Total Notes For UGC Net Paper-1

6/28/13
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Initially, PCs revolutionized how businesses are run, but today, computers deepest impact are felt in the merging of Communications and Information. The emergence of the World Wide Web and the explosion of Internet usage is having far-reaching effects on all aspects of society. Success and progress in all spheres of life, is now driven by Information and Technology. The future is bright, but it is up to every user of the technology to see that it is used to positive effect. History of Computers: 1. First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube 1937 - John V. Atanasoff designed the first digital electronic computer 1939 - Atanasoff and Clifford Berry demonstrate in Nov. the ABC prototype 1941 - Konrad Zuse in Germany developed in secret the Z3 1943 - In Britain, the Colossus was designed in secret at Bletchley Park to decode German messages 1944 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark I mechanical computer for the Navy 1945 - John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert built ENIAC at U of PA for the U.S. Army 1946 - Mauchly and Eckert start Electronic Control Co., received grant from
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1946 - Mauchly and Eckert start Electronic Control Co., received grant from National Bureau of Standards to build a ENIAC-type computer with magnetic tape input/output, renamed UNIVAC in 1947 but run out of money, formed in Dec. 1947 the new company Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC). 1948 - Howard Aiken developed the Harvard Mark III electronic computer with 5000 tubes 1948 - U of Manchester in Britain developed the SSEM Baby electronic computer with CRT memory 1949 - Mauchly and Eckert in March successfully tested the BINAC stored-program computer for Northrop Aircraft, with mercury delay line memory and a primitive magentic tape drive; Remington Rand bought EMCC Feb. 1950 and provided funds to finish UNIVAC 1950- Commander William C. Norris led Engineering Research Associates to develop the Atlas, based on the secret code-breaking computers used by the Navy in WWII; the Atlas was 38 feet long, 20 feet wide, and used 2700 vacuum tubes 1951 - S. A. Lebedev developed the MESM computer in Russia 1951 - Remington Rand successfully tested UNIVAC 30, the 1951, and announced to the public its sale to the Census Bureau JuneMarch 14, 1951, first commercial computer to feature a magnetic tape storage system, the eight UNISERVO tape drives that stood separate from the CPU and control console on the other side of a garage-size room. Each tape drive was six feet high and three feet wide, used 1/2-inch metal tape of nickel-plated bronze 1200 feet long, recorded data on eight channels at 100 inches per second with a transfer rate of 7,200 characters per second. The complete UNIVAC system weighed 29,000 pounds, included 5200 vacuum tubes, and an offline typewriter-printer UNIPRINTER with an attached metal tape drive. Later, a punched card-to-tape machine was added to read IBM 80-column and Remington Rand 90-column cards.
1952 - Remington Rand bought the ERA in Dec. 1951 and combined the UNIVAC product line in 1952: the ERA 1101 computer became the UNIVAC 1101. The UNIVAC I was used in November to calculate the presidential election returns and successfully predict the winner, although it was not trusted by the TV networks who refused to use the prediction. 1954 - The sage aircraft-warning system was the largest vacuum tube computer system ever built. It began in 1954 at MIT's Lincoln Lab with funding from the Air Force. The first of 23 Direction Centers went online in Nov. 1956, and the last in 1962. Each Center had two 55,000-tube computers builton byJay IBM, MIT, AND Bell Labs. The 275-ton computers known as "Clyde" were based Forrester's Whirlwind I and had magnetic core memory, magnetic drum and magnetic tape storage. The Centers were connected by an early network, and pioneered development of the modem and graphics display. 2.Second Generation Computers (1954 -1959) - transistor 1950 - National Bureau of Standards (NBS) introduced its Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) with 10,000 newly developed germanium diodes in its logic circuits, and the first magnetic disk drive designed by Jacob Rabinow 1953 Watson Junior led IBM to introduce the model 604 computer, its first with transistors, that became the basis of the model 608 of 1957, the first solid-state computer for the commercial market. Transistors were expensive at first, cost $8 vs. $.75 for a vacuum tube. But Watson was impressed with the new transistor radios and gave them to his engineers to study. IBM also developed the 650 Magnetic Drum Calculator, the first by IBM to use magnetic drum memory rather punched cards, and began shipment of the
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by IBM to use magnetic drum memory rather punched cards, and began shipment of the 701 scientific "Defense Calculator" that was the first of the Model 700 line that dominated main frame computers for the next decade 1955 - IBM introduced the 702 business computer; Watson on the cover of Time magazine 28 1956 -March Bendix G-15A small business computer sold for only $45,000, designed by Harry Huskey of NBS 1959 - General Electric Corporation delivered its Electronic Recording Machine Accounting (ERMA) computing system to the Bank of America in California; based on a design by SRI, the ERMA system employed Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) as the means to capture data from the checks and introduced automation in banking that continued with ATM machines in 1974 3. Third Generation Computers (1959 -1971) - IC 1959 - Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the first integrated circuit in Feb. 1959; Kilby had made his first germanium IC in Oct. 1958; Robert Noyce at Fairchild used planar process to make connections of components within a silicon IC in early 1959; the first commercial product using IC was the hearing aid in Dec. 1963; General Instrument made LSI chip (100+ components) for Hammond organs 1968 1964 - IBM produced SABRE, the first airline reservation tracking system for American Airlines; IBM announced the System/360 all-purpose computer, using 8-bit character word length (a "byte") that was pioneered in the 7030 of April 1961 that grew out of the AF contract of Oct. 1958 following Sputnik to develop transistor computers for
BMEWS 1968 - DEC introduced the first "mini-computer", the PDP-8, named after the miniskirt; DEC was founded in 1957 by Kenneth H. Olsen who came for the SAGE project at MIT and began sales of the PDP-1 in 1960 1969 - Development began on ARPAnet, funded by the DOD 1971 - Intel produced large scale integrated (LSI) circuits that were used in the digital delay line, the first digital audio device 4. Fourth Generation (1971-1991) - microprocessor 1971 - Gilbert Hyatt at Micro Computer Co. patented the microprocessor; Ted Hoff at Intel in February introduced the 4-bit 4004, a VSLI of 2300 components, for the Japanese company Busicom to create a single chip for a calculator; IBM introduced the first 8-inch "memory disk", as it was called then, or the "floppy disk" later; Hoffmann-La Roche patented the passive LCD display for calculators and watches; in November Intel announced the first microcomputer, the MCS-4; Nolan Bushnell designed the first commercial arcade video game "Computer Space" 1972 - Intel made the 8-bit 8008 and 8080 microprocessors; Gary Kildall wrote his Control Program/Microprocessor (CP/M) disk operating system to it provide instructions for floppy disk drives to work with the 8080 processor. He offered to Intel, but was turned down, so he sold it on his own, and soon CP/M was the standard operating system for 8-bit microcomputers; Bushnell created Atari and introduced the successful "Pong"
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for 8-bit microcomputers; Bushnell created Atari and introduced the successful "Pong" game 1973 - IBM developed the first true sealed hard disk drive, called the "Winchester" after the rifle company, using two 30 Mb platters; Robert Metcalfe at Xerox PARC Download created Ethernet as the basis for a local area network, and later founded 3COM 1974 - Xerox developed the Alto workstation at PARC, with a monitor, a graphical Go BackAdd Note user interface, a mouse, and an ethernet card for networking Link 1975 - the Altair personal computer is sold in kit form, and influenced Steve Jobs and Embed Steve Wozniak Save 1976 - Jobs and Wozniak developed the Apple personal computer; Alan Shugart introduced the 5.25-inch floppy disk 18 1977 - Nintendo in Japan began to make computer games that stored the data on of 42 chips inside a game cartridge that sold for around $40 but only cost a few dollars to manufacture. It introduced its most popular game "Donkey Kong" in 1981, Super Mario Readcast Bros in 1985 Like 98 1978 - Visicalc spreadsheet software was written by Daniel Bricklin and Bob
Tw eet
Frankston 1979 - Micropro released Wordstar that set the standard for word processing software 1980 - IBM signed a contract with the Microsoft Co. of Bill Gates and Paul Allen and Steve Ballmer to supply an operating system for IBM's new PC model. Microsoft paid $25,000 to Seattle Computer for the rights to QDOS that became Microsoft DOS, and Microsoft began its climb to become the dominant computer company in the world. 1984 - Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh personal computer January 24. 1987 - Bill Atkinson of Apple Computers created a software program called
HyperCard that was bundled free with all Macintosh computers. This program for the first time made hypertext popular and useable to a wide number of people. 5. Fifth Generation (1991 and Beyond) 1991 - World-Wide Web (WWW) was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and released by CERN. 1993 - The first Web browser called Mosaic was created by student Marc Andreesen and programmer Eric Bina at NCSA in the first 3 months of 1993. The beta version 0.5 of X Mosaic for UNIX was released Jan. 23 1993 and was instant success. The to PC and Mac versions of Mosaic followed quickly in 1993. Mosaic was the first software interpret a new IMG tag, and to display graphics along with text. Berners-Lee objected to the IMG tag, considered it frivolous, but image display became one of the most used features of Search This Document the Web. The Web grew fast because the infrastructure was already in place: the Internet, desktop PC, home modems connected to online services such as AOL and Compuserve Search 1994 Netscape Navigator 1.0 was released Dec. 1994, and was given away free, Search History: soon gaining 75% of world browser market. Searching... 1996 - Microsoft failed to recognized the importance of the Web, but finally released Result 00the of much 00 imporoved browser Explorer 3.0 in the summer. 00 results for result for WHY DO WE USE COMPUTERS? This similar to asking why do we use cars? But too many people and organizations p. purchase and use Computers for the wrong reasons. Computers are practical tools to be used in helping you get results. Computers are needed where:
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Computers are needed where: 1. There is a need for a more accurate and cost effective knowledge to assist decision making. Success and progress is now being determined by your access to information and how you use that information to get results. 2. It is impossible to get results due to either time constraint or sheer magnitude of work involved. 3. It will reduce the mental and physical effort in tackling certain tasks. 4.There is intense competition and there is a need for cost efficiency through the elimination and reduction of inefficient practices. 5.There is a need to assist in enhancing Customer service. 6.There is a need for correct forecasting of market trends to ensure business survival. COMPUTER APPLICATIONS Due to technological developments, Computers are now used in virtually all spheres of life. Here are a few of the application areas: SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (S&T) Computers are used in S&T to promote advances that could be useful to mankind, i.e. discovering better and more efficient ways of doing things. They are especially useful for humanly intractable calculations and simulation experiments. This is especially critical in situations where it would be too risky or expensive to directly carry out the required operation. For example, in Space exploration, underwater exploration, testing of new
drugs, etc. Computers enable S&T professionals can carry out their practical procedures using faster, more accurate and safer methods. EDUCATION Computers are useful for promoting learning experiences. From the toddler to the full grown adult, educational Computer tools are available. Computers are useful for learning about Computers and learning about other subjects, i.e. using Computer Assisted Learning software. Learning is usually interactive and can be reinforced over and over. For children, the advent of Multimedia, has made learning fun. They often dont realize it when theyre playing that they are also learning. BANKING & FINANCE Computers are very useful for handling financial transactions, most especially the storage and processing of huge amounts of information kept by financial institutions. Computers enhances Customer service, through the provision of upto date and timely information for their Customers. Computers additionally assist with the monitoring of operational costs, to ensure cost effectiveness and profitability of operations. In some financial institutions, Computers are used to identify trends and provide timely information for present and future management decision making.
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RECREATION On your average PC, you can play a variety of games. You know what they say about Jack. With the games, you could be the sole player, play against the Computer or you and a friend could play against each other. SECURITY Computers are useful for storing information about crimes, criminals and suspects. This can be very useful in Crime detection and prevention. Such systems can be interfaced with photograph capturing and fingerprint systems. They can also be linked to mobile radio communication systems over a wide area to enable in the fast and efficient sharing of information on Criminal activities. Such systems would possess enquiry facility for historical and analytic purposes. There so many other areas where the impact of the Computer is being felt such as Medicine, Law, Sports, Entertainment, Media, Building, Construction, etc. In every situation the Computer performs different functions relating to Information storage, input, output and processing. It is no wonder that productive based activity is referred to popularly as Information Technology. What are Computer Computers? A computer system includes computer hardware, software and people. HARDWARE versus SOFTWARE What is the difference between computer hardware and software? HARDWARE In simplest terms, hardware is the physical parts associated with a computer - the electronic, magnetic, and mechanical devices (monitor, keyboard, printer, micro chip boards, floppy drives, cables and physical pieces of a system. These INPUT/OUTPUT
DEVICES allow the operator to interact with the computer. SOFTWARE Sets of programs (stored sets of instructions) that govern the operation of the computer system and make the hardware perform. These programs (instructions) tell the hardware how to do a particular task such as word processing, games, database management, etc. Although these instructions are usually stored inside a piece of hardware (e.g., software instructions stored inside a circuit chip or floppy drive) but they are nevertheless software. In a way, Software refers to transform the instructions that desired enable an otherwise dead machine toby understand your inputs and them into outputs. Computer hardware itself lacks personality; this is determined by the software. Word processing software turns the computer into a word processor, accounting software turns the computer into an accounting tool, etc. Lets discuss a bit about Software before we go back to Hardware. There are two major types of software: Operating system software and Applications software. Operating system software (like DOS, UNIX or Windows 95) performs very elemental housekeeping instructions (e.g., where is the monitor, how can I keep track of what data is on which track or sector of a floppy drive, whether more than user can work on the system at the same time e.g. UNIX.) The operating system that all IBM and compatible PC's use is called DOS (sounds like floss). DOS is software that allows the terminal, printer, computer and mass storage systems (floppy disks) to work together as a unit, and controls the execution of programs. It also allows you to do housekeeping chores regarding managing disks and files. Applications programs perform tasks on a higher level (e.g., word processing
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Applications programs perform tasks on a higher level (e.g., word processing Spreadsheet, Games, Database Management, Accounting, Payroll programs are applications.) Generally an application software package uses the lower level operating system (DOS) to do routine tasks (e.g., your word processing application uses the lower level DOS operating system frequently to write and store data on a disk. And what is a Database? A database is a collection of information that is organized for ease of reference. For example, your address book is a database, just as an inventory of goods, a list of all churches in your state or your staff list. Before Electronic processing of information, databases had to be maintained on paper stored in file folders that were kept in filing cabinets. With Electronic DataBase Management Systems (DBMS), information stored electronically and be recalled instantly and accurately. HARDWARE CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT (CPU) Heart of the PC - it contains the microprocessor. The CPU is a set of miniaturized circuits that does all the "thinking". It controls the interpretation (arithmetic-logic unit) and execution (control unit) of instructions. The CPU in conjunction with Random Access Memory (RAM) comprise the computer's "brain". The CPU does the "thinking / calculating" while RAM contains the instructions or "memories". It is the CPU that largely determines the operating speed of the computer. The type of processor on your PC will determine the nature of functions it can carry out and the speed
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This is the notes for UGC NET paper-1 it contains Teaching $ Research aptitude, Communication, Basic computor operations. Download or Print Add To Collection 115.6K Reads 973 Readcasts 5.5K Embed Views
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Important Facts to Know: General Studies Important facts to Know for General Studies Important Facts to Know for General Studies Important Issues: Current Affairs TEACHING AND RESEARCH POTENTIAL WHAT ARE COMPUTERS? HISTORY -HOW, WHERE, WHEN DID IT ALL START? History of Computers: 1. First Generation (1939-1954) - vacuum tube 2.Second Generation Computers (1954 -1959) - transistor 3. Third Generation Computers (1959 -1971) - IC 4. Fourth Generation (1971-1991) - microprocessor 5. Fifth Generation (1991 and Beyond) WHY DO WE USE COMPUTERS? COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
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HARDWARE versus SOFTWARE And what is a Database? HARDWARE CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT (CPU) WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A BIT AND A BYTE? RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM) READ ONLY MEMORY (ROM) DISKS INPUT DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES THE COMPUTER DEVICES & RELATIONSHIPS INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY COMMUNICATION MODELS AND THEORIES BERLO'S MODEL THE TRANSMISSION MODEL THE PROCESS MODEL NOTES ON COMMUNICATION: Continued COMMUNICATION BARRIERS ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION FORMAL COMMUNICATION CHANNELS AND NETWORKS FORMAL COMMUNICAITON: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS INFORMAL COMMUNICATION RESEARCH APTITUDE Types of Research - Definitions Three basic types of questions that research projects: RESEARCH DESIGN
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4 p. Research Aptitude Aman Khera 1428 Reads
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277 p. Ugc-net Management_ Syllabus Biswajit Kumar 4401 Reads Next Notes Privacy:publicPost Note Navnit Patel3 months ago thank you from navnit patel Anuj Tiwaria year ago thanks a lot statk3 years ago [email protected] swatikuk3 years ago rocking....................... thanx a tonnnnn............. knowledge savvvyyyyyy4 years ago thanx alot for uploading it. great work Sumon Acharya10 months ago Useful materials Sudip Bhattacharyyaa year ago Many many tanks Renu Pawar6 months ago thanks a lotz hareemtariq3 years ago certain updates need to be made in this like CAG-Mr Vinod Rai who took over on 7th January 2008.. Rao bijender3 years ago a Tekchand Pradhana year ago It is nice & very informative but check with latest changes . Bhavani Priyadharshini9 months ago Thanks its useful for my last time prepration Abdul Karim Ansaria year ago thanks really good Vijaykumar Nookanaboyinaa year ago This material is very useful. But I want depth. Nidhi Gupta11 months ago thanks it is useful for me Gagan_Dua_47693 years ago thanks dear Shraddha Bhome7 months ago gr8888888888 sir, now helpful to score goood marks in paper one......... aadimasam3 years ago thanks alot :) Juhi Yasmeen2 years ago its really very good thanx Anu Agrawal7 months ago
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some of the data is incorrect gantasrinivas_bell1160a year ago login with scribd or facebook account and download Muthu Manikandana year ago this is nice material but can any one say how to download the materials ndd204 years ago thanks. can u tell me frm whr i can get study material 4 2 n 3 paper for management amardeepkaur0971103 years ago where is the down\load link ? hareemtariq3 years ago Thanks a ton...this is really very useful... swati0443 years ago THANX .... for this, but is this complete notes for paper1 st. & i also wants notes for life science plez give me information abt taht too. ansh2617a year ago thanx a lot :) Ch Rama year ago hi swati0443 years ago my mail id is [email protected] Aparna Vimalaa year ago THANK YOU its really useful caelestis093 years ago Thanks a lot! Ravindar Adlaa year ago thanq u very much its very valuable notes saisridevimohan3 years ago hai thanku so much for this i need sample model for paper 3 which was modified from this time Anuj Tiwaria year ago its really very good thanx Aleem2 years ago thanx great help Archana Lataa year ago hi di i got u at facebook i was searching for ugc net qustion deleted_fbuser_13242267522 years ago nice but i want to download for free of cost... Juhi Yasmeen2 years ago please frnds be careful there are many mistakes Ravi Chandraa year ago thanks a lot but can anyone tell where to download full material kuldeep_04053 years ago thanks a lot for these valuable notes Srinath Posaa year ago Thanks a lot. It is useful information for us rguptadoon3 years ago I appreciate this document. Bhavani Priyadharshini9 months ago why other states is not mentined as punjab
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harleen liza4 years ago the notes that you gave are for paper one but I also want those of paper 2 and 3 for english
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