate your findings.

d 1 (cm) d 2 (cm) d 3 (cm) Length of Length of Length of Length of

arc PQR arc PAB arc BCD arc DER
(cm) (cm) (cm) (cm)
1.0 2.0 7.0 5π π π 7
π
2 2
1.2 2.8 6.0 5π 3 7 3π
π π
5 5
1.5 2.5 6.0 5π 3 5 3π
π π
4 4
1.5 4.0 3.5 5π 3 2π 7
π π
4 4
1.7 3.0 5.3 5π 17 3 53
π π π
20 2 20
1.8 2.5 5.7 5π 9 5 57
π π π
10 4 20
1.9 3.6 5.5 5π 19 9 11
π π π
20 5 4
2.0 3.5 4.5 5π π 7 9
π π
4 4

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(ii) Based on your findings in (a) and (b), make generalizations about the
length of the arc of the outer semicircle and the lengths of arcs of the
inner semicircles for n inner semicircles where n = 2, 3, 4,…

The length of arc PQR equals to the sum of the lengths of arcs of all inscribed
semicircles.

Souter = S1 + S2 + S3 + S4 + S5

(c)For different values of diameters of the outer semicircle, show that the
generalizations stated in (b)(ii) is still true.

Prove:

D = d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + ... + d n , where D is the diameter of the outer semicircle and d1 is

the diameter of the smallest inner semicircle.

D π
Arc length of PQR = π   = D
2 2

Sum of the lengths of the arcs

d  d  d 
= π  1  + π  2  + ... + π  n 
 2  2   2 

π
= [ d1 + d 2 + d 3 + ... + d n ]
2

π
= D
2

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TASK 3
The Mathematics Society is given a task to design a garden to beautify the school by
using the design as shown in Diagram 3. The shaded region will be planted with
flowers and the two inner semicircles are fish ponds.

(a) The area of the flower plot is y m 2 and the diameter of one of the ponds is x m.
Express y in terms of π and x.

2
1  10 
Area of semicircle ACD = π  
2 2
25
= π
2

Total area of two fish ponds

2 2
1  x 1  10 − x 
= π  + π 
2 2 2  2 

1
[
= π x + (10 − x )
8
2 2
]

=
1
8
[
π x 2 + 100 − 20 x + x 2 ]

=
1
8
[
π 2 x 2 − 20 x + 100 ]

=
1
4
[
π x 2 10 x + 50 ]

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‘
y = area of the flower plot

y=
25
2
π
[
π − x 2 − 10 x + 50
4
]
π 2 5
y=- x + π x
4 2

(b) Find the diameter of the two fish ponds if area of the flower plot is 16.5 m 2
22
(Use π = )
7

Given y = 16.5,

π 2 5 22
16.5 = - x + π x (use π = )
4 2 7

x 2 − 10 x + 21 = 0

x = 3,7

(c) Reduce the non-linear equation obtained in (a) to simple linear from and hence,
plot a straight line graph. Using the straight line graph, determine the area of
the flower plot if the diameter of one of the fish ponds is 4.5 m .

π 2 5
y=- x + π x
4 2

y π 5
=- x +
x 4 2π

x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Y 7.1 12.6 16.5 18.9 19.6 18.9 16.8
y 7.1 6.3 5.5 4.7 3.9 3.1 2.4
x

Plot graph manually:

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(d) The cost of constructing the fish ponds is higher than that of the flower plot. Use
two methods to determine the area of the flower plot such that that the cost of
constructing the garden is minimum.

In order that the cost of the garden to be minimum, find the maximum area of the
flower plot. Note that the cost of constructing the ponds is higher than that of the
flower plot.

(Method 1) Tabulation

π 2 5
y=- x + π x
x 4 2

1 7.07
2 12.57
3 16.50
4 18.85
5 19.63
6 18.85
7 16.50
8 12.57
9 7.07

When x = 5, y =19.63. Therefore, for minimum cost of constructing the garden,

the area of the flower plot should be 19.63m 2 .

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(Method 2) Differentiation

5 π
y= π x − x2
2 4

dy 5 π
= π− x
dx 2 2

dy
When = 0,
dx

5 π
π − x=0
2 2

x=5

d2y π
2
=− <0
dx 2

⇒ y is maximum when x = 5

5 π 2
y max = π ( 5) − ( 5)
2 4

= 19.63 m 2

For minimum cost of constructing the garden, the area of the flower plot should be
19.63m 2 .

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(e) The principal suggested an additional of 12 semicircular flower beds to the

design submitted by the Mathematics Society as shown in Diagram 4. The sum of
the diameters of the semicircular flower beds is 10 m .

The diameter of the smallest flower bed is 30 cm and the diameter of the flower beds
are increased by a constant value successively .
Determine the diameter of the remaining flower beds .

Diameters of the semicircular flower beds:

30, 30 + d, 30 + 2d,…which is an Arithmetic Progression whereas

a = 30, n = 12 and d is the common difference.

S n = AB = 1000 cm

n
S12 = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ] = 1000
2

12
S12 = [ 2( 30) + (12 − 1) d ] = 1000
2

6( 60 + 11d ) = 1000

360 + 66d = 1000

1000 − 360 = 66d

640 = 66d

d = 9.697 = 9.7

∴ Common difference, d = 9.7 cm

Hence, the diameters of the flower beds are:

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Tn (Flower Bed) Diameter of flower beds

(cm)
1 30.0
2 39.7
3 49.4
4 59.4
5 68.8
6 78.5
7 88.2
8 97.9
9 107.6
10 117.3
11 127.0
12 136.7

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Part 1
Not all objects surrounding us are related to circles. If all the
objects are circle, there would be no balance and stability. In
our daily life, we could related circles in objects. For
example: a fan, a ball or a wheel. In Pi( π ), we accept 3.142
or 22/7 as the best value of pi. The circumference of the
circle is proportional as pi( π ) x diameter. If the circle has
twice the diameter, d of another circle, thus the
circumference, C will also have twice of its value, where
preserving the ratio =Cid

Part 2
The relation between the length of arcs PQR, PAB and BCR
where the semicircles PQR is the outer semicircle while inner
semicircle PAB and BCR is Length of arc PQR = Length of PAB
+ Length of arc BCR. The length of arc for each semicircles
can be obtained as in length of arc = 1/2(2_r). As in
conclusion, outer semicircle is also equal to the inner
semicircles where Sin= Sout .

Part 3
In semicircle ABC (the shaded region), and the two
semicircles which is AEB and BFC, the area of the shaded
region semicircle ADC is written as in Area of shaded region
ADC =Area of ADC – (Area of AEB + Area of BFC). When we
plot a straight link graph based on linear law, we may still
obtained a linear graph because Sin=Sout where the
diameter has a constant value for a semicircle.

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