Ten Thousand Leaves

The 1,250th Anniversary of

The Oldest Collection of Japanese Poems

Manyoshu

The Anglo-Japanese Tanka Society

The 1,250th Anniversary of Manyoshu

In Japan, poets works were collected and recorded from as far back as the 8th century, and a remarkable body of early poetry survives to this day. One collection of ancient poems is entitled Manyoshu, which means either A Collection of Ten Thousand Leaves or A Collection for Ten Thousand Ages. It contains about 4,500 poems, of which over 90% are in the form of tanka. This booklet has been produced by the Anglo-Japanese Tanka Society to mark the 1,250th anniversary of Manyoshu, and to introduce a taste of classical Japanese poetry to a wider audience. Tanka means a short poem or a short song. It consists of 31 syllables, which are divided into syllabic units of 5-7-5-7-7. When a tanka in Japanese is translated into English, the syllabic structure is lost. However, it is possible to compose a tanka in English using 31 syllables as can be seen at the end of this booklet. Manyoshu includes tanka by about 450 identifiable people with very diverse social backgrounds. It is not known exactly over what period it was compiled, but the year 759 is the last date mentioned in it. The main compiler is thought to have been Otomo no Yakamochi (718-785). The poem he composed on New Years Day 759 in the province of Iwami is the last poem in Manyoshu. Manyoshu is characterised by simplicity, straightforwardness and the fact that it includes tanka by an incredibly wide range of people: men, women, imperial family members, civil servants, monks, farmers, conscripts and entertainers.

For 1,300 years since the era of Manyoshu, the form of tanka has remained unchanged. However, it has developed to express a tranquil realm of sensibility based on suggestiveness, the association of ideas and symbolism. Capturing the transient nature of existence and the essential pathos of life, tanka exerted a far-reaching influence on the aesthetics of No theatre, the Way of Tea and Japanese ceramic art; on haiku poetry, which developed in the 17th century; and on British and American imagist poets in the early 20th century. Today in Japan, Manyoshu, Kokin Wakashu (the first imperial anthology of tanka compiled in 905) and Shin Kokin Wakashu (the eighth imperial anthology of tanka compiled in 1205) are still widely read, and millions of tanka are composed annually. Over the last decade writing tanka in English has become popular worldwide, and the Anglo-Japanese Tanka Society now has members in 21 countries. Creative Writing students at York St John University study classical tanka and its related culture, and compose tanka in English, some of which are included in this booklet. The history of tanka, beginning with Manyoshu and spanning 21 imperial anthologies compiled between 905 and 1439, has had a significant bearing not only on Japanese literature but also on the history of culture on a global level. The Anglo-Japanese Tanka Society is grateful to the Nippon Club in the United Kingdom, York St John University and Japan Airlines for their support in producing this booklet. Dr Hisashi Nakamura The Anglo-Japanese Tanka Society, 2009

Some ancient poems attributed to famous historical figures emerged from an oral tradition and the two tanka below are good examples. They are recorded in Manyoshu as having been written by Empress Iwa no Hime (d.347?) who was the Empress-consort of the 16th Sovereign, Emperor Nintoku. According to legend the Empress was made unhappy by her husbands affairs. Just as I am I shall wait for my Lord Till on my black hair, Trailing unconfined, The frost shall fall. As the morning mist trails Over the ears of rice In the autumn fields, I know not when and where My love will end. In around the 7th century, tanka written by members of the royal family appear, and Princess Nukata was one of them. The first tanka below was composed by her when she attended a ceremonial gathering of herbs in the Royal Field organised by Emperor Tenji on 5 May 668. She was one of the consorts of Emperor Tenji, but here she is addressing her ex-husband, Prince Oama, who was also there. The second poem refers to the Emperor. As you come and go on the field Of Murasaki, The Royal Field, May not the watchman see you Waving your sleeve to me?

As I wait for my Lord, Longing for him, Stirring the blinds Of my house The autumn wind blows. A considerable number of classical tanka are associated with historical events, including the following by Prince Otsu (663-686) and his sister Princess Oku (661-701). Prince Otsu was falsely accused of a plot and was executed on 3 October 686 on the bank of Iware Pond. Princess Oku wrote the tanka below before and after the tragedy. Just before the Prince was arrested he visited his sister in Ise where she was serving as the representative of the Emperor at the Great Shrine. She had to send him back to Yamato, the capital, where he was soon executed. After the incident she moved his remains from a temporary mortuary to Futakami Mountain to lay his soul to rest. Sending my dear brother Back to Yamato I stood as the night wore on Till wet with the dew of dawn. The autumn mountains Are hard to cross Even when two go together. How will you get through All alone? Today seeing the mallards Calling on the pond at Iware For the last timeMust I go away into the clouds?

Prince Otsu

From tomorrow I who remain in this world Shall think of Futakami Mountain As my little brother. Flowering pieris Growing among the rocksI want to break off a cluster To show to you, Who are not in this world. Separation and the death of a beloved one were always themes in tanka poetry. Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (c.690) wrote the first two tanka below when he left his lover in Iwami province, where he worked as a local government official. He wrote the other two when his wife died and he cremated her remains on Hikide Mountain. On Takatsuno Mountain In Iwami I waved my sleeve Through the trees. Did my dear one see it? Even though the bamboo leaves Rustle in the wind, Brightening the whole mountainside, I think only of my dear one Left behind. Taking the route through Fusuma I have left my dear one On Hikide Mountain. As I trudge back down the path I feel as though I am not alive.

Coming back home As I look round the house I find my dear ones wooden pillow Left unceremoniously in our bedroom Out of its accustomed place. Civil servants were expected to be accomplished tanka poets. Otomo no Tabito (665-731) wrote the following after losing his wife in 728 when he was GovernorGeneral of Dazaifu. In 730 he went back to the capital, Nara, by boat to take up his new post as Grand Councillor of State. Each time I see the plum tree That my beloved wife planted My heart swells within me And the tears run down. The junipers at Tomo Bay That my beloved wife saw Are still there without change. But the one who gazed at them Is no longer here. In the early stages of the development of tanka poetry there were many women poets who candidly expressed their love. Lady Otomo of Sakanoue, who lived in the 8th century, was one of them. She is the most strongly represented female poet in Manyoshu. She lived near Saho River in Sakanoue. How it crushes the heartA love not known to the beloved, Like a star lily That blooms among thick grasses In the summer field.

Like the ripples On the shallows of Saho River Where plovers chirp, My longing for you Never ceases for a moment. The night when your black horse comes Wading across the pebbly shallows Of Saho RiverI wish it were every night All through the year. If only at the moment of our meeting After I have longed and longed for you, Pour out all your words of love If you wish our love to last. Another female poet of the 8th century, Sano no Chigami, wrote passionate tanka when her husband (Nakatomi no Yakamori) was exiled to the province of Echizen (now Fukui Prefecture) because their marriage was deemed to be against a court rule in the 730s. We do not know what happened to them, but Yakamori was allowed to work for the government again and he was promoted in 763. Would that a fire from heaven Would pull up the long road You must travel, Roll it up And burn it to ashes. These are the clothes Your adoring woman has sewn, Thoughts all astray, To keep until the day we meet again.

As long as we are alive We shall be able to meet again Do not be troubled about me: If only life lasts. The development of tanka interacted with that of Buddhism. Yamanoue no Okura (660-733), for example, was well grounded in Buddhism, Confucianism and Chinese literature, and composed tanka about children, poverty, ageing, death, separation and many social issues. The last two tanka below are elegies on the death of a boy called Furuhi. His poetry colleagues also wrote tanka imbued with the impermanence of life and with Buddhist thought. The world is full of pain And the shame of poverty But not being a bird I cannot fly away. No means left And nowhere to turn I want to end it allBut my children! He is so young He will not know the wayI will make offerings, So carry him on your back Messenger from the nether world. I make offerings And imploreBe true and lead him straight. Show him the way to heaven.

Manyoshu also contains tanka composed by Frontier Guards who were conscripted to defend the southern coasts of Japan against any attacks from the Asian continent. The first one below is a tanka by the wife of a drafted Frontier Guard and the others are among 166 tanka by Frontier Guards who were conscripted from 10 provinces in February 755. Some of these tanka were expressions of loyalty to their country, but many spoke of their feelings towards their wives, parents and children left behind in their home provinces. Whose husband is going As a Frontier Guard? Someone asks without a care. How I envy her! Trying to forget I have marched over fields and mountains But I can never forget them, My mother and father! Akinoosa no Obitomaro I have left them behind Crying inconsolably, Clinging to the hem of my garmentMy motherless children. Osata no Toneri Oshima In the rush to be off Like waterfowl rising up I left with so few words To my father and mother. Now how I regret it!

Utobe no Ushimaro

My wife must be missing me sorely. Her reflection appears Even in the water I drink. I cannot forget her For a single moment. Wakayamatobe no Mimaro

The characteristics of Manyoshu include straightforwardness and simplicity, but Otomo no Yakamochi (718-785), who left 426 tanka and 46 longer poems in Manyoshu, composed some subtler poems. This sensibility developed in tanka over the following four centuries. In the spring garden The glow of deep pink peach blossomsOnto the radiant path beneath A young girl comes out. Over the spring fields A trail of mistMy heart is strangely sad. In the evening twilight A bush warbler sings. The breeze that passes Through the little cluster of bamboo In my gardenHow faint the rustle is In the calm of evening! In the serene sky Of a balmy spring day Larks riseSadness comes to my heart, Sunk in lonely thought. The last tanka entered in Manyoshu by Yakamochi. Like the snow That is falling today, May the New Year and early spring Pile up more and more Happy events!

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After Manyoshu, 21 imperial anthologies containing over 33,600 tanka in total were compiled between 905 and 1439, including the following: The colour of the cherry blossom Has faded vainly In the long rain While in idle thoughts I have spent my life. Without a thought For my black hairs disarray I throw myself down Already longing for the one Who ran his fingers through it. Sending my soul away To where the moon has sunk Behind the mountain, What shall I do with my body Left in the darkness?

Ono no Komachi (c.850)

Izumi Shikibu (c.978-?)

Monk Saigyo (1118-1190)

As the floating bridge Of a spring nights dream Breaks A bank of clouds parts from the peak In the dawn sky. Fujiwara no Teika (1162-1241) Broken by the sound of the breeze That plays on the bamboo leaves Near the window, A dream even shorter Than my fleeting sleep. Princess Shikishi (1149-1201)

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At York St John University, Creative Writing students compose tanka in English using the 5-7-5-7-7 syllabic structure after studying Japanese classical tanka and its related culture. Nature stirs the soul, awoken by a soft breeze; silent blades of grass respond by gently sighing, then resume peaceful slumber. Under silver skies, where light waltzes on the lake, spring leaf buds glisten. With my back pressed up to bark, the wind whispers; I listen. The early sun bathes your brand-new self in its gaze. Fists curled: as if you hold your whole life within them. Time is measured by your cries. Mist has collected on the pale gold waters rim since I fell asleep. The river has its own life outside in the cold night time. I and my sandwich lie in the sharp Marram grass. Canada geese see worlds flat and smooth, but I walk close over hills to the sea.

Marie Cartwright

Daniel Cannon

Susan Dougherty

Katie Smith

Ryan Weberling

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The design of this Japanese tea bowl has been inspired by Japanese Tanka and has been created by York St John, Design Practice graduate, Charlotte Jagger.

Translation and Text: Dr Hisashi Nakamura [email protected] Design: Charlotte Jagger [email protected] Cover Images: Green Smoke Rising by Catherine Scriven [email protected] Thanks to: Dr Francesca Wilde English Literature and Creative Writing York St John University [email protected] Dr Barrie Sherwood English Literature and Creative Writing York St John University [email protected]