Basics of Squirrel Cage

Induction Motors Design

Ramesh Singh
Delhi Technological University
Delhi
[email protected]
Rating considerations
Dimensions of a machine depend on
Torque at a specific speed
How intensively the magnetic circuit is used.
How intensively the electric circuit is used
The type of enclosure
Type of cooling
The duty cycle of the load
The frequency of starting and stopping

S = 3(4.44K
w
fT
ph
I
ph

m
) volt amperes
B
g
= 2p
m
/(DL) Tesla (average magnetic flux density over air-gap surface)
ac = 3(2T
ph
I
ph
)/(D) amp. cond. per m air-gap circumference
f = pn, where p = pole pairs, and n = speed in revs per second
Hence




2
11 * * * * *
w g
S k B ac D L n =
Rating and dimensions
1. So D
2
Ln = volume x speed = S/(11K
w
B
g
ac)
Get S from shaft output power (hp or kW), efficiency and power factor.
B
g
= specific magnetic loading
ac = specific electric loading


Select B
g
from experience (limited by losses in the teeth and
magnetizing current). Determines how heavily the magnetic core
material is utilized. High B
g
means less magnetic material but higher
magnetic losses. Select magnetic material also based on frequency.
Cooling.

Select specific electric loading ac (ampere conductors per meter of air
gap circumference) from traditional Tables. Determines how heavily
the electric material is utilized. High ac means less electric material but
higher electric losses. Cooling.

Rating and dimensions (continued)

Trade offs depend on objectives low volume and weight, high losses
and low efficiency, versus high volume and weight, low losses and high
efficiency.
B and ac values also depend on duty cycle, ambient temp.

Ref. [3]
Say
[3] M. G. Say, Performance and design of AC machines: Pitman, London, 1970.

Efficiency and power factor
2. Assume efficiency and power factor (from experience) to convert
shaft power to input power, then compute rotor volume that is (rotor
diameter D)
2
(rotor length L).
Typical power factor and efficiency of three phase 60 Hz NEMA B induction
machines Ref. [2] Lipo
[2] T. A. Lipo, Introduction to AC machine design, 2 ed.: University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2004.

Aspect ratio

Ratio of D/L determines the shape of a pole, square or rectangular.
Select shape from Tables (experience) and calculate D and L.

/
L L
D p Y

t
= =
p Ref. [4] Fu
[4] F. Fu and X. Tang, Induction machine design handbook: China Machine Press, 2002.

Air gap length
3. Air gap length from empirical formula. Depends on several factors.

Electromagnetic factors: magnetizing current, pulsation losses
Mechanical factors: mechanical tolerances, bearing, shaft deflection,
unbalanced magnetic pull

Different versions of empirical formulas:


3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
3 1/ 2
5*10 ( )
2
9*10 ( )
3*10 ( )
p
p
D
g
g r p
g p
t
t

=
=
=
0.2 2 g DL = +
p
D
p
t
t =
pole pitch
Ref. [2] Lipo
Ref. [3] Say
p: pole number
Ref. [2] Lipo
Ref. [2] Lipo
Calculate number of turns
4. Calculate number of stator turns per phase depending on previous B, D,
L, supply voltage (math) and assumed flux density shape factor o
i
.












1
1
4
E ph
ph
f w
K V
T
K K f |
=
1
1
E
ph
E
K
V
=
Flux per pole
Back EMF factor
Turns per phase
K
E
:

typically 0.85-0.95,
higher for large power rating
or small pole number [4] Fu.
K
f
: form factor, typically assumed = 1
K
w1
: winding factor for fundamental = typically 0.955
f

: fundamental frequency
B
g
= 2p
m
/(DL) to find
m
Select number of stator slots
5. Select number of stator slots and suitable three phase winding layout
(experience).

Less slots: 1)less cost 2) less space lost due to insulation and slot
opening;
More slots: 1) smaller leakage inductance and larger breakdown
torque 2) small MMF harmonics 3) better cooling
Typically, stator teeth width between and 1, ratio of slot
width to slot pitch between 0.4 and 0.6 (Ref [2] Lipo)
Stator slot geometry
In small motors with small diameters the taper on the
tooth or slot is significant and tapered slots (parallel
sided teeth) are used. This gives maximum area of
slot for given tooth flux density. Round wires of small
gauge are used since they are easy to wind and do
not mind the taper of the slot.

In larger machines with larger diameters, the tooth
taper is much less and often strip conductors are
used which need parallel sided slots, thus tapered
teeth.
Stator slot sizing
6. Select stator current density (experience but this value depends on
ambient temp, cooling conditions, and duty cycle), and find stator
conductor size.

Enclosed fan-cooled: 5 to 6.5 A/mm
2
, larger for 20kW below
Closed frame, no fan: 10-15% lower (Ref [4] Fu)



7. Then check that initial value chosen for ac is approximately correct. If not,
return to step (1), select a different value for ac and repeat steps (2) to
(5).
8. Select stator tooth width depending on mechanical strength without
teeth flux density being too high.
9. Assume a fill factor (experience) for stator slots, pack in conductors,
and find outer diameter of slots.



Select flux density
10. Select suitable values of flux density in stator back iron and compute
stator outer diameter. (for 60 Hz, ordinary electric steel, lower for higher
frequencies)




Position Typical flux density
range (Ref. [3] Say)
Maximum flux density
(Ref. [2] Lipo)
Airgap Bg 0.65 0.82 T (ave.)
Stator yoke 1.1 1.45 T (peak) 1.7 T
Stator teeth 1.4 1.7 T 2.1 T
Rotor yoke 1.2 T 1.7 T
Rotor teeth 1.5 1.8 T 2.2 T
Calculate stator winding resistance
11. Calculate stator winding resistance (approx. math end
turns)

Resistively of conductors

Estimate end length l
end


0 C

0
0
2( )
end ph
s c
c
L l T
R
A

+
= Stator resistance

Conductor cross sectional
area (standard wire gauge) 0
phase
c
I
A
J
=
Select number of rotor slots

12. Select number of rotor slots. Ratio to stator slot number is important to
avoid cogging torque (experience but based on space harmonics).
13. Decides on rotor skew



Noisy or vibrations





Cusps in torque speed curve (due
to MMF harmonics)





Cogging problem





Recommended combination (Ref. [2])





Combinations To avoid (P=pole number) (Ref. [2] Lipo)
Preferred combinations in
smaller sizes have S1-S2 =
+ or - 2P with 1 rotor slot
skew to reduce cusps and
cogging
Rotor bar

14. Select current density in rotor bars and end rings (depends on ambient temp,
cooling conditions, and duty cycle), and from rotor bar and end ring currents get
their cross sectional areas.

For aluminum bar, 2.2 to 4.5 A/mm
2
, lower value for small motors
For deep bar rotor, 5.5 to 7.5 A/mm
2

For load with large inertia and high rated speed, not exceed 6.5 to 7 A/mm
2


15. Rotor bar (width to depth) geometry now depends on what torque-speed
characteristic and starting torque is needed. Trial and error and experience.

Ref. [4] Fu
Skin effect
16. Calculate rotor bar and end ring resistances and hence the
conductor losses (math and approximations, skin effect coefficients).
Skin effect causes non-uniform distribution of current in the conductor
Current density in the rotor bar is higher closer to air-gap.
In traditional designs of 60 Hz line-fed induction machines, skin effect is
represented by correction coefficients K
R
and K
X
for bar resistance and
slot leakage inductance. (Ref. [1] Boldea)
K
R
and K
X
depend on the shape and size of the rotor slot, the conductor
material and the rotor current frequency. Typically K
R
is in the range of 1
to 5, and K
X
is in the range of 0.2 to 1. (Ref. [1] Boldea)



Skin effect may not be neglected in line-start motors when assessing the
starting, or breakdown torque. The larger the motor power, the more
severe this phenomenon. (Ref. [1] Boldea)
rotor ac resistance
rotor dc resistance
R
K =
rotor ac slot leakage reactance
rotor dc slot leakage reactance
X
K =
Equivalent circuit calculation


Calculate magnetizing current
17. Calculate magnetizing inductance

Magnetizing MMF
1
0
2( )
g
m c mts mtr mcs mcr
B
F K g F F F F

= + + + +
Carter coefficient to account for the effective
airgap length increase due to slot opening.
Usually in the range of 1-1.5 (Ref [1-4])
, , ,
mts mtr mcs mcr
F F F F
c
K
MMF drop along stator teeth, rotor teeth, stator
core and rotor core, estimated from assigned
flux density and B-H curve
0
1 1 1
mts mtr mts mtr
sd
g
mg
c
F F F F
K
B
F
K g

+ +
+ = + = +
Teeth saturation coefficients, need to
agree with the value selected in step 1
1
1
3 2
m
mag
ph w
pF
I
T K
t
=
Magnetizing current
Calculate stator leakage inductance

18. Calculate the leakage reactance consisting of several components by
using some equations and some empirical formulas (very approximate).



2
1
0 1
2 ( )
ph
sl sls ds ecs
T
X f L
pq
t = + +
sls

ds

ecs

Stator slot leakage coefficients

Stator differential leakage coefficients
Stator end leakage coefficients
q: Stator slots/pole/phase
2
1
0 1
2 ( ) ( )
ph
sl sls ds ecs s sls ds ecs
sls ds ecs
T
X f L C
pq
X X X
t = + + = + +
= + +
Stator slot leakage reactance
Stator differential leakage reactance
Stator end leakage reactance
sls
X
ds
X
ecs
X
Slot leakage coefficients
sls s sls
X C =
1 2 1
2 2 1 3
[ ]( )
3 ( ) ( ) 4
s w os
sls
s s os s os
h h h
b b b b b
|

+
= + +
+ +
| : (coil pitch) / (pole pitch)
Deeper slot, larger slot leakage reactance
Wider slot, larger slot opening, smaller leakage reactance
Slot leakage flux in a single slot Slot leakage flux in a phase belt
Ref. [1] Boldea
sls sl ds ecs
X X X X = + +
Differential leakage coefficients
The total reactance due to all harmonic fields of both stator and rotor is called
differential reactance.
Differential reactance has two components: zigzag( ) and belt ( )
zigzag
5 / 3 1
5 4 / 4
c os
zgs
c os
gK b
gK b
|

+
=
+
belt
2
2 2
1
1
( )
dpv
bts s
bts
m dp s
K
X K
X K K
v
v
o
v
=
= =

X
bts
: belt leakage reactance
X
m
: magnetizing reactance
K
dpv
: winding factor for v
th
harmonic
K
sv
: saturation factor for v
th

harmonic,can be approximated by
K
sd
in step 17
Ref. [1]
Ref. [1] Boldea
: (coil pitch) / (pole pitch)
K
c
: Carter coefficients
|
sl sls ds ecs
X X X X = + + ( )
ds L ds L zgs bts zgs bts
X C C X X = = + = +
zgs
X
bts
X
End leakage coefficients
0.34 ( 0.64 )
ecs end p
q
l
L
|t =
An approximate expression
q: Stator slots/pole/phase
|: (coil pitch) / (pole pitch)
l
end
: End connection length of a coil
L: Machine axial length
Ref. [1] Boldea
sl sls ds ecs
X X X X = + +
ecs s ecs
X C =
Calculate rotor leakage inductance

19. Calculate the leakage reactance consisting of several components by
using some equations and some empirical formulas (very approximate).



0 1
2 ( ) ( )
rl sl r X dr er r sl r X dr er
rl sl r dr er
X f L K C K
X X X X
t = + + = + +
= + +
r

dr

er

Rotor slot leakage coefficients, similar to stator slot leakage

Rotor differential leakage coefficients
Rotor end leakage coefficients
X
K
Skin effect coefficients, described in step 16
Rotor differential inductance
Zigzag
3 1
5 /
5 4 / 4
1 for cage rotors
y
c or
zgr
c or
y
gK b
gK b
|

|
+
=
+
=
belt
2
0.9
( )
12
12
9( )10
r btr r
btr
c
btr
r
N
K g p
p
N
t

=
=
g: Airgap length
K
c
: Carters coefficients
b
or
: Rotor slot opening
Ref. [1] Boldea
Ref. [1] Boldea
p: Pole number
N
r
: Number of rotor slots
t
r
: Rotor slot pitch
rl sl r d er r
X X X X = + + ( )
dr r dr r zgr btr zgr btr
X C C X X = = + = +
zgr
X
btr
X
Rotor end leakage inductance
2
2.3( ) 4.7( )
log
2
2
*4sin ( )
er er
er
r
r
D b D b
p
b a
N L
N

t

=
+
Ref. [1] Boldea
Rotor end-ring cross section
p: Pole number
N
r
: Number of rotor slots
L: Machine axial length
a, b: Endring ring width and height
D
re
: Rotor outer diameter
D
er
: End-ring outer diameter
rl sl r r er d
X X X X = + +
er r er
X C =
Calculate performance
20. Several text books show how to compute rotor bar and end ring currents,
resistances, and conductor losses. From this find rotor resistance of an
equivalent rotor phase. Now the equivalent circuit is complete.

21. Use FEA based software like MOTORSOLVE (Infolytica) or JMAG to
check for any flux density violations.

22. Calculate all iron losses (off-line) approximately from material data
sheets of losses in W/kg depending on flux density and frequency.

23. Assume friction and windage as typically 1% of input power.

24. All the elements of the equivalent circuit have now been determined.
Use this to compute efficiency and power factor at full load. If these do
not agree closely with assumed values in step (1), then return to step (1)
and repeat all the steps (2) to (17)



Traditional induction motor design steps
(continued)
25. Calculate motor performance data from equivalent circuit and
compare with results from FEA:
Slip at full load
Starting current and torque
Torque-speed curve (if not acceptable then change rotor
slot geometry and return to step 12)
Torque ripple if fed from converter

26. Mechanical design

27. Thermal design. If temp rises are too high, either increase cooling
by adding heat sink fins for example, or return to step (1), adjust
choice of magnetic loadings and/or electric loading, and repeat
design.

28. Calculate weight and volume.

Approaches to modify designs
Problems Causes Solutions
Small T
start
Large X
lr,s
1. Modify rotor and stator slot shape
(decrease slot height or increase slot width)
2. Decrease stator turns or coil pitch
3. Use less skew
4. Choose proper N
s
/N
r
combination
5. Review values of leakage components
Small R
r
1. Modify rotor slot shape to increase skin
effect
2. Decrease rotor slot area
Large I
start
Small X
lr,s
1.Increase X
lr,s
2.Modify rotor slot shape, use deep slot or
double squirrel cage
3. Increase stator turns or coil pitch
4. Avoid too small number of rotor or stator
slots to prevent too much saturation
References
[1] I. Boldea and S. A. Nasar, The induction
machine handbook, 1 ed.: CRC express, 2001.
[2] T. A. Lipo, Introduction to AC machine
design, 2 ed.: University of Wisconsin-Madison,
2004.
[3] M. G. Say, Performance and design of AC
machines: Pitman, London, 1970.
[4] F. Fu and X. Tang, Induction machine design
handbook: China Machine Press, 2002.