Shocking evidence that proves ancient Bible visions were actually true!

Armageddon and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Explained. PG. 50 & 66

Revelation's prophecies that must be fulfilled before Jesus returns. PG. 54

Does the Bible matter? How Daniel & Revelation apply to your life today!

ecrets

of^ible

Prophecy

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T H E

D E A D

SEA

SCROLLS,

discovered in Q u n r a m in 1947, provide impressive evidence for t h e integrity of b o t h t h e H e b r e w and Aramaic m a n u s c r i p t s of t h e Old T e s t a m e n t . For example, 11 of t h e 12 c h a p t e r s of Daniel w e r e uncovered and speak to the issue of t h e book of Daniel's authenticity.

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R e v e l a t i o n Secrets of Bible Prophecy

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Copyright by Pacific Press Publishing Association, Nampa, Idaho, USA. This edition by Amazing Facts Publishing is published under a licensing agreement with the copyright owner. All international rights reserved. All original digital illustrations and artwork are the property of Amazing Facts. P.O. Box 1058, Roseville, CA 95678 All rights reserved. 1 *v All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the New King James Version. Copyright 1979,1980, 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Creative Director & Managing Editor: Sam Godfrey Layout: Eric Smalling Erin Engle Illustrations & Front Cover: Phil Mckay Writer: David C. James Editors: Marvin Moore Anthony Lester Other Contributing Writers & Editors: Curtis Rittenour Laurie Lyons

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' '1C m a J r Bible hooks of Daniel and Revelation are our keys to understanding the past, present, and future and both contain a window of hope revealing our place in prophecy today.

T h e B o o k of D a n i e l SECTION ONE Introduction to the Book of Daniel SECTION TWO

T h e B o o k of W BNfl I H
Iff! SECTION EIGHT

Revelation

SECTION SEVEN Introduction to the Book of Revelation The Revelation of Jesus Christ

CiodReveals the Future SECTION THREE Daniel 7: I'our Beasts and a Little Horn Trial and Triumph SECTION FOUR Daniel 8: A Ram. a Coat. and A n o t h e r Little Horn Good and Evil Go Head to I lead ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ The Cyrus ^B cylinder, a contemporary cuneiform script as legitimate king kffki '* v* of Babylon. v , PG. 37 "-' T' kV *J-'-^y O " j f e "jV\ * ' % - itT"<~r ' * E ^ I **"* - , ^-k; ^ BBM Wtt BPfl H 9 BNfl

U n d e r s t a n d i n g Revelation's Organization SECTION NINE T h e Seven Churches (Christianity's History SECTION TEN T h e I our I lorsemen of the Apocalypse SECTION ELEVEN Seven Angels and Seven T r u m p e t s SECTION TWELVE
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T h e I leart of Revelation Battles of the A&x nuuits uj im /\^t.s SECTION THIRTEEN A r m a g e d d o n a n d t h e Final Plague SECTION FOURTEEN Idolatry, False Doctrine & Blasphemy The Harlot's Doom SECTION FIFTEEN T h e King of Kings Returns The End of Evil and Death SECTION SIXTEEN Paradise Restored No More Death. No More Sorrow

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K^. H i SECTION FIVE Daniel 9: Messiah the Prince Daniel Witnesses Christ's First Advent SECTION SIX Daniel 10 12: Daniels Last Prophecy A Time of Trouble, a Final Deliverance 4 I D&K TABLE O F CONTENTS EfS Ml

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REACHING THE L A S T FRONTIER W I T H THE INAL MESSAGE O u rO t h e rW e b s t ie d -VBibL m

Sunday Nights at 7 P MP E x p o lr eh u n d r e d s s e r m o nr e s o u r c e s a b o u tt h eB i b l e .

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.ousands of audio a n d v i d e o p r e s e n t a t i o n s , articles, a n d e B o o k s o n j u s t a b o u t e v e r y Bible t o p i c . U s i n g o u r m e d i a library's a d v a n c e d s e a r c h f e a t u r e , y o u c a n easily f i n d r e s o u r c e s by Bible verse, t h e m e , a n d t o p i c , s u c h as e n d o f t h e w o r l d , hell, t h e s e v e n last p l a g u e s , f o r g i v e n e s s , s a l v a t i o n , a n d , o f c o u r s e , Bible p r o p h e c y !

'

ODERN NUCLEAR SUBMARINES M ARE AMONG THE MOST SOPHISTICATED ENGINEERING WONDERS OF THE WORLD. IN MANY WAYS THEY ARE EQUIVALENT TO A TIGHTLY PACKED, SELFCONTAINED CITY IN WHICH A CREW OF 140 SHARES SPACE ABOUT THE SIZE OF A THREEBEDROOM HOUSE. Each submarine is powered h\ a nuclear reactor, which provides the energy that is converted to electricity. This amazing dynamo can run for more than 30 years and can carry the sub at least 400.000 miles without refueling. This power is also used to convert seawater to fresh water, purify the air, and turn the propeller that sends the submarine silently through the watersometimes as deep as 800 feet! Beneath the vast dark ocean, nuclear submarines manage to navigate using sonar and internal gyros. But as technologically advanced as this equipment is, nuclear submarines, of course, have no windows and still occasionally collide with a reef or another vessel. The only "window" to visually confirm their position while submerged is to draw near the surface and raise the periscope. Have you ever wondered where our world is going? Is there a trustworthy way for us to peer into the future and get our bearings? Many of us look at the moral decay in societythe crime, terrorism, wars, environmental disastersand wonder, "Where are we heading? Something

must give. Our world cannot continue banished to a lonely island in order to spiraling downward much longer before be silenced just at a time when he was imploding." To address this very issue, most needed by the church. But God's plan was to speak deep things to this the Bible contains two major prophecy faithful follower, prophetic pictures of bonks that speak of the past, present, and future ... and they both contain a window the future that would unlock truths from Daniel's book and carry them forward of hope showing us oui" position in time today. They constitute a 360-degree peri- \\ ith an even clearer message. scope, showing us where our world is Both Daniel and Revelation are books heading and revealing how we can have of prophecy that are filled with strange symbols about the past and the future. a secure future. The average reader, unfamiliar with this The Old Testament book of Daniel and special type of literature, might be conthe New Testament book of Revelation fused by the beasts ami the numbers, the are powerful Bible periscopes. Together idols and the mark of the beast. Do not he they provide us a broad panorama of yesterday, today, and tomorrowa snap- discouraged if you feel you cannot unlock shot of world history from the time of every single verse in these two amazing Daniel while he was a captive in the books on youi'ow n. The God who opened country of Babylon in around 605 B.C. ... the hearts of Daniel and John is the same all the way down to the time when Christ God who will unlock these books in order to give you, a diligent searcher for truth, will come again and beyond! a taste of heavenly things. The book of Daniel was written by a Jewish young man who was taken cap"The Bible contains two major tive by a foreign king p r o p h e c y b o o k s t h a t s p e a k of t h e and educated to be a statesmen in ancient p a s t , p r e s e n t , a n d f u t u r e ... a n d Babylon. God revealed t h e y b o t h c o n t a i n a w i n d o w of through dreams and hope showing us our position in visions to Daniel a great sweep of history time today." that is confirmed by historians to be an accurate outline of This special magazine on Daniel and world events. Daniel was a remarkably Revelation has been created to provide intelligent man who, despite threats of you with a quick introduction to some death, was also faithful to God. His book of the most fascinating scenes revealed closes with the admonition that some to mankind. It opens a window in our things he wrote were to be locked up and suffocating world and lets us know that revealed only later in time. there is life beyond the baking temperaThe book of Revelation was written by tures of doom that are rising around us. a follower of Jesus Christ whose name If you need a key (or a hammer) to open was John. During a time of persecution a door to what God has in store for you, then take a refreshing breath as you open after the young church was making great the pages before you. progress, John was captured and then

D&R

INTRODUCTION

V -.

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Statue of Assyrian King Ashurbanipal, from Nimrud, Iraq, 875-860 B.C. [Right] Ancient Persian wall carving in Iran. Possibly from the time of King Darius. N> ^

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Who w a s Daniel the prophet? Why is the book of Daniel a part of the Bible 9 How does the book of Daniel applyto you today?

WINGED LION, A FOUR-HEADED LEOPARD, A DRAGON-LIKE BEAST, A HORN THAT TALKS! STRANGE IMAGES FILL THE ROOK OF DANIEL, AN ANCIENT ROOK OF THE RIRLE FILLED WITH MYSTERIOl S SYMBOLS.

and Persia, he was foremost a servant ot God. I lis main concerns were to see God's will done on earth and to see his people. the Hebrew nation, flourish. Daniel lived at a time of great distress for the Jews. In fact, their nation no longer existed: it had been swallowed up by Babylon. So Daniel wrote to sustain them during those difficult times. His book gave an honest picture of what lay ahead for the Jewsand it was not very pretty. For the most part, the future held more of the same: Empire would succeed empire ... and through it all. God's people would be persecuted. Rut Daniel's book held out hope. It spoke ot a Messiah to come actually specifying the time of Mis appearing. And its central theme was judgment. That might not sound very positive. but the coming of the judgment is The story of Daniel begins around 6 0 5 B Cactually good news to God's people. Who Was D a n i e l ? Daniel was probably a young member of Jerusalem's upper class. When King Ncbuchadnezzar, founder and ruler of the Babylonian Empire, conquered the nation of Judah, he took some of its most prominent and promising citizens back to his land. Daniel was among these captives. lie was soon positioned as an advisor and administrator in the local government and developed such a good reputation that when the Persians later overthrew Babylon, they retained him as one of their top officials. While Daniel held important positions in the service of the pagan kings of Babylon

D& R

SECTION O N E

The historical portions of this book provide Daniel's credentials as a faithful servant of God, modeling the way the Lord wants people to handle the temptations that stressful times can bring. They also build faith in God's rulership and goodness. These stories are uplifting and powerful, so please take the time to read them!

1 \s Daniel makes clear, judgment means the vm\ of evil and the establishment of God's kingdom. For God's people, it means resurrection and everlasting life. Other prophetssuch as Isaiah and Jeremiah, llosea and Malachiwrote what biblical scholars call "classical prophecy." Daniel's prophecy is of the type known as "apocalyptic." While each kind of prophecy occasionally contains elements of the other, the following generalizations are helpful...
CLASSICAL PROPHECY most resem-

In Babylon, received a n e w

Daniel n a m e

Belteshazzar.

bles sermons. It points out the sins of God's people, tells them the consequences of continuing unfaithfulness, and calls them to repentance.
APOCALYPTIC PROPHECY often avoids

Apocalyptic Prophecies Daniel's book contains a mix of history and prophecy. Both are important. For the purpose of our study, however, we're going to focus on the chapters that look at God's prophetic revelations to Daniel, offering you interpretations that apply to events that have already passed and to events that are still to occur. The prophecies in Daniel differ from most others found in the Old Testament.

commentary about sin and repentance, seeing the world through the lens of the Final judgmentw hen people are either with God or against Him and there is no middle ground. It means to point out the important issues and show the big picture of God's plan through history. These prophecies were originally intended for God's people who were being persecuted, but they are valuable to all people.

Interpreting Daniel Main of Daniel's prophecies contain Strange and confusing symbolism. But the principle for understanding Daniel is quite simplelet the Bible be its own interpreter. In other words, look first to Scripture itself for clues as to how to understand those parts that seem obscure. The book of Daniel is of particular help here, because its individual prophecies parallel one anothereach adding to a picture previously portrayed. You can often clear up difficult parts of one prophecy by looking at the corresponding prophecy of another section. Likewise, the book of Revelation is built on Daniel's prophecies, and the Gospels reveal references Jesus made to them, so these books also add to our understanding of Daniel. Since Daniel's prophecies deal with history, often in detail, knowledge of history is important too. All the signs in the world around us indicate that we're living in the last days of earth's historyin the feet and toes of a statue that Nebuchadnezzar saw in his dream (see the next section). Where can we find God's plan for us in these last days? Where can we receive the motivation, commitment, and faith to get through them? The prophecies God gave Daniel point the way ... d

Babylon 606-539 B.C.

Nebuchadnezzar's

dream described B.C.

in

Daniel 2 occurred around 6 0 3

Nebuchadnezzar's Question Daniel introduced the dream itself and the prophecy it contained by telling us the question that was on King Nebuchadnezzar's mind when he went to bed that night: "As for you, O King, thoughts came to your mind while on your bed, about what would come to pass after this; and He who reveals secrets [GodJ has made known to you what will be" (v. 29, emphasis supplied). The previous verse puts it this way: The "God in heaven ... has made known to King Nebuchadnezzar what will be in the latter days" (emphasis supplied). The primary concern of this prophecy, in other words, is how this world will end. Nebuchadnezzar, Daniel said, dreamed of a great image a statue. This statue was made up offiveparts: A head made of gold Ghest and arms of silver A belly and thighs of bronze Legs of iron Feet partly of iron and partly of clay. Nebuchadnezzar then saw a stone cut out "without hands." The stone struck the statue on its feet and ground it into dust, which the wind blew away. Then the stone grew until it filled the whole earth (vs. 32-35). What did this dream of an awesome statue reveal about the future? We don't have to guess, because God gave Daniel a full explanation for the king. Daniel began his interpretation of the dream by telling Nebuchadnezzar what the head of gold represented: Nebuchadnezzar himself and, more broadly, the kingdom he ruled (v. 38; compare Daniel 7:17, 23). Each section of the image below Borne 168 B.C.-A.D. 476 W h y K i n g d o m s ? Nebuchadnezzar's interest lay in politics, the realm of nations and armies and rulers. So that's what this prophecy coversthe political history of the world from Nebuchadnezzar's time right down to the end of the world. Of course, God is interested in much more than political history: He's concerned about the religious realm on earth, because that determines people's eternal destiny. And that's really what the rest of the prophecies in Daniel's book are about; Daniel 2 lays the foundation of history on which the other prophecies are built.

Medio-Persia 539-331 B.C

Europe Divided A.D. 476-Present

13

the head, in turn, represented a kingdom that would displace the one that preceded it: "After you shall a rise another kingdom, inferior to yours; then another, a third kingdom And the fourth kingdom ... will break in pieces and crush all the others" (vs. 39, 40). In a later chapter, Daniel specifically names the two kingdoms that would succeed Babylon: Media/Persia (the Persian Empire, also known as Medo-Persia) and Greece (see Daniel 8:20, 21).

By the 19th century, attempts u n i t e t h e n a t i o n s of E u r o p e intermarriage a m o n g the by

to

royal families

families h a d m a d e these n e a r l y all interrelated.

An U n e x p e c t e d T u r n After describing four world empires that rise and fall, the prophecy takes an unexpected turn. Each of the first three kingdoms was displaced by a more powerful one: some ruler of another country would defeat the current ruling kingdom. But with the fourth kingdom, the pattern was broken. Rather than being defeated by some single, superior power, this "kingdom shall be divided ... just as you saw the iron mixed with ceramic clay" (v. 41). In other words, the fourth kingdom was to be broken up into a number of smaller powers, some strong and some weak. The kingdom Daniel then described efforts to bind these that was powers into a single empireeven to the extent divided of mixing "with one another in marriage" was Rome. (v- 23 NRSV). But these efforts would fail: "They will not adhere to one another, just as iron does not mix with clay" (v. 43). History confirms the accuracy of the prophetic picture Daniel painted. The empire ()\' Babylon was followed by those of Persia, Greece, and Rome. But then, rather than falling to some more powerful kingdom, the Roman Empire disintegrated into piecesthe nations that now make up much of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. Since then, many rulersamong them. Charlemagne. Charles V of Spain, Napoleon, and Hitlerhave tried to merge the pieces of Europe back together to form another empire. They've tried political and military approaches and even, as Daniel pointed out, intermarriage. But no one has been successful, just as prophecy foretold. S o m e Bible s c h o l a r s say it w o u l d t a k e m o r e than a united Europe to prove this p r o p h e c y wrong. T h e world God s p o k e of t h r o u g h Daniel's p r o p h e c y c o m p r i s e s t h e p a r t of t h e g l o b e w h e r e H i s p e o p l e lived. S i n c e C h r i s t i a n s t o d a y are found t h r o u g h o u t t h e world, only a k i n g d o m t h a t u n i t e s all t h e e a r t h ' s n a t i o n s i n t o o n e political e n t i t y w o u l d falsify t h i s p r o p h e c y .

T h e P r o p h e c y ' s Climax In the last verses of Daniel 2. his interpretation of the dream reaches its climax. There will come one final world empirebut not built by human effort; this kingdom will he made "without hands" (v. 45). It will, in fact, obliterate and entirely replace all human kingdoms (see vs. 35, 44). God Himself will establish this kingdom that "shall never be destroyed," but "shall stand forever" (v. 44). In these words, God told Nebuchadnezzar, and us. the true focus and end of earth's history. Human empires may for a moment have a degree of power and influence. But from the perspective of heaven, they are temporary, transitory. Ultimately, God's kingdom will triumph. The pointonly implied here but specifically stated later in Daniel's propheciesis that God's people might be downtrodden for now. They might for the moment be subject to the powers of earth. But in the end they will share in God's triumph. His rulethe kingdom that will "stand forever." Would you like to be a part of God's kingdom? 0

In what sense do Daniel's prophecies A b o u t foretell the "history of the world" if they t h e don't even mention such world powers R e s t as China or America? o f t h e The answer lies in God's purpose W o r l d ? for prophecy. The Lord did not intend to provide us an unabridged history of the world, but rather a roadmap to eternal life by focusing on those people who were called to be His representatives on earth. The "world" of Bible prophecy is really the world of God's people. In Old Testament times, that meant Israel and the nations that had an impact on it. However, since New Testament times. Christianity has spread its influence worldwide. So in prophecies that extend into the New Testament era, the "world" encompasses the entire globe. W h a t

14 | D& R

SECTION T W O

r
J E R U S A L E M. SYRIA

N I N E V E H ASSYRIA IERRANEAN HOENICIA B A B Y L O N SEA JUDAH MESOPOTAMIA %

msmm BLACK SEA REECE LYDIA -MIBMWi)g| MEDITERRANEAN

BACTRIA

MEDIA B A B Y L O N

PARTHIA P E R S E P O L I S PERSIS

ARABIA

EGYPT ^ ARABIAN SEA Medo-Persian Empire 539-331 B.C.

Babylonian Empire 606-536 B.C.

ARIANA ARACHOSIA DIA GEDROCIA

Greek Empire 331-168 B.C.

Roman Empire 168 B.C.-A.D. 476

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Jesus said to him, "If is as you said. Nevertheless, I say to you, hereafter you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Power, and coming on the clouds of heaven."
MATTHEW 26:64

W h a t You'll L e a r n

ANIEL 2 TELLS HOW GOD REVEALED THE FUTURE THROUGH A DREAM HE GAVE KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR. IN DANIEL 7, THE NEXT MAJOR PROPHECY, GOD REVEALS MORE OF THE FUTUREBUT THIS TIME, DANIEL HIMSELF HAS THE DREAM.

How God revealed the future of the world through a dream Where that dream has been verified by history What religious power would rule the world

of Days" was seated as judge, books were when God sent a dream to Nebuchadopened, and the beasts w ere condemned and nezzar in Daniel 2, He revealed the their dominion taken a\\a\ (vs. 9-13). Then politieal history of the world. In chapter 7. Daniel saw the Ancient of Days give "One God also speaks to Daniel, the prophet of 1 lis people, through a dream. It reveals the like the Son of Man ... dominion and glorj ami a kingdom that all peoples, nations, and history of the world and the story of the people who were to preserve and share I [is languages should serve I lim" (vs. 13,14). good news of salvation. Like the prophecy of Daniel 2, the *V prophecy of Daniel 7 comes in two parts: First a dream, and second, In the New Testament, Jesus calls the interpretation. While NebuHimself the "Son of man" more than chadnezzar's dream was relatively 4 0 times, and in Matthew 26:64, He benign, Daniel saw stormy seas from indirectly indicates that He is the which arose "four great beast--.' Son of man of Daniel 7. all of which were fierce predators. Fascinated and probably horrified b\ the fourth beast, Daniel watched as three of its ten horns were plucked up, and another horn, "a little one," took their place. Daniel's dream ended with a courtroom scene. Someone he called "the Ancient

A Familiar Story Alter reading Daniel 2. Daniel 7 should seem somewhat familiar to vim. God used different images in the vision o( Daniel 7 to tell the same basic store of the vision found

16

1)& R

SECTION THREE

T h e fourth b e a s to fD a n i e l7 .

in Daniel 2, while adding more details and a different perspective. The four beasts in Daniel correspond to the four divisions of the statue in Daniel 2, representing four kingdoms (see vs. 17,
23). The WINGED LION of chapter 7 cor-

responds with the head of gold, which represented Babylon, in chapter 2. The BEAR represented the next empire, Medo-Persia. The three ribs in its mouth stood for the three kingdoms this coalition defeated in its rise to power: Babylon, Lydia, and Egypt. It was "raised up on one side," which symbolized the Persians' eventual dominance over the Medes. The LEOPARD WITH FOUR WINGS what could be faster?served as a fitting depiction of the speed of Alexander the Great's conquests as he established the Greek Empire. The leopard's four heads represented the parts into which that empire was divided upon Alexander's death. The FOURTH BEAST, with its "HUGE
IRON TEETH," represented the Roman

Empire as it aged, and invading Germanic tribes melded into it (see v. 24). Daniel 7 has one final and crucial similarity to Daniel 2. That earlier chapter ends with dominion being taken from all the earthly powers and being given "forever" to the kingdom that God establishes. Likewise, the vision of Daniel 7 concludes with the assurance that the kingdom God establishes will be "an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and His kingdom the one which shall not be destroyed" (v. 14). The Angel's Assurance Perhaps you've noticed that all the beasts in Daniel 7 are carnivorous. Daniel was concerned about the threat they represented, as he asked one of those "standing by" (probably an angel) the meaning of what he was seeing. That person answered with a two-sentence summary of the point of this whole chapter: "Those great beasts, which are four, are four kings which arise out of the earth. But the saints of the Most High shall receive the kingdom, and possess the kingdom forever, even forever and ever" (vs. 17,18). In other words, believers will face some difficult times, but in the end, God

will accomplish His purposes. He will establish His kingdom, and His people will share in His victory. Daniel obviously appreciated that reassurance, but he was still curious about that fourth nondescript beast and

In the Bible, t e r m saints m e a n s people,

the

s i m p l y "God's

believers." refer f e w

It d o e s n ' t only to a

ultra-righteous individuals.

Empire, which followed Greece as the major power in the Western world. And just as the iron empire in Daniel 2 fragmented into feet of iron and clay, so the fourth beast here divides into a group of horns. The ten horns symbolized the nations that grew out of the Roman

its hornsparticularly the "little horn" that had eyes and a mouth and that "was making war against the saints, and prevailing against them" (v. 21). Just who or what did this horn represent? Daniel tells us several things about this entity that help us identify it: 1. Chronologically, it rose to power in the time of the 10 kings or nations that is, sometime after the demise of the Roman Empire.

A lamassu, a h u m a n h e a d e dw i n g e d bull, relief from fhe p a l a c e of K i n gS a r g o n II at Dur-Sharrukin in Assyria (present d a yK h o r s a b a d in Iraq), ca. 7 1 3 7 1 6B . C . D e p a r t m e n t of Oriental Antiquities, Richelieu.

18

D&R

SECTION THREE

T h ew i n g e d lion a n d the b e a r with three ribs in its m o u t h . 2. Daniel saw that three of the horns were "plucked out by the roots," or subdued, to make way for this little horn, whose appearance was to become "greater than his fellows" (vs. S, 20,24). 3. The angel who interpreted the dream for Daniel said the little horn would be "different" from the first horns, probably in that it would have eyes and a mouth speaking "pompous words against the Most High" against God, in other words. 4. The horn would also "persecute the saints of the Most High, and shall intend to change times and law." Obviously, the fact that human laws change isn't noteworthy; humans change human laws all the time. These "times and law," however, are ones established by God and are untouchable to humans. 5. And finally, the interpreter gave I >anicl a specific time period dining which this horn would hold sway: "a time and times and half a time" (vs. 8, 24, 25). The fact that it was a horn, like the other horns, suggests that it was a political power. Hut the fact that this horn was "different" from the others suggests that it was something more than a political entity, its difference had to do with religion, since this horn practices blasphemy, persecution of God's people, and the changing of Cod's law. The Horn's Identity How might we identify this little horn power? Consider the following questions: What religious-political power arose during the decline of the Roman Empire?
THE MEDIEVAL CHRISTIAN CHURCH,

PAPAL ROME, which through nearly all

its existence has claimed to be a political state as well as a church. How certain can we be?
WERE THREE OF THE GERMANIC TRIBES THAT DISPLACED THE ROMAN EMPIRE "UPROOTED" SO THIS CHURCH

COULD FLOURISH? Yes.

The

Heruls.

the Vandals, and the Ostrogothsall of

19

which professed Arianism. a form of Christianity that was competing with the Roman Church for supremacy in Western Europewere overrun.

day of the week as the Sabbaththe day on which God's people are to refrain from work, the day on which they are to worship. Notice what, according to its own tenants, the church claims: "Had she not such power, she could not have done that in which all modern religionists agree with hershe could not have substituted the observance of Sunday the first day of the week, for the observance of Saturday the seventh day, a change for which there is no Scriptural authority" (Stephen Keenan, A Doctrinal Catechism, 3rd American ed, New York: RJ. Kenedy, 1876, pg. 174). In other words, this religious-political power openly admits it has attempted to change the very part of God's law that has to do with time. The final identifying mark of the little-horn power is the "time and times

and half a time" that Daniel 7 specifies for its period of dominance. The chart at the top of the next page shows the fulfillment of this part of the prophecy, confirming the identity of the littlehorn power.

T h o u g h this

section of also East. not

focuses on the church the West, w e must apostasy and forget that there was of the c h u r c h of the

T h e

b o o k

o f

persecution

R e v e l a t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t b r i e f t h i s a l s o a f t e r a

DID THE MEDIEVAL ROMAN CHURCH

PERSECUTE? Yes. More believers died for their religious coin actions under persecutions, such as the Inquisition and the massacre in Prance on St. Bartholomew's Day, under the papal Roman Empire than by any other religious hand.
WHAT ABOUT THE "POMPOUS WORDS

h i a t u s , p o w e r f i g u r e s

AGAINST THE MOST HIGH"? The leaders

of this institution didn't attack God directly; in fact, they claimed to be serving Him. But they did usurp God's authority by claiming it for themselves. At the Fifth I.ateran Council (1512), for instance, it was declared concerning the pope. "Thou art another God on earth." In the encyclical letter "On the Chief Duties of Christians as Citizens," dated January 10, 1890. Pope Leo VIII declared, "The supreme teacher in the Church is the Roman Pontiff. Union of minds therefore, requires ... complete submission ... to the Church and to the Roman Pontiff, as to God I limself." And on June 20, 1894, in "The Reunion of Christendom," the same pope claimed, "We hold upon this earth the place of God Almighty."
DID THIS CHURCH POWER ATTEMPT TO CHANGE GOD'S "TIMES AND LAW"?

p r o m i n e n t l i n l a s t - d a y

e v e n t s .

Yes. Petrus de Ancharano, for example, asserted: '"The pope can modify divine law, since his power is not of man, but of God, and he acts in the place of God upon earth'" (In Council. 373, no. 3 verso- see Lucius Ferraris, "Papa." art. 2, Prompta Bibliotheca, Venice: Caspar Storti, 1772, 6:29). The church went beyond simply claiming this power: it attempted to use it. The fourth of the Ten Commandments, God's law. specifies the seventh

20 I D& R

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" T h e n a t i m e

t h e

s a i n t s t i m e s

s h a l l a n d

b e g i v e n h a l f a

i n t o

h i s

h a n d

f o r 7 : 2 5

a n d

t i m e . "

D a n i e l

A.D. 5 3 8

1,260 Prophetic

Days

A.D.1798

(1,260 Literal Years)

J_

_ L

-L

-L

-L

-L

-L

_ L

-L

J-

R e v e l a t i o n 1 2 : 6 , 1 4 makes it clear that Daniel's "time and times and half a time" is 1,260 symbolic days (each "time" is a 360-day year). And in the Bible, a symbolic day is a literal year (see Ezekiel 4:5, 6, and the sidebar "Daniel 9 Confirms Daniel 8,"p. 33). As for the starting and ending dates of this prophecy: The emperor of the eastern remnant of the Roman Empire decreed the bishop of Rome head of all Christian churches. This decree became effective in A.D. 538 with the defeat of the last of the Arian powers that had ruled much of the western remnants of the empire (including Italy). This 1,260-year time span saw most of the persecution that Christians have endured throughout history. It ended in 1798, when Napoleon's general Eerthier took the pope prisoner and proclaimed his political rule at an end.

Like Daniel 2, chapter 7 foretells the history of the world. We see the four empires and their ultimate destruction by God's eternal kingdom. But Daniel 7 focuses on spiritual, rather than political, history. In it we see the rise of a religious-political power that works against God, attempting to change His law and actively persecuting His people. However, Daniel's dream offers the assurance that this power's dominance won't last forever. A judgment day is coming when those who persecute will be defeated. On that day, "the greatness of the kingdoms under the whole heaven shall be given to the people, the saints of the Most High." Their kingdom, His kingdom, will be an everlasting kingdom. Is the Little Horn "Antichrist"? The little horn of Daniel 7 blasphemes God and persecutes His people. Could it also be the antichrist? The Old Testament doesn't use the term antichrist at all, and the New Testament uses it only a few times. The term combines two Greek words: the preposition and and the noun christ. And can carry the familiar meaning "against," but it can also mean "in place of"which fits the biblical usage more precisely. Antichrist opposes Christ, but it does so specifically by trying to fill the position only Christ should fill in our spiritual lives. Antichrist, in other words, plays god. Several New Testament passages help flesh out the picture of antichrist. In 2 Thessalonians 2, the apostle Paul prophesied

that this power would be instrumental in the great Christian apostasy (which both Daniel and Revelation also picture) that would occur before Christ's second coming. As predicted, during the Middle Ages, heresies, immorality, and corruption abounded in the church's power center, as well as among the various cults and offshoots that arose from it. In one of the four Bible verses that use the term antichrist, the apostle John wrote that there are "many antichrists" (1 John 2:18). This term, then, doesn't point to any single person or organization. Every person or institution that tries to take the place of God, or the Messiah, or that coerces people to follow it shows that it bears the spirit of antichrist. Here the medieval Catholic Church, with its Inquisition, stands condemnedbut so do those Protestants who, as soon as they had the political and military power to do so, forced their religion on the population under their control. Revelation confirms this picture of the two basic characteristics of antichrist: the desire to displace God and the willingness to coerce religious practices (see Revelation 13). And it, too, portrays a multifaceted antichrist, picturing the "dragon," the "beast," and the "false prophet" as bearing that character. (See chapter 12. Notice that these figures are modeled on Daniel's beasts of chapter 7.) The "dragon," Satan, is the ultimate antichrist, whose spirit animates all the others. So is the little horn antichrist? Yesor more correctly, it's one of them, a major one. El

21

ection

For two thousand three hundred days; then the sanctuary shall be cleansed.
DANIEL 8:14

h G o

e H

r e a

L d

i t o

t H

l e

e a d

G o o d

a n d

E v i l

W h a t You'll L e a r n

HAPTER 8 CONTAINS THE CENTRAL PROPHETIC VISION OF THE ROOK OF DANIEL. ALL THAT PRECEDES IT IS PRELIMINARY; ALL THAT FOLLOWS IS AN EXPLANATION OF IT. THE PROPHECY OF I) WILL 8 IS, IN FACT, THE LAST SYMBOLIC PROPHECY IN THE BOOK. I III. VISIONS IN THE CHAPTERS THAT FOLLOW SIMPLY EXPLAIN AND EXPAND ON WHAT WAS REVEALED IN THIS VISION.

More details about the rise and fall of nations Uncover more about the Little Horn power The purpose of the J e w i s h sanctuary f

As in c h a p t e r 7, Daniel is the recipient of the vision a dream t h a t features m o r e beasts. And like both the previous visions, this one comes in two parts: first the action in symbols and then an explanation by a heavensent interpreter.

Verses 13 and 14, but particularly verse 14, are the focus of this central chapter and thus of the u hole hook. Gabriel's C o m m i s s i o n At this point the high drama had ended, but the \ isioii had not. Daniel wrote that while he was trying to fathom what he had seen, he heard someone commission the angel Gabriel to "make this man understand the vision" (\. I(>). Gabriel began his explanation by telling Daniel the time this vision concerned: "the time of the end." "the latter time of the indignation" (vs. 17,19). Then he began to identify the actors in the dramaand he couldn't have been more specific: "The ram which you saw. having the two hornsthey are the kings of Media and Persia. And the male goat is the kingdom of Greece. The large horn that is between its eyes is the first king. As for the broken horn and the four that stood up in its place, four kingdoms shall arise out ot that nation, but not with its power" (vs. 20-22). G a b r i e l is a l s o the angelic being who a p p e a r e d to Mary and revealed she would give b i r t h to t h e Messiah. As in the vision of the previous chapter, the animals here represent empires. In describing the two animals of chapter 8, Daniel gave a pocket history of the empires they represent. He said the ram that represented Medo-Persia had two horns, one of which "was higher than the other, and the higher one came up last" (verse 3).

Daniel wrote that, in this vision, he saw by a river near which he w as standing a two-horned ram that pushed westward, northward, and southward. He said no beast could "withstand" this ram. I le "did according to his will and became great" (v. 4). Then a male goat with ""a notable horn between his eyes" came from the west, moving so fast that he didn't touch the ground (v. 5). The ram challenged the goat, with disastrous results: The goat utterly defeated him. For a while, the goat dominated the area. Soon, however, his notable horn was broken and four horns grew in its place. As Daniel continued to watch, he saw another horn appear on the scene, "a little horn which grew- exceedingly great" (v. 9). This horn challenged heaven itself and "the Prince of the host," God's sanctuary (or temple) and its sacrifices. And, Daniel wrote, this little horn "cast truth down to the ground" (vs. 10-12). The prophetic drama ended with a conversation. A "boh one" asked how long the little horn's battle against heaven would go onwhen it would end. And a second "holy one" replied:

Tor two thousand three hundred days; then the sanctuary Remember: The horn that was "higher t h a n the shall be cleansed" (v. 14). other" is a similar symbol of the bear in chapter 7 that "was raised up on one side" (v. 5). 23

The Medes attained regional power before the Persians did. But the Persians soon overtook them and assumed the superior position in the empire. Daniel's description of the Greek Empire is just as concise and just as accurate. The goat with the notable horn came from the west, traveling so fast his feet didn't touch the ground (chapter 8:5). Gabriel said. "The large horn that is between its eyes"the Remember: The s c e n e horn that was broken off here r e m i n d s u s of the when the goat was at the peak of its strength"is portrayal of s p e e d in the first king" (8:21; 8:8). c h a p t e r 7the leopard This represents Alext h a t h a d four wings. ander the Great, who. having founded the Greek Empire, died while still in his prime. The four horns that arose in his place are "four kingdoms [that] shall arise out of that nation, but not with its power" (verse 22). These horns represent the Cassandrian, Lysimachian, Ptolemaic, and Seleucid kingdoms within the Greek Empire, which were established by Alexander's generals alter his death. W h y t h e Differences? As you've probably noticed, there are strong parallels between Daniel 8 and Daniel 2 and 7. (See also the chart on page 37.) But there are also enough differences to raise some question-. ...

(sec vs. 17.19). Next, we must note that in each of the preceding visions, the fourth power continues on in one form or another to the end of time: In chapter 2. the iron of the legs is diluted with clay in the feet, but it's still there. And the little horn in chapter 7 wouldn't be much of a threat if the beast from whose head it arose were dead. In other words, both the beast in Daniel 7 and its hornpagan and Christian Romehave the same character and carry on the same activities; that is. aggression against God and His people. They both do the work of antichrist. Chapter 7 portrays that antichrist role through the little horn. That's why God chose to use the same symbol in chapter 8but in this prophecy the horn represents both phases of the world's fourth great power up to the time of its destruction. Like Daniel 7's fourth beast, Daniel 8's little horn is "fierce" and "mighty" and destroys "many" (8:23-25; 7:7.19, 23). And like the little horn in Daniel 7. Daniel S's little horn becomes (8:9; 7:20). He magnifies himself in his heart (8:25; 7:8, 25) and persecutes the saints (8:24: 7:21. 25).

I n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e Little Horn Daniel 8 adds even more detail about the little horn's activities fact that by the time God gave Daniel the vision of chapter 8. and its intentions, making its identity as antichrist even more Medo-Persia was already casting its shadow over Babylon, apparent. In the first place. Daniel ties the little horn to the original w hose rule was soon to end. antichrist. Satan himself, who caused some of the angels to SECOND, WHY ARE THE NATIONS REPRESENTED BY DOMESfall into sin (compare verses 10 and 11 with Isaiah 14:12-14; TIC ANIMALS (RAMS, GOATS) IN CHAPTER 8 WHEN CHAPTER 7 Revelation 1:20; 12:4, 7-9). PICTURED THESE EMPIRES AS CARNIVOROUS BEASTS? In its description Notice that the character of these creatures hasn't changed of the little horn's Remember: The term they're still aggressive and domineering (see vs. 4,7). But the opposition to the antichrist can carry the focus of this chapter is on the sanctuary, God's temple. Rams "Prince of the host" familiar meaning "against," and goats were sanctuary animals used as sacrifices in tem- and the sanctuary and but it can also mean "in place ple services. Their use here emphasizes the fact that God's its services (the daily of"which fits the biblical place of worship plays a major role in this chapter. sacrifices, etc.), Danusage here more precisely. iel 8 sees the future THIRD, WHY DOES THIS VISION JUMP DIRECTLY FROM THE work of both pagan GREEK EMPIRE TOTHE LITTLE HORN POWER, SKIPPING OVER and Christian Rome. Pagan Rome literally destroyed God's ROME FROM DANIEL 2 AND DANIEL 7? To begin, we must earthly sanctuary, the temple in Jerusalem, when it put down observe that, just like the preceding two visions, this dream the Jewish rebellion in A.D. 70. It was also responsible for reaches all the way from Daniel's time to the end of the world Jesus' crucifixion anil for later persecutions of His followers.
FIRST, WHY DOES THE VISION OF DANIEL 8 BEGIN WITH

MEDO-PERSIA AND NOT BABYLON? The answer lies in the

24

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Ancient Greek Corinthian helmet. Molded out of bronze.

Clockwise: A l e x a n d e r the G r e a t ancient G r e e k T e t r a r J r a c h m , circa 3 1 5 B . C . Darius II K i n g of Persia. F a c i n gp a g e : T h e two-horned r a m a n d the m a e l goat.

Unlike pagan Rome, Christian Rome's opposition to God, His sanctuary, and His people was often more subtlethough, of course, Christian Rome did carry out a vigorous and very literal persecution of believers. Some statements in chapter 8 make it clear that this power worked through deception: "He cast truth down to the ground," "through his cunning he shall cause deceit to prosper under his hand" (vs. 12, 25). Basically, Christian Rome's deceit involved counterfeiting...
IT SUBSTITUTED A COUNTERFEIT

SABBATH for the Sabbath of God's Ten Commandments (see pg. 22).
IT SUBSTITUTED A COUNTERFEIT SYSTEM OF PRIESTS AND SAINTS

for Christ's mediation on our behalf (compare 1 Timothy 2:5).

SACRIFICE for the sacrifice of Christ. (It claims that the daily mass is "one and the same Sacrifice as that of the cross" |See Catechism of the Council of Trent for Parish Priests, John A. McHugh and Charles J. Calla n, trans. New York: Joseph F. Wagner, Inc., 1934, 258, 259.J, while the Bible emphasizes that Christ's death on the cross was a one-time event. See Hebrews 9:25-28.)
IT SUBSTITUTED A COUNTERFEIT

GOSPEL for the true gospel, making our salvation a matter of works of pilgrimages and penances and indulgencesrather than of resting in faith in what Christ has done for us.

25

The Little Horn's End The vision of Daniel 8 ends on a similar note to that of the visions in Daniel chapters 2 and 8. bike the statue of chapter 2, the little horn is 'broken without human hand" (8:25). Verse 14. the central verse of both the chapter and the hook, explains that the little horn's depredations end with the "cleansing" of the sanctuary or as other versions translate it. the "restoring" of the sanctuary. These words carry a complex of ideas. The sanctuary was the place ol mediation, of salvation (see sidebar on next page). The "restoring" ol the sanctuary implies that it is once again functioning as God originally intended it to run that the deceptions of the little horn have been unmasked, the antichrist having been unveiled, and that people are tinning to Christ as their mediator: they've found again the gospel of righteousness by faith. The "cleansing" of the sanctuary implies the end-time fulfillment in real life of an ancient Hebrew ceremony God gave the sanctuary and its sacrificial system to Israel as a living illustration of His plan for saving sinners from death. This system of worship culminated in a special service that took place on the Day of Atonement (see Leviticus 16). On that day, the sanctuaryand by implication, its worshipers was to he cleansed from all the sins people had confessed there

457 B.C.

2 , 3 0 0

Prophetic

Days

A.D. 1844

( 2 , 3 0 0 Literal Years)

B.C. i A.B. -L Daniel 8:14: "For two thousand three hundred -L days; then the sanctuary shall be cleansed."

This prophetic period began in 457 B.C. with Persian Emperor Artaxerxes' decree authorizing the rebuilding of Jerusalem. It stretched to 1844a year that was to see the beginning of the cleansing, "restoration," of the heavenly sanctuary and a change in Christ's ministry there. 26 L)& R SECTION F O U R

or

through the previous year. On that day, no one was to work: all were to participate in the service. Anyone who ignored the service was deemed to have thereby declared that he or she had no need of God and was no longer considered one of His people, no longer a part of Israel. In other words, this day of cleansing was also a day of judgment. As the New Testament book of 1 lebrews points out, these Old Testament services reveal Christ's ministry for us today. The Day of Atonement, which ended the religious year for the Israelites, speaks to us of the Day of Judgment that will end this world's history. Daniel chapter 7 says that it is this judgment that will bring the little hornantichristto an end, free God's people from e\ il. and place them in His eternal kingdom. The symbolic part of the vision of chapter 8 ends with a question and an answer. The question is: How long is it going to be until that restoration, that cleansing? The answer is quite specific: "Two thousand three hundred evening-mornings" (v. 14). As this chapter closes, Gabriel confirms the accuracy of this prophecy. He says, "The vision of the evenings and mornings which was told is true" (v. 26). He's about to explain this to Daniel, when Daniel, perhaps overcome at the thought that justice won't be done until "many days in the future" (v. 26). faints. So the chapter etuis with the words, ""I was astonished by the vision, hut no one understood it" (v. 27), which was Daniel's way of saying, "To be continued ..." Chapter 9 will unlock the mystery of the 2.300 days of Daniel 8:14. D

W T h e D a y o f S a

h n

a c

t t u

I s a r y

t ?

A t o n e m e n t a n d t h e The whole book of Daniel centers on the statement in chapter 8:14: "For two thousand three hundred days; then the sanctuary shall be cleansed." Just what is this "sanctuary"? At the same time God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, He gave him plans for a portable structure that was to be the center for Israel's worship (see Exodus 25). God also told Moses what services were to be carried out in this building and in the temple that succeeded it when Israel eventually settled in Palestine. Through these services, He intended people to learn about His plan for saving them from sin and its ultimate consequence, eternal death. As Daniel 9 shows, however, the prophecy of chapter 8:14 extends well into the 19th century. Neither Israel's wilderness sanctuary nor its permanent temples existed at that time. Obviously, then, God had something else in mind and the New Testament book of Hebrews tells u s what. Hebrews says that none of Israel's services could actually clear the worshipers' consciences before God (Hebrews 9:9). They were merely copies (or illustrations) of Christ's work to save sinnerswhich was to be carried out in the true sanctuary which is in heaven (see 9:11, 23). It is this heavenly sanctuary to which Daniel 8:14 speaks.

s a n c t u a r y s e r v i c e a r e w o r t h

l e a r n i n g a b o u t b e c a u s e t h e y a r e o f

s y m b o l s t h e o f

w o r k J e s u s

C h r i s t .

Irtist rendition o f the wilderness tabernacle.

ection

s A

s d

e v

s e n

C h r i s t ' s t

F i r s t

t u

And he informed me, and talked with me, and said, "O Daniel, 1 have now come forth to give you skill to understand."
DANIEL 9:22

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ANIEL 9 CONTAINS WHAT MANY BELIEVERS CONSIDER TO BE THE MOST SUBLIME PROPHECY OF THE OLD TESTAMENTA PROPHECY OF THE MESSIAH, JESUS CHRIST. AMAZINGLY, NOT ONLY DID THIS PROPHECY LAY OUT THE PURPOSE OF HIS INCARNATION, BUT IT ALSO SPECIFIED WHEN HIS MINISTRY WOULD BEGIN AND END.

The prophecy ol Daniel 9 differs significantly from those of chapters 2, 7, and 8. In ibis chapter, there are no symbolsno statues and stones, no beasts and horns, no "times" or "evening-mornings." The language, while still rather cryptic in places, is to be taken literally.

In Daniel 9, the angel Gabriel continues his explanation of the symbolic vision given in chapter 8an explanation that had b e e n interrupted when Daniel p a s s e d out.

Remember that Daniel 8:13 and 14 contain the conclusion and climax of that chapter's vision. It is also the central point of Daniel's book. Daniel wrote that when this vision ended, Gabriel was ordered to ""make this man understand the vision" (8:16). Gabriel proceeded with an explanation of the beasts and horns, but when he tried to explain the 2,300 "evenings and mornings" (v. 26), Daniel passed out. Gabriel had only partially fulfilled his commission to explain the vision to Daniel. The last vision Daniel had seen said that 2..300 "evening-mornings [days]" would pass till the sanctuary would be

restored (8:14). Daniel probably knew that in symbolic prophecy, days represent years. So he musl have been wondering if that prophecy meant that God had changed His mind since Jeremiah's timein other words, did it mean thai Jerusalem and the temple would continue to lie desolate for 23 more centuries? Daniel knew that earlier prophets had warned that the sinful unfaithfulness of God's people would bring about Jerusalem's destruction. He also knew that those same prophets had said that Jerusalem would he restored when God's people repented. So, anxious to see God's people and the temple restored. Daniel prayed a beautiful prayer of confession and repentance that fills most of chapter 9. (Please take the time to read it for yourself!) God responded to Daniel's prayer quickly: "While I was speaking in prayer, the man Gabriel ... reached me" (v. 21). This, of course, was the same Gabriel who had been helping Daniel understand the vision ol chapter c S . Daniel wrote that Gabriel told him he hail again been commissioned to give him "skill to understand ... the vision" (v. 22, 23). There is no vision in chapter 9, so Gabriel is clearly referring to the vision of chapter 8. which he had not yet fully explained. These two chapters are linkedparticularly in the time elements involved.

Gabriel's E x p l a n a t i o n Four compact but loaded verseschapter 9:24-27contain Gabriel's explanation. Verse 24 serves as an introduction to the ideas contained in the next three verses. It specifies the time involved and what God planned to achieve dining that time. Gabriel started his explanation by referring to a period of "seventy weeks," or as the Bible margins explain, "seventy sevens." During this period the city, its wall, and its temple would be rebuilt and the Messiah would come. However, the rebuilding of the temple alone took about four years (see Ezra 4:24-5:2: 6:15), which would be 20S weeks, so it's clear that something more than 70 literal weeks was involved. Sure enough, the Hebrew in which Daniel wrote this phrase implies what the Revised Standard Version translates as "seventy weeks of years." Daniel had been concerned about Jeremiah's "seventy years," but Gabriel turned his attention to a period seven times longer "seventy weeks of years." or 490 years.

I n

b i b l i c a l

p r o p h e t i c l a n g u a g e , d a y o n e a

e q u a l s y e a r .

Why Did Daniel P a s s Out? About 10 years passed between the vision of Daniel 8 and the one in chapter 9. By that time, it had been a little more than 45 years since Nebuchadnezzar had destroyed Jerusalem and its temple and had taken its people captive to Babylon. This caused Daniel to feel very distressed. He had understood from the book of Jeremiah that the "desolations of Jerusalem" would last 70 years (9:2). But that time was nearly completed, and no actions were being taken to rebuild the house of God or Jerusalem.

29

The rest of verse 24 tells what was to happen during that 490 years:
FIRST, THAT TIME WAS TO BE A PRO-

BATIONARY PERIOD FOR THE JEWS. Their sin in goingtheir own way rather than doing what God asked them to do had resulted in the destruction of their city and temple by the Babylonians. Now, in Daniel 9:24, God said He would give them one more chance to fulfill the role He had originally planned for them.
SECOND, SOMETHING SPECIAL WAS TO BE DONE "TO FINISH THE TRANSGRESSION, TO MAKE AN END OF SINS, TO MAKE RECONCILIATION FOR INIQUITY, TO BRING IN EVERLASTING

Christ and Antichrist Daniel 9:25 27 gives more details on the timing of Jesus' earthly ministry and death. These verses also reveal what was to happen to the city and temple that Daniel was so concerned about. And they relate all this to the antichrist power, which chapters 7 and 8 spoke about. Each of these three verses divides into two parts. The first half deals with the time element and the Messiah, and the

Luke not only tells us how Jesus was anointed, but he also tells us when Jesus was anointed. John the Baptist began his ministry "in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea" (v. D, and Jesus was baptized soon after. That puts His baptism in A.D. 27exactly 483 years 169 "weeks of years") after 457 B.C.! The next two verses in Gabriel's explanation saw "After the sixty-two weeks Messiah shall be cut off, but not for Himself; ... Then He shall confirm a covenant with many for one week: but in the middle of the week He shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering" (Daniel 9: 26, 27). This 62-week periodwhich follows the seven-week periodended with Jesus' baptism. Verse 26 then says that sometime after I lis baptism. Jesus would be CUt offthai is. killed. The next verse is even more specific: "In the middle of the week He shall bring an end to sacrifice and offering." Jesus" earthly ministry ended with His crucifixion in A.D. 31three-and-a-half years after it began at His baptism. Jesus died in the middle of the seventieth "week" of Daniel's prophecy. And just as Gabriel told Daniel, His death brought an end to "sacrifice and offering" (see Hebrews 10:4-9).

T h e

h o r n

p o w e r s 7 a n d 8 .

of c h a p t e r s

RIGHTEOUSNESS." This is actually a are t h e antichrist picture of the work ot Jesusparticularly His death and I I is rninist r\ as the I ligh Priest in the heavenly sanctuary, second half deals with the city, the sancboth of which are essential parts of tuary, and the antichrist, or desolator. God's plan to eradicate sin. This kind of alternation between two themes was a regular characteristic of I lebrew literature. Verse 25 specifies the starting point Remember: The heavenlyfor the time period involved: "the sanctuary and Jesus' going forth of the command to restore and build Jerusalem." There were three ministry were important decrees by kings of the Persian Empire parts of the prophecy in that provided for the return of the Jews chapter 8. to their land ami for the restoration of Jerusalem. The decree that most closely fulfilled Gabriel's specification was the one Artaxerxes issued in 457 B.C. THIRD, THE FULFILLMENT OF THIS PART OF GABRIEL'S EXPLANATION WAS Verse 25 then goes on to say that from TO "SEAL UP VISION AND PROPHECY," this starting point "until Messiah the confirming our faith in the accuracy Prince, there shall be seven weeks and of what Daniel wroteparticularly sixty-two weeks"a total of 69 weeks. the prophecy of chapter 8. The New Testament clearly and repeatedly says that Jesus is the AND FOURTH, THIS PERIOD WAS TO Messiah. And the Gospel of Luke tells SEE THE ANOINTING OF THE "MOST us specifically when He was anointed. HOLY." This term refers to the heavIt was at His baptism, when God Himenly sanctuary. At His ascension. self announced Jesus' role and when Jesus began His ministry for His the Holy Spirit "anointed" Him by people in that heavenly sanctuary, as descending on Him in the form of a the book of Hebrews makes clear. dove (see Luke 3:21, 22). v^ Hebrews 9 indicates t h a t J e s u s b e g a n His m i n i s t r y by inaugurating, or "anointing," t h a t s a n c t u a r y m u c h as Moses i n a u g u r a t e d the earthly s a n c t u a r y before Aaron s t a r t e d his work as high priest in it.

W h e n Jesus died, the c u r t a i n in t h e temple most

dividing the holy and holy compartments

was

r i p p e d in two, f r o m t o p to bottom, signifying the of t h e sacrificial end

system.

{See c h a r t on facing page.} No Longer His Nation Gabriel's explanation doesn't specify an event that would mark the end of the 490 years, but verse 24 does indicate that those years were a probationary period for the Jewish nation as Cod's special people. Unfortunately, instead of fulfilling

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" S e v e n t y y o u r

w e e k s a n d

of

y e a r s y o u r

a r e

d e c r e e d city."

c o n c e r n i n g 9 : 2 4

p e o p l e

H o l y

D a n i e l

457 B.C.

S e v e n t y W e e k s of Y e a r s ( 4 9 0 Y e a r s )

A.D. 3 4

A.D. 27 Seven Weeks plus Three Score and Two Weeks One Week | A.D. 31

Ii

Ji

Ii

iL

Artaxerxes' decree authorizing the rebuilding of Jerusalem (457 B.C.) marks the beginning of this prophetic time period. In A.D. 27, at the beginning of the final seven years of the "seventy weeks of years," Jesus was baptized and His public ministry as the Messiah began. In the middle of the final week, in A.D. 31, He was crucified ("cut off," making "an end to sacrifice and offering"). And in A.D. 34, the governing council of the Jews confirmed their rejection of Christ by condemning Steven to deaththus ending their probationary time period. From that point on, the Christian church broadened its mission, reaching out to the Gentiles as well as Jews.

Cod's desire that the) serve as iiis emissaries to the world, and particularly, instead of accepting His Son. Jesus, the Messiah, when He came, the) delivered Him to the Romans for execution. For three-and-a-half years after Jesus' death. I lis disciples continued to preach mainly to the Jews. But then the official council of the Jewish nation, the Sanhedrim began a persecution of the Christians who lived in Jerusalem: they initiated this persecution by stonScholars believe that the ing to death the deacon stoning of Stephen by Stephen. Consequently, the J e w i s h leaders confirms Christians scatteredand the accuracy of the 4 9 0 began to take the good news year prophecy. to the Gentiles instead. The execution of Stephen, then. which occurred about A.D. 34, marks the cud of the 490 years. Jesus had preached to the Jews for three-and-a-half years in person and for another three-and-a-half years through His disciples. He had confirmed God's special covenant with

them lor a ""week"or seven years (v. 27). Now the gospel was being preached to the Gentiles too, and peopleGentiles and Jews alikewould become God's "nation," not because of their ethnic background, but because of their relationship with Jesus. And what became of the city of Jerusalem and the antichristthe desolator? Verse 25 says that the city would be rebuilt, but "in troublesome times," which it was (see the books of Ezra and Nehemiah). Then "the people of the prince who is to come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary [or temple]. ... And on the wing of abominations shall be one who makes desolate" (vs. 26, 27). Jesus spoke of this "desolating sacrilege" of Daniel's prophecy, and warned, "When you see Jerusalem surrounded by armies, then know that its desolation has come near" (Luke 21:20; Matthew 24:15). Like Daniel 7 and 8, chapter 9 ends on a more satisfying note. The conclusion of Daniel 9 says that God's purpose will eventually prevail; the "decreed end" will ultimately be "poured out on the desolator," as the Revised Standard Version translates verse 27. God will rescue those who have trusted in Him. and I le will build a New Jerusalem that will never be destroyed. 0 31

Daniel

Confirms Daniel 8

Gabriel gave the explanation in chapter 9 to help Daniel understand the vision of chapter 8. It was the time element in the vision that Daniel didn't understand. What does chapter 9 tell us that throws light on chapter B?

First, chapter 9 gives the starting point for the 2,300 "evening-mornings" of chapter 8:14. Daniel 9:24 says, "Seventy weeks are determined." These 70 weeks are cut off from a larger quantity of timethe 2.300 "evening-mornings." Since no starting point was given for that period, we can comfortably presume that both start at the same point457B.C.otherwise, Gabriel's explanation would not help. Second, Daniel 9 confirms that the 2,300 eveningmornings, or days, of chapter 8 are symbols that represent literal years. Both the language and the content of Daniel 9 indicate that its "seventy weeks' are years. If these 490 years are cut off from the 2.300 evening-mornings, then the latter must be years also. One could not cut 490 years out of 2,300 literal days!

S c h o l a r s w e e k s , 4 9 0 7 0

a g r e e t i m e s i n

t h a t 7,

s e v e n t y e q u a l s

y e a r s

p r o p h e c y

So the 2.300 evening-mornings prophecy began in 457 B.C. and extended for 2,300 literal years. Consequently, it reached its conclusion in A.D. 1844. That's when Jesus' ministry as a high priest in the heavenly sanctuary began to be restored to prominence again. That's when He began His Day of Atonement for the cleansing of the heavenly sanctuary. That's when God's final judgment began. Finally, Daniel 9:24 says that the 490-year prophecy is to "seal up vision and prophecy." It does just that for the 2,300-year prophecy of chapter 8. Jesus began His ministry as the Messiah, the anointed one, right when Daniel 9 said He would. And His death came right in the middle of the last seven of those 490 years. Thus the accuracy of the 70-week prophecy puts the seal of dependability on the larger 2,300-day prophecy.

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T h e n visif the n u m b e r 1 Bible p r o p h e c y

resource o n the

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BIBLE PROPHECY TRUTH is a powerful, s i m p l e - t o - u s e website r e s o u r c e designed to help people from every background to clearly understand t h e major prophecies of Scriptureincluding more indepth study of Daniel and Revelationand h o w it affects you today! If you ever t h o u g h t t h e m a r k of t h e beast, A r m a g e d d o n , t h e tribulation, and o t h e r Bible topics w e r e next to impossible to u n d e r s t a n d for yourself, Bible Prophecy T r u t h gives you all t h e keys you need to unlock these a m a z i n g p r o p h e c y secrets. Yes ... you can k n o w the future! Visit b i b l e p r o p h e c y t r u t h . c o m today. BIBLEPROPHECYTRUTH

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L e t no one deceive you by any means; for that Day will not come unless the falling away comes first, and the man of sin is revealed, the son of perdition.
2 THESSALONIANS 2:3

W h a t Y o u ' l l L e a r n

More details on the antichrist How the Messiah g a i n s victory after being "cut off" Details of the Messiah's eventual r e s c u e of God's people in the last days

ANIEL 10 THROUGH 12 FORM A UNIT. GIVEN IN LITERAL BUT SOMEWHAT CRYPTIC TERMS, IT COVERS MUCH THE SAME GROUND AS THE REST OF DANIEL'S VISIONS ENDING WITH A PROMISE THAT WILL GIVE YOU STRENGTH AND FAITH! Chapter 10 in Daniel serves as an introduction to this final prophecy, while chapters n and 12 contain the prophecy itself. Chapter n begins with a sketch of Middle Eastern history from Cyrus's time to that of Alexander the Great, it becomes more detailed as it deal-- with the powers that followed Alexander, and it closes with events that take place during the verj last days of earth's history. Differing Interpretations Just how this prophecx covers events between the Greek Empire and the end of time.

however, is a matter of some dispute among Christian interpreters. 1. Sonic believe that following the detailed section on Alexander's successors (chapter 11:5 L3), the prophecy becomes "sketch like," only outlining the character ami work of the antichrist power through the Middle Ages and on to the v\M.\. 2. Others say the prophecy continues on in detail, picturing the career of Antiochus Epiphanes a notorious persecutor of the Jews and covering the Maccahean revoll that ended his rule over Judea. Many of these interpreters say that Epiphanes serves as a t\ pc. or example, of the antichrist who plays such a large role in the events that conclude with Armageddon. We don't have room to offer an in-depth analysis of every view, so let's touch on the highlights of | this chapter and then leave you to study further il you like.

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lamers sometimes frightening d mysterious prophecies, the promise the of Messiah's peace who

return brings hope and to t h o s e

believe.

W h e n P t o l e m y II

died,

A n t i o c h u s II t o o k b a c k h i s f i r s t A Prince a n d t h e Kings (Ihapter 10 begins with a two-verse description of "a certain man wife, w h o then engineered the clothed in linen" (vs. 5, 6). Compare this description and the d e a t h of B e r e n i c e , h e r c h i l d , reaction of Daniel and his companions (v. 7) to the description of Jesus in Revelation 1:13-15 and in Paul's conversion experia n d all h e r a t t e n d a n t s . ence (Acts 9:3-7). Obviously, in his vision of "Michael." the "prince" of the Jews. Daniel encountered Jesus Himself. Jesus appears again in the vision as "Michael," the prince of the Jews chapters 7 and S said about the little horn power. And as to (Daniel 10:13, 21, 12:1; see also 9:25, 26). Chapter 10 goes on the first line, compare it to what Paul wrote in 2 Thessalonians to reveal that history involves 2:3, 4, about the antichrist yet to come: more than human striving. Behind the scenes, spiritual "Lei no one deceive you by any means; for Michael also a p p e a r s powers are at work to direct that Day will not come unless the fallingawa) in the Bible as an events on earth for good or evil comes first, ami the man ol sin is revealed, archangel, but He is no (10:13,20). the son ol perdition, w ho opposes and exalts Daniel 11:2-4 says that after himself above all thai is called God or thai is more an angel t h a n is the "three more kings" who worshiped, so thai he sits as God in the temple J e s u s simply a man. of God, showing himself that he is Cod." were to follow Cyrus on the throne of Persia, there would be a fourth king- richer and stronAs Daniel 11 concludes, it tells of the antichrist's ger than them allwho would fight with Greece. This is a refer- attack on God's people, symbolized by his military foray against ence to Xerxes. Verse 3 speaks of "a mighty king," a reference to them: "He shall go out with great fury to destroy and annihilate Alexander the Cheat, and verse 4 speaks of the fourfold division many. And he shall plant the tents of his palace between the ol his kingdom that earlier visions ol Daniel had also predicted. seas and the glorious holy mountain" (vs. 44. 45). The antichrist Verses 5 and 6 begin the power would plant his forces between the Mediterranean and detailed section of the prophecy. the "mountain" in Jerusalem on which the temple w as builtin V In Old Testament times, God's Israel, in other words. Hut remember, in the New Testament Daniel saw the vision of people were the Jews, who lived era, an attack on "Israel" represents an attack on the church. chapter 11 during Cyrus's in Palestine. "The king of the God's worldwide people. reign in 5 3 9 - 5 3 0 B.C. But there is hope! As did all Daniel's previous visions, this South." then, was F.gyptthe major power south of Palestine. one also ends with the destruction of this power that fights And "the king of the North" was, variously, Babylon, Syria, and against God and His people: "He shall come to his end. and no Romepowers that approached the land of the Jews from the one will help him" (11:45). How? "Michael shall stand up" (12:1) to take action. And though "there shall be a time of trouble, north and that were equally enemies of Cod and I lis people. such as never was since there was a nation." "at that time your In New Testament times. Cod's new people, the Christian [Daniel's] people shall be delivered, everyone who is found church, were no longer geographically centered so we should expect the kings of the North and the South to be the religious written in the book." equivalents of the old enemies. In other words, we shouldn't tr\ Daniel 12 contains some "appendices" (which aren't dealt to define the enemies of the church in terms of geography. with here), but the main part of this prophecy closes with promises of a resurrection to come and with an assurance that the saints will enjoy God's kingdom forever (vs. 2, 3). 0 Machiavellian Schemes Daniel 11:5 then refers to Ptolemy I of Egypt and Seleucus I of Syria. And verse 6 tells of the doomed attempt to establish peace between these two kingdoms by the marriage of Ptolemj [I's daughter, Berenice, to Antiochus II of Syriawho was already What d o e s t h i s m e a n for y o u t o d a y ? married. When Ptolemy II died. Antiochus 11 took hack his first Daniel's visions picture a continuous struggle wife, who then engineered the death of Berenice, her child, and on the earth. Nations rise against nations, and all her attendants. tyrants direct people's attention and worship More detailed prophecy of this nature follows through away from God to themselves. But through it much of Daniel 11. But note in this portion of the prophecy references to "a vile person" (v. 21), "the prince of the covenant" all, behind the scenes, God is also constantly at (v. 22). "damage" done to "the holy covenant" (vs. 28, 30), and work. When Jesus pictured times of trouble like the ""abomination of desolation" (v. 31)all terms signifying the these, He said: "He who endures to the end will be antichrist power that opposes God's people in the last days. saved" (Matthew 10:22). That sums up Daniel's As the vision progresses, the portrait of the antichrist power message too. We prepare to endure the troubles becomes increasingly clear. Verse 36 says, "Then the king ... of the end time by learning to trust God now. shall exalt and magnify himself above every god, shall speak blasphemies against the God of gods." This line parallels what 36 D& It SECTION SIX

A 15th-century manuscript copy of the Ptolemy world map, reconstituted from Ptolemy's Geographia (circa ISO), indicating t h e countries of Serica and Sinae (China) at t h e e x t r e m e east. beyond the island of T a p r o b a n e (Sri Lanka) and t h e Aurca Chersonesus (Malay Peninsula).

D a m a g e d R o m a n copy of a bust of Seleucus I, Louvre. This clay cylinder is inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform and is an account by Cyrus, king of Persia (559-530 B.C.), of his conquest of Babylon in 539 B . C . and capture of Nabonidus, the last Babylonian king. British Museum.

GO

Chapter 2 B A B Y L O N Gold head (verses 37, 38) PERSIA Silver chest (verse 39) G R E E C E Brass thighs (verse 39)

Chapter 7 B A B Y L O N Lion (verse 4)

Chapter 8

C h a p t e r s 11, 1 2

US GO "E5 CO

PERSIA PERSIA Bear with one shoulder higher Ram with one horn higher (verse 5) (verses 3, 20) G R E E C E O Leopard with four heads (verses 5, 8, 21) G R E E C E He-goat with large horn, horn broken, four horns (verses 5, 8, 21) R O M E Empire (verse 9) Little horn opposes God G and His people (verses 9-12,23-25) KINGDOM O FG O D Earthly power broken without hands (verse 25)

PERSIA King (11:2) G R E E C E Mighty king, kingdom broken into four parts (11:3,4) R O M E Opposes God and His people (11:31)

GO CD CO CO

R O M E Empirelegs of iron (verse 40) Dividedfeet of iron and clay (verses 41-43) KINGDOM O FG O D Earthly power broken without hands (verse 45) Stone becomes a mountain (verses 44,45)

Empirebeast with iron teeth (verses 7,23); Divided (verse 24); Little horn opposes God and His people (verses 21,24,25) KINGDOM O FG O D Dominion to the saints (verses 44,45)

KINGDOM O FG O D God's people delivered (Chapter 12:1-3)

o f

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J o h n the R e v e l a t o ro n the island of P a t m o s .

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Now I tell you before it comes, that when it does come to pass, you may believe.
- J O H N 13:19

W h a t Y o u ' l l L e a r n

Who wrote this mysterious prophetic book Why Revelation is part of the Bible J How the book of Revelation applies to you today I

HE BOOK OF REVELATION FEATURES STRANGE AND VIOLENT IMAGERY: A DRAGON, A BEAST, A HARLOT, LOCUSTS THAT STING LIKE SCORPIONS, BLOOD, EARTHQUAKES, HAILSTORMS, AND LAKES OF FIRE. AT TIMES, IT CAN SEEM DISCOURAGING AND EVEN A LITTLE REPULSIVE. BUT ITS DEPICTION OF A NEW EARTHIN WHICH SORROW AND PAIN AND DEATH DO NOT EXISTOFFERS OPE FOR EVERY READER SEEKING UNDERSTANDING.

\ 1

Who Was J o h n the Revelator? During the latter part of his reign, the Roman emperor Domitian (A.D. 81-96) tried to establish his claim to deity by forcing his subjects to worship him. Refusal brought punishment, including exile and execution. Domitian's persecutions brought Christianity face to lace with the fiercest external threat it had known. Its resources were limited, and of the original leadershipthe 12 apostlesonly one, John, remained. Worse, he had been exiled to the rocky, barren Island of Patmos, awaiting the fate of other believers. More than ever, the church Revelation w a s written around A.D. 90. needed encouragement. Cod gave John visions that fill this book to meet that need. Revelation places the troubles Christians face in a bigger picture of the struggle between good and evil, and particularly, of the outcome of thai struggle. In his introduction to the book, John called it "the Revelation of Jesus Christ, which Cod gave Him to show His servantsthings which must shortly take place" (chapter L:l). In other words, the encouragement Revelation supplies conies in its picture of the future.

41

A l t h o u g h v i s i o n s i n

J o h n t h i s

w r o t e b o o k ,

d o w n i t s t i t l e

t h e

[Old Testament] sense of the Hebrew names and geographic places ... according to their old-covenant ethnic and local restrictions" i s a c t u a l l y " T h e R e v e l a t i o n ("Armageddon: Sixth and Seventh Plagues" Symposium II. 383). o f J e s u s C h r i s t . " In other words, Revelation's focus is fixed upon Christ and His New Testament people. Yes, John used Still, much of that picture is pretty dark. Revelation's first the geography of Palestine and the names of ancient Israel's half portrays the Christian church's spiritual decline, which the enemiesbut in Revelation, these are symbols representing w hat apostle Paul also wrote about in 2 Thcssalonians 2:3. It's in the the church and its modern-day persecutors will experience. second half of Revelation that the real encouragement comes a turning of the tables. Cod intervenes, bringing to justice Don't Be D o g m a t i c the apostate Christian church and the political and economic Just before His crucifixion. Jesus prophesied that one of the powers with which it illicitly allied itself. disciples would betray Him. Then He said, "Now I tell you Revelation ends on a very bright note. It says that when Christ before it comes, that when it does come to pass, you may returns, He will bring a "reward" for those who have patiently believe" (John 13:19). That statement says something important endured the oppression, who have steadfastly kept "the com- about prophecy. Cod doesn't send prophets to satisfy our curimandments of Cod and the faith of Jesus" (see 22:12; 14:12). That osity about the future. He sends them to strengthen our faith "that when it does come to pass, you may believe." reward? Cod's new creation, where He will live with the saved in a perfect world unmarred by evil. This principle speaks to how we interpret Revelation, We can identify with some certainty how prophecy has been fulfilled Revelation's central message calls its readers to "hang in there." Those who remain faithful to Cod will face tough times. in history, recognizing that it strengthens our faith in Scripture and in Cod's ability to accomplish His will. But when we come But in the end, they'll be glad they stuck it out. to the parts still to be fulfilled, humility becomo particularly important. We might be able to sense the general approach R e v e l a t i o n ' s Roots the fulfillment will likely take, but there's no room or need for It doesn't take long for most readers to notice that Revelation resembles the Old Testament book of Daniel. Like Daniel, John's dogmatism as to the specifics. John wrote his prophecies for the believers of his day. But visions are lull of strange creatures and other unusual imagery, he meant them for us, too, on whom the end of the world is which are explicitly said to be symbols represent- come. John pronounced a blessing on "he who reads and those ing a physical real it \ who hear the words of this prophecy, and keep those things The book of Revelation (e.g., 17:15, 18). And like which are written in it; for the time is near" (1:3). We can is deeply c o n n e c t e d to Daniel's prophecy, Rev- share in that blessing. 1:1 the book of Daniel. elation is "apocalyptic" prophecy, meaning it's particularly concerned with the cosmic struggle between Satan and Cod. It means that this book portrays the world from the viewpoint of the final TURKEY judgment, when all are either on Cod's side or against Him. Revelation's imagery exhibits a strong relationship to the Old Testament. The dragon and beasts of chapter 12, for instance, are composites of the beasts of Daniel 7. Revelation also draws PATMOS from Isaiah, Jeremiah, the Minor Prophets, and particularly E/.ekiel as well as from the rest of the Old Testament. Even images from the Creation story appear in it. And so do themes based on major events in the history of Israel, such as the Exodus and the ravages of Babylon, the actual and symbolic oppressor ol God's people. Revelation's use of these themes and imagery tells us that. like the rest of the New Testament, the author looks for the fulfillment of the Old Testament's end-time prophecies in the New Testament's equivalent of the nation of Israel the Christian church. Revelation calls the church Christ's "kingdom" (1:6 NIV; cf. Exodus 19:6). As biblical scholar I lans LaRondelle notes, "This forbids any effort to apply the

AEGEAN 42 I) & R SECTION SEVEN

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8 U n d e r s t a n d i n g R e

Prologue (1:18) Introduction

7 Churches (1:10 to 3:22) Christ counsels His church, at war, scattered in many cities.

7 Seals (4:1 to 8:1) Christ shields His afflicted people. Heaven opened. 4:1 Rider on white horse followed by riders on variously colored horses. 6:2-8 Souls of martyrs, under altar, ask for judgment. 6:9,10 White robes. 3:21 Kings, generals, etc., ask to be killed. 6:15,16

7 Trumpets (8:2 to 11:18) Severe judgments warn the world. 1. Earth, 8:7 2. Sea. 8:8, 9 3. Rivers and fountains. 8:10,11 4. Sun, moon, and stars. 8:12 5. Darkness, bottomless pit, locusts. 9:1-11 6. River Euphrates. 9:13-21 7. Loud voices: The kingdom is Christ's! 11:15-18

Great C o n t r o v e r s y (11:19 to 14:20) Trials of the true Mother and her children. True mother, dressed in white. 12:1, 2 Her children keep the commandments. 12:17 Woman in the wilderness. 12:14 Beast with 7 heads, 10 horns. 12:3; 13:1-4 Fallen is Babylon! 13:8 Testimony of Jesus. 12:17

Testimony of Jesus. 1:2 Blessed is he who reads. 1:3 Christ walks among Behold. He is coming. 1:7 seven lamps. 2:1 I am the Alpha and the Tree of life. 2:7 Omega. 1:8 Open door. 3:8 Christ sits on His Father's throne. 3:21 New Jerusalem comes down from heaven. 3:12 I am coming soon. 3:11

Historical Half The Great Controversy in Progress

W h a t You'll L e a r n

ET'S ADMIT IT: REVELATION IS A DIFFICULT BOOK TO UNDERSTAND! IT'S EVEN HARD TO KNOW ITS BASIC MEANING WITH JUST A SIMPLE READING, AS WE CAN WITH THE GOSPELS. SOMETIMES EVEN CAREFUL STUDY DOESN'T ALWAYS PRODUCE SATISFACTORY RESULTS. RECOGNIZING ITS USE OF OLD TESTAMENT IMAGERY DOES A LOT TO ILLUMINATE ITS MEANING. BUT DETERMINING THE ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOKITS STRUCTUREDOES EVEN MORE TO HELP US UNDERSTAND IT ...

The underlying structure of the book of Revelation Deeper connections between Revelation and the Did Testament The two halves of Revelation

Revelation's structure is based on that of Hebrew poetry, in this age, and particularly in the West, we ilo most of our writing in prose. We tend to think of poetrj as "art" and. therefore, marginal to the more important matters of life. But thai was not the ease in Bible times. One-third of the Old Testament was written as poetry, as a look at one of the modern versions of the Bible will show. The prophets recorded much of their messages, which were so important to the author ol Revelation, as poetry. Like our poetry today, that of ancient Israel expressed emotions and used figurative language. Occasionally, their poetry, like ours, made use of similar sounding words. But most often. Hebrew writers constructed their poetry on other kinds ol parallelismespecially parallelism of meaning ol' a thought. This is

"synonymous parallelism," in which the second or succeeding lines repeat the thought of the first line in different words: for example: "Israel "My people (Isaiah 1:3). does not do not know. consider"

Or it might be "antithetical parallelism." in which the succeeding line stands in contrast to the first line; for example: "A soft answer But a harsh word (Proverbs 15:1.) turns aw a\ stirs up wrath anger"

A "chiasm" is a particular form of parallelism. In a typical chiastic structure, one thought 'A) is presented: a second thought (B) is added;

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7 Last P l a g u e s (15:1 to 16:21) Very severe judgments punish the world. 1. Earth. 16:2 2. Sea. 16:3 3. Rivers and fountains. 16:4 4. Sun, moon, and stars. 16:8,9 5. Darkness on the throne of the beast. 16:10,11 6. River Euphrates. 16:12-16 7. A loud voice: It is done! 16:17-21

F a l l of B a b y l o n (17:1 to 19:10) Downfall of the false Mother. False mother, dressed in purple. 2:1 Her children are harlots. 2:7 Woman in wilderness. 17:3 Beast with 7 heads, 10 horns. 17:3 Fallen is Babylon! 18:2 Testimony of Jesus. 19:10

Millennium (19:11 to 21:8) Christ enthrones His resurrected people. Heaven opened. 19:11 Rider on white horse followed by riders on white horses. 19:11-16 Souls of martyrs, resurrected, are enthroned as judges. 20:4-6 White robes. 19:14 Kings, captains, etc., are killed. 19:17-21

New Jerusalem (21:9 to 22:7) Christ rewards His church, at peace, gathered into one city. Christ is the eternal Lamp. 21:23 Tree of life. 22:2 Gates never closed. 21:25 Throne of God and of the Lamb. 22:1, 3 New Jerusalem comes down from heaven. 21:10 I am coming soon. 22:7

Epilogue (22:8-17) Conclusion I, Jesus, sent this testimony. 22:16 Blessed is he who keeps. 22:7 Behold. I am coming soon. 22:12, 20 I am the Alpha and the Omega. 22:13

Eschatological Half The Great Controversy Consummated

T h e word "chiasm" c o m e s from chi, t h e n a m e of t h e G r e e k l e t t e r X. w h i c h h a s t h e s h a p e o n e m i g h t imagine a chiastic p o e m to have. then follows a third thought (B'), which stands in some kind of parallelismsynonymous or antitheticto (B); and finally, a fourth thought (A') parallels in some way to (A), completing the structure. The following example shows a three-element chiasm: A "Ephraim B shall not envy CJudah, and C'Judah B' shall not harass A'Ephraim" (Isaiah 11:13).

would also use one of its prominent literary forms to structure his own book. But the fact that this structure fits Revelation that it worksmakes this suggestion even more convincing. The four major prophecies of Daniel parallel one another, each beginning in the prophet's time and portraying the political and religious developments that lead to the end of the world and the establishment of God's eternal kingdom.

Similarly, the first half of Revelation, its historical section, contains four major prophetic visions that begin in the prophet's time and reach to the end of the worldChrist's second coming, when God intervenes to end evil and establish His kingdom. The second half of Revelation also consists of four Poetry pervades the Old Testament, parts. These focus strictly on end-time and chiasms abound throughout. Con- ("eschatological") events, detailing the sequently, it's not difficult to believe that fate of those who have persisted in their the writer of a New Testament book so rebellion against God and the "reward" of full of references to the Old Testament those who have remained faithful to God. Like Daniel and 2 Thessalonians 2, Revelation presents the spiritual decline of Bible scholars have counted about the church. The visions of the 300 references to the Old Testament in the book of Revelation.

seven churches and seven seals tell the story of that decline. The vision of the seven trumpets are the warnings God sends to call people from that downward track to one that offers a better end. The vision of the dragon, sea beast, and land beast/false prophet reveals the roots of that decline and what those who persist in it will do to the faithful. Chapter 14 the focus of Revelation, the center of the chiasmhighlights the central issue in the cosmic battle of good and evil, the grounds of the decline. And the rest of Revelation, its eschatological half, reveals how God will deal with the unfaithful and then with the faithful. Q

Don't b e t r o u b l e d b y t h e fact that the chapter in Revelation outiine divisions a thousand completed exactly. Those more after writing. divisions chapter than he don't fit the John's;

are not years his

they were added

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Be faithful until death, and I will give the crown of life.... He who overcomes not be hurt by the second death.
REVELATION 2:10, 11

you shall

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PHESIANS 4 SAYS THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IS LIKE A IH)l)V OF WHICH JESUS IS THE HEAD. ITS MEMBERS ARE HIS HANDS AND FEET, COMMISSIONED TO GO WHERE HE SENDS AND DO HIS WORK. ONE WOULD EXPECT, THEN, THAI JESUS WOULD BE QUITE CONCERNED ABOUT THE WELFARE OF HIS BODY, THE CHURCH. CHAPTERS 2 AND 3 OF REVELATION CONTAIN LETTERS JESUS DICTATED TO SEVEN CHURCHES IN THE ROMAN PROVINCE OF ASIA (WHAT IS NOW TURKEY)THE CHURCHES IN EPHESUS, SMYRNA, PERC.AMOS, THVATIRA. SARDIS, PHILADELPHIA, AND LAODICEA.

The complete history of t h e Christian church The era of the Christian church in which Christ will return The church to which Christians belong today

Follow Along: Revelation Chapters 1-5 If John, recording these letters from Jesus, were to have sent a letter carrier from Patmos. his island of exile, to those churches, the messenger would have started with Ephesus, a port on the mainland closest to Patmos. Then he would have taken a road that traveled a circular route through Smyrna, Pergamos, and the other cities in the order in which Revelation names them, ending with Laodicea.

SECTION NINE

No doubt the contents of Revelation were read in those churches, so the messages the book contains obviously made sense to those members. And it seems unlikely that Jesus, who called Himsell "the Truth." would have confused the members of those churches with messages that didn't actually fit their situations. There were also, however, churches in other nearby cities in Asia that could easily have been included in this route hut were not. Why were they left out? For one, Revelation is full of sevens: seven trumpets, seven seals, seven plagues, and so forth. The repeated combining of the number seven with symbols implies that this number is also to be understood as symbolic. In Scripture, seven represents completeness. These seven churches represent a "complete" picture of Jesus' church and His people on earth. In other words, not only did Jesus'

messages to the seven churches speak have gone progressively from church to to those churches, but they also fit the church delivering the messages, so the spiritual needs of every individual believer and congregation throughout the Christian era. All of these messages have value R e v e l a t i o n i s f u l l of s e v e n s : for all churches today. Some parts might apply more than s e v e n trumpets, s e v e n seals, other parts, but each is worth s e v e n p l a g u e s , etc. In Scripture, our study. the n u m b e r s e v e n is the prince And there's more. Revelation builds on the visions of Daniel, of n u m b e r s a n d r e p r e s e n t s which portrayed history from completeness. that prophet's time to the end. Revelation does the same; in its "complete" picture of the Christian prophecy moves sequentially from era church, it portrays the church from John's to era, starting with John's day and time to the end. In fact, in introducing progressing to the end. the messages to the seven churches. Before turning to the individual Jesus specifically told John to "write ... messages, note one more point: Each of the things which w ill take place after this" these messages was built on the same (1:19). Just as John's messenger would general pattern. Jesus began each one by 47

T H E P E R G A M U M S E V E N X* ^ XA ^ '< U l A S I A G R E E C E '-> m

A S I A

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Mil PHILADELPHIA Q

C H U R C H E S

John's letter to the seven churches would have likely followed this route and mimics the seven eras of the church through history.

identifying Himself in a way particularly appropriate to the needs of the church or era it represents. As a rule, the body of each message contains commendations of the church's spiritual strengths, insights on its weaknesses, counsel as to how it can correct the problems, and warnings about what will happen if the faults are not corrected. And each message concludes with promises to those who overcome the problems cited. E p h e s u s A.D. 31-100 Jesus praised the Ephesus church for its perseverance and good works and for having tested and repudiated false teachers that beset the church toward the end of the first centurv A.D. These false

comprised the church and its leadership. And while they were carefully maintaining correct doctrine, they had lost their "first love" (v. 4). What the Ephesian church was experiencing must have been occurring in many other first-century churches as well. Losing the "first love" experience has always been a temptation for second and third-generation believers. No doubt that's why Jesus chose Ephesus to represent the situation of the whole Christian church through the apostolic era.

other offenses and were discovered to be Christians, they were to be executed unless they recanted. Throughout this period, Christians lived constantly with the possibility of discovery and death. And while Trajan had ruled that officials were not to hunt down Christians, some later emperors, particularly Diocletian and Galerius, carried on aggressive campaigns against the church. P e r g a m o s A.D. 3 1 3 - 5 3 8 Jesus commended the church of the Pergamos era for holding "fast to My name" and for not denying "My faith" even in the midst of persecution (v. 13). During the period represented by Pergamos, various church councils established the orthodox Christian understanding of Jesus' divinity and humanity. Ancient church historian Theodoret said of the various bishops arriving for the first of these councils that some came without eyes, some without arms, which had been pulled from their sockets, and others with their bodies maimed in other horrible ways. These were people who had suffered for remaining faithful to their profession of Christ. But Jesus rebuked the church at Pergamos for tolerating the insidious heresy of the Nicolaitans, which the Ephesians had rejected (v. 15). And another dangerous evil, "the doctrine of Balaam" (v. 14), was beginning to influence this church as well. To obtain royal favor and wealth, the ancient prophet Balaam had sold out the truth God wanted him to proclaim and led God's people into idolatry and immorality (see Numbers 22-25).

S m y r n a A.D. 1 0 0 - 3 1 3 The message to the church in Smyrna differs from most of the others in that it contains no reproof. Jesus had nothing but encouragement for this church, which faced persecution (v. 10). W h i l e John's vision of t h e seven Jesus' encouragement came first in His introduction of Himself c h u r c h e s specifies e r a s of t h e as one who had experienced such Christian c h u r c h t h r o u g h history, troubles and had come out of them (v. 8). And it reappeared in the it is n o t a t i m e p r o p h e c y . T h e counsel and promise with which dates suggested here are only He closed the message: "Be faithapproximate, helping to estahlish ful until death, and T will give you the crown of life. ... He who r o u g h c o r r e l a t i o n s of p r o p h e t i c overcomes shall not be hurt by periods with historical eras. the second death [the one from which there is no resurrection]" teachers, particularly the "Nicolaitans" (vs. 10,11). (verse 6), appear to have taught that Early in the second century A.D., the deeds of the flesh do not affect the emperor Trajan established what stood as purity of the soul and consequently have the official Roman policy toward Chrisno bearing on salvation. tianity until Constantine issued an edict But some 40 years had passed since of toleration in A.D. 313. Roman officials Paul had first brought the gospel to were not to hunt down Christians, but Ephesus. A whole new generation now if people were brought before them for

48

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((Histamine's edict of tolerance, which ended the persecution the Christian church had been enduring, ironically brought new dangers: both the influence of a "friendly" state and compromise with the paganism that had previously been the chinch's enemy. The era of the church of Pergamos saw the beginning of the great "falling" away," or apostasy, that Paul had prophesied would happen before Jesus' second advent (2 Thessalonians 2:3). T h y a t i r a A.D. 5 3 8 - 1 5 6 5 During this period, the Christian church was responsible for many of the good things happening in society. It ran the hospitals, orphanages, schools, and missions. And among its members were faithful Christianssuch as St. Francis of Assisi, the Waldenses, and John Wvcliffewho revealed Clod's love and upheld His Word. But Jesus rebuked Christianity at large for allowing "thai woman Jezebel ... to ... beguile My servants to commit sexual immorality and to eat things sacrificed to idols" (v. 20). Scripture calls the time of Jezebel's influence one of the lowest points in Israel's history (see 1 Kings 16:30. 33; f f M H H 21:23. 26). As with Balaam, the matter was one of leaders tempting God's people into unfaithfulness and spiritual adultery. In His message to the church of Thyatira, Jesus said, "I gave her |Jezebel| time to repent of her sexual immorality, and she did not repent" (Revelation 2:21). Of the last portion of this period. Cambridge historian Owen Chadwick wrote. "Everyone thai mattered in the Western Church was crying out for refor mation"cries that went unheeded by the official church. The "great tribulation" and death of which Jesus warned in this message (vs. 22, 23) might have seen their fulfillment in such tragedies as the bubonic plague, which killed 40 percent of the population of Europe. the Hundred Years' War, the revolts of the agrarian and urban poor, and the Thirty Years' War, which is estimated to have caused 10 million deaths out of a population of IS million in Germany alone!

= g. |. 57 ^

proclaiming book Pilgrim's Progress; the Pietists Spener and von Zinzendorf; and the Moravians, who stimulated a renewed interest in missionary outreach.

P h i l a d e l p h i a A.D. 1 7 5 0 - 1 8 4 4 As with Smyrna, Jesus had only positive things to say about this chinch. During the last half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th, revivals swept across England, France, and America, sparking intense missionary outreach to other parts of the world. British Christians sent missionaries throughout g. the expanding British Empire. The year 1793 saw the founding of the British Missionary ; j Society by William Carey, and other missionary societies S followed in Holland, Germany, and America. Less than a decade C D later, in 1804, the British and Foreign Bible Society was founded, and others arose as well. i. This period also saw the birth of the Sunday school move| ment, the establishment of orphanages, growing pressure jf from Christians in Britain and America for the abolition of = slavery, and the founding of church-related colleges. All these ' '*Mr ..v. movements were characterized b\ the initiative .taj*' md involvement of laity, interchurch cooperation, and self-sacrifice. jaf*" L a o d i c e a A.D. 1 8 4 4 - t h e End In contrast to the message to Philadelphia, : which contained only commendation, Jesus' ' Message to the Laodicean church contains 'vK.lr-^M^ " n '^ earnings. He characterized Christianity ^ ^ ^ B in this period as being "lukewarm" and sclf \ * f t ^ a deceived- 'because you saw 'I am rich' ... and .' It / f do not know that you are wretched, miserable, yC^w^53^3 Poor blind, and naked" (vs. 16,17). Jesus' counsel (v. 18) is particularly revealing /* '/.A*i.*Ti. because the Laodiceans thought the) had in abundance the very things He told them they needed to obtain. Laodicea was a prosperous commercial center. Nero offered financial aid when an earthquake destroyed the city, but the citizens turned his offer down, saving they had sufficient resources to handle the situation. One of the reasons for this prosperity was their commerce in the fine woolen garments for which their area was renowned. And a famous school of medicine just outside Laodicea kept the citizens supplied with eye salve. The point of Jesus' message, of course, was that the Laodiceans' complacency and self-satisfaction were dangerous because they were unfounded. They made a great profession of religion, but their practice fell far short. But Jesus'warning was motivated by good will. He said. "AS man) as I love, I rebuke and chasten. Therefore be zealous and repent" (v. 19). And in the next verse, He indicated that He'd taken the initiative: in fact. He'd done as much as lie could: "Behold, I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears Alv voice and opens the door, 1 will come in to him and dine with him, and he with Ale (v. 20)." This message that combines warning and invitation is the last of the seven. That means it extends right up to Jesus' second coming. In other words, it's for our age; Jesus was speaking to you. Will you open that door for I lim to enter your heart? Q

! 21.

Sardis A.D. 1 5 6 5 - 1 7 5 0 Jesus had little good to sa\ about this church, which had "a = name that you are alive, but you are dead" (chapter 3:1). Chris- tianit) experienced a great revival in the early years of the |P 16th century through a renewed understanding of justification ^ by faith. But almost immediately the revival descended into a period of violent doctrinal controversy. To many it seemed ~ more important to express justification by faith in precise S. terminology than to experience it in their lives. The various ~ religious movements soon adopted rigid creeds that locked s people into formal "bead" religion that did little for their hearts. 3? Jesus did note, however, that there were "a few names even in Sardis who have not defiled their garments; and they shall 5F walk with Me in white, for they are worthy" (v. 4). Perhaps He =. had in mind people like John Bunyan, who wrote that gospel- i"

49

ection

10

s* *

HI}

Now I saw when the Lamb opened one of the seals; and I heard one of the four living creatures saying with a voice like thunder, "Come and see."
REVELATION 6:1

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W
W h a t You'll L e a r n Why the scroll w a s sealed with s e v e n seals

HAT DOES THE FUTURE HOLD FOR YOU? JOHN'S VISION OF THE SEVEN CHURCHES PROVIDED ONE VIEW OF COMING EVENTS. HIS VISION OF THE SCROLL SEALED WITH SEVEN SEALS LOOKS OVER THE SAME TERRITORY FROM ANOTHER PERSPECTIVE. AND IT IS HIGHLIGHTED BY A VIEW OF THE REWARD TO BE ENJOYED BY THOSE WHOSE FAITH IN GOD ENDURES THROUGH THE GREAT TRIBULATION HE FORESAW. follow Alone Revelation Chanter-

The only p e r s o n worthy of breaking t h o s e seals and why

The m e a n i n g behind the silence in heaven

Introducing the vision of the churches was a scene in which John saw Christ walking among seven candlesticks. The vision of the seven seals took John to the heavenly sanctuary, where stands Cod's throne. Chapters -1 and 3 of Revelation describe the scene, picturing in detail the courtiers- particularly lour "livingcreatures" and 24 elders and their worship. Revelation 5 introduces the theme that will be developed through the next several chapters: "a scroll written inside and on the back, sealed with seven seals" (v. 1). The context of Revelation 4 ami 3 is the enthronement of Christ after His resurrection. Jesus was now in heaven and approached the Heavenly Father. Revelation 6 and 7 focus on what happens as these seals are broken: however, it doesn't tell us what this scroll is and what comprises its

contents. But two Old Testament passages that underlie this symbol give us some clues. Ezekiel 2:8 pictures a scroll that has been written on the inside and out, which the prophet is told to eat (cf. Revelation 10). Ezekiel tells what was written on the scroll he was given: "Lamentations and mourning and woe" contents that accord well with what happens as the seals on John's scroll are broken. The other Old Testament passage related to John's scroll is the last chapter of Daniel. As the angel gave Daniel his final instructions and encouragement, he told him to "shut up" and "seal" his book "until the time of the end." when "knowledge shall be increased" (Daniel 12:4; see also verse L>). Therefore, it's likely the sealed scroll John saw in God's hand contained the prophecies that reveal the events leading up to Christ's return, prophecies that include events that will cause mourning and woe in those who oppose God. In Daniel's time, these events were still far in the future, so the book was sealed "until the time of the end." But by John's day, these were "things which must shortly take place" (Revelation 1:1), and his instructions were to write about these thin.

T h e New K i n g J a m e s Version uses t h e w o r d " b o o k " in R e v e l a t i o n 10 a n d Daniel 12. b u t in Bible t i m e s all " b o o k s " w e r e scrolls.

51

Needed: A Seal Breaker But the scroll was sealed with seven seals. That meant each of the seals had to be broken before John could open and read the scroll and reveal its contents the events that are to usher in God's eternal kingdom. This explains his distress when "no one in heaven or on the earth or under the earth was able to open the scroll" (chapter 5:3; see also verse 2 ). I laving been made anxious by the lack of a qualified "seal breaker." we appreciate all the more the introduction ol the "Lion of the tribe of Judah, the Root ol David," the "Lamb... having seven horns and seven e\ es" I \ s. 5, 6). That this figure represents Christ is emphasized by references to His death and the redemption it has obtained and to His elevation to the throne, where He receives worship along with Cod. With the scene set, the action begins: The Lamb starts breaking the seals. The seals are broken sequentially, and the results of each described before the next is taken up an indication that they portray historical progression. The fact that the cry of the martyrs in the fifth seal comes as a consequence of the actions of the horsemen of the previous seals also indicates that the seals are broken sequentially rather than simultaneously.

The crown of the rider of Revelation 6 is the wreath of victory (a Stephanos), and the events under the seals that follow this first one make it clear that the victory obtained is only preliminary. This seal is best understood as representing Christ's victory at the cross and the early spread of His invisible kingdom through the church 1 le established.

As you saw in the vision of the seven churches, the four horsemen of Revelation show Cod's w ork on earth beginning well but soon running into trouble. New Testament scholar Jon Paulien develops the picture: "First, there was the initial, rapid expansion of the church throughout much of the then-known world. The succeeding period brought division and compromise in the face of persecution. The loss of a clear understanding of the gospel followed as the church settled into an earthly kingdom in the years after Constantine. Finally, the Dark Ages of spiritual decline and death engulfed Christendom" (Symposium I. 234). In the covenant Cod established with His people in the Old Testament. Me warned that the disobedient would suffer war (sword), famine, and pestilence. Those who responded with rebellion to the warnings these "curses" brought would someday feel their full effects. Those who remained faithful to Cod or repented of their wandering might suffer persecution, but they would know I lis salvation. The opening of the fifth seal marks the turning point in this time of trouble. And in ii and the sixth seal, we catch glimpses of these two groups, the obstinate and those who have turned to Cod. "How Long, D Lord?"
At the opening of the FIFTH SEAL. God's

v \

i % . g

A Stephanos is a wreath awarded as a prize to the victor in a public contest. or as a token of honor. especially in recognition of some public service. Three T r o u b l i n g H o r s e m e n In this vision of the seals, the remaining three horsemen of the Apocalypse picture troubled limes. When the SECOND SEAL was opened. John saw a "fiery red" horse whose rider was allowed to "take peace from the earth." with the result that people killed one another (chapter 6:3, 4 I.
The opening of the THIRD SEAL

While the seals function sequentially, the action begun under one seal might continue well after the breaking of the next.

disclosed a black horse whose rider cat ried scales for the measuring and selling ot the grains used for making bread a sign of severe famine. And the
opening of the FOURTH SEAL revealed

At the breaking of the FIRST SEAL,

John saw a white horse whose rider "went out conquering and to conquer" (chapter 6:2). Throughout Revelation, white is the color of Christ and His church (see 1:14; 2:17; etc.). And in Revelation's chiastie structure, the first seal's white horse with its conquering rider is paralleled by that of chapter 19, where the rider is obviously Christ. But there are also differences. The rider of chapter 19 wears a crown of royal rule and completely vanquishes His foes.

a "pale" horse upon which sat "Death, and Hades [or the grave| followed with him. And power was given to them over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword, with hunger, with death, and by the beasts of the earth" (v. 8).

people, the "martyrs." cry for help: "How long, 0 Lord. ... until You judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth" (v. 10). John relayed the answer that was given them it was just "a little while longer" until Cod's plan reached full fruition. Connected with the opening of the SIXTH SEAL are the cosmic signs that both Old and New Testament prophecies

This scroll would certainly include Daniel's prophecies, but might more generically represent all the prophecies God has given regarding end-time events.

The limited scope of the horsemen's activities (to "a fourth of the earth") indicates that we're not seeing here the plagues and destruction of the end time.

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indicate would mark earth's final days and the second Read Joel 2:30, 31 and coming of Christ: a great Matthew 2 4 : 2 9 - 3 1 for earthquake, darkening of the more insight into t h e s e sun and moon, and the falling cosmic signs. of the stars. As the last of these signs reveal the imminence of Christ's return, rather than welcoming what to Christians is "the blessed hope," the rebellious cry out in fear of what is to them "the great day of His wrath" and try to hide from the Lamb (vs. 15-17). Next, in Revelation 7. John's attention was turned from the seals that were being broken open to a people who are being sealed. This tangent contains Cod's answer to the martyrs of the fifth seal. John saw... "... a great multitude which no one could number, of all nations, tribes, peoples, and tongues. ... These are the ones who have come out of great tribulation.... The Lamb ... will shepherd them.... And Cod will wipe away every tear from their eyes" (vs. 9, 14-17).

S i g n s

of

C h r i s t ' s a c c o r d i n g

s e c o n d to t h e s i x t h

c o m i n g s e a l

i n c l u d e of

e a r t h q u a k e s , t h e of s u n t h e & m o o n ,

d a r k e n i n g a n d

t h e falling

stars.

In other words, though the people of earth will go through a time of terrible trouble, Cod has markedsealedthose who are His. This interlude between the sixth and seventh seals offers hope by revealing the results of God's planthe salvation of His people, the time when their suffering will be forever ended. Ibis section of Revelation ends with the brief statement that at the opening of the SEVENTH SEAL "there was silence in heaven for about half an hour" (chapter 8:1). The number seven represents completeness. The sixth seal brought the signs of the imminent return of Christ. And Jesus said that when He returns, all the angels will accompany Him. Apparently, then, the opening of the seventh seal marks the completion of earth's history and of Cod's work for human beingsthe second coming of Christ, which leaves heaven temporarily silent because all its inhabitants have come to Matthew 25:31 says, "When rescue Cod's people the Son of Man comes in His on earth. What betglory, and all the holy angels ter ending could one with Him, then He will sit on find to a vision of the throne of His glory." seven seals! Q

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^H^L () SOONER II \l> JOHN'S \ ISI<)\ Ol THE SEN K I N SEALS (OXCI.l DEI) ^B^L III \N ANOTHER VISION BEGAN. LIKE THAT OF THE SEVEN ^B SCROLLS, THIS VISION BEGAN l \ THE HEAVENLY SANCTUARY. A ^ H JOHN SAW AN ANGEL OFFERING INCENSE "WITH THE PRAYERS OF ALL THE SAINTS" (REVELATION 8:3) ON THE GOLDEN ALTAR IN GOD'S PRESENCEA SYMBOL OF CHRIST'S INTERCESSORY MINISTRY FOR THOSE WHO HAVE CHOSEN TO PLACE THEIR LIVES IN HIS HANDS.

FOLLOW ALONG: Revelation Chapters 8-11

This vision also involves the number seven, which indicates that it, too, was intended to reveal earth's history through the end of time. The central symbol of this vision is the trumpet. The book of Joel contains the key passage for understanding why this symbol is used here. Joel 2 begins with these words: Blow the trumpet in Zion, And sound an alarm in My holy mountain! Let all the inhabitants of the land tremble;
For the day of the LORD is coming,

"Now, therefore," says the LORD, "Turn to me with all your heart,... Return to the LORD your Cod. For He is gracious and merciful" (verses 12. 13). In Revelation, as in Joel, the sounding ol the trumpet calls Cod's people to repentance and renewal of their relationship with Him in view of the judgments that are about to fall on the earth. Ami these are the judgments of the last daysthe final judgment. In ancient Israel, the seven monthly "new moon" feasts climaxed in the Feast ol Trumpets (the first day of the seventh month of the religious year). And the sounding of the trumpets during this religious festival ushered

For it is at hand. Joel goes on to warn of an army of locusts that threatens Cod's people. And then he tells how they should respond to the trumpeted alarm: 54 D&K SECTION ELEVEN

Then I saw another sign in heaven, great and marvelous: seven angels having the seven last plagues, for in them the wrath of God is complete.
REVELATION 15:1

makes the fol-lowing summary of the seven trumpets: [1] The first trumpet symbolizes the Divine judgments that came upon Jerusalem and the Jewish nation when it set itself against Christ and His followers; [2] the second symbolizes judgments upon the western Roman world; [3] the third fell upon the professed church of Christ when it allowed itself to become defiled and sent forth streams of death rather than life; [4] the fourth was the ensuing darkness of the Middle Ages; [5] the fifth constituted the Mohammedan scourges that swept over the Middle East and into Europe; [6] the sixth consisted of the scourges that continued under Turkish control of large sections of Asia, Africa, and Europe. The T r u m p e t S o u n d The symbolism in this vision extends beyond the trumpets themselves, of course. The "hail," "fire," and "blood" of
the FIRST TRUMPET are biblical sym-

in the Day of Atonement, the ceremonial holy day by which Cod depicted His ultimate judgment day. The sounding of the trumpets served to remind the Israelites that they had but a few days left before they must stand before God's judgment seat. Those who refused to prepare for that experience were cast out from among His people forever. Trumpets and Plagues Revelation's chiastic structure is nowhere more obvious than in the parallel visions of the trumpets and the plagues (chapter 16). The first of each concerns the earth; the second, the sea: the third, the rivers and springs of water, ami so forth, light on through the two series, liut there is one clear and eonsistent distinction: The destructive forces released under the plagues are universal, while those released under the trumpets are restricted. For example. When the second trumpet sounds, "a third of the sea became blood: and a third of the living creatures in the sea died, and a third of the ships were destroyed" (8:K. v>). Hut when the second plague is poured out on the sea. it becomes like blood, and every living creature in it dies (16:3). As in the seals, the partial destructions of the trumpets signal that these are preliminary w arning judgmentsas contrasted with final, retributive judgments. The text makes clear also that the trumpets, like the seals, are sequential rather than simultaneous. The sounding of each trumpet is followed immediately by the action it introduces, and only then is the next trumpet sounded. And each trumpet that follows the first is intro-

Aya Sofya, or I laghia Aghia Sophia, was the greatest Christian c a t h e d r a l of t h e Middle Ages, later c o n v e r t e d into an imperial m o s q u e by t h e O t t o m a n E m p i r e , and is now a m u s e u m .

bols of battle. And "trees" and "grass" represent Cod's people. In this trumpet, judgment begins with the house of Cod.
The SECOND TRUMPET'S "mountain" is

the biblical symbol for a nation, and the "sea" represents masses of peoplefit symbols for the Germanic nations' attack on the Roman Empire.
In the THIRD TRUMPET, the "great

duced by the word "then." an indication of chronological sequence. The vision of the seven churches depicts the spiritual decline of God's people from the establishment of Christianity until just before Christ's return. When Cod's Old Testament people reneged on their spiritual commitments. Cod. as a last resort, sent them warning calls to repentance via the harassment of their enemies, the Assyrians and Babylonians. That's exactly the picture this vision of the trumpets conveys regarding Cod's New Testament church ami its oppressors. This vision showed what Cod would do to call His wan-dering people back to 1 lim. In his book Outline Studies in Revelation, Professor Edwin Thick-

Star" named "Wormwood" that fell from heaven represents Satan. And the "springs of water" are the sources of spiritual life. Here we see the teachings of Christ corrupted, hindering His work on earth. This was fulfilled during the Middle
Ages. And TRUMPET FOUR, which

affects the lights in the heavens, sees this attack extended to the heavenly ministry of Christ, the Light of the world. The FIFTH TRUMPET depicts the attack of the Islamic Arabs on the Christian world. Some interpreters, using the principle that in biblical prophecy a day represents a year of literal time, see in the line "their power was to hurt men live months" a reference to the Arabs' attempts throughout a 150-year period to take Constantinople, the capital of what remained of the Byzantine Empire and headquarters of the eastern branch of Christianity. Some also see this period as a reign of secular atheism. 55

The SIXTH TRUMPET continues with

representations of the Islamic Turks. Its "fire, smoke, and brimstone" might well represent their use of gunpowder, which enabled them to do what the Arabs hadn't been able to docapture

"

A B i t t e r s w e e t Book As in the vision of the seven seals, an interlude interrupts this vision between W h e n the SEVENTH TRUMPET its sixth and seventh parts. In a takeoff sounds, "loud voices" in heaven on Ezekiel's vision, an angel handed announce, "The kingdoms of this world John a little "book." or scroll, and told him to eat it. But while Ezekiel was simply told his scroll would taste sweet as honey, Revelation's angel told John the scroll would be as sweet as honey in his w i t n e s s e s , mouth, but that it would also make his stomach bittei Revelation 10:8-11: compare s r e p r e s e n t Ezekiel 3:1-4.)

Constantinople. There is also support for this trumpet marking the rise of endtime Babylon.

Then, alter telling John to measure the temple of G o d ' s W o r d i n t h e O l d Coil, another reference to the Day of Atonement judgment, the angel related the story of two witnesses, which a n d N e w T e s t a m e n t s , he described as being two olive trees and two lampstands that stand before the w h i c h g i v e s l i g h t t o Lord (11:4). These witnesses were to prophesy for "o\)v thousand two hundred and sixty daj the same t h e w o r l d a n d t e s t i f i e s period for which the previous verse says the "Gentiles" will "tread the holy city t o H i s l o v e . " underfoot." Then the "beast that ascends out of the bottomless pit" will kill these witnesses and "their dead bodies will lie in the street of the city that is spiritually called Sodom and have become the kingdoms of our Lord Egypt" for three-and-a-half days, at which and of His Christ, and He shall reign The date A.D. 538 is significant as the people of earth will rejoice. But ultiforever and ever!" (11:15). Earth's fusit marks the date that the eastern mately. Cod will resurrect them and bring ion ends. God terminates the rule of the remnant of the Roman Empire them up to heaven, while a great earthnations that oppressed His people, and decreed the bishop of Rome head of quake will destroy a tenth of the city ami He sets up His kingdom of justice and all Christian churches. The decree kill seven thousand men. causing those left peace that shall ride forever. became effective in A.D. 538 with alive to give glory to Cod (vs. 7-13). Verse 19 speaks of the temple of God the defeat of that last Arian power. being opened so that the Ark of the CoveThe two witnesses lampstands repnant can be seen. The only time a human resent Cod's Word in the Old and New saw the ark was on the Day of Atonement, Testaments, which gives light to the world which, as we have noted above, repre- and testifies to His love. The 1,260 days sented the final judgment. And verse 18 ol Gentile domination of the Holy City confirms this interpretation when it says represents the 1.260 years Cod's people that with this trumpet comes "the time would suffer oppression by people who of the dead that they should be judged, have aligned themselves against Cod. and that [Cod| should reward |llis| Daniel 7 makes clear this period extends servants ... and should destroy those who from A.D. 538 to 1798. Its closing years saw destroy the earth." the epoch-changing French Revolution.

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But that "earthquake" w as followed bv Cod's resurrection of I lis two witnesses. As we noted when looking at the sixth church, the 19th century was characterized by great religious awakenings and by the strongest missionary movement since the time of the apostles. And it saw the development of various Bible societies, which began the still-continuing effort to make the gospel available in every language spoken on this globe. God's two witnesses couldn't have become more alive! And what of the bittersweet little book? Some scholars understand it to represent the "Second advent Awakening" of the 19th century, a time in which faithful Christians believed thev found in the

Bible's prophecies of the end times, and particularly in Daniel's time prophecies, evidence that Jesus was coming in their lifetime. This message stirred a great revival on the North American continent. The failure of their hopes on October 22. 1844, appropriately represented by the scroll's ultimate bitterness, became known as the Great Disappointment. What was to them a disappointment, however, beeomes an additional reason lor us to hope. It adds further confirmation of the accuracy of the prophecies of Revelationprophecies that tell us we truly are living in the time of the end, the days just before Jesus returns to set up I lis glorious kingdom. Q

N a p o l e o n B o n a p a r t e w a s a F r e n c h m i l i t a r y and political l e a d e r w h o r o s e t o p r o m i n e n c e d u r i n g t h e latter s t a g e s o f t h e F r e n c h R e v o l u t i o n and its a s s o c i a t e d w a r s in E u r o p e . H e s e n t General A l e x a n d e r B e r t h i e r t o R o m e w h e r e o n February 16. 1798, h e t o o k t h e p o p e c a p t i v e and d e c r e e d t h a t "the p o p e s h o u l d n o l o n g e r e x e r c i s e a n y function."

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^ection

12

Now a great sign appeared in heaven: a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a garland of welve stars. Then being with child, she cried out in labor and in pain to give birth.
REVELATION 12:1,2

W h a t You'll L e a r n

Who is t h e woman, child, and dragon of Revelation 12 The sea and land b e a s t s of Revelation 13 The three angels' m e s s a g e s of Revelation 14

IN REVELATION CHAPTERS 12-14, WE COME TO THE VERY HEART OF THE BOOK, THE FOCUS OF THE CHIASM THAT FORMS ITS STRUCTURE. THESE CHAPTERS MARK THE DIVISION BETWEEN THE HISTORICAL - AND ESCHATOLOGICAL (END-TIME) PARTS OF REVELATION. HERE THE POWERS BEHIND THE SPIRITUAL WARFARE THAT OCCURS ON EARTHTHOSE WHO WILL FIGURE DIRECTLY IN THE FINAL EVENTSARE REVEALED EVEN MORE CLEARLY. AND HERE WE SEE OUR PLACE IN THE TIMELINE OF HISTORY; HERE WE SEE THAT WE TRULY ARE LIVING IN EARTH'S LAST DAYS.
FOLLOW ALONG: Revelation Chapters 11-14

As did the visions of the ehurehes. seals, and trumpets, this vision originates from God's temple in heaven. The setting is Cod's throne room, the Most Holy Place of His temple and. specifically, the place where the "the ark of I lis covenant'" is kept. The ark is notable because it holds the Yen Commandments, which forms the foundation of Cod's government The "lightnings, noises. thunderings, an earthquake, and great hail" mentioned in this verse remind us ol the events at the giving of the Ten Commandments to Moses (see Exodus 20:18). As we will see, the conflict between Cod and Satan centers on God's law and His authority. Revelation 12 introduces these three characters: 1. "a woman clothed with the sun, with the moon under her feet, and on her head a garland of twelve stars" 2. "a great, fiery red dragon" 3. "a male Child"

The Cosmic Woman Who, then, is the woman of chapter 12? Because she gives birth to Christ, we might first suppose she represents Mary. Hut the description in the rest of the chapter suggests otherwise for at least three reasons: 1. The woman of Revelation 12 was to experience intense persecution; there's no indication in Scripture that Mary was particularly persecuted following either Christ's birth or His ascension. 2. Like both the book of Daniel and the previ O U S chapter of Revelation, this chapter speaks of a 1,260-day period of persecution. As we have seen before, the 1,260 prophetic days represent 1,260 literal yearsa period that obviously couldn't apply to the earthly life of any individual. 3. This prophecy has a cosmic sweep that suggests it functions on a larger scale than any one person could fit.

Verse 9 comes right out and identifies the dragon. It is "that In fact, the woman of Revelation 12 is best serpent of old, called the Devil R e v e l a t i o n 12 is and Satan." This identification understood as representing Cod's people on indicates that behind chapter earth. His faithful church. This "woman" and her best u n d e r s t o o d as L2's symbolism lies, at least in "offspring" (v. 17)the 144,000 who are "virgins." representing G o d s part, the Genesis account of "not defiled with women" (14:3, 4)comprise the theme against which Revelation 17 and IS play humankind's fall into sin. people on earth, His the counterpoint of the harlot woman Babylon The identity of the Child is faithful c h u r c h . revealed by the events chapter and her prostitute daughters. 12 narrates as happening to I lim. I le was threatened by ^ ^ Satan at birth (v. 4), destined "to rule all nations with a rod of iron" (a messiScripture frequently uses a w o m a n as a anic role), and "caught up to Cod and symbol of God's people; see, for example, to His throne" (v. 5). Clearly, this child Hosea 2:19, 20; Isaiah 54:1-8; Ezekiel 16:8-14; represents Christthe promised Seed 2 Corinthians 11:2; Ephesians 5:21-23. who was to end the serpent's life by crushing his head (Genesis 3:15). T h e w o m a n of

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Clearly, Babylon and her daughters "inhabitants" of both "the earth and the are not individual people but symbols of sea." "The devil has come down to von Revelation 19:9,10; 22:6-9, all who have been unfaithful to Cod and with great wrath," it says, "because he make clear that the "testimony who have opposed His followers. That knows his time is short!" (NRSV). of Jesus Christ" is not the implies that the woman in Revelation Revelation 12:13 picks up the theme saints' testimony about Jesus, similarly represents a group rather than verse 6 introduced: Satan's persecution but rather the testimony that an individual and, because she stands in of Cod's people. Again, the warning of He h a s given to the church clear contrast to the harlot, that she repimpending persecution is accompanied through the spiritual gift of resents Cod's faithful people. by a promise of Cod's help. The woman prophecy which 1 Corinthians The woman, then, stands,firstof all, for is given wings so that she can fly into the 12 and 14 and Ephesians Cod's Old Testament people (Revelation wildernessa reminder of the escape Cod 4 indicate was to function 12:1-5), the Jews, who gave birth to Christ, provided Israel from slavery in Egypt to continuously in the church. the Messiah. Most of Revelation 12, how- freedom in the wilderness. And when the ever, concerns His people from the time of "serpent" tries to drown the woman, the In other words, the spiritual Christ on (12:6-17). So for the most part, earth swallows the Hood and so saves her. gift of prophecy will be seen this symbol represents His church from All this takes place during the period here in God's end-time church. New Testament times to the end. called a "time and times and half a time" The first six verses of chapter 12 (v. 14)a direct reference to Daniel 7:25 introduce the characters: God's people 4:22, Jesus says, "Salvation is of the Jews" (the woman), Satan In John (the dragon), and Christ (the Child). These verses also and the prophecy of the little horn's per- essentially with the start of the 1,260introduce the themes of the drama: secution of Cod's people for a "time and vear prophec) -A.D. 538and extends Satan wants to kill Jesus. But Christ will times and half a time." and, of course, a through end-time events right up to he protected and, in fact, exalted to a repeat in different terms of the 1.260 days Christ's second coming. position of authority. Meanwhile, the of verse 6. (More about this period later. I The war described in these chapters woman, though under God's care, will As the curtain descends on this scene will allow no neutral parties. Eventually, experience persecution. of the prophetic drama, we see Satan all the people ol the world will follow The next six verses of chapter 12 "enraged" because his attempts to elimi- and worship the first beast described tell us that the conflict between good nate God's people have been foiled. But here (vs. 3, 12, 16)-all. that is. except and evil that wracks the earth has also he's not ready to give up. Instead, verse the "virgins" who have not fallen for the affected heaven: "War broke out in heaven: 17 says, he starts "to make war with the seductions of the "woman" Babylon and Michael and his angels fought against iest of her offspring"a group the verse her harlot daughters, the "saints" who characterizes as people who "keep the have kept "the commandments of Cod the dragon ... and his angels" (v. 7). Michael is Christ-though this no commandments of Cod and have the and the faith of Jesus" (14:4, 12). more makes Mini merely an angel than testimony of Jesus Christ." John's description of the first beast does the fact that chapter 5 calling Him of chapter 13 helps us to identify it. The a Lamb makes Him merely an animal. Chapter 13: The Universal War parallels to the creatures of Daniel 7 are Isaiah 14 and Ezekiel 28 suggest that Revelation 12 ends with a warning about striking and are intentional. This beast, Satan "Lucifer," the "covering cherub" a war between Satan and Cod's people. like those, rises from the sea. It is, in was first east out of heaven before Chapters 13 and 14 detail that war and fact, a summary of them: part lion, bear, the results it brings to both sides. The and leopard, and bearing the horns of Christ's incarnation. Rut he suffered his pivotal defeat at the CTOSS, and this time frame these chapters cover begins Daniel's fourth beast. passage seems to have that battle primarily in mind. (See also John 12:31; Colossians 2:15; l Peter .>-.22-. Jude 6.) Remember: Daniel's four beasts represented the empires of These verses conclude with a warn- Babylon, Medo-Persia, Greece, Rome, and the 10 horns, the ing meant for everyone on earth, the Germanic tribes that would overthrow Rome. The crowns on the horns probably indicate that this prophecy concerns the time of their ^v sovereignty. The seven heads and ten horns of chapter 12 show its close connection to Daniel's empires (Satan, the dragon, is the power behind all the thrones represented), and the crowns on the heads 1 likely indicate that the action of that chapter takes place during the (Stars, in Re time of the empires rather than of the Germanic tribes.

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Chapter 13:3 pictures an attempt on the sea beast's lite: "I saw one of his heads as if it had been mortally wounded." In 1797, the French revolutionary government wrote to Napoleon that the "Roman religion" would always be "an irreconcilable enemy of the Republic." and so it asked him to "destroy, if possible, the center of unity of the Roman Church." Napoleon sent General Alexander Herthier to Rome, where, on February IS. 1798, he took the pope captive and decreed that "the pope should no longer exercise any function."1 Popes had been taken captive before this incident but never in an attempt to destroy the Roman Church itself. A century later. Joseph Rickaby, a Jesuit priest, observed that when this pope passed away as a French prisoner, "half Europe thought... that with the Pope the Papacy was dead." Hut Revelation said this "deadly wound" would be healed. In time, in other words, the world would again see the rise of a "Christian" religious institution that used political power to obtain the worship ot "all who dwell on the earth." all "whose names have not been written in the Hook of Life of the Lamb slain from the foundation of the world" (v. 8). I n c h a p t e r 17:5, J o h n c a l l e d t h i s apostate Christian b o d y "the m o t h e r o f harlots." A p p a r e n t l y , in t h e e n d t i m e s , t h e p r o b l e m won't be limited to one institution. H o w e v e r p u r e its But while the make-up of Revelation's "sea beast" relates it to the empires and nations of Daniel's prophecy, it most closely resembles Daniel's little horn power. It wields both religious and political power: It accepts worship (vs. 4, 8) and uses civil force to accomplish its purposes "authority was given him over every tribe, tongue and nation" (v. 7). It blasphemes Cod and His tabernacle (sanctuary) and then makes war O H the saints. And, as in the case of Daniel's little horn. Cod allows it this rule for a 1,260-year period. Daniel 7 clearly links the beginning of this period of persecution with the fall of the Roman Empire. At that time, the medieval Christian church was the leading force in Western civilization, the dominating religious-political entity. We've already noted the church-sponsored violence of the medieval period. As for the rest of John's description, that church directed people's attention away from Cod with claims that the pope was, literally. Cod on earth. And in place of Christ's once-for-all sacrifice for us and His continuing ministry in the heavenly sanctuary, it substituted masses, indulgences, pilgrimage, and other meritorious works. origin, a n y cult, sect, or c h u r c h t h a t a t t e m p t s t o f o r c e its understanding of Christianity on other people comes under God's c o n d e m n a t i o n . Beast from the Earth As the vision continues, John sees a second beast arise and aid the first one in achieving" its goals. This second beast comes up "out of the earth," which signifies several things: For one, it suggests that what follows moves beyond Daniel's vision, which was limited to creatures of the sea. Revelation's account offers more details than what Daniel gave.

References 1. V . Aulard, Christianity and the French Revolution. Lady Frazer, trans. (London. 1927). 151. 2. Joseph Rickaby, "The Modern Papacy," in Lectures on the History of Religions (London: Catholic Truth Society, I'M ()). vol. 3, lecture 24, p. 1.

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 Second, the fact that one beast arises out of the sea and one out of the earth emphasizes the worldwide scope of this prophecy. Chapter 12:12 contains a similar thought: "Woe to the inhabitants of the earth and the sea! For the devil has come down to you" (emphasis supplied). It is the same earth that saved the woman from the flooding waters of the dragon in Revelation 12. And third, some commentators have seen in this beast's earthly origin a clue to its identity. Revelation 17:15 indicates that in some symbolic prophecies, water represents multitudes of people. Beasts arising from the sea, then, represent nations or empires built in the populous areas of the worldwhich is certainly true of the empires of Daniel 7 and of the first half of Revelation 13. Conversely. a beast that comes up out of the earth would represent a nation or empire arising in a relatively unpopulated area, such as the Western Hemisphere was before the Europeans arrived there. This interpretation is particularly fitting because of the timing of this part of the vision. The land beast becomes active after the healing of the sea beast's deadly woundin other words, sometime after 1798. So this line of reasoning suggesis the land beast represents the United States. John described this beast as having "two horns like a lamb" (v. 11). Everywhere else in Revelation where a lamb is mentioned. it represents Christ. The land beast, then, appears to be Christian. But the very next words reveal its true character: John said that it "spoke like a dragon," that it causes those who dwell on earth "to worship the first beast, whose deadly wound was healed," and that it encourages them to make an image to the sea beast and then brings that image to life (vs. 11, 12,15). The sea beast uses political power to enforce its demands for worship. With the land beast's aid, this "image of the beast" mirrors its original. Their methods

Read Matthew 24:24 and 2 Thessalonians

2:9-12.

T h r o u g h t h e r e s t of R e v e l a t i o n , t h e b e a s t w i t h t h e l a m b - l i k e h o r n s is c a l l e d the "false prophet." S e e c h a p t e r s 16:13; 19:20; 2 0 : 1 0 . W i t h t h e d r a g o n a n d t h e s e a b e a s t , it c o m p r i s e s a n e v i l c o u n t e r f e i t t r i n i t y that s t a n d s in o p p o s i t i o n to t h e D i v i n e Trinity. are those of Satan: miracles, deception, and coercion the very things both Jesus and Paul warned of in relation to the end of the world. Revelation says this beast will use both economic coercion (v. 18) and, ultimately, the threat of death (v. 15). Those who succumb to the earthly beast's pressure and worship the sea beast "receive a mark on their right hand or on their foreheads" (v. 16). This "mark of the beast" figures prominently in chapter 14. Chapter 14: Spotlight on Hope What a relief the next verses of Rev elation bring! After all the talk of war and deception and people knuckling under the pressure to worship someone other than Cod, John points to a group who has proven faithfulthe 144,000, whom we saw also in chapter 7. As in that chapter, the portrayal of this group forms a little interlude in the prophecy, giving us hope by assuring us that despite all the pressures being applied, Cod's grace can enable people to remain faithful, "undefiled" by the temptations of false religion.

Some people will sing a new song before God's throne. Some will "follow the Lamb w herever I le goes" throughout eternity. Having been reassured that a sizable number of people will withstand the wiles and coercion of the dragon and the two beasts, John was shown what heaven would do during the time of the beasts. John wrote that he saw three angels flying "in the midst of heaven.'' each bringing a message of warning to earth's inhabitants.
The FIRST ANGEL, John said, has the

"everlasting gospel to preach to those who dwell on the earthto even nation, tribe, tongue, and people" (14:6). When Jesus listed tor I lis disciples the signs that would indicate His coming was near. 1 le said, "This gospel of the kingdom will be preached in all the world as a witness to all the nations, and then the end will come" (Matthew 24:14). Cod's final warning, then, is a gospel message. It will tell all people about His coming kingdom of peace; it will tell them how they can prepare to enter that kingdom.

T h eA m e r c ia n Colonial F l a g ,d e s i g n e d during the A m e r c ia nR e v o l u t i o n a r yW a t , features 1 3 stars to r e p r e s e n tt h e original 1 3 colo In Revelation 11-14, some commentators have seen clues to the earthly identity of the land beast that arose after 1798.

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T h e a n g e l s o f R e v e l a t i o n 14

are who, of

symbols of God's e n d - t i m e people, like N o a h a n d the other prophets old, d e l i v e r God's final

warning.

adopted homeland. Thus, this second message warns of the intoxicating wine of Babj Ion's "fornication." Daniel said that Babylon's greatest ruler, Nebuchadnezzar, had accepted Cod. But later rulers of that nation returned to their heathen gods. That's what made Babylon a harlot. And the Jews who remained in Babylon faced the strong temptation to compromise their religion and adapt to local beliefs. No doubt, many did. Of course, the Babylon against which Revelation warns is not that ancient city. It's the Babylon of this time. The message says that the time of Cod's judgment has come: ihe oppressors of His people have fallen. It's time to leave, to go home. See Revelation 18:1-4. This message warns against staying in Babylon, against comWhen Scripture speaks of a people's promising one's faith in God to relationship to God, "fornication" enjoy the comforts and luxuries refers to unfaithfulness, to putting available to those who conform one's faith in something other than to the demands of contempoGod and accepting false doctrines. rary society and of "Christian" religious institutions that have drifted away from God. The SECOND ANGEL'S MESSAGE warns that the great city Babylon "is fallen" The Wine of God's Wrath (v. 8). Babylon was ancient Judah's great- The THIRD ANGEL'S MESSAGE tells est oppressor, the city-State that not only what will happen to those who stay in conquered Cod's Old Testament people, Babylon. 11 says that those who drink the but also broke up their nation, destroying wine of Babylon will also drink the wine their cities, including Jerusalem, and of God, the wine of His wrath (14:10). In other words, they will suffer the taking most of the population into exile. But Babylon's threat to Cod's people eternal death that comes to those who came not only in its oppression. When continue in sin. They will be burned up Babylon fell to another empire's army, in the fires that Cod will use to cleanse the new emperors allowed the exiled the earth when He is ready to restore the paradise He originally intended this Jews to return to their homeland and restore their nation. The majority of the planet to be, a paradise in which sin and .lew s. however, had become comfortable pain and death will never again exist. in Babylon. Rather than face the struggle This part of the vision closes with anof rebuilding a nation, they staved in their other look at the "saints." Their "patience,"

John pictured an angel carrying this warning message to all the people of earth. But Jesus commissioned His followers to bear the gospel message to the world: "Co therefore and make disciples of all nations ... and lo, 1 am with you always, even to the end of the age" (Matthew 28:19, 20; see also Acts l:S). The angels of Revelation 14 are symbols of God's end-time people, who, like Noah and the other prophets of old, deliver tod's final warning. The first part of this warning calls earth's inhabitants to worship the Creator Cod "for the hour of His judgment has come" (v. 7). The end-time judgment for which the fifth seal pictures the martyrs appealing has begun I Rev elation 6:9-11).

or endurance, is pointed out, and they are identified as "those change of the day of worship specified in God's Ten Commandwho keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus" ment law (from Saturday to Sunday) is a mark of its authority (v. 12), emphasizing their faithfulness to true religion. The observance of these different days of worship certainly The reference to the commandments of God returns to a distinguishes in a simple way the different worshipers. theme we've seen before in this part of Rev el. u ion. This vision I llimatclv. however, the issue is not the day of worship; it is the opened with a reference to the Ark of the Covenant (11:19), mailer of whose authority one recognizes. the temple furniture that held When the warning messages the Ten Commandments. And of the three angels have been Herodotus said that a runaway slave chapter 12 ended by identifypreached to "every nation, tribe, ing the end-time remnant of tongue, and people," a harvest w h o g o t t h e m a r k of H e r c u l e s a t a the true church as commandbegins. Like the parable ot' t e m p l e i n E g y p t b e c a m e t h e s l a v e of ment keepers. the harvest that Jesus told, by t h a t god, a n d e v e n h i s former o w n e r which Me represented the final These faithful commandment judgment at the end of the world keepers stand in contrast to w a s n ' t a l l o w e d to lay h a n d s on h i m Matthew 12:24), this harvest those who worship the beast {Persian Wars, 2.113). has two parts. and his image and receive his mark on their foreheads or on their hands (v. 9). This plays off the first commandment's The first gathers in Coil's own people (14:14-16). prohibition of worshiping other gods and the second com The second deals with those who have turned from mandment's warning against bowing dow n to the image of any God (vs. 17-20). creature of heaven, earth, or the sea. And just what is this mark of the beast that Revelation Here the metaphor of the previous verses changes. Earlier, warns us about? In ancient times, devotees of various gods bore the unfaithful were warned they would drink the wine of Cod's permanent marks, brands, on parts of their bodies. The marks wrath. Here they become that winethrown into the "great identified them as under the supernatural protection of those winepress of the wrath of God," from which runs an immense gods. Therefore, the beast powers use a mark to distinguish quantity of blood. their adherents from the faithful Christians who have refused The vision of Revelation 12 to 11 reveals the great battle going to turn from their allegiance to Cod. It is the intention of the on between Christ and the dragon. Satan. It says the battle beast powers to flush out these faithful ones and then to wipe concerns the allegiance of the people of earth: it concerns them off the earth. whom they recognize as the rightful ruler of the universe, Interestingly, while Revelation uses literally hundreds of Old whose law they will obey. It tells us the outcome of the battle Testament ideas and themes, it never quotes directly from the and, in its picture of the 144,000 and of the harvests, the results Old Testament. The closest it comes to doing so is in chapter 14:7. for each side. And most important, it tells us that every human when it calls us to "worship Him who made heaven and earth. being will vnd up on one side or the otherand that ultimately it's our choice. Choose wisely! CI the sea and springs of water." This is nearly a direct quotation from the fourth commandment, the Sabbath commandment. As the commandment itself says, ami as Revelation 14:7 Catholic leaders m e e t i n g at C o u n c i l of T r e n t during the C o u n t e r R e f o r m a t i o n . reminds us, God gave the seventh-day Sabbath to serve as a perpetual reminder that He made us. In fact, He said He gave the Sabbath as a sign "that you may know- that 1 am the LORD your God" ( Ezekiel 20:20). It is because Cod made us that I le has a right to our worship. The Sabbath functions as a sign, a mark, a seal, of our recognition of I lis authority. On the other hand, complying with the sea beast's demands for worship means recognizing its authority as superior to God's. Significantly, the medieval Christian church claimed the

Petrus de Ancharano: "The pope can modify divine law" (see Lucius Ferraris, Prompta Bibliotheca, 8 vols. [Venice: Caspa Storti, 1772], art. 'Papa, II"). At the crucial Council of Trent, which formulated the church's response to the Reformation, the archbishop ofReggio claimed. "The Sabbath, the most glorious day in the law, has been changed into the Lord's day ... by the authority of the church" (Mansi, Sacrorum Counciliorum 33:529. 530). D&R SECTION TWELVE

U D A N

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A F B 0 0 K S T 0 R E . C O M LIFE-CHANGING CHRISTIAN R E S O U R C E S

W h a t You'll L e a r n

HE FOUR VISIONS THAT MAKE UP THE FIRST HALF OF REVELATION PARALLEL ONE ANOTHER, EACH REVEALING DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF WHAT WOULD HAPPEN FROM JOHN'S DAY TO CHRIST'S SECOND COMING. THE VISIONS IN THE SECOND HALF OF REVELATION FOCUS SOLELY ON END-TIME EVENTS ...

The scope and t i m i n g of the seven last p l a g u e s rhe identity D f the kings of the east The nature of the battle of \rmageddon

FOLLOW ALONG: Revelation Chapters 15,16

The first lour visions of Revelation, the historical ones, show us why there must one day be a final judgment. The eschatological, or end-time, visions outline the consequences of this final judgment for both the rebellious and the faithful. The last four visions of Revelation also form a small chiasm within the larger chiasm of Revelation. This small chiasm's theme is the outcome of the choices the rebellious and the faithful have made: 1. FOCUS ON PUNISHMENT A The plagues, 15:1-16:21. B Circumstances related to the plagues: Fall of Babylon, the false mother, 17:1-19:10. Plague angel shows John the great harlot, 17:1-19:8. John attempts to worship the angel, 19:9, 10. 2. FOCUS ON REWARD B' Circumstances related to the hob city: The millennium, 19:11-21:8. A' The holy city: Descent of New Jerusalem, the Lamb's bride, 21:9-22:21. Plague angel shows John the Lamb's bride. 21:9-22:7. John attempts to worship the angel, 22:8, 9 (God Cares 2. 425).

A S o n g of Victory The First verse of chapter 15 introduces us to the subject of this vision: "the seven last plagues" in which "the wrath of Cod is complete." In the next two verses, John wrote of seeing "those who have the victory over the beast ... standing on the sea of glass And they sing the song of Moses ... and the song of the Lamb." These elementsthe plagues and the song of victory sung beside the seatell us this vision is based on a familiar Old Testament story: the redemption of Israel from slavery in Egypt. As Yahweh [God] vindicated His covenant and liberated Israel from the house of bondage by means of a series of plagues, so Christ will bring about the final deliverance of His faithful people by sending again a series of plagues (Hans K. LaRondelle, "Contextual Approach to the Seven Last Plagues," Symposium Tl, 143).

Other these "beside sing example,

translations people the sea" songs. the New Version. these as See,

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Standard 66 D&R SECTION THIRTEEN

ngSrj*'

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67

As was the case in the previous visions of Revelation, the action in this vision proceeds from the heavenly temple.

Chapter 15 concludes with the observation that "the temple was filled with smoke from the glory of God ... and no one was able to enter the temple till the r seven plagues" were completed. Revelation 22:11 says a time is coming when people will no longer be able to change. Those who are unjust will be unjust still, and those who are holy will be holy still. This last verse of chapter 15 indicates that the In Bible times, wine was usually plagues will fall during that time. When no one can enter the served diluted. Chapter 14:10 warns temple, Christ's gracious work that on the Day of Judgment, the of interceding for sinners will have ended. wine of God's wrath won't be watered Chapter 16 then goes on to dedown; it will be served "full strength." scribe the effects as the individual plagues are poured out. Chapter 14 introduced the expression "the wineof the wrath of Cod." It's that wine the But the scene shifts from Egypt and Phaangels carrying the bow Is deliver. Thai raoh and the Red Sea to "the great river there are seven plagues also speaks of Euphrates" (v. 12) and "the great city" their fullness, their completeness. "Babylon" (v.19). It was noted earlier that in their conNebuchadnezzar's defeat of Judahtent and in their place in Revelation's his destruction of Jerusalem and its temstructure, the seven trumpets parallel the ple and depopulation of the land through plagues. The trumpets were limited in death and exilemake Babylon the ultitheir effect. They functioned as wake-up mate embodiment of evil in the writings calls to earth's inhabitants, calling them of the Old Testament prophets. So Babyto repentance so they needn't suffer the lon's fall and the subsequent release and full effects of the judgment to come. return of the Jewish exiles play a role By the time of the "seven last plagues" equally important in salvation history as (chapter 15:1, emphasis supplied), howIsrael's redemption from Egypt. "Inferno." S t e v e Creitz. ever, everyone has decided either for or Daniel, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and the Creek against God. There's no further interceshistorians Xenophon and Herodotus tell City via the riverbed. sion in the temple. The time of mercy, of us how it happened. Cyrus united the But the Mcdo-Persian army attacked God's grace, has passed. In these plagues Medes and the Persians, nations to the Babylon when the Euphrates was low. God begins to carry out the verdict of east of the Babylonian Empire. EvenIn addition, according to the Creek hisHis judgment. tually their combined forces laid siege torians, the Medo-Persian forces actually to Babylon, capital of the empire. But diverted the river to drop it even lower. Babylon was a strongly fortified city So Cyrus's soldiers were able to slip Like the Plagues of Egypt The first live plagues strike the persons with ample stores of food, and the under the river gates and, in a surprise attack, defeat the overconfident defendand environment of those who have Euphrates River, which ran through ers of Babylon! rejected God and oppressed His faith- the middle of the city, supplied it with ful followers. These plagues resemble plenty of water. Gates over the river kepi The sixth and seventh plagues of closely those that fell on Egypt. And the enemy armies from slipping into the John's vision are portrayed in the terms

results are much the same. Just as Pharaoh ultimately refused to acknowledge Cod and repent of his evil ways, so those who experience these plagues, rather than seeking God's mercy and grace, stubbornly refuse to repent. They're firmly committed to their rebellion against Him. Pharaoh's persistent rebellion resulted in his death, and that of his army, in the Led Sea. The rebellion of the end-time opposition of God, later chapters of Revelation say, w ill result in their death in a lake of fire. With the sixth and seventh plagues. the imagery changes. Revelation continues to portray what God will do to rescue His faithful followers from those who would destroy them.

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of this story. Verse 12 says the sixth plague will dry up the Euphrates to prepare the way of the kings from the eastan image obviously based on the drying of the Euphrates thai facilitated the attack of the Medo-Persian army. The seventh plague follows with pictures of Babylon's destruction: the biggest earthquake this world has ever seen, the division of the city, and the statement that Babylon was remembered before Cod. receiving "the cup of the wine of the fierceness of His wrath" (v. 19).

Kings from t h e East At this point, the rest of Revelation develops the picture briefly sketched in the sixth and seventh plagues. We'll close this section with a brief look at a few of the details given in those two plagues. Cyrus and his generals were kings from the east who were the agents of Babylon's defeatand thus also agents of the return of God's people to the Promised Land. Isaiah wrote of Cv rus in messianicterms (e.g.. Isaiah 45:1). Significantly, the east gate of the temple Ezekiel described was permanently shut "because the LORD God of Israel has entered by it" (Ezekiel 44:2; also 43:4). Christ and the heavenly armies are the "kings from the east" of Revelation 16:12. "Three unclean spirits" appear in the sixth plague (vs. 13,14). These three spirits are demonic counterparts to the three angels of chapter 14. The angels proclaim the gospel to all nations, inviting people everywhere to join God's side in the great cosmic conflict that is about to begin. The demons work on behalf of the false trinity, gathering the kings of "the whole world to the battle of that great day of God Almighty." Finally, the sixth plague says these forces gather for the final war at "Armageddon." For some people, the term Armageddon means a devastating global war. For others, it means a specific endtime war in the Middle East involving the Russians, Africans. Chinese, or nations of the West. The term itself doesn't give us much help in determining the nature or location ol this war. There is no place named Armageddon. The word might mean something like "mountain of Megiddo," but Megiddo is on a plain. Probably, like mosi of the other names in Revelation, it's meant to be symbolic. Only the con text can help us understand it correctly. 1. In the sixth plague, the battle is called "the battle of that great day of Cod Almighty" (v. 14). This is a biblical term for the universal judgment day of God. 2. "The kings ... of the whole earth" are called to this battle. Chapter 19:19 savs they're all united with the beast against Christ and His army.

3. As noted earlier, the sixth and seventh plagues describe parts of the same event: the fall of Babylon. Revelation 17-19 elaborates further on this event. Those chapters, then, enlarge our understanding of the Bible's "battle of Armageddon." In the next section, you'll be looking at that pan of Revelation. It seems clear the Bible doesn't picture Armageddon as a battle between earth's nations. It will certainly involve actual bloodshed on earth. Ultimately, however. it's a battle between good and evil, a battle between the forces ol Satan and those who have adopted his methods on the one hand and the Lamb and those who have sided with Him on the other. Q

The Wrath of God The Bible says God is love. Sometimes we find it hard to reconcile that statement with passages like those in Revelation that vividly picture His "wrath." How can He be a God of love if He's also a God of wrath and does such terrible things to people? God doesn't dislike those who experience His wrath. Both the Old and New Testaments are consistent in portraying God as taking no "pleasure in the death of the wicked" (Ezekiel 33:11; see also 2 Peter 3:9). But sin is evil because it hurts people, the innocent as well as the guilty. It breaks relationships, and it breaks hearts. God's wrath is His determination to rid the universe of the pain and death sin has brought. And sin exists only in "free moral agents"intelligent beings who have the power of choice. That means that to rid the universe of sin, God must rid it of those who harbor sinthose who have refused His grace and clung to sin rather than to Him.

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u MYSTERY, HARLOTS BABYLON AND OF THE THE

GREAT, THE MOTHER OF THE OF EARTH. W h a t You'll L e a r n

ABOMINATIONS

REVELATION 17:5

EVELATION 15 AND 16 INTRODUCED GOD'S RESCUE OF HIS FAITHFUL FOLLOWERS USING THEMES AND IMAGES TAKEN FROM THE STORIES OF THE REDEMPTION OF ISRAEL FROM EGYPT AND i BABYLON. CHAPTERS 17 AND ON, WHICH YOU'LL EXAMINE HERE AND IN THE TWO FOLLOWING CHAPTERS, EXPANDS THIS OUTLINE, DESCRIBING IN MORE DETAIL THE DESTRUCTION OF THE OPPRESSORS AND THE NEW PROMISED LAND GOD MAKES FOR HIS FAITHFUL.

More information about the identity of God's enemies What God's e n e m i e s will try to force His people to do before Armageddon The s e v e n s o n g s of judgment

In another of Revelation's chiasms, John saw the destruction of the evil powers in the reverse order of their appearance in his visions: Babylon dies first (chapters 17, 18), then the beast and the false prophet (chapter 19), and finally Satan, the dragon (chapter 20).

The parallels between these sections on the fates of the wicked and the righteous become particularly evident when you compare Revelation 17:1, 2 with chapter 21:9,10 and chapter 19:9.10 with chapter 22:6-9.

FOLLOW ALONG:

Revelation Chapters 17.18 Revelation 16 pictures Babylon as a city. Chapter 17 calls it a harlot (v. 18). Here Revelation is using Old Testament imagery (e.g., Isaiah 1:21; Hosea 2:2, 4; Jeremiah 3:1-3, 8, 9; Ezekiel 16:15-34). It was the nations of Israel and Judah that these Old Testament prophets were calling harlotsCod's own people who bad turned themselves into unfaithful idolaters. The harlot Babylon of Revelation's end-times, then, must represent not some foreign political oppressor, but the churchChristian people gone bad. And these false Christians persecuted Cod's faithful people! The picture Revelation paints in chapters 17-19 adds a further detail, a new element, to our understanding of the Cod-opposing forces of the end times. Revelation 17:1 portrays the harlot sitting "on many waters," which verse 15 says represent "peoples, multitudes, nations, and tongues." Verse 3 says the "I s a w w o m a n , with the of the the drunk b l o o d saints the the Jesus. I saw harlot sits on a blasphemous scarlet beast that has seven heads and ten horns. Verses and 12 say the heads are also mountains and the horns are kings. Daniel's prophecies make clear that heads, mountains, horns, and kings all represent one thing: nations. In other words, the peoples and multitudes on which the harlot sitsthat support her are not amorphous masses but rather organized political bodies. Here, then, is the new element that these chapters add to our understanding of the end times: The opposers of Cod and His faithful followers are made up of the combined worldwide forces of religious and political institutions! U n c h r i s t i a n Coercion As chapters 13 and 14 reveal, these powers will try to force all the people of the world to worship as they command. But while they claim to be Christian, they reallv aren't. 71

and with b l o o d of martyrs of A n d w h e n her, I with

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amazement." RE\ ELATION 17:6

Jesus rejected the use Df f o r c e because, He said, "My kingdom is not of this world" (John 18:36; also Matthew 26:52). As Elijah learned in the cave in which he sought refuge from Jezebel, God speaks to people in the still, small voice of the Spirit rather than through threats of force. Some have thought to improve the moral state of the world by forcing people to conform to God's will. But Jesus said that it's what's inside a person that defiles; cleaning up the outside does little good (Mark 7:14). Jesus pointed Nicodemus to the new birth the Holy Spirit brings as the root of the only kind of religious change that counts with God (see John 3).

The "fornication" Revelation decries means both the acceptance by the nations of the world of the false doctrines that constitute Babylon's apostasy and the union of their powers with hers to enforce her decrees and demands. The fact that Babylon rides the beast indicates that the political powers support the apostate religious institutions and that the religious institutions control the political powers to their own ends. Verse 18 says, "And the woman whom you saw is that great city which reigiis over the kings of the earth" (emphasis supplied). John wrote that this woman was "drunk with the blood of the saints and with the blood of the martyrs of Jesus. And when I saw her, I marveled with great amazement" (v. 6). That a pagan power would persecute the saints wouldn't have amazed John. His surprise came because it was a supposedly Christian power that was drunk with their blood. But these chapters here are not primarily about Babylon's power. They're about its judgment and fall. The sixth plague indicates that the drying up of the river on which Babylon sits precipitates its fall. Chapter 17 pictures the same 72 D&R SECTION FOURTEEN

kings, merchants, and seafarers mourn at the destruction of Babylon. Here it becomes evident that they didn't necessarily support Babylon because of religious conviction. Revelation says that "the merchants of the earth will weep and mourn over her, because no one buys their V merchandise anymore" (chapter 18:11; also v. 19). Historians Thomas and Gertrude They mourn the wealth Sartory wrote, "No religion in the they're losing because of world... has on its conscience so Babylon's fall. They supported her because it was many millions of people who... expedient; it was good for believed differently Christianity business; they profited by it. is the most murderous religion Notice in several of these songs the theme ol there has ever been." justice: "Render to her just as she rendered to you" (v. 6). Together, the religious and political tian religious institutions and tried to institutions had enforced a boycott that enforce their forms of worship, will turn against those institutions and destroy forbade anyone to "buy or sell except them. This is the first actual engagement one who has the mark or the name of the beast, or the number of his name" (13:17). of the battle of Armageddon. Now the merchants, who had been part of that conspiracy, suffer because Seven Songs "no one buys their merchandise anyThe rest of this portion of Revelation more" (18:11). is comprised of seven songsagain arranged in a chiasm. They can be summarized in this way: A Mighty voice of an angel: "Fallen is Babylon!" B Heavenly voice: "Come out of her, my people!" C Lament of the kings: "Alas! alas!" C 'Lament of the merchants: "Alas! alas!" C Lament of the seafarers: "Alas! alas!" A' Voice of a mighty angel: "So shall Babylon ... be thrown down." B' Heavenly voices: Praise God for Babylon's fall (Maxwell, God Cares, 462, 463, slightly modified). Like so much of the rest of Revelation, these seven songs are rooted in Old Testament prophecies (for example, Jeremiah 50, 51; Ezekiel 26-28). The
FIRST TWO SONGS announce again Bab-

event in different terms and makes it more explicit: "The ten horns which you saw on the beast ["the kings of the earth," v. 18j, these will hate the harlot, make her desolate and naked, eat her flesh and burn her with fire" (v. 16). In other words, Revelation says the nations of the world, all of which had united in support of the apostate Chris-

people), and call for her to be given the judgment she deserves.
In the NEXT THREE SONGS, the earth's

On a similar note, the last line of chapter 18:20, translated literally, reads, "God has judged her judgment against you." Babylon judged against the saints (against "you"). Now God has overturned that judgment. The Old Testament specified that the makers of false accusations must suffer the punishments they were attempting to pin on the innocent. God enforces that kind of justice. In the
SIXTH SONG, the "mighty angel" spells

it out: Babylon was responsible for the death of the martyrs; therefore, she must die (vs. 21-24). S o n g of a M u l t i t u d e
The final song, THE SEVENTH SONG,

ylon's fall, call God's people out of her (they must both choose to leave and act on that choice if thev arc to remain Cod's

is sung by a "great multitude in heaven" (19:1). A "voice" in heaventhe 24 elders, the four living creatures, and those surrounding the throneall call the servants of God on earth to praise the Lord for what He's done for them. He's judged the "great harlot who corrupted the earth;... and He has avenged on her the blood of His servants shed by her." His judgments

are righteous and true (v. 2). But wonderful as it is that Cod has put an end to the oppression of the saints. He's done more for them. He's invited them to the marriage supper of the Lamb (v. 9). \\ ho is this bride? In Revelation 21:2, John wrote that he saw "the holy city, New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride adorned lor her husband." This city, "arrayed in fine linen, clean and bright" the "righteous acts of the saints" (19:8),stands in contrast to Babylon,the harlot city. This "New Jerusalem" represents the people who will soon become its

"If a false witness rises against any man to testify against him of wrongdoing, then both men in the controversy shall stand before the LORD, before the priests and the judges who serve in those days. And the judges shall make careful inquiry and indeed, if the witness is a false witness, who has testified falsely against his brother, then you shall do to him as he thought to have done to his brother; so you shall put away the evil from among you" (Deuteronomy 19:16-19).

inhabitantsChrist's faithful church, all the people who have chosen to trust and serve God in love, truth, and holiness. Verse 7 says the Lamb's wife "has made herself ready." The church participates actively in her preparation. The grace of Christ does not permit us to take refuge in passiveness. Revelation continually solicits a response: it calls for endurance and obedience on the part of those who would, in the end, be counted God's faithful followers, those who w isb to share in the reward of the righteous. (See, e.g.. chapter 7:14; 12:11, 17; 14:12; 21:7.) Q

And I heard a great voice out of heaven saying, Behold, the tabernacle of God is with men, and he will dwell with them, and they shall be his people, and God himself shall be with them, and be their God.
REVELATION 21:3

N THE PRECEDING SECTION, YOU SAW THAT ARMAGEDDON'S FIRST BATTLE IS DESCRIBED IN REVELATION 17:16. THE PASSAGE THIS CHAPTER COVERS, 19:11 21:8, PICTURES THE NEXT BATTLE OF THAT END-TIME WAR. tT PICTURES THAT CONFLICT AS A GRISLY SUPPER OF THE BIRDS, CONTRASTING IT TO THE WEDDING SUPPER OF THE LAMB THAT THE RIGHTEOUS WILL ATTEND.

FOLLOW ALONG: Revelation Chapters 19-21

" C o m i n g King". L a r s Juslinen.

This portion of Revelation continues the chronological end-time sequence begun with chapter 15 and corresponds to the seven seals. 1. Doth start with riders on white horses 2. both connect the martyrs with judgment.

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First, the kings and might) men and all people, simply firm governing; see Psalm free and slave, call for death to hide them from 2:9. And the third image, that of the the Lamb. Second, the death wish ol this group is fulfilled. winepress, also is an image of death; In the first scene of this section. John wrote that he saw a warrior from heaven who judges compare Revelation 14:17. and makes war in righteousness. The warrior is clothed in a robe dipped in blood and wears "many" crowns on His head, in contrast to the crowns on the heads and horns of the beasts in earlier chapters. The outcome is certain: "The beast was captured, and with He's the supreme royalty of the him the false prophet.... These two were cast alive into the lake universe, the "KING OF KINGS of fire burning with brimstone" (v. 20). That's Revelation's waj ofsayingthe political and religious powers these figures repreAND LORD OF LORDS" (v. 16). sent will be destroyed, never to trouble the universe again. John wrote that He's called Note that the "The Word" of Cod (v. 13), which \nd the rest were killed with the sword which proceeded from warrior's blood is John's name for Jesus (John the mouth of I lim who sat on the horse. And all the birds were must be His 1:1: 1 John 1:1). At the creation, the filled with their flesh" (v. 21). This image of the great supper of own, since the Word brought the universe into the birds v v as taken from Ezekiel 38 and 39. In that time, becombattle hasn't existence by speaking: now His ing food for animals of prey was the lowest depth of shame. yet begun. speech becomes a sharp sword that destroys (v. 15). The event these verses portray Ezekiel followed his portrayal of the supper is Christ's second coming. Note of the birds with a description of the new city verse 14: "The armies in heaven ... followed Him." Jesus said that and temple. Revelation follows this pattern; when He returns, all the angels will come with Him (Matthew see chapters 19. 21, 22. 25:31). Revelation says that I le comes to tread "the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God" (Revelation 19:15). Chapter 14:17 relates this treading of the winepress directly to the second coming. In these verses, then. Revelation explains what happens to the wicked at Christ's return. They're killed by the sharp sword, broken with the rod of iron, and trodden in the wineThe Conclusion of the Battle of A r m a g e d d o n Re\ elation 19:17-21 describes the main battle of Armageddon. press ol Cod's wrath. They become food for birds. (See also \ else 19 depicts the two sides: "And 1 saw the beast, the kings 2 Thessalonians 1:7-10; 2:8.) of the earth, and their armies, gathered together to make war So Rev elation 1 pictures two suppers. All people are invited against I limwhosat on the horse and against His arm v."As noted to the first, the marriage feast of the Lamb. Those who refuse to above, these are the very ones who had called for the rocks attend that supper become part of the menu of the second. God and mountains to hide them from Christ's face (compare v. IS offers only these two options. We must choose one or the other. with chapter 6:15). Verse 18 makes sure we understand that (See Matthew 22:1-14.) this conflict is universal; it includes "all people." Satan's Fate Armageddon, then, is not merely a Middle Eastern After His coming, then, Christ has taken the righteous to heaven. battle, nor a war between all there to live and reign "with" Him for a thousand years (20:4). Some suggest of earth's nations. In ArmaThe wicked are all dead. The beast and false prophet are the conflict geddon, the powers of earth gone forever, and Babylon has been destroyed. That leaves in chapter try to overthrow God's own only "that serpent of old. who is the Devil and Satan." (v. 2) 20:8, 9 is to be forces, including those unaccounted for. people who have refused to considered part John wrote that an angel from heaven "laid hold" of him. worship the beast or receive of Armageddon "bound him for a thousand years," and "cast him into the its mark (v. 20). as well. bottomless pit... so that he should deceive the nations no more

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till the thousand years were finished" (vs. 1-3). Essentially, Satan is bound by circumstances. He deceives the nations no more because there's no one left to deceive. The wicked are all dead, and Jesus has "taken" the righteous away to heaven. (See also Isaiah 24:21 23.) The Millennium The next three verses (Revelation 20:4-6) describe what the righteous are doing during ibis thousand-year period the famous biblical "millennium." They live and reign with Christ, and judgment is given to them. Under the fifth seal, the mart) rs cried out. "I low long, () Lord, holy and true, until Ybu judge and avenge our blood" (6:10). Cod has judged and avenged their blood. Now He's giving them the opportunity to judge too. John wrote that judgment was committed to "those who had been beheaded for their witness to Jesus and to the word of Cod" (v. 1). The original recipients of Revelation were people lacing death for their belief in Christ. John seems to have singled out the martyrs here especially to encourage those first-century Christians. But all who have professed the name of Christ, whether martyrs or not. have suffered the devil's ire. Il is likely that all the righteous will do this judging. It's not that they'll decide v v bo's to be saved and who's not. That's all been determined before the second coming. But there are three phases to the final judgment. The first is a pre-advent judgment (before Christ's return), which separates those who have falsely professed to be Christian from those v v hose profession is genuine. (This is the judgment spoken of in Daniel 7:9. 10. 13.14; 8:14; 9:25; Revelation 3:5.) Next comes the millennial judgmentin heaventhe time when the saints v v ill judge the world and even the angels. Apparently, before the wicked are destroyed forever, God will allow the righteous to review the case of every being in the universe, to determine that they have all been dealt with fairly. In a sense, the righteous are judging God. This judgment will establish for eternity their faith in His justice, His righteousness, and His love. Final J u d g m e n t Chapter 20:7-10 sketches out quickly the final, executive phase of the judgment. Here God acts to carry out the sentences He has pronounced and the saints have confirmed. Jesus said all peopleboth those who have done good and those who have done evilwill eventuallv be resurrected. The word "throne" is used 47 times in Revelation. When used of God's or Christ's throne, it always is situated in heaven. God comes to reign upon the earth only after the millennium (chapters 21, 22). Other passages in Revelation also picture the overcomers of the beast reigning in heaven. (See chapters 3:21; 4:1, 2, 6; 15:2.)

An Israeli antiquities a r c h e o l o g i s t s t e p s d o w n to a 1,400-year-old w i n e p r e s s found n e a r t h e k i b b u t z of Hafetz H a i m , in c e n t r a l Israel. T h e u n u s u a l l y s h a p e d p r e s s w a s e x c e p t i o n a l l y large a n d a d v a n c e d for its time. .

At Jesus' return, u n d e r s t a n d the angels gather the righteous from c h a p t e r 2 0 ? the four winds and then Jesus takes His people to be with Him where He is. That the righteous are taken from the earth at the second coming to celebrate the marriage of the Lamb in heaven becomes important to understanding the millennium described in chapter 20. (See Matthew 24:30, 31; John 14:1-3; cp. 1 Thessalonians 4:16.)

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77

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matters?"

1 Corinthians

The "resurrection of life" occurs at His second coming. The "resurrection of condemnation" takes place at this time, the C\K\ of the millennium. It is this resurrection that releases Satan from his prison and enables him to go out to deceive all the nations of the world (vs. 7, S). I le can deceive again because people are again living on the earth. The next two verses tell the end of the story. Satan gathers all the wicked of all ages of earth's existence together for a final attempt to overthrow God's kingdom. They surround "the camp of the saints and the beloved city," which chapter 21:2 describes as descending from heaven at the end of the millennium. Rut instead, fire comes down from God out of heaven and devours them. In this brief scenario, we see the justice of the sentence the wicked receive and of the judgment they suffer. When they are resurrected, they don't repent of their sins and ask for mercy. l)& K SECTION FIFTEEN

They persist in their rebellion and actually try to physically overthrow- the God they've rejected. Chapter 20:11-15 fills in some details to the ending these verses sketch out. (It ends with the same people being cast into the lake of fire, an indication that this section is an expansion on the previous scene.) John sees "the dead, small and great, standing before God," who is seated on a "great white throne" (vs. 11, 12). "Books were opened"among them. the Book of Lifeand "the dead were judged according to their works." "And anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire" (v. 15). What's the purpose? Ever since Satan brought sin into the universe. Cod has allowed it to continue so people could see its true and ultimate nature.

If Cod had immediately destroyed sin and sinners. His created beings would have worshiped Him from fear of His power rather than from respect for His justice and love. Now, at the end of the millennium, everyone, even those destined to destruction, will admit that God was right all along. This final part of the millennial review strengthens the faith of the righteous. It's part of Cod's plan to see that

"Do not m a r v e l at this; for the hour is coming in which all who are in the graves will hear His voice and come forththose who have done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who h a v e done evil, to the resurrection of condemnation." John 5:28, 29

T M

h i

e l l e n n i u m

Beginning the

of

M i l l e n n i u m

S e c o n d c o m i n g of C h r i s t R e s u r r e c t i o n of t h e righteous D e s t r u c t i o n of t h e w i c k e d R i g h t e o u s t a k e n to h e a v e n Earth wracked by a great earthquake S a t a n b o u n d to t h e desolate earth

"affliction will not rise up a second time" Revelation 2 0 tells us (Nahuml:9). Death and the the fate of the devil. grave ("Hades") have no part in paradise restored, so Revelation pictures them being destroyed in the same lake of fire that eliminates sin and sinners from the Paul wrote, '. Ve shall all stand universe (chapter 20:14, 15). before the judgment seat of John ends this section with a brief Christ" (Romans 14:10,11). And portrayal of the new heaven and earth when writing to the Philippians, in which God will dwell with His people he said that the time is coming and in which there will be "no more when every intelligent being death, nor sorrow, nor crying," nor pain of the universe will bow and (chapter 21:3, 4). He writes that God will "confess that Jesus Christ is Lord' "give of the fountains of the water of life (Revelation 2:10,11). This "great freely to him who thirsts." and reminds white throne" judgment appears his readers that those who overcome to be the only time when Paul's 'shall inherit all things." Hut those who prophecies could be fulfilled. persist in their sin, he warns, "shall have their pari in the lake ... which is the 2 Peter 3 also speaks of the second death" (vs. 6 8). cleansing fire and then the new That choice is ours too. Q heaven and earth.

During

the

Millennium R i g h t e o u s in h e a v e n ; t h e y judge the world and angels Wicked dead on the earth S a t a n " b o u n d " to t h e e a r t h

E n d of

the

Millennium New J e r u s a l e m d e s c e n d s from h e a v e n to e a r t h R e s u r r e c t i o n of t h e w i c k e d Satan loosed Satan and the wicked attack the New J e r u s a l e m Great w h i t e t h r o n e j u d g m e n t Fire c o n s u m e s S a t a n and the wicked; c l e a n s e s the earth

Earth

Recreated; Begins

Eternity

79

(Section

16

,_

And God will wipe away every tear from their eyes; there shall be no more death, nor sorrow, nor crying. There shall be . no more pain, for the former things have passed away.
REVELATION 21:4

, W h a t

You'll L e a r n

HE BOOK OF REVELATION HAS MORE THAN ITS SHARE OF DOOM AND GLOOM, WITH ITS DRAGONS AND BEASTS AND FALSE PROPHETS, ITS EARTHQUAKES AND HAILSTORMS AND LAKES OF FIRE. BUT THE REWARD FOR FAITHFULNESS JOHN DESCRIBED IN REVELATION'S LAST TWO CHAPTERS COMPENSATES FOR ALL THAT'S GONE BEFORE. THE NEW WORLD THAT GOD WILL CREATE FOR THE RIGHTEOUS TO ENJOY ENCOURAGES US TO HANG ON WITH PATIENT ENDURANCE TO THE COMMANDMENTS OF GOD AND THE FAITH OF JESUS THROUGH ALL THE TROUBLE THE DRAGON AND HIS ALLIES MIGHT BRING.

The purpose and design of New Jerusalem The new Eden The nearnesi of J e s u s ' return

10

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SECTION SIXTEEN

T h e g e m s and precious In Revelation's overall structure, chapters 21 and 22 parallel the vision of the seven churches. That vision pictured the church erosion down through history. These last chapters portray the church triumphant. The messages to the --even churches each concluded with a specific promise to those who would overcome." These chapters reveal the fulfillment of those promises. Previously, in another chapter, another parallelism involving this pari of Revelation was introduced: The vision of the heavenly city New Jerusalem stands in a parallel of contrast to the earlier v ision of the great earthly city Babylon. Thai eitv was the product of human hands remember Nebuchadnezzar's boast, "Is not this great Babylon, thai I have built for a royal dwelling by my might) power and for the honor of my majesty?" (Daniel 4:30). It represented rebellion against Cod and the consequent oppression, suffering. and death. The New Jerusalem comes down from heaven entirely the work of Cod: humankind has nothing to do with building it. Along with it come life, joy, and light. Both sections picture these "cities" also as women. Babylon is a harlot. It is Christianity become unfaithful, prostituting itself to the political and economic powers of the world. On the other hand, John saw the New Jerusalem as a pure brideimager.' representing the exclusiveness of the saints' relationship with Christ (see Revelation 19:7, 8; 21:27). J e r u s a l e m Restored Revelation portrays the New Jerusalem as the fulfillment of Cod's promise through the Old Testament prophets to restore His people Israel, their city, and their land, bike Ezekiel, John was carried to "a great and high mountain" from which be saw the city. The features of that cityits high walls, square shape, gates named after each of the 12 tribes, and presence of the throne and glory of Godall are rooted in Ezekiel's v isions. But Revelation extends those Old Testament promises to include all people of the earthall who will respond to the gospel invitation. Notice, for instance, that while the gates are named after the 12 tribes of Israel, the foundations ol the m e t a l s u s e d as b u i l d i n g materials n o d o u b t are m e a n t to c o n v e y both the value and beautv of what G o d h a s p l a n n e d for H i s faithful p e o p l e .

eitv are named after the patriarchs of the Christian era. the 12 apostles (21:14). Here John reminds us of Paul's statement that the Christian community is "built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets" (Ephesians 2:20). Having described the exterior of the eitv. John moved inside. Immediately he exclaimed, "I saw no temple in it" To s e e t h i s parallel, R e v e l a t i o n 21:10 to compare Ezekiel 40:2-5; 31-34.

* *

40:2. See also Ezekiel 43:2-7; 44:6-14; 48:20,

(chapter 21:22). One can imagine John's surprise. The temple was both the showpiece and the most important structure of ancient Jerusalem. In addition, most of the action in Revelation was specifically said to have originated from the heavenly temple. No doubt John expected to see the ultimate temple in this, the ultimate city of Cod. The Old Testament tabernacle and the temples that succeeded it represented God's dwelling among His people. But while the) represented His presence. they also represented separation. Because of sin. people could not live in God's immediate presence: they could not look upon His face and live. So the temple contained a series of compartments separated by veils. Lay people could go no farther than the courtyard. There two veils stood between them and Cod's presence. The common priests could enter the holy places of the temples but were si ill separated by a veil from God's presence. Only the high priest had access to the Most Holy Placethe divine throne room where the Sbekinah rested upon the mercy seatand only one day a year alter having carried out special rites and having surrounded himself with a thick cloud of incense.

The temple meant God's presence. But it was a dangerous presence, one from which the temple separated (he people of God. John "saw no temple" in the New Jerusalem for two reasons ...

1. "The Lord Cod Almighty and the Lamb are its temple" (v. 22). The saints need no screening. They will have direct access to God. 2. The New Jerusalem is a cube: "its length, breadth, and height are equal" (Revelation 21:16). Its shape mirrors those of the Most Holy Places of the Old Testament tabernacle and temples. In other words, the New Jerusalem itself is eternity's Most Holy Place, Cod's dwelling place. His throne room. But it's a Most Holy Place that all His people can enter. In fact, they will live there, directly in Cod's presence, forever and ever. Here is the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise at the lime of the Exodus: "I will walk among you and be your God, and you shall be My people" (Leviticus 26:12). Here is the fulfillment of the promise of "Immanuel" "God with us." \ou "the tabernacle of Cod is with men, and He will dwell with them ... and God Himself will be with them and be their God" (Revelation 21:3).

The New Eden The New Jerusalem needs no other light source than the glory of Cod. "The nations of those who arc saved shall walk in its light" (vs. 23, 24).

Another theme from the Exodus story: the pillar of cloud and fire that lighted Israel's way through the wilderness (Exodus 13:21).

I n t e r e s t i n g l y , t h e G r e e k w o r d u s u a l l y u s e d for "tree" i s dendron. B u t w h e n w r i t i n g of t h e t r e e of life, J o h n u s e d t h e w o r d xulonthe word a l s o u s e d of t h e c r o s s . J o h n m i g h t h a v e m e a n t t o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e c r o s s i s a t r e e of life for earth's inhabitants.

Light was God's first creation. I le brought it into existence before He made the sun. moon, and stars. God's new creation also features a light that eliminates the need for sun and moon. More than that, there is "no night there" (v.25). All that is dark and obscure is eliminated. The revelation of Christ is full) accomplished. All is definitively clear. Revelation's description of the New Jerusalem eloses with more imagery drawn from earth's beginnings. John saw "a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, B e c a u s e t h e r e is n o n i g h t proceeding from the throne of God and of the Lamb"reminisin paradise, the gates cent of the river that "went out are n e v e r shut. H e r e of Eden" to water the earth. On both banks of this river grows Revelation portrays both Eden's tree of life, which supcontinual access and the plies fruit throughout the whole year and the leaves of which are u n i v e r s a l i t y o f t h e city. for the "healing of the nations" S e e L u k e 13:29, R e v e l a t i o n (Revelation 22:1, 2; compare Genesis 2:9,10 and Ezekiel 47.) 21:24, a n d Isaiah 60:1-5. The water of life ami tree of life indicate humankind's continued dependence on God. The tree of lifeits fruit and leavesis a reminder that only God is eternal, has life in Himself. Man's eternity is an eternity continuously received from God. ... God's gift v v ill always be there to impart life (symbol of the tree) to heal man from his essential finitude (symbol of the leaves).... Even in eternity all is grace.1 In another reference to the stories of Creation and the Fall, verse 3 says "there shall be no more curse." Here the reference is by contrast. The first man and woman succumbed to the serpent's temptation, and curses fell upon them, the serpent, and all creation. Now the serpent has been destroyed. Judgment has been rendered. The entire universe has confessed God's justice and I lis love. The faith of the citizens of the New Jerusalem has been established on such a firm foundation as never again to waver. So "affliction shall not rise up a second time" (Nabum 1:9). Consequently, "there shall be no more curse" (v. 3). And "they shall reign forever and ever" (v. 5). "I Am Coming Quickly" \i the end of Daniel's series of visions, he was told to shut and seal his book until the time of the end (Daniel 12:4). His prophecies had little application to his own generation; they concerned mainly people who would live much later. In direct contrast, John was told, "Do not seal the words of the prophecy of this book, for the time is at hand" (Revelation 22:10). John's visions

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SECTION SIXTEEN

concern the whole lifespan of the Christian church. starting in his day. While Revelation has spoken to Christians down through history, it is particularly meaningful to those living in the crux between its historical and its end-time propheciesto you, in other words. You are living in the days of "the things which must shortly take place" (v. 6; compare 1:1, 3). You are living in the time of Laodicea, the last church; in the time of the sixth seal; between the sixth and seventh trumpets. The messages of the three angels of chapter 14 Cod's final warningare being proclaimed around the earth today. Three times in Revelation's last chapter Jesus tells John. "I am coming quickly" (vs. 7, 12, 20). Soon the angel will announce, "lie who is unjust, let him be unjust still; he v v ho is filthy, lei him be filthy still; he who is righteous, let him be righteous still; he who is holy, let him be holy still" (v. 11). After His second promise that He would come soon. Jesus added. "I am the Alpha and the Omega. the Beginning and the End, the First and the Last" (v. L3). Here His words reflect the message of Hebrews, where He's called "the author and finisher of our faith" (chapter 12:2). Paul made this thought a promise: "He who has begun a good work in you will complete it until the day of Jesus Christ" (Philippians 1:6).

B i b l e

S t u d i e s

"He w h o

h a s

b e g u n in In f a c t , it's j u s t t h e b e g i n n i n g ! Y o u c a n u n d e r s t a n d all o f t h e B i b l e n o t j u s t D a n i e l a n d R e v e l a t i o n a n d k n o w it like n e v e r b e f o r e t h r o u g h o u r g l o b a l Bible s t u d y s c h o o l ! Learn more about:

a good work y o u will

complete day

it u n t i l t h e of J e s u s

Christ" 1:6). Truth and the Ten C o m m a n d m e n t s T h e USA in B i b l e p r o p h e c y H o w t o g e t fit a n d healthy What happens w h e n y o u die H o w t o save y o u r m a r r i a g e Secrets of Bible p r o p h e c y T h e mark of t h e beast

(Philippians

So Revelation calls for fidelity to the commandments of Cod and the faith of Jesus in times of great persecution. But it also offers the assurance of the constant presence of the Lamb who was slain to grant us forgiveness and grace. He can hold the dragon at bay in our personal struggles as well as in the great cosmic conflict And to whom is the Lamb's aid available? To "him who thirsts" for the water of life (Revelation 22:17). To all such, "the Spirit and the bride Say, "Come!" " II Reference l. Roberro Baden, "Ne JerusalemThe ItolyCity," Symposium II. 267.

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