Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 241 views

    Carbonate and Fracture Reservoirs

    Uploaded by

    Aijaz Ali
    This document discusses carbonate and fractured reservoirs. It describes how carbonate reservoirs often have secondary porosity created by post-depositional processes like dolomitization and dissolution. Dissolution can be caused by acidic water, creating features like karst. Fractured reservoirs have enhanced permeability from natural fracture networks. As an example, it examines a fractured carbonate reservoir in the Union Oolite formation where open fractures near a thrust fault contributed significantly to initial production before a more gradual decline from the reservoir matrix.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Carbonate and Fracture Reservoirs

    Uploaded by

    Aijaz Ali
    241 views8 pages
    This document discusses carbonate and fractured reservoirs. It describes how carbonate reservoirs often have secondary porosity created by post-depositional processes like dolomitization and dissolution. Dissolution can be caused by acidic water, creating features like karst. Fractured reservoirs have enhanced permeability from natural fracture networks. As an example, it examines a fractured carbonate reservoir in the Union Oolite formation where open fractures near a thrust fault contributed significantly to initial production before a more gradual decline from the reservoir matrix.

    Original Description:

    Petroleum Geology, Stratigrapgy, Sedimentology

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses carbonate and fractured reservoirs. It describes how carbonate reservoirs often have secondary porosity created by post-depositional processes like dolomitization and dissolution. Dissolution can be caused by acidic water, creating features like karst. Fractured reservoirs have enhanced permeability from natural fracture networks. As an example, it examines a fractured carbonate reservoir in the Union Oolite formation where open fractures near a thrust fault contributed significantly to initial production before a more gradual decline from the reservoir matrix.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    241 views8 pages

    Carbonate and Fracture Reservoirs

    Uploaded by

    Aijaz Ali
    This document discusses carbonate and fractured reservoirs. It describes how carbonate reservoirs often have secondary porosity created by post-depositional processes like dolomitization and dissolution. Dissolution can be caused by acidic water, creating features like karst. Fractured reservoirs have enhanced permeability from natural fracture networks. As an example, it examines a fractured carbonate reservoir in the Union Oolite formation where open fractures near a thrust fault contributed significantly to initial production before a more gradual decline from the reservoir matrix.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Carbonate Reservoirs and Fractured Reservoirs

    1 inch

    Carbonate Sidewall core

    Carbonate Reservoirs
    Porosity strongly controlled by postdepositional processes High initial porosity Rapid cementation Dissolution creates secondary porosity Usually due to acidic water

    Outline
    Carbonate Porosity
    Primary vs. secondary porosity

    Reefs Karst (dissolution) Dolomitization Fracture systems Healed Fractures vs open fractures Fracture controlled production (example)

    Carbonate Porosity Types

    Intergranular Porosity

    Vuggy & Moldic Porosity

    Cretaceous Reefs Golden Lane Facies

    Water Drive, 33-40 API oil, 200 Million Barrels cum. production since 1915

    Dissolution by Meteoric Water

    Karst and Unconformities

    Allen and Allen, 2002

    Persian Gulf Petroleum System


    Dolomitization Ghawar-largest field in the world
    Peak production; 5 million barrels per day (1981) Cumm. Prod. 65 billion bls Average Porosity: 19% Average perm: 617 mD

    Arab D Reservoir -Ghawar


    Swart et al. 2005 Partially dolomitized limestone Mudstone

    Dolomite

    Karst (dissolution)

    Dense Dolomite

    Moldic Porosity

    Daily Oil Production 2008


    Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Country Russia Saudi Arabia USA Iran China Canada Mexico Iraq Norway Production (bbl/day) 9.9 Million 8.1 Million 8.0 Million 4.1 Million 3.9 Million 3.2 Million 2.6 Million 2.4 Million 2.3 Million

    Dolomitization
    Dolomite forms during diagenesis or hydrothermal alteration CaCO3 (CaMg)(CO3)2 13% volume reduction New porosity appears Setting: dry coastal areas

    Calcite (pink)

    Dolomitization
    Atrim Fm., Michigan

    Ordovician Dolomite Cavity, OH

    Dolomite

    2 mm

    Permian, W. Texas

    2 mm

    Trenton-Black River SystemAppalachian Basin

    Fractured Reservoirs

    Gloades Corner Reservoir, NY

    Photo: J. Olson, UT Austin

    Evidence for fluid flow along Fractures in Sandstone

    Systematic Orthogonal Fractures

    Photo: J. Olson, UT Austin

    Fracture Spacing/Bedding

    Fractures in Reservoir Simulations

    1. 2.

    Matrix Permeability Fracture Permeability

    Distributed Fracture Network Photo: J. Olson, UT Austin

    Sealed Fractures

    Example of Fractured Carbonate Reservoir

    AGE

    Southeast West Virginia Bluefield Formation Reynolds Lillydale Alderson Union

    MISSISSIPPIAN

    G reenbrier L im estone

    UPPER MIDDLE

    Pickaway Taggard

    primary fault play target

    Denmar

    Hillsdale

    Photo: J. Olson, UT Austin

    Maccrady Fm McCrady Formation

    LOWER

    (Smosna, 1996) (Gas Atlas)

    Isopach of Union Oolite, Rhodell Field Area


    study area

    ooids

    (from Gas Atlas)

    scale in cm

    3527

    3527

    3527

    intragranular porosity (blue)

    sparry calcite (poor porosity)

    oolite rim (8% porosity)

    1 mm

    H JA CA

    T UL FA

    Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) Map C.I. = 200 MMcf

    H JA CA

    T UL FA

    UNION OOLITE NET PAY ISOPACH Porosity > 4% C.I. = 4

    T LO PI

    OB KN

    T UL FA T UL FA

    AR

    TA IS

    PI

    T LO

    B NO

    T UL FA

    #5834

    #5638

    I AR

    A ST

    T UL FA

    Scale:

    Scale:
    2000

    2000

    2000 2000

    CrossCross-section A A
    45 44 39 46 35 71 89 36 34 56 56 56 56 30 12 12 12 52 44

    DEPI #5834 (047(047-055055-00238)


    30 93 7

    NW
    A

    SE
    A

    UNION OOLITE (Hanging wall)

    PILOT KNOB
    0

    LITTLE LIME UNION PICKAWAY

    ARISTA

    -500

    -1000

    DENMAR PRICE

    OPEN FRACTURES 30 MMcf natural PILOT KNOB THRUST FAULT 206 OFFSET

    -1500

    Scale:

    500

    500

    T LO PI

    O KN

    T UL FA

    TA IS AR

    T UL FA

    50

    UNION OOLITE (Foot wall)

    DEPI #5834 047-055-00238 FMI LOG


    open fracture

    2000 2000

    DEPI #5834 (047(047-055055-00238)

    SIDEWALL CORES

    drilling induced fractures

    PILOT KNOB THRUST FAULT 206 OFFSET

    50

    OPEN FRACTURES DEPI #5834 (FAULT ZONE)

    Maximum Horizontal Stress

    Highly deformed interval Strike: NNE SSW Dips: 30-50

    3446.5
    open fracture

    open fracture

    300m scale in cm 3446.5

    micritized ooids

    3446.5 open fracture

    calcite filled vugs & fractures

    authigenic, euhedral quartz crystals

    scale in cm

    3477

    UNION OOLITE THRUST MODEL WITH FRACTURE SWARM

    FAULT WELL PRODUCTION (outside oolite trend) DEPI #5834 (047(047-055055-00238)


    Avg Mcf/d
    450 400 350 300 250 200

    (30 MMcf natural) Lesser decline (reservoir production)

    Steep initial decline (fracture production)

    UNION OOLITE
    (after Nelson, 2001) no scale

    150 100 50 0 11/5/01

    5/24/02

    12/10/02

    6/28/03

    1/14/04

    8/1/04

    Take home ideas


    In carbonate reservoirs secondary porosity is very important Dolomitization, dissolution and fracturing create new porosity Exposure to meteoric water leads to limestone dissolution Natural Fracture networks greatly enhance permeability

    You might also like