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4.5 REFERENCES 4.5.1 Regulations, Codes of Practice and Industry Standards The editions that were in effect when these Guidelines were written are indicated below. Because standards and codes are subject to revision, users are encouraged to apply only the most recent edition.
ANSI B31.3.1990. Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping. API STD 510.1992. Pressure Vessel Inspection Code, Maintenance Inspection, Rating, Repair, and Alteration. 7th Ed. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API RP 520. Sizing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure-Relieving Devices in Refineries. Part ISizing and Selection, 1990. Part IIInstallation, 1988. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API RP 521. 1990. Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressuring Systems. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API STD 610.1989. Centrifugal Pumps for General Refinery Service. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API STD 620. 1990. Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API STD 650. 1988. Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API STD 653. 1991. Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration and Reconstruction. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API STD 660.1982. Shell-and-TubeHeat Exchangers for General Refinery Service. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API Publication 941. 1990. Steels for Hydrogen Service at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures in Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API STD 2000.1992. VentingAtmosphericandLow-PressureStorageTanks(Nonrefrigerated and Refrigerated), 3rd ed. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API RP 2003.1991. Protection Against Ignitions Arising out of Static, Lightning, and Stray Currents. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API STD 2510.1989. Design and Construction of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Installations. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API BULL 2516. 1962. Evaporation Loss from Low Pressure Storage Tanks. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API PUBL 2517. 1989. Evaporative Loss from External Floating-Roof Tanks. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API BULL 2518. 1962. Evaporation Loss from Fixed Roof Tanks. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. API PUBL 2519. 1983. Evaporation Loss from Internal Floating-Roof Tanks. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C.

API BULL 2521.1966. Use of Pressure-Vacuum Vent Valves for Atmospheric Pressure Tanks to Reduce Evaporation Loss. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. ASME. Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, and Section X. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. ASTM A395. 1988. Standard Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Pressure-Retaining Castingsfor Use at Elevated Temperatures. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 40 CFR 60. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 1980. Organic Chemical Manufacturing. Volume 3: Storage, Fugitive and Secondary Sources. EPA450/3-80-025. Dec. 1980. NBIC (National Board Inspection Code). 1989. Manual for Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors. National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors. Columbus, OH. NFPA 30. 1990. Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code. National Fire Prevention Association, Quincy, MA. NFPA 58. 1992. Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquified Petroleum Gases. National Fire Prevention Association, Quincy, MA. NFPA 68.1993. Guidefor Vent ing of Deflagrations. National Fire Prevention Association, Quincy,MA. NFPA 69. 1992. Standard on Explosion Prevention Systems. National Fire Prevention Association, Quincy, MA. NFPA 85A. 1987. Standard for Prevention of Prevention of Furnace Explosions in Fuel OiIand Natural Gas-Fired Single Burner Boiler-Furnaces. National Fire Prevention Association, Quincy, MA. NFPA 85C. 1991. Standard for Prevention of Furnace Explosions/Implosions in Multiple Burner Boiler-Furnaces. National Fire Prevention Association, Quincy, MA. NFPA 86.1990. Standard for Ovens and Furnaces. National Fire Prevention Association, Quincy, MA. UL 58. 1986. Steel Underground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, IL. UL 142. 1987. Steel Above ground Tanks for Flammable and Combustible Liquids. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, IL.

4.5.2 Specific

References

Akell, R. B. 1981. Safety Aspects of Activated Carbon Technology. Chapter 10, In: Activated Carbon forWastewaterTreatment.]. R. Perrich, ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Inc. Amoco. 1984. Engineering for Safe Operation. Booklet IX. Amoco Corporation, Chicago, Illinois. Babcock & Wilcox Company. 1972. Sfearn, Its Generation and Use. Bloch, H. P., J. A. Cameron, R. James, Jr., J. S. Swearingen and M. E. Weightman. 1982. Compressors and Expanders. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel.

Bradford, M., and D. G. Durrett. 1984. Avoiding Common Mistakes in Sizing Distillation Safety Valves. Chemical Engineering, July 9. CCPS (Center forChemical Process Safety). 1988. Guidelines for Safe Storage and Handling of High Toxic Hazard Materials. Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. ISBN 0-8169-0400-6. Faragallah, W. H. 1985. Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps and Compressors. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX. FMEC (Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation). 1974a. Loss Prevention in Chemical Plants. Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-43. Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation, Norwood, Massachusetts. FMEC (Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation). 1974b. Physical Operations in Chemical Plants. Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-47. Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation, Norwood, Massachusetts. FMEC (Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation). 1976. Combustible Dusts. Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-76. Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation, Norwood, Massachusetts. FMEC (Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation). 1977. Inertingand Purging of Tanks, Process Vessels, and Equipment. Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-59. Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation, Norwood, Massachusetts. FMEC (Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation). 1986. Waste Solvent Recovery. Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-2. Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation, Norwood, Massachusetts. FMEC (Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation). 1991. Dust Collectors. Loss Prevention Data Sheet 7-73. Factory Mutual Engineering Corporation, Norwood, Massachusetts. Grossel, S. S. 1988. Safety Considerations in conveying Bulk Solids and Powders. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 1, (April) pp. 62-74. Grossel, S. S. 1990. Highly Toxic Liquids: Part I, Moving Them Around the Plant. Chemical Engineering. Vol. 97, No. 4. (April), pp. 110-115. Grossel, S. S. 1992. Personal communication from S. S.Grossel, Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., to Stone & Webster Engineering Corp. Harrison, M. E., and J. J. France. 1989. Distillation Column Trouble-Shooting Chemical Engineering. 4-Part Series; Vol. 96, Nos. 3-6. MarchJune. Hart, R. 1990. Du Pont Standards Newsletter Vol. 41, No. 4 (April). Louviers Howard, W. B. 1988. Process Safety Technology and the Responsibility of Industry. Chemical Engineering Progress, (September) pp. 25-33. IChemE. 1982. Guide to Safety in Mixing. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, Warwickshire, U.K. ISBN 0-85295-158-2. IChemE. 1987. User Guide for the Safe Operation of Centrifuges. Prepared by J. Lindley. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, Warwickshire, U.K. ISBN 0-85295-218-X. IChemE. 1977. Users Guide to Fire and Explosion Hazards in the Drying of Particulate Materials. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, Warwickshire, U.K. IChemE. 1990. Prevention of Fires and Explosions in Dryers: A User Guide.]. Abbott, editor. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, Warwickshire, U.K. ISBN 0-85295-257-0.

IChemE (The Institution of Chemical Engineering). 1992. Dust and Fume Control: A User Guide, 2nd ed. Institution of Chemical Engineers, Rugby, Warwickshire, U.K. ISBN 0-85295-287-2. IRI (Industrial Risk Insurers). 199Oa. Distillation of Flammable or Combustible Liquids. IRInformation Manual 9.6.2.1. Industrial Risk Insurers, Hartford, Connecticut. Kister, RZ. 1992. Distillation Operations. McGraw-Hill, New York. Kletz, T. A. 1991a. Ammonia Incidents. Journal of Loss Prevention in theProcess Industries. Vol. 4 (April), p. 207. Kletz, T. A. 1991b. Plant Design for Safety: A User Friendly Approach. Hemisphere Publ. Co., New York. Landrum, R. 1.1989. Fundamentals of Designing for Corrosion Control: A Corrosion Aid for the Designer. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, Texas. Lawley, H. G., and T. A. Kletz. 1975. High-Pressure-Trip Systems for Vessel Protection. Chemical Engineering, May 12. Lees, F. P. 1980. Loss Prevention in theProcess Industries. 2 VoIs. Butter-worths, London. Liptak, B. G., Editor in Chief. 1985. Instrument Engineers Handbook: Process Control. Chilton Books, Radnor, PA. Loss Prevention Bulletin. 1992. "Report by the Tank Collapse Task Force: Ashland Oil Tank Collapse." No. 106, Sept. 1992. Monsanto. THERMINOL: Design, Operating & Maintenance Guide (Publ. 9093) p. 6.1. Monsanto, St. Louis, MO. Myers, P. 1992. Keeping Above-Ground Storage Tanks in Top Shape. Chemical Engineering, Vol. 99, No. 4 (April) pp. 161-164. Naujokas, A. A. 1979. Preventing Carbon Bed Combustion Problems. Loss Prevention: CEP Technical Manual, Vol. 12, pp. 128-135. Perry, R. H. and D. Green,eds. 1984. Perry's Chemical Engineers Handbook. 6th. ed. McGraw Hill, New York. Reynolds, J. A. 1989. Canned Motor and Magnetic Drive Pumps. Chemical Processing, Vol. 52, No. 12 (November) pp. 71-75. Ryans, J. L. and D. L. Roper. 1986. Process Vacuum System: Design and Operation. McGraw-Hill, New York. Simpson, L. L. and M. L. Weirick. 1978. Chemical Engineering, Vol. 85, No. 8 (April 3). Walker, J. L. 1969. Sizing Relief Valves for Distillation Columns. Loss Prevention, VoI 4, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. Wilmot, D. A. and A. P. Leong. 1976. Another Way to Detect Agitation. Loss Prevention, Vol. 10, No. 9, pp. 19-22. Yokell, S. 1973. Double-Tubesheet Heat Exchanger Design Stops Shell-Tube Leakage. Chemical Engineering, (May 14) pp. 133-136. Zheman, D. I., and W. F. Early II. 1992. Flare System Analysis in Ethylene Plants. 4th Annual Ethylene Producers Conference: Safety in Ethylene Plants. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York.

4.5.3 Suggested Reading

AIChE (American Institute of Chemical Engineers). 1965. Packed Absorption and Distillation Columns, AlChE Equipment Testing Procedure. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. AIChE (American Institute of Chemical Engineers). 1967. Tray Distillation Columns, AIChE Equipment Testing Procedure. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York.

API BULL 2520. Use of Variable-Vapor-Space Systems to Reduce Evaporation Loss.

American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. Bednar, H. H. 1986. Pressure Vessel Handbook. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. Britton, L. G. and J. A. Smith. 1988. Static Hazards of Drum Filling. Plant Operations Progress, Vol. 7, No. 1 (January). Calgon Corporation. 1977. Technical Information Bulletin 1-34. CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety). 1989a. Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis. Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. ISBN 0-8169-0402-2. CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety). 1989b. Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data. Center for Chemical Process Safety, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York. ISBN 0-8169-0422-7. Chapman, M. J. and D. L. Field. 1979. Lessons from Carbon Bed Absorption Losses. Loss Prevention, Vol. 12, pp. 136-141. Cordes, R. J. 1985. Compressor Safety. Fire Protection Manual for Hydrocarbon Processing Plants. Volume 1, ed. C. H. Vervalin, pp. 267-276. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston. ISBN 0-87201-333-2. Crane Company. 1988. Flow of Fluids through Valve, Fittings, and Pipe (Technical Paper No. 410). Crane Company, Chicago. Cunningham, E. R. 1986. Pumps Without Seals for Handling Difficult Materials. Plant Engineering, June 12, pp. 30-35. Dickey, D. S. and R. R. Hemrajani. 1992. Recipes for Fluid Mixing. Chemical Engineering, Vol. 99, No.3 (March) pp. 82-89. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) 1980. Organic Chemical Manufacturing, VoI 3., Storage, Fugitive, and Secondary Sources. EPA-450/3-80-025. USEPA. Etchells, A. W., III., R. R. Hemrajani, D. J. Koestler, and E. L. Paul. The Faces of Mixing. Chemical Engineering, Vol. 99, No. 3 (March) pp. 92-94. Ghosh, H. 1992. Improve Your Fired Heaters. Chemical Engineering, Vol. 99, No. 3 (March) pp. 116-122. Graver, D. L. 1985. Corrosion Data Survey, Metals Section, 6th ed. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, Texas. Halpern, G. S., D. Nyce, and C. Wrenn. 1986. Inerting for Safety. 20th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium, Paper No. 82C. New Orleans, April 6-10, 1986. American Institute of Chemical Engineering, New York. Hammock, A. A. 1981. Operate Petrochemical Plant Safely. Fire Protection Manual for Hydrocarbon Processing PlantsVolume 2, ed. C H. Vervalin., pp 193-197.

Hoyle, R. 1978. How to Select and Use Mechanical Packings. Chemical Engineering, Vol. 85, No. 22, (October 9) pp. 103-110. IRI (Industrial Risk Insurers). 1992. Sight Glasses and Gage Glasses. IRInformation Manual 7.2.0.5.). Industrial Risk Insurers, Hartford, Connecticut. IRI (Industrial Risk Insurers). 199Ob. Prevention of Explosions and Fire in Compressed Air Vessels and Systems. IRInformation Manual 3.1.1. Industrial Risklnsurers, Hartford, Connecticut. IRI (Industrial Risk Insurers). 1990. Boilers, Pressure Vessels and Piping. IRInformation Manual 7. Industrial Risk Insurers, Hartford, Connecticut. Karassik, IJ. and W. C. Krutzch, eds. 1986. Pump Handbook, 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. Magison, E. C. 1984. Intrinsic Safety. ISA (Instrument Society of America). ISBN 0-87664635-6. Oil and Gas Journal, July 9,1990. Palmer, K. N. 1973. DMS* Explosions and Fires. Chapman and Hall, London. ISBN 412-09430-4. Parkinson, G. 1989. Surging Interest in Leakproof Pumps. Chemical Engineering, Vol. 96, No. 6 (June) pp. 30-37. Ramsden, J. H. 1978. How to Choose and Install Mechanical Seals. Chemical Engineering, October 9, pp.97-102. Streeter, V. L. 1961. Handbook of Fluid Dynamics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Sutton, I. S. 1992. Process Reliability and Risk Management. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York. ISBN 0-442-00174-6. Vervalin, C. H., ed. 1985. Fire Protection Manual for Hydrocarbon Processing Plants Volume 1. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston. ISBN 0-87201-333-2. Vervalin, C. H., ed. 1981. Fire Protection Manual for Hydrocarbon Processing Plants Volume2. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston. ISBN 0-87201-288-3.