Chapter 2: Literature Review 2. Mobile Communication Evolution and Multiband Antennas
Chapter 2: Literature Review 2. Mobile Communication Evolution and Multiband Antennas
Chapter 2: Literature Review 2. Mobile Communication Evolution and Multiband Antennas
Chapter2
Literature review
2. Mobile Communication Evolution and Multiband
Antennas
2.1 Introduction
The literature review shows some descriptions of the low profile antenna
especially about the multiband frequencies that they can operate at GSM900,
DCS1800, PCS1900, and UMTS2000.It also study the performance of them in terms
of input impedance, field patterns and gain. A number of papers explaining the
different types of multiband antennas for multiple frequencies are presented here.
2.2 The Evolution of Mobile Telephone Systems
Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding
telecommunications applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing
percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world. Over the last 12
years, the telecommunication/ICT sector has undergone major changes. With high
growth in the mobile sector, mobile penetration rates stood at more than 40
percent at the end of 2006. ITU data suggest that the number of mobile cellular
subscribers surpassed the 3 billion mark in August 2007. At current growth rates,
global mobile penetration is expected to reach 50 percent by early 2008. Despite
major differences between the developed and the developing world, mobile
services have been critical in enhancing access to telecommunications in many
developing regions and rural areas, where fixed lines remain limited or non‐
existing [51]. The concept of cellular service is the use of low‐power transmitters
where frequencies can be reused within a geographic area.
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2.3 Historical Review
The idea of cell‐based mobile radio service was formulated in the United
States at Bell Labs in the early 1970s. However, the Nordic countries were the first
to introduce cellular services for commercial use with the introduction of the
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) in 1981.
Cellular systems began in the United States with the release of the advanced
mobile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS standard was adopted by
Asia, Latin America, and Oceanic countries, creating the largest potential market in
the world for cellular.
In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than
digital, like today's newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was the
inability to handle the growing capacity needs in a cost‐efficient manner. As a
result, digital technology was welcomed. The advantages of digital systems over
analog systems include ease of signaling, lower levels of interference, integration
of transmission and switching, and increased ability to meet capacity demands.
2.4 Different Designs Available on Literature:
2.4.1 Design of a Multiband Internal Antenna for Third
Generation Mobile Phone Handsets
A novel triple‐band antenna that consists of a driven meander‐line element
and two parasitic coupled elements has been presented in [11]. The geometrical
configuration, size, and proximity of the driven and parasitic elements help
materialize the desired multiband operation. The complete antenna assembly is
internal to the handset. The antenna can be tuned to operate either in the 824–894
MHz, 880–960 MHz, and 1850–1990 MHz bands or in the 824–894 MHz, 880–960
MHz, and 1710–1880 MHz bands.
The concept described in the paper can also be used to achieve other triple
or multiband operations. The size of the antenna is 50 mm X 10 mm X 6 mm (3
cm3) or less. The analysis of the antenna is conducted using a full‐wave method of
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moments (MoM) software package called IE3D. The present analysis of the
antenna does not contain the effect of the user’s head and hand on the antenna
impedance and pattern characteristics.
2.4.2 Multiband Folded Planar Monopole Antenna for
Mobile Handsets
Another multiband handset antenna that can afford multiband applications
in the mobile systems, including GSM (880–960 MHz), DCS (1720–1880 MHz), PCS
(1850–1990 MHz), UMTS (1920 2170 MHz), and ISM bands (2400–2484 MHz) has
been presented in [12].
The planar monopole antenna can be constructed into different shapes such
as circle, square, trapezoidal, or pentagonal. Among these shapes, the square
planar monopole is favorable for its consistent radiation pattern over the
operation bandwidth. However, it has a large ground plane size and antenna height
(h) (larger than one tenth of the lowest operating frequency), which make it
unsuitable for using in mobile phones. Recently, the antenna is integrated with the
ground plane of the circuit board of the mobile phone. However, the proposed
configuration, with a shorted rectangular patch, covers only about 10% of the
operation bandwidth.
The design mainly consists of a folded rectangular planar monopole and an
inverted L‐shape ground plane to meet the needs for multiband operation and
antenna size reduction. Furthermore, the design has many advantages for mobile
phone applications, such as low cost, simple structure, compact size, very wide
bandwidth, acceptable radiation efficiency, and omni‐directional radiation pattern.
2.4.3 A LowProfile Planar Monopole Antenna for Multiband
Operation of Mobile Handsets
Another novel planar monopole antenna design with a very low profile
antenna (height less than 0.04 times the operating wavelength in the free space)
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(the total antenna height is only 12 mm for operating at the 900‐MHz band) has
been presented in [13]. The proposed antenna, 12 mm in height and 30 mm in
width has been constructed, and the obtained bandwidths cover the 900‐MHz
band global system for mobile communication (GSM), 1800‐MHz‐band digital
communication system (DCS), 1900‐MHz‐band personal communication system
(PCS), and 2050‐MHz‐band universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS).
2.4.4 Design of an Internal QuadBand Antenna for Mobile
Phones
The antenna presented in [14], combines several techniques applied
simultaneously which are necessary to reduce the size of these antennas while
maintaining good multiband/wideband performance. The main resonator is a
dual‐band PIFA antenna tuned to operate at center frequencies of 935 MHz and
1930 MHz. The introduction of a slot into this element allows a frequency decrease
of its fundamental resonance while the use of an end positioned capacitive load
allows its higher order modes to be decreased in frequency.
The addition of three quarter‐wavelength parasitic elements is used here to
create new resonances, and thus enlarge both lower and upper impedance
bandwidth. These new resonances are tuned thanks to a lengthening by capacitive
loads. This antenna covers the GSM standard (Global System for Mobile
communications, 880–960 MHz) with a VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio)
better than 2.5 and also the DCS (Digital Communication System, 1710–1880
MHz), PCS (Personal Communication Services, 1850–1990 MHz) and UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, 1920–2170 MHz) standards with a
VSWR less than or equal to 2.
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2.4.5 Compact Internal Multiband Antenna for Mobile Phone
and WLAN Standards
The antenna presented in [15], is based on the quad‐band structure, and
another technique is applied here to achieve the tuning of its higher order
resonances in the WLAN band.
The resulting structure is a well matched antenna in the GSM and the 2 GHz
bands. Three quarter wavelength type, parasitic shorted patches are then added to
widen these bandwidths. Each one is connected to the ground plane by metallic
strips and located near the main patch in order to be efficiently
electromagnetically coupled. A meticulous simulated parametric study was
conducted on each patch by independently changing their physical parameters in
order to identify and control their higher‐order modes around 5 GHz. It was found
that the tuning and matching process of the resonances of all the parasitic led to
only small modifications.
2.4.6 Multiband Internal Antenna for Mobile Phones
A new internal antenna for Multiband cell phones comprise a U‐shaped
elongated flat conductor featuring a closed meandered slot, a ground and a feed leg
has been presented in [16]. A novel antenna structure for multiband mobile
phones is featuring the folded inverted conformal antenna (FICA) as the antenna
component. The FICA placement on the board and its feeding mechanisms are
similar to those used currently for the great majority of handsets with internal
planar inverted F‐antenna (PIFA) components. Whereas multiband PIFAs exhibit
two resonant modes, which operate by sharing the available antenna volume, the
FICA structure is synthesized in order to sustain three resonant modes that reuse
the volume.
The implementation of volume reuse allows spreading of the reactive
electromagnetic energy associated with each resonant mode across the entire
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2.4.8 New Compact SixBand Internal Antenna
This paper [18] presents a novel compact six‐band internal antenna for
mobile handsets covering the GSM900, GPS1570, DCS1800, PCS1900,
WCDMA2000, and ISM2450 bands. The proposed antenna consists of two layer
patches and a folded stub. The two patches share a common shorting strip, while
the folded stub is not grounded. The antenna was realized within a volume of 8 X
17 X36 mm3.
2.4.9 Intelligent Quadrifilar Helix Antenna
The paper [19] introduces the concept of the intelligent quadrifilar helix
antenna (I‐QHA) as an antenna for handled mobile terminals. The potential
advantages of using the I‐QHA in both terrestrial and satellite mobile
communications are presented. The I‐QHA may be used as a multiband or
multimode antenna, allowing a handset to operate in different frequencies bands
and in both terrestrial and satellite communications environment. The adaptive
matching component of the I‐QHA not only matches the antenna for different
frequency bands, hut counters the detuning effects caused by the user.
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