Evolution of Microsoft Operating System

CHIKEZIE IFENNA A Faculty of information Technology Infrastructure, Department of Software Engineering, Infrastructure University of Kuala Lumpur, Kajang, Malaysia. [email protected]

Nik Zulkarnaen Khidzir

Abstract- Evolution is one thing that is inevitable in our todays life. It takes place in virtually in everything that is bound to evolve. In this paper, the evolution of windows operating system will be sighted. A clearer view of how the Microsoft windows operating system has evolved in the past years will be critically analyzed to bring to understanding the importance and vital role software evolution and maintenance plays. The evolution that has taken place with the windows operating system is quite obvious and vivid as the huge difference between previous version and latest version can be uniquely noted. Evolution and maintenance is really one important element that all software needs to keep them available, efficient, effective, and durable. Categorically, critical analysis and emphasis would be carried out on the windows operating system right from its origin and on to its latest state to see the shadow of evolution logically.

I.

INTRODUTION

The Windows operating system was found by Bills Gate the CEO of Microsoft [1]. Microsoft windows operating system was introduced on November 20, 1985 emerge as the first to commercialize the ready Graphical User interface [1]. The first version which was 1.0 was released in 1985 and from then till now, Microsoft did not stop coming out with newer versions of its operating system. Windows operating

system reigned and controlled the personal computer worlds market with over 90% overpowering Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984 [2].

The rapid pace at which Technology evolves can leave an expert individual amazed. The moment a new technology begins to trend, a newer and better technology surfaces there by rendering the previous technology

obsolete. When an individual purchases a new technology that seems to be current then suddenly in the next minute a newer version of the same technology becomes more relevant because of its effectiveness,

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating System

efficiency and changes it made to correct lapses in the previous version. Microsoft has used the evolution as a key technique to remain at the top in the market. This will go a long way to stress out the importance and efficiency of the evolution and maintenance of software.

access were added to 3.1 by windows for workgroup also more features were

implemented in Windows 95 such as 32capabilities and a new object oriented user interface. The windows operating system has remained strong in the market because they have been consistent with evolution and adequate maintenance.

II

Literature Review
people and organizations

Before the era of Microsoft operating system invention,

depended solely on the use of typewriter. If at that time, there was any need to copy a document; this would be done by the aid of a mimeograph or carbon paper. Looking at the situation, Bill Gate who is the founder of Microsoft saw the need of personal

computers and how the invention of a new technology era would change the world. In 1983, Microsoft made known the development of its operating system, Evolution Windows OS logos

windows which will be introduced with a [2] graphical user interface (GUI). Since then the product line has shifted from the GUI phase to the modern phase of operating System. The 3.x and 4.x mnage are 3.0, windows 3.1x, windows 95, windows 98, and windows ME [3]. As new versions were invented, more features were added as well. For example, 32-bit networking and 32-bit

Evolution of Microsoft Operating System

WINDOWS 1.0: In November 20, 1985 the first financial version of the windows was presented commercially entitled as the Windows 1.0. This released version of windows was enumerated as 1.01.The major concept of Microsoft behind the commencing of this scheme was to endow multitasking of limited dos program and move pc stage from dos to the graphical world. Windows 1.0 restored the world of computers from MS Dos with graphical natural environment mode .Work mode changed from the black computer display of dos to the different windows (working panels) that could not overlap with each other .However the look of the scheme was still Dos like. This type of windows was an expanded type of the dos, and Dos submission with 16 bitgraphical interface. The case supplied in this scheme was title as the MSDOS

Dos like. This version of windows was an extended version of the dos, and Dos submission with 16 bit-graphical interface. The shell supplied in this scheme was title as the MSDOS EXECTIVE to bypass

disintegrates between the distinct windows; windows were brandished tiled/side by edge of each other. The system obligations of the Windows 1.0 are: Smallest RAM size of 256 KB (kilo byte). Type 2.0 of MS-DOS. HARD propel or 2 twice aligned drives. The utilities supplied by this issued version of windows are: Clock, Colander. Clipboards, business card file,

command Panel. Windows note pad reviewer. Windows Paint and compose utility. Minimum RAM dimensions of 256 KB (kilo byte). Type 2.0 of MS-DOS. HARD DRIVE or 2 twice aligned drives. However, this was the first type of windows launched. It was farther replaced with another version of windows type.

EXECTIVE to bypass collapse between the distinct windows; windows were displayed tiled/edge by edge of each other. The scheme requirements of the Windows 1.0 are: Windows 1.0 MS-Dos with graphical natural environment mode .Work mode altered from the very dark screen of dos to the distinct windows (working panels) that could not overlap with each other. However the gaze of the system was still

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating System

WINDOWS 2.0 AND WINDOWS 2.1X: The second version of the windows was issued on December 9, 1987.Windows 2.1 xs relates to the graphical interface schemes, its farther issued expanded versions were windows 286 and windows 386. Windows/286: This commenced version of the Windows 2.1 xs was used to extend the memory available for the operating scheme programs .This type was completely employed on the 80286 processors family.Himm.exe

Notepad, compose. Calendar, timepiece identical as windows 1.0. Fatal, Reverse1. CVT decorate, Clipboard. Card file, Calculator.

Overlapping windows were made endowed System Requirements: The configuration and compatibility of the system to run the Windows 2.0 should have the following characteristics: protected mode for the Smallest Ram size required 512 KB (kilo byte). MS-Dos type 3.0. Single floppy and a hard computer disk. The facility of mouse is optional.

programs was used for memory boost purpose. Windows/386: First time

groundwork shell on which the submissions run as aligned in Virtual 8086 mod memory boost purpose.

Windows 3.0 and 3.1 NT: These editions of windows revolutionized in the era of 1900s. This edition made the client natural environment as well as the mechanical natural environment better so that the best use of the recollection capabilities of the 80286 and 80386 processor. Characteristics: To advance the multitasking Program supervisor and file supervisor programs were introduced these were the icon founded programs and replaced the Dos executive based program/file managers.

Windows 2 admitted the overlap of windows .Multitasking and the use of the mouse, bit chart was introduced and better graphics environment support was presented.

Windows 2.0 furthermore replaced other terminologies of its preceding windows 1.0 as ZOOM and Iconize with the distinct shortcut keys from the keyboard as Minimize and the Maximize. Applications utilities provided by these versions were:

Evolution of Microsoft Operating System

Windows 3.1 belongs to the family of the 16-bit color system designs for the home use of computer .Pre-established set of the different font methods were available to make the desk top announcing platform. Three recollection modes were presented in these systems Standard ,Real and Enhanced 386 mode. Windows 3.0 was the first windows type that could run in the three of the recollection modes. Greatest submissions of the windows 3.0 run in the benchmark mode or the 386 enhanced modes. To change the virtual memory backgrounds, windows 3.0 must be booted in the genuine recollection mode to loads its needed boot file that is Swapfile.exe. The client amenities provided by these editions are: Utilities: Supported audio files sustained, the bit deepness rate of the audio documents Smallest needed was 44.1 MHZ (kilo hertz). This version was the first that was pre-installed on the hard drives to make it sleek and much quicker. Pre-installed font methods. Abode type supervisor (ATM) font scheme. multimedia additions,

Multimedia

viewer

to

play

video/audio files. Integration facility. Internet Explorer 2.0. Note pad, paint brush. In windows 3.0 Reversi embedded with the business card game for the CD-ROM

solitaire. The scheme specifications to run these versions are: ISSN Smallest 1 Megabyte (MB) of the memory, 64 kb of the accepted memory. Processor 80286 or later version. Hard computer disk with smallest 6 MB free space. CGA/VGA or compatible supervise. MS-Mouse recommended. MS-Dos 3.1 or later. utility was

After the MS-Dos founded versions did well, new terminologies of the 9x founded versions of the windows were commenced. Following are the major editions of 9x groundwork kind. A). Windows 95. B) Windows 98. C) Windows 2000.

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating System

D) Windows ME. The technology in distinction these and the are

It works as the kernel of the windows OS it is advised to blame for the administration of the jobs as: Recollection administration. Events administration. Interrupt management. Administration of the device drivers. Arranging of gist etc.

evolutions

versions

comprehensive as follows: Windows 95: Microsoft issued the better enhance type as compared to its previous issued goods with new 9x based expertise on 24h August 1995 that is Windows 95. Foremost it was also referred as Windows 4.0 or Chicago .Many of the beta versions of the Windows 95was commenced before its last delivery as construct 58s, construct 73g, construct 81, construct 122, construct 189, construct 224, construct 468 etc. initially Windows 95 was an evolution of the windows 386 Enhancements in windows95: Here in this type Microsoft clearly divided the MS-D from the Windows goods coach still the origin case on which windows executes was the Dos. It was compatible with the 16-bit applications. The base level of the windows 95 formed by a substantial number of the Virtual apparatus Drivers which are considered to blame for the administration of the apparatus such as video ,display and mesh cards etc. Three foremost jobs of the Virtual drivers are: a) The Virtual Machine:

b) The Configuration administrations: Configuration administration works as the supervisor of the Plug N Play function of OS. It tests the status of the whole adhered apparatus to the computer and functions as the platform to control the modification rank, hardworking rank of the available status. To bypass disintegrate between distinct devices it assigns distinct resource to the apparatus e.g. Input/output (I/O) apparatus share, memory etc. c) The Installable document scheme

supervisor: This scheme characterizes the scheme access to the various documents. File share Table (FAT) utilized in Windows 95 is FAT 16.The basic components of the schemes e.g. Start bar, task bar, WPM (Windows document Explorer Manager) remained identical in the upcoming versions till XP lifetime. In xp lifetime and farther until windows 7 rudimentary structures were

Evolution of Microsoft Operating System

identical but the themes were altered in distinct versions. Improvements/Enhancement: Internet Explorer 4.0. Technical improvements (long

(Second version) was issued on the 5th May 1998 with the repaired bugs present in the 98s first version a short evaluation of the both of the versions is recounted in this theme. Enhancements: WDM (Windows person driving form) was

document titles, Multitasking, access scheme. GUI was the ever best enhancement in this version because the rudimentary structure of the windows is identical from this type upwards except some updating of expanded interfaces. Full graphical client interface (GUI) support, Built in dialup networking, internet support, easily setting up wizards. Integrated (Transmission 32-bit TCP/IP 32-bits document

firstly presented in this version .This was the new technology of that time and most of the developers were not permitted of this truth so maximum goods proceeded to be in structure matching with preceding type of the OS. Some major of the facilities provided in these goods that are inherited throughout todays schemes as well are described as utilities of windows 98. Scheme obligations: Smallest RAM needed was 16 MB but recommended was 24 MB. Smallest needed available space on hard disk was 500 MB. VGA or later tenacity supervise was recommended. Pentiums Processor suggested. Microsoft Mouse and CD propel or DV propel was recommended. Evolution from Windows 98 to Windows 98 SE. Evolution form one edition to another directs to some reasons which are not according to obligations so get the difficulty

command/Internet

Protocol support) support. Scheme Requirements: Smallest Hard disk space needed 50 MB. Minimum Ram needed is 4 MB. Processor type 80386.

WINDOWS 98 &WINDOWS 98 SE It was officially commenced on June 25, 1998. It was a type that was monolithic that is 16-bit at the same time furthermore support 32-bits with a new introduction of the MS-Dos Boot loader . Windows 98 SE

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating System

settled transmits to another simplified edition. Enhancements: Scan computer disk. Computer disk Defragmenter. Scan Reg. Ms Config.

underneath .Howe ever these were corrected to some span in the next versions. Major Draw Back of 98: If the windows 98 goes on running for the 49 days a memory overflow mistake appeared .This was the ever biggest bug which was settled in the SE version. WINDOWS 2000: Microsoft commenced this 64-bit type on 17h February 2000 for the use in the enterprise [4], Server and desktop work areas. The four successor issues of this system were: Expert version. Sever version. Sophisticated Server version. Facts and figures center Server.

Scan computer disk facility was utilized to sustain the accessible document scheme .Disk Defragmenter was to blame to enumerate the non-valid document systems fragmentation effects. System Registry was refurbished by the Scan Reg (Scan Registry) facility. A user related facility to manually disable /enable the not needed services and program throughout the run time of the Functioning scheme. Enhanced Universal Serial coach (USB) support with the scheme. Internet Explorer 5.0 replaced the Internet Explorer 4.0. LAN (Local locality mesh) was introduced so that multiple nodes can broadcast with each other using NAT (Network Address Transition) terminology. DVD-ROM support for the distinct drives. There were a number of the bugs taken from the first 98s type .Major one which are enquired in this type are recorded

This was the last Microsofts issue for the completion of the NT Family products: Characteristics: FAT 32 document scheme utilized. NTFS (New Technology document System) 3.0 was introduced. Server Features, distinct System utilities. New facility of the circulated document systems. get access to of the documents on distinct levels. Maximized administration

submissions e.g. Microsoft Console supervisor.

Evolution of Microsoft Operating System

Configurable USB drivers, Mass storage apparatus support. Internet Explorer 5.0, Windows update Desktop facility. Outlook express, Internet

cipher RED etc. This degraded the value of this product and made its customers seem unreliable. WINDOWS ME: Windows Millennium (ME) was release on 24th September 2000. This type was

connection distributing. Sophisticated Encrypt System Recovery, scheme,

fundamentally developed for the dwelling use of the computers. One year after its publication it was replaced with a new family of Microsofts products called XP goods. Characteristics: Internet Explorer 5.5 was presented in this version. Windows video Maker (Video

document

expanded data protection. Evolved Accessibility, languages option. Gaming zone. Enhanced schemes Window Control localized section and

discovers Facility. Scheme Requirements: Suggested RAM dimensions 64 MB, but smallest needed was 32 MB. Pentium or subsequent version 133 Mega Hertz (MHZ) CPU. Hard propel of 2 GB. Microsoft suggested. For Windows 2000 Server Edition smallest RAM should be 256 MB. Foremost Bug of Windows 2000: Windows 2000 was a better protected version for overhead cited characteristics but still this version became the strike issue of a several number of viruses as NIMDA , keyboard & mouse

revising programs for home users) & Windows newspapers contestant 7, was manufacturer defined in this product. Expanded Gaming zone with DirectX was accessible. Network topologies: Dial up

networking, TCP/IP terminologies, dwelling networking wizards etc. Scheme utilities: refurbish system to previous time, document scheme protection, scheme supervise etc. USB mass storage Drivers support. Help and support center, as a client manual guide to fetch data related the scheme etc.

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating System

Taken genuine mode Dos feature from this type.

distinct pillars, first pillar depicts the user characterized utilized submissions applications

Scheme obligations: Smallest and suggested RAM size required was32 MB. Pentium processor dimensions

(frequently

mechanically brandished here) while second pillar recount the system provided utilities e.g. (accessories, articles, command section etc.)[5]. Task bar was also developed with distinct supplements such as fast launch, task bar group features, identical kind multiple submissions in a single assembly (individual constituent pops up when banged on the group); Windows Explorer.

suggested was 150 MHZ. Hard disk smallest dimensions

should be 320 MB, but suggested dimension was 2 GB. Bugs in Windows ME: First of all its time period was so short, other due to the Afresh and afresh crash and very cold lead this version to the conflict and unreliability of the facts and figures. Windows XP: Windows XP was officially issued on25th October, 2001. XP carries two architectures 32-bit and 64-bit.After few months of its arrival it was approximated that overhead 60% of the enterprise and 70 % of the home use localities utilizing XP. Features /Evolutions in XP: Task bar and start menu: revised task bar and start button facility was presented. Start list extended in the bandwidth so / that the

Many alterations made to the Windows Explorer relating to its formatting as well as its visual aspects also. The major reason was to make XP more Task oriented system and Digital Hub many of the new features were supplemented to the XP. Windows outlook is divided into the two portions Task section on the left side of any active window, and Navigation section on the right edge. Driven Graphics Structure: 2D

Graphics were, textures, interface enhancements were evolved. Structure Improvements :

mechanically

manually

characterized files can be often accessed from a single Platt pattern. Start list was spitted into two

a) Quick boot and logging on: Login time minimized so that the user do not wait for

Evolution of Microsoft Operating System

the so much time throughout stacking of the functioning system. b) Windows seek Option: sophisticated seek utility in the scheme to seek the documents, folders in the database of computer in the hidden as well as scheme files. c) Plug and Play (PNP): Ever evolutionary functionality of this version is, just plug any peripheral with the computer and don not get worried of the driver play that very apparatus, because all the drivers are constructed in. d) Advanced topics: A set of construct in topics for the system is constructed in with in the scheme .More fascinating topics to make the gaze of the computer better and flexible. It includes The 24-bit. Farther editions of the windows XP are: Commercially optimized editions of the Windows XP were: Windows XP Server 2003. Windows XP Server 2008.

generation was introduced as the Vista lifetime here in this lifetime Graphical aspects are improved and more supplements made and previous flaws are taken. Windows Vista: Issued on 22nd October 2009 was the functioning scheme which did well the XP lifetime .This version was issued for the business, home and desktop use. Characteristics: Graphics made better than the XP generation. It introduced a touch of 3D graphics. This edition was more users friendly. New revised task bar Super bar:

A new architecture of the task bar was revolutionized with a new coding scheme, new installed, frequent utilized and auto accessible were put here for the instant get access to newspapers. Updating: Windows video

manufacturer (WMM), Windows newspapers contestant, Windows photograph Gallery. System obligations:

System Requirements: Minimum Ram dimensions needed 64 MB. Hard computer disk needed was 1.5 GB. DVD propel / CD ROM apparatus. VGA or EGA Graphics monitor. dimensions

For 64-bit Architecture. 64-bit Processor needed dimensions 1 GHZ. RAM dimensions needed 2 GB. DirectX9 needed. Graphics processor

EVOLUTION in the direction of VISTA lifetime A new replaced expertise of XP

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating System

Hard computer disk size 20 GB needed. DVD optical drive needed. For 32-bit Architecture 32-bit Processor with 1 GHZ

Improved Security Increased speed rate Windows Media Center Format support Biometrics

dimensions. RAM of 1GB. Hard computer disk free capability 16 GB.

System Obligation: If you want to run Windows 7 on your PC, here's what it takes:

1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor

Windows 7: Windows 7was introduced following the massive success the windows vista got. Windows is later version of the windows operating system compared to the windows vista. It could be simply said that windows 7 is a continuity of the OS. Evolution is paramount as it seen in this paper how the windows operating system has gone through this evolutionary process. System Enhancement: The windows 7 OS was implemented with numerous features and enhancements. On top of the existing features in other previous version, these are some of the newly implemented features in the Windows OS: Virtual hard disks Disk partitioning Safe Removal of media BitLocker to Go Boot performance

1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)

16 GB available hard disk space (32bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)

DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher driver

Additional requirements to use certain features:

Internet access (fees may apply) Depending on resolution, video

playback may require additional memory hardware

and

advanced

graphics

Some games and programs might require a graphics card compatible with DirectX 10 or higher for

optimal performance

For some Windows Media Center functionality a TV tuner and

additional hardware may be required

Evolution of Microsoft Operating System

Windows Touch and Tablet PCs require specific hardware

more like a tile display and each tile is connected to an individual, appp, etc. Added Features: Windows Store Shell and user interface User login Microsoft account integration Multi-monitor support File Explorer Improved Internet Explorer Task Manager System Obligation: If you want to run Windows 8 on your PC, here's what it takes:

HomeGroup requires a network and PCs running Windows 7

DVD/CD

authoring

requires

compatible optical drive

BitLocker requires Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 1.2

BitLocker To Go requires a USB flash drive

Windows XP

Mode

requires

an

additional 1 GB of RAM and an additional 15 GB of available hard disk space.

Music and sound require audio output

Processor: 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster with support for PAE, NX, and

Windows 8: So far, this is the current version of the Microsoft Operating System (Windows). Windows 8 has come out with new and amazing features clearly illustrating the importance of evolution to a software system. Windows is flawless for PCs with touchscreens, those that have a mouse and keyboard, and those with both. Anything kind of PC you select, you'll find out very quick and fluid ways to swap between apps, move things around, and move smoothly from one location to another. The interface is extremely amazing, its in a grid form

SSE2 (more info)

RAM: 1 gigabyte (GB) (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit)

Hard disk space: 16 GB (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)

Graphics card: Microsoft DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM driver

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating System

Some games and programs might require a graphics card compatible with DirectX 10 or higher for optimal performance

Microsoft account required for some features

Watching DVDs requires separate playback software (more info)

Windows Media Center license sold separately (more info)

Fig 1.0 Windows 8 Task Bar Additional requirements to use certain features:

BitLocker To Go requires a USB flash drive (Windows 8 Pro only)

BitLocker requires either Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 1.2 or a USB flash drive (Windows 8 Pro only)

To use touch, you need a tablet or a monitor that supports multitouch (more info)

Client Hyper-V requires a 64-bit system with second level address translation (SLAT) capabilities and additional 2 GB of RAM (Windows 8 Pro only)

To access the Windows Store and to download and run apps, you need an active Internet connection and a screen resolution of at least 1024 x 768

A TV tuner is required to play and record live TV in Windows Media Center (Windows 8 Pro Pack and Windows 8 Media Center Pack only)

To snap apps, you need a screen resolution of at least 1366 x 768

Internet access (ISP fees might apply)

Free Internet TV content varies by geography, some content might

Secure boot requires firmware that supports UEFI v2.3.1 Errata B and has the Microsoft Windows

require additional fees (Windows 8 Pro Pack and Windows 8 Media Center Pack only)

Certification Authority in the UEFI signature database

Evolution of Microsoft Operating System

To

check

if

your

PC

meets

these

essential for any software system to continually support the growth, value and success of the particular software system.

requirements, you can run the Upgrade Assistant.

III Result:
Fig 2.0

Comparison of Microsoft Windows versions. Fig 2.0 shows the comparism of different windows version based on DOS-based (MSDOS/9x-based). It is clearly revealed that evolution brought about thorough changes to the Operating System thereby boosting its functionality.

IV Conclusion
Having done all these research and clearly stated them out on this paper, one would realize that evolution is truly a process of change over time and it is very

Evolution of Microsoft Windows Operating System

References [1] http://windows.microsoft.com/en-

System to Enhance Existing Technology accessed April 2013

my/windows-8/new-look accessed march 2013. [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Features _new_to_Windows_7 accessed march 2013 [3] Windows 7: Overview Delivered by

ITS Training Services for Penn State accessed March 2013. [4] Microsoft Windows Common

Criteria Evaluation accessed April 2013. [5] http://www.salisbury.edu/helpdesk/d oc/Computer/Operating_System_Bios_Boot/ OS_Windows7ProductGuide.pdf [6] http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/windows/desktop/ms724832%28v =vs.85%29.aspx accessed May 2013. [7] http://www.computerhope.com/histo ry/windows.htm accessed by April 2013 [8] William Stallings THE WINDOWS

OPERATING SYSTEM. accessed April 2013. [9] Northeastern Illinoi University. Introduction to Windows XP Operating System. accessed April 2013. [10] M. Asad Kayani et. al. Evolutionary

Aspects Of Windows Operating