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Chin State - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chin State
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Coordinates: 220N 9330E

Chin State (Burmese: ; MLCTS: hkyang: pranynai, pronounced: [t pjn ]) is a state located in western Burma (Myanmar). The 36,019-square-kilometre (13,907 sq mi) Chin State is bordered by Rakhine State in the south, Bangladesh in the south-west, Sagaing Division and Magway Division in the east, the Indian state of Manipur in the north and the Indian state of Mizoram in the west. The Chin ethnic group make up the majority of the state's 500,000 people. The capital of the state is Hakha. The state is a mountainous region with few transportation links. Chin State is sparsely populated and remains one of the least developed areas of the country. Chin State has the highest unemployment rate of 73% as per the released figures from the first official survey. [3]

Chin State
State Myanma transcription(s) hkyang: pranynai Burmese

Flag

Contents
1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Feudal era 1.3 Colonial era 1.4 Post independence 2 Administrative divisions 2.1 Districts and townships 2.2 Cities 3 Geography 4 Demographics 5 Transport 5.1 List of bridges in Chin State 5.2 Airports 6 Communication 7 Electricity 7.1 List of Hydel power plants 8 Industrial sector 9 Education 10 Health care 11 References

Location of Chin State/Chinland in Burma

Coordinates: 220N 9330E Country Region Capital Government Chief Minister Area[2] Total Burma Western Burma Hakha Hong Ngai[1] (USDP) 36,019 km2 (13,907 sq mi)
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History
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Early history

The Tibeto-Burman peoples entered the Chin Hills some time in the first millennium AD as part of the Chin wider migration of Tibeto-Burman peoples into the area. Some historians speculate that the Thet people Christianity Religions mentioned in the Burmese Chronicles might be the MST (UTC+06:30) Time zone Chins.[4] For much of history, the sparsely populated Chin Hills were ruled by local chiefs. Political organization in the region prior to the Toungoo dynasty's conquest in the mid-16th century remains largely conjectural. The first recorded instance of a western kingdom believed to be near the Chin Hills is the Kingdom of Pateikkaya, a tributary to the Pagan Kingdom in the 11th and 12th centuries. Some historians (Arthur Phayre, Tun Nyein) put Pateikkaya in eastern Bengal, thus placing the entire Chin Hills under Pagan suzerainty but others, like Harvey, citing stone inscriptions, put it near the eastern Chin Hills.[5] (Burmese Chronicles report the kings of Pateikkaya as Indian though the ethnicity of the subjects is not explicitly cited.)

Population (2000)[2] Total Density Demographics Ethnicities

480,000 13/km2 (35/sq mi)

Feudal era
The first confirmed political entity in the region was the Shan State of Kale (Kalay), founded by the Shan people who came to dominate the entire northwestern-to-eastern arc of Burma after the fall of the Pagan Kingdom in 1287. Kale was a minor Shan state, and its authority did not extend more than its immediate surrounding area, no more than a small portion of northern Chin Hills. The minor state occasionally paid tribute to the larger Shan States of Mohnyin and Mogaung and ultimately became a vassal state of the Burmese Ava Kingdom in the 1370s. Starting in the 1480s, Ava began to disintegrate and Kale was swallowed up by the Shan State of Mohnyin by the 1520s. The entire Chin Hills came under the authority of the Burmese kingdoms between 1555 and 1559 when King Bayinnaung of the Toungoo Dynasty conquered all of Upper Burma and its surrounding regions, stretching from the eastern and northern Shan states to the western Chin Hills and Manipur.[6] Toungoo began to weaken in the late 17th century. By the 1730s a resurgent Manipuri Kingdom had conquered the Kabaw Valley from the Burmese. The Kabaw valley's adjacent northern Chin Hills likely came under Manipuri suzerainty.

Bayinnaung's Empire

Colonial era
The British acquired the Chin Hills a decade after the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. The ensuing Chin resistance to the British was suppressed only by 1896 with the arrest of Khaikam Suantak of Siyin area. The British administered the Chin Hills as part of Arakan Division.[7] American missionaries began arriving in the 1890s and by the middle of 20th century, most of the Chin people had converted to Christianity. The region was the westernmost advance of the Imperial Japanese Army, which occupied the region in November 1943, in World War II. After the war, Chin leaders headed by Vumkhohau Suantak, along with Burman, Shan and Kachin leaders, participated in the Panglong Conference which discussed the future of an independent Union of Burma. Because of the region's heavy economic dependence on Burma Proper, Chin leaders, unlike Shan and Kachin leaders, asked only for a "special administrative division", not a full fledged
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state. As a result, when the 1947 Constitution of Burma granted the right of secession to states after a period of ten years after the independence, the Chin did not get a state (no right to secede). (Ironically, the Karen who did not even participate in the conference received a state, along with the right to secede.)

Post independence
Upon independence from the United Kingdom in 1948, Chin Hills Special Division was created out of Arakan Division, with the capital at Falam. On January 4, 1974, it was granted the state status and became Chin State ( Zogam ).[7] Today, the state has little infrastructure and remains extremely poor and undeveloped.

Administrative divisions
Chin State consisted of two districts North (now Falam) and South (now Mindat) and was further subdivided into nine townships. Falam had been the state capital since the British Colonization, but after the military coup in 1962, the junta in the 1974 reorganization shifted the state capital to Hakha. The township borders have been adjusted a couple of times, most recently in a reorganization of Falam District in 2008 where Falam Township lost area in its northeast to Tedim Township, but gained territory from Tedim in the northwest, extending northward as far as the developing town of Rihkhawdar (Reehkawdar) on the Indian border. In that reorganization Falam also lost a small area in its southwest back to Htlantlang Township from which it had recently been shifted.

Districts and townships

Hakha District of Northern Chin State Falam Township Hakha Township Thantlang Township Tedim (Tiddim) Township Tonzang Township Cikha Township Rih Township Hakha District was formed by the first Chin State Hluttaw emergency meeting No. 2/2012 on 1 June.[8] Hakha District composed of Hakha Township Thantlang Township

Cities
Hakha, Capital of Chin State (Hakha District) Falam, Former capital of the Northern Chin State (Falam District) Mindat, Southern Chin State (Mindat District) town Matupi, Southern Capital town

Geography

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Nat Ma Taung (Burmese), Thuamvum (Tedim), (Mount Victoria, English), 10,500 feet (3,200 m) high, is the highest peak in Chin State. Many natural watercourses flow among mountain ranges running from north to south forming a number of valleys and gorges. The state has a lot of rivers and the Manipur River flows through its northern half. The Tayawbar River (Tiau River) forms much of the border with India for the northern half of the state. The Boynu River, as the Kaladan River is known upstream from its confluence with the Tayawbar, forms the border with India for the central portion of the state. In the southwestern part of the state, the Kaladan River enters from India and flows down past Paletwa and exits into Rakhine State. The longest water fall in Chin state is the Bungtla Waterfall near Matupi.
HiangHing Village, Tedim Township View

Demographics

Chin State has a population of about 518,144 and a population density of 37 persons per square mile on December 12, 2006.[citation needed ] The Chins (Zomi) are made up of many tribes, which although historically related now speak divergent languages and have different cultural and historical identities. Some consider the name Chin seems an exonym, given by the Burmese and of unclear origin. These names are justified respectively by the fact that Chin are world known for Loyalty to the Masters and were well known for their weaving skills and have been in trade relations with the lowlands for many years. The term "Zomi" represents one dialect group who once upon a time live together in a Ciimnuai Area represents Tedim, Tonzang,Haimual, Cikha, Tamu and Lamka people while the term "Laimi" was a common name for some people in Falam, Haka(Hakha) and Thantlang. Small tribes such as Zophei, Zokhua, Zotung, Senthang and Mara abhor the name "Laimi", claiming that it is a concocted identity and those who like the name should strictly use it for themselves. Even though there is no common language in Chinland, Tedim (Zomi) language is the common language used among Zomi people, which constitute close to half the population of Chin State. Besides, Tedim language is spoken widely in Kalay township which they have been vastly overwhelming long before Burmese Independence.The population of Tedim language speaking people is calculated to be more than 400,000, without taking into account of the fact that Ngawn, Vaiphei, Simte, Sizaang, Thadou, Teizaang and other tribes understand and communicate with the language easily. Lai (Pawite) language is used as main communication languages in most parts of Haka and Thantlang habitat areas although it is not used by all of the people in the areas mentioned. As some dialects in the areas of Hakha and Falam are from Tibeto-Burman dialect and 85% of the phonetic and accent are exactly the same, those people from Falam can easily communicate with Hakha(Pawi) language and vice versa. Chin peoples are called by different names such as Chin, Lusei(later Mizo), Kuki,and others based on the names they were designated by people (http://Burmese) in the surrounding areas and the British, most of the people have accepted "Zomi" nomenclature, which means the people of Zo (mountain) or Highlanders. According to the record of Zam Sian Sang Gualnam who'd surveyed the Seasons and Population of the called Chin Nationalities during the years 2004-2007 with the 'Chin Survey' Researched team, the Different combination of all Chin peoples and their populations are as follows: 1. In Sagaing Division Tedim Zomi (50,000+) Lushai/Lusei/Mizo (5000 -/+ ) Paite (2100 -/+)
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Thadou (5000 -/+ ) Matupi (3000-/+) Asho (40000 -/+ ), they live mostly in the lowlands of Magwe Division and mixed with Burmans 2. In Chin State (Zogam) numbered 500,000 in population. Plain Chin (340000 + ) all along the Chin States and in India. 3. In India (Census of India 2011) Tedim Chin (5,000 + ) Lushai (1000000 -/+ ) Thadou-Kuki (300,000 +) Paite (80,000) Vaiphei (40,000+) Simte (8,000+) Kom (5,000+) Hmar (100,000-/+) Except for Thadou-Kuki, Lusei and Hmar, the remaining tribes in India mentioned above are united under Zomi Council, namely Paite, Simte, Vaiphei, Zou, Komrem, Mate and Tedim Chin. Furthermore, the tribes under Zomi Council and Thadou people speak different dialects which are close to that of Tedim people and they all migrated to Manipur State (India) about 800 years ago. Although the exact population of Chin is unknown so far and the population of Tedim language speaking Zomi/Chin vastly overwhelms the others, the population in Chin State is dispersing in rush since the past 50 years. Besides, the number of Chins in Chin State has been decreasing at a rapid rate due to migration since early 2000s for economic and political reasons. Economically, making a living is getting much harder due to rapid population increase and unsustainable agricultural practice of Slash and Burn agriculture. Politically, since early 1990s, a large number of Burmese soldiers began moving into Chin State because there have been movements of rebellion. It is estimated that from Falam region alone, approximately 100,000 have moved to other parts of Burma and a significantly large number has gone to neighboring countries of India, Malaysia and Thailand since year 2000. From Hakha and Thantlang regions, no less than 100,000 people have migrated to Malaysia, India and other parts of Burma. This phenomenon of emigration of a large number of people is true for other townships in Chin State, with the exception of Mindat, Kanpetlet and Paletwa, three of the most isolated towns in Chin State. Since early 2000, a large number of chins living and working both legally and illegally have been resettled as refugees in third countries including Australia, Norway, Finland, Denmark, Netherland, Canada, United States and New Zealand with the United States taking in the largest numbers of them. The Chins use the word 'Salai' indicates 'Mr.' (Mister) and 'Mai' as 'Miss' since early 1970s under the leadership of Salai Tin Maung Oo. Though the Hakha of ethnic Chin use 'Leng' as Miss and 'Val' as Mr. The Tedim ethnic group use 'Tang' as 'Mr' and 'Lia' as 'Miss'. Matu use 'Mang' and 'Tuem' for (Matu woman)and 'Pu' and 'Pi', and 'Pa' and 'Nu', are used commonly for elderly Chin and Chin leaders such as Pu Hrang Thio (famous for is courageous in the nation wide). The title of 'Pu' is a term of respect, failure to use it where it might be expected may be interpreted as a sign of disrespect. The word 'Pi' is used to address elderly Chin women. Different tribes also practice different ways in naming people. Here is to note, Tedim language speaking people do not tolerate being titled by any other entitlements used by other tribes except the most commonly used "Tang"(male) and "Lia"(female).

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Owing to missionaries' work over the last hundred years, a great deal of the population now identifies itself as Christian. A sizable minority, however, adheres to Theravada Buddhism, Animism, and Laipian Pau Cin Hau [1] (http://www.zomidaily.com/news/zomi-news/14750-laipian-pa-ni-kibawl).

Transport
The Government has been building many new miles of roads in the mountainous region. Earth roads have been upgraded into metaled ones, and the metaled roads to bituminous facilities. The 115-mile (185 km) KalayFalam-Haka road is already completed. Bituminous roads include 70 miles and four furlong Gangaw-Haka Road 102 miles Mindat-Matupi Road 172 miles and seven furlong Haka-Matupi Road 115 miles and one furlong Kalay-Falam-Haka Road 53 miles long Haka-Hmandaw Road is under construction and almost completed by the donation of Chin (Laimi peoples) communities around the world. Kyaukhtu-Mindat road linking Chin State and Magway Division have been built. ASEAN Highway crosses through the center of Chinland settling areas of Madalay-Kalay-TamuLamka/Behiang The sector wise upgrading of the gateways to Chin State Mandalay-Sagaing-Monywa-Gangaw-Haka road Pakokku-Pauk-Tabyin-Kyaukhtu-Mindat road is in progress at present. The Kyaukhtu Airport, built by Directorate of Military Engineers of the Ministry of Defence in Kyaukhtu, Saw Township, Gangaw District, Magway Division, was commissioned into service on July 10, 2004. The airport has helped develop the transport sector of southern Chin State linking Yaw and Pakokku regions in Magway Division. Cars can reach Kanpetlet from Magway (capital of Magway division) via Saw and from Kyautthu and Mindat and Matupi in southern Chin State from Pakukku via Kyaukhtu. In 1988, the state has two over 180-foot (55 m) bridges: 270 foot Natzan Bridge in Tonzang Township 240 foot Lemro Bridge in Matupi Township. The Military Government has built the 340-foot (100 m) Var Bridge across Manipura River on Kalay-Haka Road in Falam Township in 1998 and 480-foot (150 m) 'Mansuang Hlei' Bridge across River Manipura on Tiddim-Kaptel-Rih Lake road in Tiddim District in 2002. The 460-foot (140 m) Mansaung Bridge is being built across Manipura River on Tiddim-Rih Lake section.

List of bridges in Chin State

270-foot (82 m) Naakzang Bridge Narkzang Lei in Tonzang Township 240-foot (73 m) Lemro Bridge Lemro Lei in Matupi Township 340-foot (100 m) Var Bridge Var Lei in Falam Township 480-foot (150 m) Kaptel Bridge Kaptel Lei in Tiddim Township 460-foot (140 m) Manhsuang Bridge Mansuang Lei, or Mansuangpi Lei, or Laitui Lei crossing the Manipur River near Laitui
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Vuephu Bridge Vuephu Hlei, Vuephu Due in Zotung(Rezua) Township 250-foot (76 m) Boinuva Bridge Biinuv hlei connect to Khuahrang village from Hakha-Matupi Road(Hakha-Matupi lam in Khuahrang khua lei. [LAI TUI BRIDGE] Laitui Lei in Tedim Township [TUI THANG BRIDGE] Tui Thang Lei in Tedim Township [LEZANG BRIDGE] Lezang Lei in Tedim Township [ANLANGH BRIDGE] Anlangh Lei in Tedim Township [GAM LAI BRIDGE] Gam Lai Lei in Tedim Township

Airports
1. Paletwa Airport VYPE

Communication
Development in the communication sector of Chin State "Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2006) Subject Post Office Telegraph Office computer offices/trainings 1.Vontawi Compute in Sakollam_PaNangSuanGin 2.Will Computer in Lawibual Facsimile Computer telegraph Telephone -telephone office -telephone line -exchange -direct line -auto/manual phone Microwave station Rural telephone exchange e-Mail/Internet Satellite station -VSAT -MPT satellite Terminal
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Count 1988 office office 29 11

31-122006 45 24

Progress 16 13

22 3 office line line phone station exchange 8 29 18

22 3 21 1129 10 3159 3159 5 11 12 1 15

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3390 4519 2431 3402 2431 3402 5 11 12

exchange 8

station station

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Electricity
The effective utilization of land and water resources in the state has helped develop the power generation capacity of the state. In 1988, the state has four small scale hydro-power stations the Zalui in Tedim Township the Tongva in Haka Towhship the Ngasitvar in Falam Township the Paletwa in Paletwa Township. The Military Government has built another 12 diesel power stations and six new hydel power plants, helping increase the power consumption of the state. The four new hydraulic power plants are the 0.2 megawatt Namhlaung Creek plant in Matupi Township the 0.6 megawatt Laiva plant in Falam Township the 0.2 megawatt Htweehsaung plant in Tonzang Township the 0.2 megawatt Chichaung plant in Mindat Township. The Manipura Multipurpose Dam Project will be implemented in chin State. The Table informs the reader about the development of the state's electricity sector. Development in the electric power sector of Chin State "Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2006)" Subject Electricity consumption Maximum power Installed power Extend generating of electricity -Hydel power plant completed -Small (up to 1 megawatt) -Diesel used plant -Private Plant Plant Plant Plant Plant 4 4 19 0 10 10 31 99 6 6 12 99 Count megawatt megawatt 1988 31-12-2006 Progress 4.184 0.217 3.078 2.000 2.217 2.709 5.787

unit (in million) 1.552 5.736

List of Hydel power plants

Zalui 0.40 megawatt Tongva 0.40 megawatt Ngasipva 1.00 megawatt Paletwa 0.05 megawatt Nanlaungchaung 0.20megawatt Laiva 0.60 megawatt Htwihsaung 0.20 megawatt
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Chichaung 0.20 megawatt Thinthe 0.05 megawatt Linebon 0.05 megawatt

Industrial sector
Due to the facilitation of the transport and communication sectors and increase in the power generation in the state, many new private industries have emerged in the region. The state now has 522 private industires, 179 more than 343 in 1988. The number of State owned industries has now reached nine from five in the past. The Government has been striving to develop the industrial sector of the state which will become a major teagrowing region in the future. "Comparison between period preceding 1988 and after (up to 31-12-2006)" Subject Upgrading of industrial power Industry -Private industry -Cottage industry -State owned industry industry 343 522 industry 0 industry 5 2 9 179 2 4 Count 1988 31-12-2006 Progress

Education
See also: List of universities in Chin State According to official statistics,[9] Chin State had only 25 high schools in 2003. The state does not have any secular colleges or universities. Students have to go outside the state to pursue higher education. The majority attend university in Tahan-Kalay, Sagaing Division. However, there are few private theological colleges in Chin state and they are: Chin Christian College (CCC, Hakha) Union Theological College (UTC, Matupi) Zomi Theological College (ZTC, Falam) Government Technology of Institute (GTI, Hakha) Bethel Bible College (BBC, Tedim) Kalay University Technological University (Kalay) Computer University, Kalay AY 2002-2003 Schools Teachers Students Primary 1058 2708 66,000 83 818 30,600 Middle 25 333 9900 High

Health care
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