Although most large public relations firms can afford to run information technology centers inhouse, some niche

firms are discovering that the cost associated with maintaining an information technology staff and from continuously improving hardware and software are larger than they initially estimated. A) cost associated with B) costs associated from C) costs associated with D) cost arising from E) costs arising from Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation There are two major problems with this sentence. (1) The subject (cost, which is singular) and verb (are, which is plural) do not agree. Since multiple costs are being discussed and the verb, which appears outside the underlined part of the sentence, is plural, the subject needs to be plural as well. (2) Two parallel parts of the sentence are not parallel. associated with...and from is not a parallel phrase. Since from occurs outside the underlined part of the sentence, associated with should be replaced by arising from. With this change, the sentence will be parallel: costs arising from x...and from y. 1. The subject (cost, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (are, which is plural); the phrase associated with ... from is not parallel 2. The costs associated from is awkward and not idiomatically correct 3. The phrase associated with ... from is not parallel 4. The subject (cost, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (are, which is plural) 5. The subject (costs, which is plural) correctly agrees with the verb (are, which is plural); the phrase arising from maintaining ... and from continuously upgrading is parallel Written in Austria in 1762, the composer of Symphony No. 5 was a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, who many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his contribution to classical music while court musician for the Esterhazy family. A) B) C) the composer of Symphony No. 5 was a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, who many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his Franz Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 5, who many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his Symphony No. 5 was composed by a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, who many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his

D)

Symphony No. 5's composer was a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, whom many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his Symphony No. 5 was composed by a brilliant musician, Franz Joseph Haydn, whom many later called the "Father of the Symphony" for his

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

A modifying phrase needs to be placed by the word it modifies. However, in the original sentence, the modifying phrase written in Austria in 1762 incorrectly modifies the composer. It makes no sense that the composer was written in Austria. Instead, Symphony No. 5 was Written in Austria in 1762. The subject pronoun who needs to be replaced by the object pronoun whom since Haydn is not the subject of the sentence. Rather, many [individuals] later called is the subject and they are calling Haydn, who is the object, an important musician. 1. Written in Austria in 1762 illogically modifies a composer, not a composition; the subject pronoun who is used instead of the object pronoun whom 2. The pronoun who illogically refers back to Symphony No. 5 3. The subject pronoun who is used instead of the object pronoun whom 4. Written in Austria in 1762 illogically modifies a composer, not a composition 5. Written in Austria in 1762 correctly modifies a composition (Symphony No. 5, not its composer); the object pronoun whom is correctly used instead of the subject pronoun who ust as listening to Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous fireside chats helps students of history understand the 1930s, an era marked by incredible domestic economic distress and unparalleled foreign conflict, so Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address helps students grasp the immense strife and challenge America faced in the post-Civil War era. A) B) C) D) so Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address helps students grasp the immense strife and challenge America faced in the post-Civil War era. Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address helps students grasp the post-Civil War era, a time of immense domestic challenge and strife. reading Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address helps students grasp the post-Civil War era, a time of immense domestic challenge and strife so reading Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address helps students grasp the post-Civil War era, a time of immense domestic challenge and strife so reading Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address helps students grasp a time of immense domestic challenge and strife--the post-Civil War era

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation

This sentence is built around the comparative idiom just as x, so y. As with any other comparative idiom, the two parts being compared (i.e., x and y) must be grammatically parallel. In the original sentence, x (listening to Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous fireside chats) is not parallel to y (Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address). These two elements can be made parallel by changing y to reading Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address. Notice the parallelism with the new paragraph structure: listening to Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous fireside chats reading Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address The sentence could be made more parallel by re-writing the immense strife and challenge America faced in the post-Civil War era to match the format of the non-underlined portion (the 1930s, an era...). In other words, for these two sections to be parallel, the time period should come first followed by a description of that time period. Notice the parallelism with the new paragraph structure: the 1930s, an era marked by incredible domestic economic distress the post-Civil War era, a time of immense domestic challenge and strife. 1. The idiom just as x, so y does not compare parallel elements; the description of the 1930s is not parallel to the description of post-Civil War America 2. The idiom just as x, so y is broken as the word so is omitted; parallel elements are not compared in that listening to Franklin D. Roosevelt's famous fireside chats is compared to Abraham Lincoln's famous Second Inaugural Address; 3. The idiom just as x, so y is broken as the word so is omitted 4. The idiom just as x, so y is properly maintained; parallel elements are compared in both x (listening...) and y (reading...) and in the description of the 1930s (domestic economic distress) and the post-Civil War era (domestic challenge and strife) 5. The description of the 1930s is not parallel to the description of post-Civil War America Although many citizens enjoy spacious and well-kept state parks, some fiscally conservative State Representatives are quick to point out that maintaining state parks cost far more than other state land. A) maintaining state parks cost far more than other state land B) state parks costs far more to maintain than other state land does C) maintaining state parks costs far more than other state land D) state parks cost far more to maintain than other state land does E) to maintain state parks is far more expensive than other state land Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation There are two main issues in this sentence:

(1) The subject (maintaining state parks, which is singular) and verb (cost, which is plural) do not agree. (2) The cost to maintain state parks is being compared with the cost of other state land. You cannot compare unlike parts (i.e., the cost to maintain land and the cost of the land itself). The correct sentence would be written as x costs far more to maintain than y where x and y are parallel and similar elements (i.e., both x and y refer to the cost to maintain a specific type of land). 1. The subject and verb do not agree; the cost of maintaining state parks is improperly compared to the cost of state land 2. The subject (state parks, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (costs, which is singular) 3. The cost of maintaining state parks is improperly compared to the cost of state land 4. The subject (state parks, which is plural) agrees with the verb (cost, which is plural); the word does ["cost to maintain" is understood] makes the sentence parallel and ensures that similar objects are being compared 5. The cost to maintain state parks is improperly compared to the cost of state land During the 1992 Presidential campaign, President George H. W. Bush and his promise four years earlier to never raise taxes experienced considerable criticism from economic conservatives who felt betrayed by Bush's 1990 tax-hike, which he implemented over the objections of economic conservatives who decried tax hikes, insisted that low taxes created wealth, and contended that deregulation promoted innovation. President George H. W. Bush and his promise four years earlier to never raise taxes experienced considerable criticism from economic conservatives who felt betrayed by Bushs 1990 tax-hike, which he implemented over the objections of economic A) conservatives who decried tax hikes, insisted that low taxes created wealth, and contended that deregulation promoted innovation President George H. W. Bush experienced considerable criticism from economic conservatives who felt betrayed by Bushs 1990 tax-hike, which he implemented despite his past promises and the objections of economic conservatives who decried tax hikes, B) insisted that low taxes created wealth, and contended that deregulation promoted innovation President George H. W. Bush and his promise four years earlier to never raise taxes experienced considerable criticism from economic conservatives who felt betrayed by Bushs 1990 tax-hike, which he implemented despite his past promises, the objections of C) economic conservatives who decried tax hikes, the insistence that low taxes create wealth, and the contention that deregulation promoted innovation President George H. W. Bush experienced considerable criticism from economic conservatives who felt betrayed by Bushs 1990 tax-hike, which he implemented despite his past promises and the objections of economic conservatives who decried tax hikes, D) having insisted that low taxes created wealth and contending that deregulation promotes innovation President George H. W. Bush experienced considerable criticism from economic

conservatives who felt betrayed by Bushs 1990 tax-hike, which he implemented despite his past promises and the objections of economic conservatives who decried tax hikes, insist that low taxes created wealth, and contend that deregulation promoted innovation Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation E) There is one main problem with the original sentence. (1)The sentence is constructed in a misleading fashion, giving the impression that conservatives criticized Bushs promise as opposed to his breaking of that promise. When read in its entirety, the sentence incorrectly indicates that it wasnt Bushs promise that received considerable criticism but his breaking of the promise. When correcting this sentence, it is important to keep parallelism in mind. Each part of the economic conservatives philosophy must be parallel. To do this, the sentence should read: whose philosophy decried..., insisted..., and contended 1. The sentence is constructed in a misleading fashion, giving the impression that the conservatives criticized Bushs promise as opposed to his breaking of that promise 2. The sentence correctly states that it was Bush (not his past promise) that received criticism; the objections of economic conservatives are listed in a parallel fashion 3. The sentence is constructed in a misleading fashion, giving the impression that the conservatives criticized Bushs promise as opposed to his breaking of that promise; this sentence gives the misleading understanding of the objections of economic conservatives (i.e., it seems to imply that the insistence that low taxes create wealth, and the contention that deregulation promoted innovation are not explanations for or parts of the economic conservatives' objections) 4. Each part of the economic conservatives philosophy is not parallel (i.e., the phrase who decried tax hikes, having insisted ... and contending that ... is not parallel) 5. Each part of the economic conservatives philosophy is not parallel (i.e., the phrase who decried tax hikes, insist ... and contend... is not parallel) By confronting a devastated economy through actions such as creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, opening the Securities and Exchange Commission, suspending the gold standard, launching massive public works programs, and improving the morale of a demoralized nation through his fireside chats, First Inaugural address, and other motivational speeches, Franklin Roosevelt both lifted the spirits of Americans across the country and set the United States on a course that helped propel it out of the Great Depression. A) B) launching massive public works programs, and improving the morale of a demoralized nation through his fireside chats and launching massive public works programs, and improving the morale of a demoralized nation through his fireside chats and launching massive public works programs, and by improving the morale of a nation demoralized through his fireside chats

C) D) and through the launch of massive public works programs, and by improving the morale of a demoralized nation through his fireside chats and launching massive public works programs, and by improving the morale of a demoralized nation through his fireside chats

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

Franklin Roosevelt did two things to set the United States on a course to propel itself out of the depression: (1) confronting a devastated economy (2) improving the morale of the demoralized country. Both these two actions and the list of steps taken to accomplish them need to be parallel. Since the first action (followed with its list of steps) is introduced with by the second action (followed with its list of steps) should also be introduced with by. The correct insertion into the underlined portion of the sentence should begin with and launching massive since this is the third and final step in the list of actions taken to confront a devastated economy. The correct sentence should read: By confronting a devastated economy through {list of actions in parallel}, and by improving the morale of a demoralized nation through {list of actions in parallel} The correct sentence should read: By confronting a devastated economy through actions such as creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, opening the Securities and Exchange Commission, suspending the gold standard, and launching massive public works programs, and by improving the morale of a demoralized nation through his fireside chats, First Inaugural address, and other motivational speeches, Franklin Roosevelt both... 1. the sentence is not parallel (i.e., the phrase by confronting x through y...and improving m through n is not parallel); the word and should be inserted before the word launching since launching describes the third and final step in the first series of actions Franklin Roosevelt took 2. the sentence is not parallel (i.e., the phrase by confronting x through y...and improving m through n is not parallel) 3. this sentence carries a pernicious distortion of meaning as the phrase a demoralized nation through is replaced with the phrase a nation demoralized through, which distorts the sentence to mean that Roosevelt's speeches were the source of the nation's demoralization 4. the phrase through the launch of takes away the parallelism of the list of items taken to accomplish the first action (i.e., the phrase creating..., opening..., and through the launch is not parallel) 5. the sentence is parallel (i.e., the phrase by confronting x through y...and by improving m through n is parallel)

n his best-selling book The Omnivore's Dilemma, which social critics see as yet another piece of evidence to support their thesis of a burgeoning interest in natural food among Americans, Michael Pollan elucidates industrial farming, explains organic farming, and discusses hunting and gathering food for oneself. In his best-selling book The Omnivore's Dilemma, which social critics see as yet another piece of evidence to support their thesis of a burgeoning interest in natural food among A) Americans, Michael Pollan elucidates industrial farming, explains organic farming, and discusses hunting and gathering food for oneself. Michael Pollan, in his best-selling book The Omnivores Dilemma, which social critics see as yet another piece of evidence to support their thesis of a burgeoning interest in natural B) foods among Americans, elucidates industrial farming, explaining organic farming and discussing hunting and gathering food for oneself. In his best-selling book The Omnivores Dilemma, elucidating industrial farming, explaining organic farming, and discussing hunting and gathering food for oneself, Michael C) Pollan gives social critics yet another piece of evidence to support their thesis of a burgeoning interest in natural food among Americans. Michael Pollan, in his best-selling book The Omnivores Dilemma, serving as yet another piece of evidence to support the thesis of a burgeoning interest in natural food among D) Americans, elucidates industrial farming, explains organic farming, and discusses hunting and gathering food for oneself. In his best-selling book The Omnivore's Dilemma, which is seen by social critics as yet another piece of evidence to support their thesis of a burgeoning interest in natural food E) among Americans, Michael Pollan elucidates industrial farming, explaining organic farming and discussing hunting and gathering food for oneself. Hide Answer Correct Answer: A Hide Explanation 1. the subject (Michael Pollan) and verb (elucidates) are placed close together, making the sentence easily comprehensible; the modifying phrases refer to the proper phrases or nouns 2. the subject (Michael Pollan) and verb (elucidates) are separated by two long modifying phrases, creating a sentence that is awkward and unclear 3. the modifying phrase In his best-selling book The Omnivores Dilemma is illogically and improperly separated from the noun it is meant to modify (i.e., Michael Pollan) 4. the modifying phrase In his best-selling book The Omnivores Dilemma is illogically and improperly separated from the noun it is meant to modify (i.e., Michael Pollan) 5. the three traits of the book The Omnivores Dilemma are not parallel: elucidates...explaining...discussing; the correct parallelism would be: elucidates..., explains..., and discusses By the year 2000, A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens' gripping book portraying the suffering of the proletariat under the brutal subjugation of the French aristocracy had around 200 million copies in print, making it more than that of almost any other English book ever written. book portraying the suffering of the proletariat under the brutal subjugation of the French

A) B) C) D)

aristocracy had around 200 million copies in print, making it more than book portraying the suffering of the proletariat under the brutal subjugation of the French aristocracy had around 200 million copies in print, which is more than book portraying the suffering of the proletariat under the brutal subjugation of the French aristocracy, had around 200 million copies in print, more than book portraying the suffering of the proletariat under the brutal subjugation of the French aristocracy, had around 200 million copies in print, making it more than book portraying the suffering of the proletariat under the brutal subjugation of the French aristocracy had around 200 million copies in print and is more than

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: C Hide Explanation

There are three main issues being tested in this question. (1) The phrase Charles Dickens'...aristocracy is a modifying phrase and must be set off in a pair of commas as it should stand between the subject and verb in order to clearly modify the subject. Modifiers that break the flow of the sentence must be set off in a pair of commas. Without a comma after aristocracy, the modifying phrase is not properly separated from the subject (A Tale of Two Cities) and verb (had). (2) The pronoun it in the phrase making it more than does not have a clear antecedent (although it probably refers to A Tale of Two Cities). (3) The phrase making it more than illogically compares a book to a number of copies of a book in print. The sentence should compare a number of copies in print to a number of copies in print. 1. there is no comma between aristocracy and had to set off the modifying phrase; the sentence improperly compares unlike parts; the pronoun it toward the end of the sentence has no clear antecedent 2. there is no comma between aristocracy and had to set off the modifying phrase 3. the modifying phrase between the subject and verb is set off by a comma; the unclear and unnecessary pronoun it has been removed; like parts are being compared (i.e., number of copies in print) 4. the sentence improperly compares unlike parts; the pronoun it toward the end of the sentence has no clear antecedent 5. this is a long run-on sentence; there is no comma between aristocracy and had to set off the modifying phrase; the phrase and is more than is awkward as there is no clear subject to which the verb is refers In an August 1, 2002 legal memo that would later become a lightning rod for controversy, Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Legal Counsel Jay Bybee went on record as one of the first and most senior government officials to consider controversial interrogation tactics to be

permissible and international laws such as the Geneva Conventions irrelevant in dealing with socalled unlawful enemy combatants. A) B) C) D) controversial interrogation tactics to be permissible and international laws such as the Geneva Conventions irrelevant in dealing controversial interrogation tactics permissible and international laws such as the Geneva Conventions irrelevant in dealing controversial interrogation tactics as permissible and international laws such as the Geneva Conventions irrelevant in dealing controversial interrogation tactics permissible and international laws such as the Geneva Conventions to be irrelevant in dealing controversial interrogation tactics permissible and international laws such as the Geneva Conventions as irrelevant in dealing

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation

When using the word consider to mean believe or contend, the word as or to be should not be used. Consequently, the sentence structure with consider controversial interrogation...to be permissible should be changed such that to be is removed. The correct idiom is: to consider W X The two things being considered (as well as how they are considered) should be parallel: to consider W X and [to consider] Y Z where the second to consider is understood or implied and X and Z are parallel to consider controversial integration tactics permissible and international laws such as the Geneva Conventions irrelevant 1. the words to be should be eliminated as they are unnecessary and break the proper idiom to consider W X 2. the idiom to consider W X and Y Z is properly used as to be has been removed 3. the sentence structure (to consider W as X and Y Z) is neither parallel nor idiomatic 4. the sentence structure (to consider W X and Y to be Z) is neither parallel nor idiomatic 5. the sentence structure (to consider W X and Y as Z) is neither parallel nor idiomatic Recent elections in a relatively young and historically unstable country in East Africa saw record numbers of voters, the peaceful rejection of an incumbent administration, the unprecedented access of media, campaigning marked by civility, and a renewing of nationalism. numbers of voters, the peaceful rejection of an incumbent administration, the unprecedented access of media, campaigning marked by civility, and a renewing of A) nationalism B) voter turnout, the peaceful rejection of an incumbent administration, unprecedented media access, campaigning marked by civility, and a renewing of nationalism voter turnout, the rejection of an incumbent administration in a peaceful manner, the unprecedented access of media, campaigns marked by civility, and renewed nationalism

C) D) numbers of voters, the peaceful rejection of an incumbent administration, unprecedented media access, campaigns marked by civility, and renewed nationalism voter turnout, the peaceful rejection of an incumbent administration, unprecedented media access, campaigns marked by civility, and renewed nationalism

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

All the traits or characteristics of the election should be parallel (nouns in this case). In other words, the sentence should read: Recent elections ... saw {noun}, {noun}, {noun}, {noun}, and {noun}. In the current sentence, campaigning marked by civility is a participle and not a noun. This phase can be a noun: campaigns marked by civility. The wordy phrase a renewing of nationalism can be shortened to renewed nationalism. The wordy phrase number of votes can be shortened to voter turnout. 1. all traits of the election are not parallel (campaigning marked by civility is not a noun); a renewing of nationalism is not concise; number of votes is not concise 2. all traits of the election are not parallel (campaigning marked by civility is not a noun); a renewing of nationalism is not concise; 3. the wordy phrase the unprecedented access of media can be shortened to unprecedented media access; the wordy phrase the rejection of an incumbent administration in a peaceful manner can be shortened to the peaceful rejection of an incumbent administration 4. numbers of is grammatically wrong and can be corrected and shortened by the word turnout 5. the sentence is concise; all traits or characteristics of the election are parallel Under most conditions, an atom of one of the noble gases is inert because their outer orbital contains the maximum number of electrons; the completion of their outer orbital makes these elements more stable and less able to react with other atoms and molecules. because their outer orbital contains the maximum number of electrons; the completion of their outer orbital makes these elements more stable and less able to react with other atoms A) and molecules. because its outer orbital contains the maximum number of electrons; the completion of the outer orbital makes the atoms of the elements more stable and less able to react with other B) atoms and molecules. C) because its outer orbital contains the maximum number of electrons, which makes these elements more stable and less able to react with other atoms and molecules. because their outer orbital contains the maximum number of electrons, making these

D)

elements more stable and less able to react with other atoms and molecules. because their outer orbital contains the maximum number of electrons, and the completion of their outer orbitals makes these elements more stable and less able to react with other E) atoms and molecules. Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation The subject of this sentence is atom, a singular noun, and the rest of the sentence is about the atom of a noble gas. Therefore the pronouns referring to atom should be in the singular form as well. Yet, it is possible that the pronoun preceding outer could refer to the plural noun gases, except for the fact that the noun orbital is in the singular form. Since the noble gases do not all share a single orbital, the pronoun should be its in order to refer to atom. 1. Since the noble gases do not all share a single orbital, the pronoun should be its in order to refer to the singular noun atom. 2. This sentence is correct as is. The sentence correctly places the singular pronoun its with the singular noun orbital, and there are no misplaced modifiers. 3. The participial phrase beginning with which makes, incorrectly modifies electrons. The electrons in general do not make the atom stable; the fact that the atom's outer orbital has a complete set of electrons makes the atom stable. 4. Since the noble gases do not all share a single orbital, the pronoun should be its in order to refer to the singular noun atom. The participial phrase beginning with making, incorrectly modifies electrons. The electrons in general do not make the atom stable; the fact that the atom's outer orbital has the complete set of electrons makes the atom stable. 5. Since the noble gases do not all share a single orbital, the pronoun should be its in order to refer to the singular noun atom. In geometry, polygons with up to twelve sides have different given names; however, if the number of sides is greater than twelve, name the polygon by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons. A) B) C) D) if the number of sides is greater than twelve, name the polygon by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons. if the number of sides is higher than twelve, the polygon is named by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons. if the number of sides is higher than twelve, name the polygon by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons. if the number of sides is greater than twelve, the polygon is named by placing the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons. if the number of sides is higher than twelve, place the suffix "gon" after the number of sides in the polygons.

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: D

Hide Explanation This question focuses on idiom and verb form. The first half of this sentence is written in the present indicative tense, and the second half of the sentence is written in the form of a command. The second half of the sentence introduces the implied pronoun you, which is not mentioned anywhere within the first half of the sentence. In order to agree with the first half of the sentence, the second half of the sentence should be in the indicative mood as well. The idiom greater than is correct. 1. The second half of the sentence introduces the implied pronoun you, which is not mentioned anywhere within the first half of the sentence. In order to agree with the first half of the sentence, the second half of the sentence should be in the indicative mood as well. 2. Higher than is not the correct idiom; the correct idiom is greater than. 3. The second half of the sentence introduces the implied pronoun you, which is not mentioned anywhere within the first half of the sentence. In order to agree with the first half of the sentence, the second half of the sentence should be in the indicative mood as well. Higher than is not the correct idiom; the correct idiom is greater than. 4. This sentence is correct as is. The second half of the sentence agrees with the first half of the sentence, and the idiom greater than is the correct idiom. 5. The second half of the sentence introduces the implied pronoun you, which is not mentioned anywhere within the first half of the sentence. In order to agree with the first half of the sentence, the second half of the sentence should be in the indicative mood as well. Higher than is not the correct idiom; the correct idiom is greater than. Heightened land erosion, caused by human activity, has many negative effects including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment. A) B) C) D) including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment. including: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and harmful chemicals entering the ocean's environment. including: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the ocean's environment. including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, imbalance of the fish population, and harmful chemicals entering the oceans environment.

including the following: algae blooms, coral reef destruction, certain fish populations rising, certain fish populations falling, and the introduction of harmful chemicals to the E) oceans environment. Hide Answer Correct Answer: A Hide Explanation

This sentence is correct as is because all of the items in the list are parallel form. Each of the items is a noun that names a harmful effect of land erosion. The construction of the list is also correct. The noun following, which immediately precedes the list, correctly renames the items in the series. 1. This sentence is correct as is because all of the items in the list are in parallel form. The construction of the list is also correct. The noun following, which immediately precedes the list, correctly renames the items in the series. 2. The construction of the list in this sentence is incorrect. In a list, the word immediately preceding the colon should rename the items found in the list. Including does not rename the items in the list. The items in the series are not in parallel form. All of the items in the series are nouns, with the exception of harmful chemicals entering the ocean's environment, which is an absolute phrase. In order for the structure to be parallel, the last item must be in the form of a noun as well. 3. The construction of the list in this sentence is incorrect. In a list, the word immediately preceding the colon should rename the items found in the list. Including does not rename the items in the list. 4. The items in the series are not in parallel form. All of the items in the series are nouns, with the exception of harmful chemicals entering the ocean's environment, which is an absolute phrase. In order for the structure to be parallel, the last item must be in the form of a noun as well. 5. The items in the series are not in a parallel form. With the exception of certain fish populations rising and certain fish populations falling, which are absolute phrases, all of the items in the series are nouns. The absolutes also make the sentence longer and wordier than necessary. Because chickens lack teeth, they need another way to break apart the food they eat before reaching the stomach, and for this reason, chickens have a gizzard in which stones they swallow are used to grind their food. A) B) C) D) before reaching the stomach, and for this reason, chickens have a gizzard in which stones they swallow are used to grind their food. before it reaches the stomach, and for this reason, chickens have a gizzard in which stones they have swallowed is used to grind their food. before it reaches the stomach, and for this reason, chickens have a gizzard in which stones they swallow are used to grind their food. before reaching the stomach, and for this reason, chickens have a gizzard in which stones they have swallowed is used to grind their food. before it reaches the stomach, and for this reason, chickens have a gizzard in which stones they have swallowed are used to grind their food.

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

This question focuses on verb tense and agreement, as well as general rhetorical construction. In this sentence all of the verbs agree with their subjects. However, the phrase before reaching the stomach does not have a clear subject. It appears to modify they, the chickens, instead of food. The present tense verb swallow should be replaced with the present perfect verb have swallowed in order to indicate that the swallowing occurred before the use of the stones. 1. The phrase before reaching the stomach does not have a clear subject. It appears to modify they, the chickens, instead of food.The present tense verb swallow should be replaced with the present perfect verb have swallowed in order to indicate that the swallowing occurred before the use of the stones. 2. The singular verb is does not agree with the plural subject stones. Is should be in the plural form are. 3. swallow should be in past perfect have swallowed 4. The phrase before reaching the stomach does not have a clear subject. It appears to modify they, the chickens, instead of food. The singular verb is does not agree with the plural noun stones. Is should be in the plural form are. 5. This sentence is correct as is. In this sentence all of the verbs agree with their subjects and are in the correct tenses. The modifying phrases do not allow for any confusion. The purring noise of a cat, although most people think that cats purr because they are content, is actually involuntary and is not directly related with the emotion of the cat. A) B) C) D) The purring noise of a cat, although most people think that cats purr because they are content, is actually involuntary and is not directly related with the emotion of the cat. Although most people think that cats purr because they are content, the purring noise of a cat is actually involuntary and is not directly related with the emotion of the cat. Although most people think that cats purr because they are content, the purring noise of a cat is actually involuntary and is not directly related to the emotion of the cat. The purring noise of a cat, although most people think that cats purr because they are content, is actually involuntary and is not directly related to the emotion of the cat. Although most people think that cats are purring because they are content, the purring noise of a cat is actually involuntary and is not directly related with the emotion of the cat.

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: C Hide Explanation

This question focuses on idiom and rhetorical construction. In this sentence the placement of the adverb clause beginning with although breaks up the sentence. The clause would best be placed in the beginning of the sentence in order for the sentence to be more easily read. Related with is not the correct idiom. The correct idiom is related to. 1. The placement of the adverb clause beginning with although breaks up the sentence. The clause would best be placed in the beginning of the sentence in order for the sentence to read more easily. Related with is not the correct idiom. The correct idiom is related to. 2. Related with is not the correct idiom. The correct idiom is related to.

3. This sentence is correct as is. The adverb clause beginning with although is well placed, and the correct idiom, related to is used. 4. The placement of the adverb clause beginning with although breaks up the sentence. The clause would best be placed in the beginning of the sentence in order for the sentence to be more easily read. 5. The placement of the adverb clause beginning with although breaks up the sentence. The clause would best be placed in the beginning of the sentence in order for the sentence to be more easily read. All the verbs in the sentence are in the present tense except for are purring, which is in the present progressive. In order to agree with the rest of the sentence are purring should be in the simple present tense purr. Related with is not the correct idiom. The correct idiom is related to.
Medium level

Considered to be one of the brightest upcoming legal scholars, Douglas Kysar has written countless articles on environmental law and policy; his writings, which include a book with renowned law professor Daniel Esty, is cited more often than most other young legal scholars. A) is cited more often than most other B) are cited more often than most other C) is cited more often than those of most other D) are cited more often than those of most other E) are cited more often than are most other Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation There are two major problems with this sentence. (1) The subject (his writings, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (is, which is singular). Since the words his writings are located outside the underlined portion, the verb is must be changed to are. (2) The idiom more often than is intended to compare the writings of Douglas Kysar with the writings of other young legal scholars. However, the original sentence compares Kysar's writings with other young legal scholars. It does not make sense to compare writings to people. The correct comparison should compare the writings of Kysar to those of most other young legal scholars, where the pronoun those clearly refers to legal writings--not young professors. 1. The subject (his writings, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (is, which is singular); the writings of Douglas Kysar are illogically compared to other young legal scholars 2. The writings of Douglas Kysar are illogically compared to other young legal scholars

3. The subject (his writings, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (is, which is singular) 4. The subject (his writings, which is plural) correctly agrees with the verb (are, which is plural); the writings of Douglas Kysar are correctly compared to those [referring to writings] of most other young legal scholars 5. The writings of Douglas Kysar are illogically compared to other young legal scholars; the are is awkward Unlike the team of lawyers working for the petitioner, whose argument rested on a questionable interpretation of a bill that only recently passed Congress, the government's argument centered on what many legal experts consider a main-stream interpretation of the Bill of Rights. A) B) C) D) the team of lawyers working for the petitioner, whose argument rested on a questionable interpretation of a bill that only recently passed Congress the argument from the petitioner, which rested on a questionable interpretation of a bill that only recently passed Congress the petitioner's argument, which rested on a questionable interpretation of a bill that only recently passed Congress the petitioner's argument, whose case rested on a questionable interpretation of a bill that recently only passed Congress the petitioner's argument, which rested on a questionable interpretation of a bill that recently only passed Congress

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: C Hide Explanation

There are two main issues being tested in this sentence. (1) When using like or unlike, you must compare like parts (e.g., compare arguments with arguments). The original sentence improperly compares the team of lawyers with the government's argument. (2) The expression , which modifies the term that is immediately before it. For example, the phrase the argument from the petitioner, which rested on a questionable interpretation of a bill that only recently passed Congress is incorrect since it was not the petitioner that rested on a questionable interpretation, but rather the argument that rested on a questionable interpretation. 1. the sentence illogically and improperly compares unlike parts (i.e., it compares the team of lawyers with the government's argument) 2. the phrase the argument from the petitioner, which rested on a questionable interpretation of a bill that only recently passed Congress is incorrect since it was not the petitioner that rested on a questionable interpretation, but rather the argument that rested on a questionable interpretation

3. the sentence properly compares like parts (i.e., it compares the petitioner's argument with the government's argument); , which rested on... properly and logically modifies the phrase it follows 4. the phrase whose case rested on is illogical since whose (which should modify a person) is actually modifying an argument 5. the original sentence, which reads a bill that only recently passed Congress, is perniciously changed to a new sentence, which reads a bill that recently only passed Congress; the difference in meaning between a bill that recently only passed Congress (meaning it did not become law) and a bill that only recently passed Congress (meaning it passed Congress a short time ago) is significant As the Federal government's deficit grows, analysts project that the extra cost to the Treasury Department in higher interest rates is well over 50 basis points per year. A) B) C) D) the extra cost to the Treasury Department in higher interest rates is well over 50 basis points per year the extra cost to the Treasury Department, incurred in higher interest rates, is going to be well over an extra 50 basis points per year the Treasury Department will face higher interest rates, well over an extra 50 basis points per year higher interest rates will cost the Treasury Department well over an extra 50 basis points per year well over an extra 50 basis points per year will be the cost that is going to be borne by the Treasury Department

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation

There are three issues in this sentence. (1) The sentence is not concise. (2) The sentence unnecessarily uses passive voice and should use active voice. (3) The sentence unnecessarily inserts space between the subject and verb, which makes understanding the sentence more difficult. 1. the sentence could be made more direct by saying X will cost Treasury Y instead of saying the extra cost to Treasury in X is Y 2. the phrase is going to be well over is wordy as going and to be convey the same idea 3. the phrase well over an extra 50 basis points per year awkwardly modifies the higher interest rates and breaks the flow of the sentence 4. the sentence is concise and uses active voice 5. the sentence unnecessarily uses passive voice

After a storied investment bank recently fired its CEO and hired an outspoken and flamboyant replacement, members of the news media centered their stories on the replacement's claims that, based upon his past work at a private equity firm, he can return the investment bank to profitability. A) B) C) D) that, based upon his past work at a private equity firm, he can return the investment bank to profitability of the ability, based upon his past work at a private equity firm, of returning the investment bank to profitability of being able to return, based upon his past work at a private equity firm, the investment to be, based upon his past work at a private equity firm, able to return the investment bank to profitability that, based upon his past work at a private equity firm, he is capable of returning the investment bank back to profitability

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: A Hide Explanation

The verb claims should be followed by one of two patterns: (1) that followed by a subordinate clause (2) claims followed by an infinitive (set apart by commas). 1. claims is correctly followed by that and a subordinate clause set apart by commas 2. the phrase claims of the ability, ..., of returning is neither grammatical nor idiomatic 3. the phrase claims of being able to return, ..., the investment is neither grammatical nor idiomatic 4. the phrase to be...able to return should not be split up as it creates an awkward construction; to be able to return can be made concise by removing to be able 5. the phrase returning the investment bank back is redundant as the words returning and back convey the same idea; the phrase he is capable of can be shortened to the phrase he can The first United States Solicitor General, Benjamin H. Bristow, born in 1832 and served in the Grant administration from 1874 to 1876. Earlier in his life, Bristow had served as a lieutenant colonel in the 25th Kentucky Infantry. A) B) C) D) born in 1832 and served in the Grant administration from 1874 to 1876. Earlier in his life, Bristow had served as a lieutenant colonel in the 25th Kentucky Infantry was born in 1832 and had served in the Grant administration from 1874 to 1876. Earlier in his life, Bristow served as a lieutenant colonel born in 1832 and appointee in the Grant administration from 1874 to 1875. Earlier in his life, Bristow served as a lieutenant colonel in the 25th Kentucky Infantry was born in 1832 and served in the Grant administration from 1874 to 1876. Earlier in his life, Bristow had served as a lieutenant colonel in the 25th Kentucky Infantry

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

was born in 1832 and served in the Grant administration from 1874 to 1876. Earlier in his life, Bristow served as a lieutenant colonel in the 25th Kentucky Infantry

There are two main problems with this sentence. (1) The subject (the first United States Solicitor General) does not have a verb. (2) The past perfect tense had served is wrong as the phrase earlier in his life makes it clear that his service as a lieutenant occurred before his service as solicitor general. Consequently, the past perfect tense is not needed to differentiate the timing of the two events in the past. 1. the subject (the first United States Solicitor General) does not have a verb 2. the past perfect tense had served is wrong as it conveys the idea that his service in the Grant administration occurred before he was born 3. the subject (the first United States Solicitor General) does not have a verb 4. the past perfect tense had served is wrong as the phrase earlier in his life makes it clear that his service as a lieutenant occurred before his service as solicitor general 5. the past perfect tense is not used; the subject (the first United States Solicitor General) has a verb A recent decision made by the United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York, who many consider a leading contender for a cabinet appointment, is both seen by most legal observers as a savvy political maneuver and an abrogation of professional responsibility. who many consider a leading contender for a cabinet appointment, is both seen by most legal observers as a savvy political maneuver and an abrogation of professional A) responsibility whom many consider a leading contender for a cabinet appointment, is seen by most legal observers as both a savvy political maneuver and an abrogation of professional B) responsibility whom many consider a leading contender for a cabinet appointment, is both seen by most legal observers as a savvy political maneuver and an abrogation of professional C) responsibility who many consider a leading contender for a cabinet appointment, is seen by most legal observers as both a savvy political maneuver and an abrogation of professional D) responsibility whom is seen as a leading contender for a cabinet appointment, is also seen by most legal observers as both a savvy political maneuver and an abrogation of professional E) responsibility Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation

There are two main issues in this question. (1) the subject pronoun who in the phrase who many consider a leading contender should be the object pronoun whom since the Attorney is the object (i.e., many [people] is the subject and the Attorney is the one being acted upon or considered). (2) the sentence should use the idiom both x and y where x and y are parallel such that the sentence is structured as follows: is seen ...both x and y (i.e., both a savvy political maneuver and an abrogation of professional responsibility). The original version improperly states: is both seen...x and y 1. the object pronoun whom should replace the subject pronoun who; the idiom both x and y is not properly used 2. the object pronoun whom replaces the subject pronoun who; the idiom both x and y is properly used 3. the idiom both x and y is not properly used 4. the object pronoun whom should replace the subject pronoun who 5. the phrase whom is seen as a leading contender for a cabinet appointment is improper as there is nobody acting upon the object (represented by the object pronoun whom); the phrase is seen as a leading requires a subject (for the verb is and yet there is no subject, only an object) In a helpful book on the indexing and searching of text-based electronic files, a well-respected computer scientist differentiated latent semantic indexing, which is a technique designed to analyze relationships among the words within documents, with vector space models, which can search efficiently using augmented inverted indices. A) B) C) D) latent semantic indexing, which is a technique designed to analyze relationships among the words within documents, with vector space models, which can between latent semantic indexing, which is a technique designed to analyze the relationships among words within documents, with vector space models, which can among latent semantic indexing, which is a technique designed to analyze the relationships among words within documents, and vector space models, which can latent semantic indexing, which is a technique designed to analyze the relationships among words within documents, and vector space models, which can between latent semantic indexing, which is a technique designed to analyze relationships among the words within documents, and vector space models, which can

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

There are two issues being tested in this question. (1) The phrasing used in the original question (differentiated x with y) is not idiomatically correct and should be replaced by the correct idiom (differentiated between x and y)

(2) In order to ensure clarity and improve flow, the sentence should be constructed so that the format is consistent: differentiated between X, {description of X}, and Y, {description of Y} 1. the phrase differentiated latent semantic indexing...with vector space models is not idiomatically correct (i.e., the correct idiom is: differentiated between x and y) 2. the phrase differentiated between latent semantic indexing...with vector space models is not idiomatically correct (i.e., the correct idiom is: differentiated between x and y) 3. the phrase differentiated among implies that more than two objects are being compared, which is not true is this case; so, differentiated among is improperly used 4. the phrase differentiated latent semantic indexing...and vector space models is not idiomatically correct (i.e., the correct idiom is: differentiated between x and y) 5. the phrase differentiated between latent semantic indexing...and vector space models is idiomatically correct as it follows the idiom differentiated between x and y Despite the influx of international aid to a particularly war-torn region of East Africa during the waning months of 2006, in early 2007, many indigenous people unable to find food left their home to travel west where other tribal groups historically experienced less difficulties producing food, water, and land. A) B) C) D) their home to travel west where other tribal groups historically experienced less difficulties home to travel west where other tribal groups historically experienced fewer difficulties their home to travel west where other tribal groups historically experienced fewer difficulties home to travel west in search of other tribal groups who historically had experienced fewer difficulties home to travel west where other tribal groups historically had experienced fewer difficulties

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

There are three main issues being tested in this question. (1) The phrase their home is redundant as the word their could be eliminated (2) The phrase other tribal groups historically experienced (with its verb in the simple past tense) must be replaced with a phrase that uses the past perfect tense (i.e., historically had experienced). The past perfect tense must be used since we are dealing with two actions in the past where one action came before another (i.e., the historic ability to find food predated the decision to move). The word historically makes it clear that the ability to find food referred to the period of time before the individuals decided to move in 2007.

(3) The word less cannot be used with difficulties since difficulties can be counted and the proper word for countable items is fewer 1. the word their is redundant; the word less should be replaced by the word fewer; the simple past tense (experienced) should be replaced by the past perfect tense (had experienced) 2. the simple past tense (experienced) should be replaced by the past perfect tense (had experienced) 3. the word their is redundant; the simple past tense (experienced) should be replaced by the past perfect tense (had experienced) 4. many indigenous people...left home not in search of other tribal groups (as this option incorrectly states), but for land where other tribal groups historically had experienced fewer difficulties finding food 5. the unnecessary word their is properly eliminated; the past perfect tense is correctly used; the word fewer is used with countable items The owners of a fast growing tech start-up in Newport Beach organized the firm as a Limited Liability Company (LLC). The owners receive considerable personal liability protection from potential lawsuits, and they also avoid some egregious double-taxation that would occur if the company was set up as a C-corporation. A) B) C) D) protection from potential lawsuits, and they also avoid some egregious double-taxation that would occur if the company was set up as a C-corporation protection from potential lawsuits and avoid some egregious double-taxation that would occur if the company was set up as a C-corporation protection from potential lawsuits, avoiding some egregious double-taxation that would occur if the company was set up as a C-corporation protection from potential lawsuits, and avoid some egregious double-taxation that would occur if the company were set up as a C-corporation protection from potential lawsuits and avoid some egregious double-taxation that would occur if the company were set up as a C-corporation

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

There are two main issues with this sentence. (1) Since the double taxation would occur if the company.., we are dealing with a future hypothetical situation (or possibility) and must use the subjunctive mood. Consequently, if the company were must replace if the company was. (2) The two things that are true about the owners of the LLC must be parallel: they receive...and avoid. The original sentence improperly breaks the parallelism (i.e., the phrase receive..., and they also avoid is not parallel).

1. the subjunctive mood is not used; the sentence is not parallel (i.e., the phrase receive..., and they also avoid is not parallel) 2. the subjunctive mood is not used 3. the subjunctive mood is not used; the sentence is not parallel (i.e., the phrase receive..., avoiding is not parallel) 4. the sentence is not parallel (i.e., the phrase receive..., and avoid is not parallel) 5. the subjunctive mood is used; the sentence is parallel (i.e., the phrase receive... and avoid is parallel) During the summer of 2008, an unemployed investment banker with over 25 years of experience named Joshua Persky made news by walking the streets of New York City's financial district in a suit with a sandwich board advertising his services. Many social commentators disagreed on the implications of this, either seeing Joshua's efforts as a desperate and unprofessional manner to seek a job or they viewed Joshua's strategy as a savvy means to attract attention to an overly qualified individual. either seeing Joshua's efforts as a desperate and unprofessional manner to seek a job or they viewed Joshua's strategy as a savvy means to attract attention to an overly qualified A) individual. either seeing Joshua's efforts as a desperate and unprofessional manner to seek a job or viewing Joshua's strategy as a savvy means to attract attention to an overly qualified B) individual. seeing either Joshua's efforts as a desperate and unprofessional manner to seek a job or viewing Joshua's strategy as a savvy means to attract attention to an overly qualified C) individual. either seeing Joshua's efforts as a desperate and as an unprofessional manner to seek a job or viewing Joshua's strategy as a savvy means to attract attention to an overly qualified D) individual. seeing either Joshua's efforts as a desperate and unprofessional manner to seek a job or they viewed Joshua's strategy as a savvy means to attract attention to an overly qualified E) individual. Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation This question tests the idiom: either X or Y where both X and Y are parallel. In the original sentence, the construction is not idiomatic: either seeing...or they viewed should be replaced by: either seeing...or viewing 1. the phrase either seeing...or they viewed does not following the proper idiom the author attempts to use: either X or Y where both X and Y are parallel 2. the phrase either seeing Joshua's efforts as...or viewing Joshua's strategy... is parallel 3. the phrase seeing either ... or viewing does not follow the idiom the author attempts to use: either X or Y where both X and Y are parallel

4. the second as an in the phrase seeing Joshuas efforts as a desperate and as an unprofessional manner is unnecessary, wordy, and disruptive to the flow of the sentence 5. the phrase seeing either ... or they viewed does not follow the idiom the author attempts to use: either X or Y where both X and Y are parallel Many United States Congressmen recently voted to give the National Security Agency new powers enabling them to eavesdrop on telephone calls without a court warrant and pass along evidence from the calls to other government agencies. A) B) C) D) enabling them to eavesdrop on telephone calls without a court warrant and pass along evidence from the calls enabling it to eavesdrop on telephone calls without a court warrant and pass along evidence from the calls on which it eavesdropped enabling it to eavesdrop on telephone calls without a court warrant and pass along evidence from those calls enabling them to eavesdrop on telephone calls without a court warrant and be passing along evidence from those calls enabling it to eavesdrop on telephone calls without a court warrant and be passing along evidence from those calls

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: C Hide Explanation

There are three problems with the sentence: (1) The pronoun them (which is a plural pronoun) improperly refers back to the National Security Agency (which is a singular noun). As the sentence is currently constructed, one could construe the meaning as United States Congressmen were allowed to eavesdrop when the intention is that the Congressmen authorized the National Security Agency to eavesdrop. (2) It is imperative that the two powers that the Congressmen granted the National Security Agency appear in parallel: to eavesdrop ... and [to] pass along. (3) evidence from the calls is somewhat imprecise and can be improved by saying evidence from those calls, which more explicitly refers back to the calls on which the National Security Agency eavesdropped. 1. The pronoun them (which is a plural pronoun) improperly refers back to the National Security Agency (which is a singular noun) 2. The phrase the calls on which it eavesdropped is precise, but it is too wordy and could be replaced by those calls 3. The singular pronoun it properly refers back to the singular noun National Security Agency; those calls is concise; to eavesdrop and [to] pass along are parallel 4. The pronoun them (which is a plural pronoun) improperly refers back to the National Security Agency (which is a singular noun); the two powers that the Congressmen granted

the National Security Agency are not parallel (i.e., to eavesdrop ... and passing along); to be is wordy and unnecessary 5. The two powers that the Congressmen granted the National Security Agency are not parallel (i.e., to eavesdrop ... and passing along); to be is wordy and unnecessary A ground-breaking report written by a major group of scientists has indicated that much of the previously untraceable pollutants in stream water known to kill fish and harm humans comes from polluted rain water and irresponsible chemical dumping by large corporations. A) B) C) D) much of the previously untraceable pollutants in stream water known to kill fish and harm humans comes from much of the previously untraceable pollutants in stream water known to kill fish and harm humans come from many of the previously untraceable pollutants in stream water known to kill fish and harm humans comes from much of the previously untraceable pollutants in stream water known to kill fish and harming humans come from many of the previously untraceable pollutants in stream water known to kill fish and harm humans come from

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

There are two major issues with the sentence as it was originally written: (1) This sentence improperly uses much to describe a countable quantity (i.e., pollutants) when many should be used instead. In proper English, much is used for uncountable quantities (e.g., much of the water) while many is used for countable quantities (e.g., many apples, many gifts). (2) The subject of the sentence (untraceable pollutants, which is plural) does not agree with the verb of the sentence (comes, which is singular). 1. Much is wrongly used to describe a countable quantity when many should be used instead; the subject (pollutants) does not agree with the verb (comes) 2. Much is wrongly used to describe a countable quantity when many should be used instead 3. the subject (pollutants) does not agree with the verb (comes) 4. Much is wrongly used to describe a countable quantity when many should be used instead; the phrase to kill fish and harming humans is not parallel (i.e., to kill is not parallel with harming, which should be harm) 5. Many is correctly used with a countable quantity; the subject and verb are both plural After Exeter Recycling reported dismal earnings for the fifth straight quarter, its Chairman announced that the Board of Directors planned to fire the current executive managers, seen by many as unresponsive and incompetent, and in replacing them, choose younger and more nimble managers.

A) and in replacing them, choose younger B) to be replacing it with younger C) and replace it with younger D) to replace them with younger E) and replace them with younger Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation There are two main issues being tested in this problem. (1) The subject (executive managers, which is plural) must be referred to with a plural pronoun (them not it) (2) The Board of Directors planned to do two things: to fire the current executive managers and [to] replace them. These two plans must be parallel. The resulting sentence is: the Board of Directors planned to fire the current executive managers...and [to] replace where the [to] is understood since replace is in the infinitive form. 1. the phrase the Board of Directors planned to fire...and in replacing is not parallel 2. the singular pronoun it cannot refer to a plural subject (i.e., the current executive managers); the phrase to be replacing is not concise and should be replaced by to replace 3. the singular pronoun it cannot refer to a plural subject the current executive managers 4. the phrase the Board of Directors planned to fire...to replace lacks the word and, which is needed to clearly delineate between the two actions or plans that the Board announced 5. the phrase the Board of Directors planned to fire...and replace is parallel; the plural pronoun them correctly references a plural noun (i.e., current executive managers) In 1997, a 9-0 ruling from the Supreme Court in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union surprised some observers as it struck down provisions of the Communications Decency Act; the court ruled that the law violated the freedom of speech provisions of the First Amendment. A) Act; the court ruled that B) Act, which ruled that C) Act, with a ruling that D) Act; they ruled that E) Act and they ruled Hide Answer Correct Answer: A Hide Explanation

Use a semicolon between closely related independent clauses that are not conjoined with a coordinating conjunction. In this sentence, it is easiest to convey the two related ideas as separate and independent clauses. 1. the semicolon separates the separate but related ideas, avoiding ambiguous, incorrect, or misleading modification 2. the presence of which ... immediately following Act is illogical and distorts the meaning of the sentence to give the false impression that the Act ruled when in fact the Supreme Court ruled 3. with a ruling that is wordy and is not a proper modifying phrase (Act, ruling that would be a proper modifying phrase) 4. they illogically refers back to some observers and conveys the false impression that the observers made the ruling as opposed to the Supreme Court 5. they illogically refers back to some observers and conveys the false impression that the observers made the ruling as opposed to the Supreme Court The flood of home foreclosures that followed the large economic recession in 2008 caused housing prices to drop precipitously, which lead to the writing down of mortgage backed securities, and, to fears of a Great Depression-like downward spiral. A) B) C) D) which lead to the writing down of mortgage backed securities, and, to fears of a Great Depression-like downward spiral which led to the write downs of mortgage backed securities and fears of a Great Depression-like downward spiral which lead to the write down of mortgage backed securities and the fears of a Great Depression-like downward spiral leading to write downs of mortgage backed securities and fears of a Great Depression-like downward spiral leading to write downs of mortgage backed securities and, fears of a Great Depressionlike downward spiral

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation

The main issue in this sentence deals with ensuring a concise parallelism in listing the two results of the economic problems. (1) The economic trouble led to two actions, which should be parallel: (a) write downs of mortgage backed securities (b) fears of a Great Depression-like spiral. 1. the phrase the writing down of..., and, to fears of... is not parallel 2. the phrase the write downs of... and fears of is not parallel as the first the should be removed

3. although this phrase is technically parallel, the inclusion of the before each result makes the sentence awkward and not concise 4. the phrase write downs of... and fears of... is both concise and parallel 5. the phrase write downs of... and, fears of... is not parallel Unlike the Battle of Midway, which historians regard as a pivotal moment in World War II, historians regard the Battle of Debrecen as of marginal importance in determining the final outcome of World War II. A) historians regard the Battle of Debrecen as of marginal importance B) the Battle of Debrecen is regarded as relatively unimportant C) historians regard the Battle of Debrecen as of being marginal importance D) the Battle of Debrecen is regarded as being of relatively minimal importance E) the Battle of Debrecen is regarded by historians as being relatively unimportant Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation There are two major problems with this sentence. (1) A comparison should evaluate two parallel elements. The intention of this sentence is to contrast two World War II battles. However, the original sentence contrasts the Battle of Midway with historians regard the.... The correct contrast should involve two parallel elements: the Battle of Midway and the Battle of Debrecen. (2) as of marginal importance can be written in a more concise manner (as marginally important). Further, the reference to historians can be omitted as it is clearly understood in the context. 1. A battle (Midway) is incorrectly contrasted with historians regard for a battle; as of marginal importance is wordy 2. The sentence correctly contrasts the two battles; the wordy phrase as of marginal importance is replaced by the concise phrase marginally important 3. A battle (Midway) is incorrectly contrasted with historians regard for a battle; as of being marginal importance is awkward, wordy, and grammatically incorrect 4. The wordy phrase regarded as being of relatively minimal importance should be replaced by the more concise phrase regarded as relatively unimportant 5. The wordy phrase regarded by historians as being relatively unimportant should be replaced by the more concise phrase regarded as relatively unimportant; the phrase by historians is clearly understood in the context of the sentence and does not need to be repeated

AMD employees used their creativity, intellect, and ingenuity to develop faster processors than those offered by many competitors, to enable them to gain substantial market share from rival firm Intel. A) to enable them to gain substantial market share from rival firm Intel B) enabling AMD to gain substantial market share with rival firm Intel C) enabling them to gain substantial market share from rival firm Intel D) to enable AMD to gain substantial market share with rival firm Intel E) enabling AMD to gain substantial market share from rival firm Intel Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation There are two main problems with the original sentence. (1) the infinitive form to enable needs to be replaced by a phrase that modifies to develop faster. The correct modifying phrase cannot be in the infinitive form and should instead be a participle: enabling (2) it is not grammatically correct to compare AMD employees (i.e., them) to the firm Intel as you cannot compare unlike parts. Instead, you must compare like parts: a firm (i.e., AMD) to a firm (i.e., Intel). The correct choice should include to gain substantial market share from and not market share with, which changes the meaning of the sentence. 1. to enable improperly modifies the phrase it follows and should be replaced by the participle form enabling; Illogically compares employees (i.e., them, referring to AMD employees) to a firm (i.e., Intel) 2. the word with instead of from in the phrase to gain substantial market share with rival firm Intel entirely changes the meaning of the sentence and is wrong 3. Illogically compares employees (i.e., them, referring to AMD employees) to a firm (i.e., Intel) 4. to enable improperly modifies the phrase it follows and should be replaced by the participle form enabling 5. correctly used the participle form instead of the infinitive to modify the preceding phrase; compares a firm (i.e., AMD) to a firm (i.e., Intel); correctly uses the phrase market share from rival firm The Battle of Bull Run, which took place on July 21, 1861 near the town of Manassas, an important event in American history in that this historic event was the first major ground battle of the Civil War, which resulted in over 500,000 deaths and a turning of the tide against the practice of slavery.

A) B)

an important event in American history in that this historic event was the first major ground battle of the Civil War, which resulted in over 500,000 deaths and a turning of the tide against the practice of slavery. an important event in American history marking the first major ground battle of the Civil War, which resulted in the death of over 500,000 Americans and the abolition of slavery.

was an important event in American history as it had marked the first major ground battle of the Civil War, which resulted in the death of over 500,000 Americans and the abolition C) of slavery. is an important event in American history as it marked the first major ground battle of the Civil War, which resulted in the death of over 500,000 Americans and the abolition of D) slavery. is an important event in American history due to it marking the first major ground battle of the Civil War, resulting in the death of over 500,000 Americans and the abolition of E) slavery. Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation There are two problems with the original sentence. (1) The subject (The Battle of Bull Run) lacks a verb. was or is must be inserted so that the subject can have a verb. (2) The phrase in that this historic event was is wordy and could be made more concise. 1. the subject (The Battle of Bull Run) lacks a verb; the phrase in that this historic event was is wordy and could be made more concise 2. the subject (The Battle of Bull Run) lacks a verb; the phrase event in American history marking the first major ground needs to be split up by a comma after history in order to give the correct idea that marking modifies the idea that precedes it 3. the past tense was gives the false impression that the Battle was at some point in the past important, but it is not important today; the past perfect tense had marked is incorrect 4. the subject has a present tense verb; the sentence is concise; the , which modifies what directly precedes it (namely the Civil War) and this modification is logical 5. the phrase resulting in the death of over 500,000 illogically modifies the subject that precedes it (The Battle of Bull Run), giving the false impression that over 500,000 people died in this one battle Note: which modifies the word or term immediately preceding the comma (i.e., the Civil War) in the correct answer while resulting in the death of over 500,000 modifies the subject or idea to which it refers (The Battle of Bull Run) The prosecutors argument, which hinged on a little known provision in a 1972 law, differed considerably from the plaintiff, who contended that a landmark 1999 Supreme Court decision supported his argument.

A) the plaintiff B) that of the plaintiff C) those from the plaintiff D) that espoused by the plaintiff E) that from the plaintiff Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation When making a comparison, you must compare like parts (i.e., compare an argument to an argument). You cannot compare unlike parts (i.e., an argument with a person). To correct the issue, we must compare the prosecutors argument with the plaintiff's argument (i.e., with that of the plaintiff). 1. the sentence illogically compares unlike parts (i.e., the prosecutors argument and the plaintiff) 2. the sentence logically compares the prosecutors argument with that of the plaintiff (i.e., with the argument of the plaintiff) 3. the plural those improperly refers to a singular argument when the singular that should be used instead 4. the phrase that espoused by the plaintiff is unduly wordy 5. the word from improperly makes the sentence not parallel (i.e., the argument of the prosecutor is not parallel with the argument from the plaintiff) Under the provisions of the United States Constitution and the laws of the United States, the Federal government cannot detain an American citizen indefinitely without cause and is required either to bring charges against the individual being held, in which case he is entitled to a lawyer, or that the government must release him. A) that the government must release him B) release him C) to proceed in releasing him D) the government must release him E) they must release him Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation This sentence turns on an idiom: either to x or [to] y where both x and y must be parallel. The sentence should be: the Federal government...required either to bring...or [to] release

Unfortunately, the current sentence incorrectly reads: the Federal government...required either to bring...or that the government must release. This is not parallel and is wrong. The correct sentence structure is: the Federal government is required either to bring charges against the individual being held, in which case he is entitled to a lawyer, or release him. Do not be thrown off by in which case he is entitled to a lawyer, which was inserted simply to make spotting the idiom and parallelism more difficult. The phrase in which case he is entitled to a lawyer is merely an elucidation of the preceding idea and is not another item that itself must be parallel. 1. the sentence is not idiomatically correct (i.e., the phrase the Federal government...is required either to bring...or that the government must release is not idiomatically correct) 2. the sentence correctly uses the idiom either to x or [to] y 3. although the sentence follows the correct idiom either to bring...or to proceed, the phrase to proceed in releasing is not concise and can be replaced by [to] release 4. the sentence is not idiomatically correct (i.e., the phrase the Federal government...is required either to bring...or the government must release is not idiomatically correct) 5. the sentence is not idiomatically correct (i.e., the phrase the Federal government...is required either to bring...or they must release is not idiomatically correct); they, which is a plural pronoun, does not agree with the subject the Federal government, which is singular During the early months of 2009, some economists concluded that the slew of U.S. government programs created during the fall of 2008 to stabilize an economy marked by an absence of credit, a wave of enormous asset write downs, a precipitous decline in housing prices, and a historic loss of consumer confidence has not succeeded in engendering healthy intra-bank credit flows and reviving depressed equity prices. A) B) C) D) has not succeeded in engendering healthy intra-bank credit flows and reviving depressed equity prices have not succeeded in engendering healthy intra-bank credit flows and reviving depressed equity prices has not succeeded in engendering healthy intra-bank credit flows and bringing about the revival of have not succeeded in engendering healthy intra-bank credit flows and to revive depressed equity prices has not succeeded in engendering healthy intra-bank credit flows along with a revival of depressed equity prices

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: A Hide Explanation

There are two main grammatical issues that are being tested in this problem. (1) the slew of programs is a singular subject and must be matched with a singular verb (i.e., has)

(2) The two actions meant to be accomplished by the slew of programs must be parallel: (a) engendering healthy intra-bank credit flows (b) reviving depressed equity prices. 1. The subject and verb agree; the actions meant to be accomplished by the slew of programs are parallel 2. The subject (the slew of programs, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (have, which is plural) 3. The two actions meant to be accomplished by the slew of programs are not parallel. I.e., the phrase engendering ... and bringing about the ... is not parallel 4. The subject (the slew of programs, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (have, which is plural); The two actions meant to be accomplished by the slew of programs are not parallel. I.e., the phrase engendering ... and to revive is not parallel 5. The two actions meant to be accomplished by the slew of programs are not parallel. I.e., the phrase engendering ... along with a revival of is not parallel The primary drama of Homer's famed Iliad revolves around anger amongst the renowned and wrathful warrior Achilles and Agamemnon, the King of Mycenae and the leader of Achaean army. A) B) C) D) revolves around anger amongst the renowned and wrathful warrior Achilles and Agamemnon, the King of Mycenae and the leader of Achaean army revolve in the anger between the renowned and wrathful warrior Achilles and the King of Mycenae and the leader of the Achaean army Agamemnon revolves around the anger between Achilles, a renowned and wrathful warrior, and Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the leader of the Achaean army revolves in the anger between Achilles, a renowned and wrathful warrior, and Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the leader of the Achaean army revolve around Achilles, a renowned and wrathful warrior, and his anger toward Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the leader of the Achaean army

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: C Hide Explanation

There are two main problems with the original sentence. (1) The phrase the anger amongst is not idiomatically correct and is inaccurate as the anger is between the two characters. The idiom between x and y should be used. (2) The descriptions of the two men should be in parallel form within the idiom (e.g., between x, description of x, and y, description of y; or between {description of x} x and {description y} y). For example: anger between Achilles, a renowned and wrathful warrior, and Agamemnon, king of Mycenae and the leader of the Achaean army

1. the phrase anger amongst...Achilles and the King of Mycenae is not idiomatically correct and should be anger between x and y; The descriptions of the two men should be in parallel form within the idiom 2. the subject (the primary drama, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (revolve, which is plural); the phrase the drama...revolve[s] in the anger is awkward 3. the correct idiom (between x and y) is used; the descriptions of the two men are in parallel form within the idiom 4. the phrase x revolves in y (i.e., drama...revolves in the anger) is not idiomatically correct and should be replaced by the phrase x revolved around y (i.e., drama...revolves around the anger) 5. the subject (the primary drama, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (revolve, which is plural; this phrase distorts the meaning of the original sentence, falsely giving the impression that the drama revolved around Achilles ... and his anger instead of giving the correct impression that the drama revolved around the anger between Achilles...and Agamemnon) As tensions rose in the days leading up to the Presidents re-election bid, one hostile commentator who decried the Presidents controversial war policies exclaimed: "If I was the President, I would be ashamed of myself and also resign immediately." Ironically, this actually emboldened the Presidents allies. A) If I was the President, I would be ashamed of myself and also resign immediately B) If I were the President, I would be ashamed of myself and resign immediately C) If I was the President, I would be ashamed of myself and resign immediately D) If I were the President, I would be ashamed of myself and also would resign immediately E) If I was the President, I would be ashamed of myself and would resign immediately Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation There are two issues in this question. (1) Since the phrase in quotes is not actually true but is instead expressing a wish or desire for the future, the subjunctive mood should be used. Consequently, if I were should replace if I was (2) The word also is unnecessary as it is redundant and impairs parallelism: I would be ashamed...and also [I would] resign should be replaced by I would be ashamed...and [I would] resign 1. the phrase is not in the subjunctive mood as it should be; the word also should be removed 2. the phrase is in the subjunctive mood as it should be; the word also has been removed 3. the phrase is not in the subjunctive mood as it should be

4. the word also should be removed; the second would is not necessary as it is implied and understood from the first would since what follows the first would is a list 5. the phrase is not in the subjunctive mood as it should be; the second would is not necessary as it is implied and understood from the first would since what follows the first would is a list One of the most important choices facing the new administration at this moment is if they should continue to advance contractionary fiscal policy. A) B) C) D) this moment is if they should continue to advance contractionary fiscal policy this present moment is whether it should continue to advance contractionary fiscal policy this moment is whether it should continue to advance contractionary fiscal policy this moment is whether they should continue to advance contractionary fiscal policy this present moment is whether it should continue the advancement of contractionary E) fiscal policy Hide Answer Correct Answer: C Hide Explanation There are two main issues in the original question. (1) Since there are only two options for the important choice, one must use whether not if (2) The new administration is a singular noun and cannot be referred to with the plural pronoun they 1. if must be replaced by whether since only two options exist for the choice; the plural pronoun they improperly refers back to a singular noun (i.e., new administration) 2. present moment is redundant as both words convey the same meaning 3. whether is properly used instead of if as only two options exist; the singular pronoun it properly refers back to a singular noun (i.e., new administration) 4. the plural pronoun they improperly refers back to a singular noun (i.e., new administration) 5. the phrase the advancement of is unduly wordy and should be replaced by to advance In 2006, contrary to the arguments of the Justice Department, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld that the military commissions established by the Federal government in March 2002 are not legal, as they are violating "both the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the four Geneva Conventions signed in 1949." A) legal, as they are violating

B) legal; a violation of C) legal, but rather violate D) legal, but rather they constitute a violation of E) legal, rather they violate Hide Answer Correct Answer: C Hide Explanation The correct idiom is: not x, but rather y The correct sentence structure is: the military commissions ... are not legal, but rather violate 1. the phrase the military commissions ... are not legal, as they are violating is not the proper idiom 2. a violation of ... lacks a subject; the use of the semi-colon abruptly cuts off the previous sentence 3. the correct idiom (not x, but rather y) is used 4. the phrase the military commissions ... are not legal, but rather they is not the proper idiom; the phrase they constitute a violation of is not concise 5. the phrase the military commissions ... are not legal, rather they violate is not the proper idiom Dr. Martin A. Tidball, along with colleagues at two universities, are working on uncovering the mysteries of glucose uptake, a discovery of new details about active ATP transport, and a drug to enhance facilitated diffusion. A) B) C) D) are working on uncovering the mysteries of glucose uptake, a discovery of new details about active ATP transport, and a drug to enhance facilitated diffusion is working on uncovering the mysteries of glucose uptake, discovering new details about ATP transport, and enhancing facilitated diffusion via a drug is working to uncover the mysteries of glucose uptake, discover new details about active ATP transport, and enhancing facilitated diffusion with the help of a drug are working hard to uncover the mysteries of glucose uptake, discover new details about active ATP transport, and enhance facilitated diffusion with the help of a drug are working on uncovering the mysteries of glucose uptake, discovering new details about ATP transport, and enhancing facilitated diffusion via a drug

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation

There are two main problems with the original sentence.

(1) The subject (Dr. Martin A. Tidball) is singular and does not agree with the verb (are), which is plural. (2) The three actions Dr. Tidball is working on are not listed in parallel form. The correct listing would have each action as a present participle: uncovering...discovering...enhancing Note: You could also write the sentence in a parallel fashion with infinitives: is working hard to uncover the mysteries of glucose uptake, discover new details concerning active ATP transport, and enhance facilitated diffusion using a drug. 1. the subject (Dr. Martin A. Tidball, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (are, which is plural); the three actions Dr. Tidball is working on are not listed in parallel form (i.e., the phrase uncovering...a discovery...and a drug to enhance is not parallel) 2. the subject (Dr. Martin A. Tidball, which is singular) agrees with the verb (is, which is singular); the three actions Dr. Tidball is working on are listed in parallel form (i.e., the phrase uncovering...discovering...and enhancing is parallel) 3. the three actions Dr. Tidball is working on are not listed in parallel form (i.e., the phrase to uncover...[to] discover...and enhancing is not parallel) 4. the subject (Dr. Martin A. Tidball, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (are, which is plural) 5. the subject (Dr. Martin A. Tidball, which is singular) does not agree with the verb (are, which is plural) A month ago, a well respected sell-side analyst released a report predicting that prices in equity markets will reach record highs in the next 12 months. Immediately after the release of the report, some institutional investors who feared a continuing loss of shareholder value publicly expressed optimism in a strong near-term future for equities. A) who feared a continuing loss of B) who had feared the continuation of losses of C) who had feared continuing losses in D) who feared continuing losses in E) who had feared a continuing loss of investors' Hide Answer Correct Answer: C Hide Explanation The simple past tense feared is incorrect since two events occurred in the past at different times (i.e., the fear preceded the release of the report) and as a result, one must use the past perfect tense. feared should be replaced by had feared to show that the fear occurred before the release of the report. 1. the simple past tense is incorrectly used and should be replaced by the past perfect tense 2. the phrase the continuation of losses of shareholder value is too wordy and not concise

3. the past perfect tense is correctly used; the sentence is concise 4. the simple past tense is incorrectly used and should be replaced by the past perfect tense 5. the phrase a continuing loss of investors' is not concise and is redundant as the phrase investors' shareholder value repeats the same idea Some officials both at the Treasury Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission recently said in off-the-record conversations that it may be a good idea to require that all large and highly leveraged banks should decrease their debt and should increase their asset base. A) B) C) D) to require that all large and highly leveraged banks should decrease their debt and should increase their asset base requiring that all large and highly leveraged banks decrease their debt and increase their asset base to require of all large and highly leveraged banks the decreasing of debt and an increase in their asset base requiring that all large and highly leveraged banks to decrease their debt and to increase their asset base to require all large and highly leveraged banks to decrease their debt and increase their asset base

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation

There are two main issues in this question. (1) There are two actions that are being suggested and these should be parallel: (a) to decrease their debt (b) to increase their asset base. (2) The use of the word should is redundant since the sentence (with the words require that) already carries the implication that banks need to take certain action. 1. the word should is redundant since the verb to require and the context of the sentence indicate that the suggested actions should be taken 2. the phrase it may be a good idea requiring that... is not correct as a verb (i.e., to require) is needed 3. the phrase the decreasing of debt and an increase is not parallel 4. the infinitive form of the verb to decrease cannot be used after requiring that all large and highly leveraged banks as it is awkward and not idiomatic 5. the phrase banks ... to decrease ... [to] increase is parallel since both verbs are used in the infinitive form (the second to is implied); the unnecessary word should is omitted

Easy

World War II, which resulted in the death of over 70 million individuals, proved to be the deadliest conflict in human history, claiming nearly twice as many lives than would be killed in World War I. A) lives than would be killed in World War I B) lives as would World War I C) lives than those who were killed in World War I D) lives than World War I E) lives as World War I Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation There are two main problems with the original sentence. (1) The original sentence contains an improper idiom. The idiom as many x than is not idiomatically correct and should be replaced by the idiomatically correct phrase as many x as. (2) would be killed in World War I is illogical as it is in the future tense, implying that World War I occurred after World War II. The phrase could be made significantly more concise using as many lives as World War I. The words would be killed in or were killed in are not necessary and should be omitted. 1. The idiom as many ... than is incorrect; the use of the future tense causes the sentence to illogically imply that World War I occurred after World War II 2. The use of the future tense causes the sentence to illogically imply that World War I occurred after World War II 3. The idiom as many ... than is incorrect; those who were killed in is awkward and unnecessary 4. The idiom as many ... than is incorrect 5. The correct idiom is used (as many ... as); the sentence correctly implies that World War II occurred after World War I; the unnecessary phrase were killed in is omitted With the advent of YouTube, Facebook, and Flickr, many savvy political consultants undertook revolutionary micro-targeting and get-out-the-vote techniques that enabled political candidates with cash-strapped budgets to be able to reach numerous likely voters and succeed in raising large numbers of money from enthusiastic and committed supporters in a short period of time. A) B) cash-strapped budgets to be able to reach numerous likely voters and succeed in raising large numbers of money cash-strapped budgets to reach numerous likely voters and be successful in raising large amounts of money

C) D)

cash-strapped budgets to reach numerous likely voters, succeeding in raising large amounts of money cash-strapped budgets to reach numerous likely voters and succeed in raising large amounts of money

cash-strapped budgets to be able to reach numerous likely voters and succeed in raising large amounts of money E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation (1) The sentence must be constructed such that corresponding consequences of an action are parallel. Specifically, the sentence should read enabled political candidates with cash-strapped budgets to x and y where x and y are parallel. (2) The phrase to be able to z is redundant and should be replaced by to z (3) The phrase numbers of money should be amounts of money since number is only used when the object in question can be counted and money cannot be counted (i.e., you do not say 1 money, 2 money, 3 money). Note: By comparison, dollars can be counted (i.e., you would say 1 dollar, 2 dollars, 3 dollars) and as a result, we would say: the number of dollars. 1. the phrase to be able to reach is redundant and can be shortened as follows: to reach; large numbers of money is not grammatically correct since money itself cannot be counted and, as a result, amount should be used instead 2. the phrase to reach...and be successful is not parallel 3. this sentence is set up such that succeeding modifies reaching voters instead of being a separate action on its own 4. the phrase is parallel (i.e., to reach...[to] succeed); to be able to reach is replaced by the shorter to reach 5. the phrase to be able to reach is redundant and should be replaced by to reach After years of working on Wall Street, an apartment in lower Manhattan still felt like his home for famed investment banker John E. Callan, even though he also owned a house in Rye and in East Hampton. A) B) C) D) an apartment in lower Manhattan still felt like his home for famed investment banker John E. Callan, even though he also owned a house in Rye and in East Hampton famed investment banker John E. Callan still considered his lower Manhattan apartment home, even though he also owned a house in Rye and in East Hampton an apartment in lower Manhattan still felt like home for famed investment banker John E. Callan, even though he also owned a house in Rye and in East Hampton John E. Callan, a famed investment banker, still considered his lower Manhattan apartment home, even though he too owned a house in Rye and in East Hampton

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation

famed investment banker John E. Callan still considered his lower Manhattan apartment home, even despite his owning of a house in Rye and in East Hampton

A modifying phrase needs to be placed by the word it modifies. However, as the sentence is originally written, after years of working on Wall Street illogically modifies an apartment. It was not the apartment that worked for years on Wall Street but famed investment banker John E. Callan who worked for years on Wall Street. The sentence can be corrected in two ways: (1) After years of working on Wall Street, famed investment banker John E. Callan (2) OR: After years of working on Wall Street, John E. Callan 1. an apartment in lower Manhattan is illogically modified by the phrase after years of working on Wall Street 2. famed investment banker John E. Callan is logically modified by the phrase after years of working on Wall Street 3. an apartment in lower Manhattan is illogically modified by the phrase after years of working on Wall Street 4. the phrase he too is not grammatically correct since it implies that there is another person who also owned a house in Rye and in East Hampton; the word too should be removed 5. the phrase even despite his owning of is not idiomatically correct and should be replaced by even though he also owned The people of the ancient Assyrian Empire were renowned warriors, although they also crafted some of the best-preserved ancient art. A) were renowned warriors, although they also crafted B) had been renowned warriors, although they also crafted C) were renowned warriors, and also crafted D) was renowned warriors, although they also crafted E) were renowned warriors, but also crafting Hide Answer Correct Answer: A Hide Explanation The subject (people, which is plural) must agree with the verb (were, which is plural). The two verbs (were and crafted) should be in the same tense since both happened at the same time in the past. 1. This correct sentence is written such that the subject and verb agree

2. had been renowned is improperly constructed in the past perfect tense, implying that the Assyrian Empire stopped being known for renown warriors before its people crafted well-preserved art 3. The comma improperly splits the sentence, creating a comma splice 4. The subject (people, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (was, which is singular) 5. The use of the participle crafting is improper and should be replaced by a verb According to a recent study, financial problems, together with their serious ramifications, ranks as one of the high causes of marital stress in America. A) ranks as one of the high causes of marital stress in America B) rank as one of the leading causes of marital stress in America C) rank as one of the most high causes of marital stress in America D) ranks as one of the leading causes of marital stress in America E) rank as one of the most leading causes of marital strife in America Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation There are two main problems with the original sentence. (1) The subject of this sentence (financial problems) is plural and does not agree with the verb (ranks), which is singular. Do not be thrown off by the appositive between the subject and verb that is designed to confuse you. (2) The phrase rank as one of the high causes is not idiomatically correct. Instead, items rank as one of the leading causes. 1. The subject (which is plural) and verb (which is singular) do not agree; ranks as one of the high causes is awkward and unidiomatic 2. This sentence correctly uses a plural verb with its plural subject; the concise and idiomatically correct phrase rank as one of the leading causes is used 3. The phrase rank as one of the most high causes is awkward, unidiomatic, and redundant (the words most and high convey the same idea) 4. The subject (which is plural) and verb (which is singular) do not agree 5. The phrase rank as one of the most leading causes is awkward, unidiomatic, and redundant (the words most and leading convey the same idea) Warning that terrorists remain determined to strike the country, senior government officials urged citizens to remain vigilant and report suspicious behavior, taking actions necessary to speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe should terrorists succeed in launching an attack.

A) B) C) D)

to remain vigilant and report suspicious behavior, taking actions necessary to speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe to remain vigilant, reporting suspicious behavior and take actions to speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe to be remaining vigilant, reporting suspicious behavior, and taking actions necessary to speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe to remain vigilant, report suspicious behavior, and take actions to speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe to be more vigilant in reporting suspicious behavior and taking actions necessary to speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe

E) Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation

There are two main problems with the original sentence: (1) The government authorities urged citizens to do three things: remain vigilant, report suspicious behavior, and take actions to speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe. Consequently, these three requests from the government need to be parallel. In this case, each command should be in the infinitive form (e.g., to remain, to report, and to take). The original sentence wrongly constructs the phrase taking actions necessary to speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe such that it modifies the two previous actions. Instead, this phrase should reflect the fact that taking actions... is a third action that the government is urging citizens to take. In short, the three actions that the government is urging are not parallel and they should be. (2) taking actions necessary... illogically modifies the command to remain vigilant and report suspicious behavior because these two actions would not speed up the recovery from an economic catastrophe. In other words, it does not make sense that remaining vigilant and reporting suspicious behavior (two actions that would occur before an attack) would be modified such that these are actions that speed up the recovery from an attack. 1. The three actions that the government urged are not parallel (i.e., to remain is not parallel with taking); the word necessary is not needed 2. The three actions that the government urged are not parallel (i.e., to remain is not parallel with reporting and take) 3. The three actions that the government urged are not parallel (i.e., to remain is not parallel with reporting and taking); the word necessary is not needed 4. The sentence is correctly constructed as the three actions that the government urged are parallel; the un-needed word necessary is omitted 5. The meaning of the original sentence is distorted as this sentence indicates that the government asked citizens to be more vigilant in reporting suspicious behavior (a single command) while the original sentence separated the command to remain vigilant and the

command to report suspicious behavior; the three actions that the government urged are not parallel Among the litany of threats that many Israelis face, the potential for a nuclear-armed Iran is perhaps the more scary as this scenario could engulf the region in a violent war. This would likely result in historically unseen amounts of destruction, even for a region whose history is marred by perennial violence. A) perhaps the more B) perhaps the most C) possibly, perhaps the most D) possibly the greatest E) possibly the great Hide Answer Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation The superlative form most scary must be used instead of the comparative form more scary since the author is indicating that among all the threats, a specific threat is the most scary. 1. more must be replaced by most as the superlative form (most) must be used since the author is not comparing threats but stating that a single threat is the scariest 2. The superlative form is correctly used 3. Although the superlative form is correctly used, this choice makes the sentence unduly long; the phrase possibly, perhaps is awkward and not idiomatically correct 4. While a superlative is used, the sentence is exceedingly awkward as the phrase possibly the greatest scary is not idiomatic 5. The superlative form is not used; the phrase possibly the great scary as this scenario is awkward and not idiomatic After the Detroit Lions' abysmal 0 win and 16 loss season in 2008, the owner of the team fired the head coach. In the days that followed this decision, one professional sporting analyst said: "the prospects of the Lions becoming a competitive franchise depends on if the team can procure a talented and disciplined coach." A) depends on if B) depend on whether C) depends on whether D) depend on if E) depend whether Hide Answer

Correct Answer: B Hide Explanation There are two main problems with this sentence. (1)The subject (prospects, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (depends, which is singular and should be replaced by the plural verb depend). (2)The idiom depend on whether is correct not depend on if 1. the verb depends (singular) should be replaced by the verb depend (plural) as a plural subject (prospects) requires a plural verb; the phrase depends on if is not idiomatically correct 2. the subject prospects (plural) agrees with the verb depend (plural); depend on whether is idiomatically correct 3. the verb depends (singular) should be replaced by the verb depend (plural) as a plural subject (prospects) requires a plural verb 4. depend on if is not idiomatically correct 5. the phrase the prospects ... depend whether the team can procure is awkward and the correct idiom depend on whether should be used After meeting together near Mediolanurn in 313, Roman Emperors Constantine Augustus and Licinius Augustus issued The Edict of Milan in the hopes to ending years of internal religious strife and the persecution of minorities. The Edict expanded religious toleration and ordered the return of property confiscated from Christians, even if it had been subsequently resold. A) in the hopes to ending B) in the hope to ending C) with the hope to ending D) with the hope of ending E) in the hope to end Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation This question tests the correct use of two idioms. (1) to issue x with y; The original sentence incorrectly writes issued x in y (i.e., issued The Edict of Milan in the hopes to ending). (2) with the hope of y; The original sentence incorrectly writes in the hopes to y (i.e., in the hopes to ending). 1. issued The Edict of Milan in is not a proper idiom; in the hopes to is not a proper idiom

2. issued The Edict of Milan in is not a proper idiom; in the hope to is not a proper idiom 3. with the hope to is not a proper idiom 4. issued The Edict of Milan with is a proper idiom; with the hope of ending is a proper idiom 5. issued The Edict of Milan in is not a proper idiom; in the hope to is not a proper idiom During the worst years of the Great Depression, America faced tremendous challenges as unemployment topped 25%. Many historians credit the New Deal and the World War II industrial complex for propelling America out of the depression and into a then-unparalleled time of economic prosperity. A) for propelling B) with having propelled C) as propelling D) to propelling E) with propelling Hide Answer Correct Answer: E Hide Explanation The current sentence uses the incorrect idiom to credit x ... for y. The correct idiom is to credit x ... with y 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. to credit x ... for y is not the correct idiom having propelled is not the proper verb tense and should be replaced with propelling to credit x ... as y is not the correct idiom to credit x ... to y is not the correct idiom to credit x ... with y is the correct idiom; propelling instead of having propelled is also correct

Environmentalists associated with the United Nations Environment Programme predict that if the current trends associated with global warming continue, thousands of acres of pristine land is in danger to undergo potentially irrevocable changes that could alter the planet's ecosystem forever. A) is in danger to undergo B) are in danger of undergoing C) is in danger of undergoing D) are in danger to undergo E) are in danger for undergoing Hide Answer Correct Answer: B

Hide Explanation There are two main problems with the original sentence. (1) The subject (thousands of acres, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (is, which is singular and should be replaced with the plural are). Some students argue that land is singular, even if it is thousands of acres. While land is singular, the phrase of pristine land is not the subject, but rather a prepositional phrase that describes the subject thousands of acres, which is plural. (2) in danger to is not idiomatically correct and should instead be in danger of 1. The subject (thousands of acres, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (is, which is singular); in danger to is not idiomatically correct 2. The subject (thousands of acres, which is plural) agrees with the verb (are, which is plural); in danger of is idiomatically correct 3. The subject (thousands of acres, which is plural) does not agree with the verb (is, which is singular) 4. in danger to is not idiomatically correct 5. in danger for is not idiomatically correct Despite being thousands of years old, the writing of Augustine of Hippo has inspired and captivated countless individuals, fundamentally because they convey the moving inner-journey of man searching for the divine in a lucid and compelling fashion. A) because they convey the moving inner-journey B) due to the fact that it conveys the moving inner-journey C) because of their conveying the moving inner-journey D) because it conveys the moving inner-journey E) for the reason that it conveys the moving inner-journey Hide Answer Correct Answer: D Hide Explanation The subject of the sentence (the writing, which is singular) does not agree with the pronoun (they, which is plural and needs to be replaced by the singular it). It is important to avoid wordy or unduly long phrases such as due to the fact that or for the reason that and instead use a shorter word like because. 1. The subject of the sentence (the writing, which is singular) does not agree with the pronoun (they, which is plural) 2. due to the fact that is wordy and can be replaced by because

3. the pronoun their, which is plural, does not agree with the subject the writing, which is singular; the phrase is awkward and long 4. the subject of the sentence (the writing) agrees with the pronoun (it); because is concise 5. the phrase for the reason that is wordy and can be replaced by the single word because