Reason and Result Clauses

REASON, PURPOSE, AND RESULT
REASON: I went home early because / since / as I was feeling tired. Note: it is common to put since / as at the beginning of the sentence. e.g: Since / As I was feeling tired, I left early. We always go there because the scenery is so beautiful. (because + clause: subject + verb) We always go there because of the beautiful scenery. (because of + noun or noun phrase)
Due to means the same as because of, and is often used to explain the reason for a problem: The plane was late due to bad weather. (Due to is often used after the verb to be)
CAUSE and RESULT verbs Police think the driver caused / was responsible for the accident. (made it happen) The extra investment should lead to / result in more jobs. (make it happen) Cause and result verbs sometimes appear together in this way: Police think a cigarette caused the fire, which resulted in the destruction of the building. PURPOSE A purpose is an intention, an aim, or a reason for doing something. e.g., The purpose of buying this book is to improve my English. But we often introduce a purpose using so (that) or in order to: I bought this book so (that) I can improve my English. We moved to this neighborhood so (that) we could send our children to this school They went home early in order to beat the traffic.
Note: In spoken English, people often just say so (without that). It is also very common (as in the examples) to use a modal verb, e.g., can or could, in a clause after so that. RESULT I left the ticket at home, so I had to buy another one. The manager was out sick. As a result, there was no one to make decisions. I forgot to send the letters. Consequently, some people didnt know about the meeting. She worked extremely hard and therefore deserved the promotion. Note: So is the most common of these linking words in spoken English, and usually links ideas in a single sentence. As a result and consequently are more formal and usually connect ideas in two separate sentences ( as in the examples). Therefore (also more formal) can be used in a single sentence (as in the example), but it may also connect two sentences. EXERCISES: a).- Combine the two sentences into one sentence using so, so that, because, as, or since. More than one answer is possible in some sentences. 1.- I didnt call you. It was very late. I didnt call you because it was very late. or It was very late, so I didnt call you. 2.- I turned up the radio in the living room. I could hear it in the kitchen. __________________________________________________________________ 3.- The restaurant was full. We went to the coffee shop next door. __________________________________________________________________ 4.- The company has poor management. These has been a drop in profits. __________________________________________________________________ 5.- It is a very large city. You have to use public transportation a lot. __________________________________________________________________ 6.- I learned to drive. My mother didnt have to take me to school every day. __________________________________________________________________ b).- Rewrite the sentences with because of. Make changes if necessary. 1.- He couldnt play soccer because he had an injured shoulder. He couldnt play soccer because of his injured shoulder._____________________ 2.- She got the job because her qualifications are excellent.
__________________________________________________________________ 3.- The weather was awful, so we couldnt eat outside. __________________________________________________________________ 4.- She has to stay home because she had a broken ankle. __________________________________________________________________ 5.- The flowers died because it was so dry. __________________________________________________________________ 6.- The traffic was heavy. I was half an hour late. __________________________________________________________________ c).- Complete this memo from a manager to the staff. Use words from the first pages. To: From: work All staff The Manager Date: Subject: August 9th Temporary road
Starting next Monday (and continuing all week), there will be construction on the major roads leading to the factory. (1) Because / Since / As this will (2) _________ delays, please try to leave home a few minutes early in the morning (3) _________ everyone arrives on time. The construction could also (4) _________________ severe traffic congestion. (5) _________________ , you may want to consider using public transportation instead of driving. Thanks for your cooperation. d).- These sentences are about learning English. Complete them in a logical way. 1.- I want to improve my English because I will need it in my job very soon.______ 2.- I bought myself a personal stereo so that I _____________________________ 3.- I study English on weekends since ___________________________________ 4.- I always write words down in my notebook in order to ____________________ 5.- I dont get many opportunities to practice my English. Consequently, __________________________________________________________________ 6.- My brother has a lot of American and Canadian friends. As a result, __________________________________________________________________
ANSWERS a).- Suggested answers: 2.- I turned up the radio in the living room so (that) I could hear it in the kitchen. Or I turned up the radio in the living room in order to hear it in the kitchen. 3.- The restaurant was full, so we went to the coffee shop next door. Or We went to the coffee shop next door because / since / as the restaurant was full. 4.- The companys poor management has caused / is responsible for / has led to / has resulted in a drop in profits. 5.- It is a very large city, so you have to use public transportation a lot. Or You have to use public transportation a lot because / since / as it is a very large city. 6.- I learned to drive so (that) my mother wouldnt have to take me to school every day. (purpose) I learned to drive , so my mother didnt have to take me to school every day. (result) b).2.- She got the job because of her excellent qualifications. 3.- We couldnt eat outside because of the awful weather. 4.- She had to stay home because of a broken ankle. 5.- The flowers died because of the dry weather / the dryness.
6.- I was half an hour late because of the heavy traffic. c).2.- cause / led to / result in 3.- so that 4.- cause / led to / result in 5.- Therefore / Consequently
d).- Possible answers 2.- I bought myself a personal stereo so that I can / could listen to English cassettes on the bus. 3.- I study English on weekends since I am very busy during the week. 4.- I always write words down in my notebook in order to help me remember them. 5.- I dont get many opportunities to practice my English. Consequently, I find it difficult to remember everything I study. 6.- My brother has a lot of American and Canadian friends. As a result, he gets a lot of opportunities to practice his English.

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REASON, PURPOSE, AND RESULT

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