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INTRODUCTION
The term communication stems from the Latin word communicare, which means to make common. Communicating is relatively simple but achieving high-quality communication is complicated and difficult. It involved two way process that includes a sender and receiver respectively. Successful communication happens when the receiver understands the exact meaning the sender intended. There are 4 types of model commmunication in information management. They are general communication model, human networking model, the invisible college and gatekeeping model. In communication of information, there are three functions which are: 1. Control The communication is allows for the control of behavior. For example in the organization: The employee adheres to job description or complies with company policies. 2. Motivation The communication is encourages motivation by clarifying what is to be done, how well they have done, and what can be done. 3. Emotional expression For many employees work is a primary source of social interaction. Communication in an organization becomes a feedback to share fulfillment (satisfaction) and grievances (frustration).

Communication of information is very important in: 1. Oral and written communication 2. Computer literacy 3. Interpersonal or social 4. Critical thinking and leadership 5. Teamwork

No matter what kind of communication that occur in our life, commmunication is a complex process requiring careful attention to ensure that intended meanings are properly conveyed and understood by all parties. IMC 402 FOUNDATION OF INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Page 1

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CONTENTS
a. GENERAL COMMUNICATION MODEL Communication is the process that people use to interact with other people. This process involve of the encoding message that sent by sender for receiver to decode the message given. They using medium such as radio, television, memo and others to decode the message they get it. Communication is so complex process that requires constant attention so that intended meanings and understandings the message that are sent and received. It is also a complicated and dynamic process with many factors influencing its effectiveness.

Figure 1: Communication Process Communication process is the transferring and understanding of meaning. This process, have six elements that involved to complete this communications. The elements such as sender, encode, channel/medium, decode, receiver and noise. i. Sender is the person who initiates the communication process by encoding and sending the message. The sender also known as information sources which is a person who creates a message.

ii.

Encoding is process that occurs in sender who puts the message into symbols or language.

iii.

Channel is the medium or channel that means by which a message travels. The medium is e-mail, website, memo, face-to-face, and telephone.

iv.

Message is the tangible form of the information. For example write for writing, paint for picture, speak for speech and gesture for movement. The messages are transmitted over a medium to a receiver.

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v. Decoding is a receivers translation of a senders message. It allows the receiver to understand the message. This is a critical point that can lead to misunderstanding. Therefore, feedback is necessary to avoid it from happen.

vi.

Receiver is the intended recipient of the information. Receiver is who getting the message. For example in television, several layers of receiver, including an antenna and a television set.

vii.

Noise is any disturbances that interfere with transmission, receipt or feedback of a message. Today we use noise more as a metaphor for problems associated with effective listening.

viii.

Feedback is the degree to which carrying out the work activities require by a job results in the individuals obtaining direct and clear information about the effectivenes s of his or her performance.

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b. HUMAN NETWORKING MODEL Human Networking Model can be described as a transactional process in which the sender and the receiver of information have different personal realities formed by their experiences, perceptions and ideas. The same event will be interpreted and perceived differently by each of two people. This model is also known as informal communication. Informal communication arises out of all those channels that fall outside the formal channels and it is also known as grapevine. Human Networking Model is a communication where there are two persons or more have different level of knowledge and different level of knowing about certain information.

Human Networking Model has its own advantages. Firstly, face to face or telephone conversation might occur. By using these mediums, conversation between people is much easier. This is because the information is not needed to be transferred through formal channels such as televisions or formal meetings. Next, communication is also much faster as information does not have to go through formal channels.

Other advantage is; Human Networking Model also helps to fortify the formal channels of communication. If certain information cannot be transmitted or might be difficult to be transferred through formal channels, the best way to convey the message is by using the Human Networking Model.

Lastly, continuous interaction is also possible if people use this type of communication. This is because when the receiver of the information cannot perceive or interpret the information well, he or she might want to continue on meeting the sender of the information who is more familiar with the information he or she conveys. For example, the interaction between the lecturer and the students is one of the informal communications. This communication may not be as formal as the Invisible College Model.

However, when this communication has its own pros, there are also the contras. One of the disadvantages of Human Networking Model is that this communication can direct to misconceptions. This might happen when the sender and the receiver come from different culture, races or maybe field of subject area. There are many flaw incidents in sending and receiving the information that happen due to the differences in understanding the information they perceive.

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Secondly, Human Networking Model can also lead to mistake in spelling. Sometimes, even though the pronunciations of the certain words are same, they mean different things. As for examples, the word flower and flour are actually pronounced the same, but they bring different meanings.

Lastly, it is also impossible for the people to fix the responsibility for its origin. This happens because information that is being transferred using Human Networking Model usually contains facts, deceptions, rumours and also unclear data. So, in order to avoid the wrong facts, the sender of the information must be sure that the information has its proofs and evidences, so that there will be no problems happen in the future due to the uncertain source of the information.

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c. THE INVISIBLE COLLEGE The term invisible college was first used in 17th Century Europe when the Royal Society of London was founded. Members of this early Royal Society of Scientists did not belong to a formal institution but referred to themselves as an invisible college due to their geographic closeness and regular meetings based on shared scientific interests. Invisible college also considered as groups of elite, mutually interacting and productive scientists from geographically distant affiliates who exchange information to monitor progress in their fields. . In the midst of all previous invisible college insights, one of the mains problems associated with the concept is that it is used to describe different phenomena and has already been assigned too many definitions. Clusters of interacting scientists with mutual research interests have been characterized as the hierarchical elite resulting from an expectable inequality and number about the square roof of the total population of people in that area of research front. Some research claims that invisible colleges are just simply innovation cliques or social circles made up of smaller, fragmented schools. Others believe that an invisible college is a tightly meshed community its select its own society, then shuts the doors.

The Invisible College Problem There is a lack of real information about invisible colleges because researches tend to focus more on products of scholarship and network structures rather than on the actual communication processes of people who do scholarly work. The person whos make a researches t hat Crane has study and other similar studies is that the term invisible college is frequently misused or given different meanings for different purpose. Another problem that might arise from this is the information can be hard to identify, search for, and access.

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Modelling the Invisible College Consider now the value of modelling the invisible college an example, creating a research framework to correspond with the above definition and method. The model should be a visual representation of its primary components, so that each component interacts with the other, and can be considered sufficiently within the context of a study. The invisible college model that I wish to highlight is one that is derived from the previous work. The subject specialty is important because it informs the invisible college of its disciplinary rules and research problems. The rules or problems may be transferred from background discipline or newly developed and agreed upon by the scientists who believed that they are more suitable to the specialty areas research focus. Its also easier the online readers to seek the information from the internet based on their own way so that they not to plagiarism to the information that they looking for.

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d. GATEKEEPING MODEL Introduction According to Pamela Shoemaker and Tim Vos, gatekeeping is the "process of culling and crafting countless bits of information into the limited number of messages that reach people every day, and it is the center of the media's role in modern public life. [] This process determines not only which information is selected, but also what the content and nature of the messages, such as news, will be.

Therefore, gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, whether for publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other mode of communication. It was originally focused on the mass media only but now gatekeeping theory also addresses in general communication and the network communication in the Internet.

Figure 2 Gatekeeping Theory by Kurt Lewin

Kurt Lewin is the first developer who describe the term of gatekeeping by describe a wife or mother as the person who decides which foods end up on the family's dinner table. Although he applied it originally to the food chain, he then added that the gating process in several parts of gatekeeping which can include a news item winding through communication channels in a group:

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1) Information moves step by step through channels. The number of channels varies and the amount of time in each channel can vary. 2) Information must pass a gate to move from one channel to the next. 3) Forces govern channels. There may be opposing psychological forces causing conflict which creates resistance to movement through the channel. 4) There may be several channels that lead to the same end result. 5) Different actors may control the channels and act as gatekeepers at different times.

Terms in Gatekeeping According to Barzilai, there are several terms in gatekeeping: 1. Gate Entrance to or exit from a network or its sections. 2. Gatekeeping The process of controlling information as it moves through a gate. Activities include among others, selection, addition, withholding, display, channeling, shaping, manipulation, repetition, timing, localization, integration, disregard, and delection of information. 3. Gated The entity subjected to gatekeeping. 4. Gatekeeping mechanism A tool, technology, or methodology used to carry out the process of gatekeeping.

5. Network gatekeeper An entity (people, organizations, or governments) that has the discretion to
exercise gatekeeping through a gatekeeping mechanism in networks and can choose the extent to which to exercise it contingent upon the gated standing.

The Concept of Gatekeeping In the gatekeeping process, there is a gatekeeper who decide the infrormation that shall pass through each gate section of which, in any process or not. Important to realize is gatekeepers are able to control the publics knowledge of the actual events by letting some stories or informations pass through the system but keeping others out. Gatekeepers can also be seen as institutions or organizations. In a political system there are gatekeepers, individuals or institutions which control access to positions of power and regulate the flow of information and political influence. Gatekeepers exist in many jobs such as librarians, editors, publishers and many more. Gatekeepers hold the potential of peoples understanding of what is happening in the world around them.

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Figure 3 Gatekeeping Theory by David Manning Whites vision

Example:
The Book Publishing Group plans to publish the books of Wildlife Matter. They receive the informations such as mamalia, reptiles, insects and fishes from the sources. The books cannot show all those information to the audience because the scope of the subject is about wild animal. Therefore, the book editor plays his role as a gatekeeper by deciding the information items. He can make decision by unpublish the informations about insects because they are not wild animal. It same goes with information that related with fishes as fishes are the aquatic or marine life. So, the book editor will choose the information about mamalia and reptiles animal. After that, he will compile them into the book before they are published to the market/for audiences.

Information items:
N1: Insects, N2: Mamalia, N3: Reptiles, N4: Fishes

Selected information items:

N2: Mamalia, N3: Reptiles

Gatekeeper:
Book Editor

Discarded information items:

N1: Insects, N4: Fishes

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CONCLUSION
In the information management, we have four types of communication such as general communication, human networking, the invisible college and gatekeeping communication. All of these communications have their own benefits to each of their audiences. Good communication can help people building the networks, working as a team and leading effectively in performing managin roles. This is because parties, sender and receiver understand the process of communication and the flow of communication are reached to them without noise and discriminating anyone. Besides, communication also important in disseminating and exchanging information. This matter will help in developing the ideas and innovation. People can learn the new skills and technologies and become an analytically thinker based on the good communication that happens in their daily life. La st but not least, communication is vital in everyones life because it teaches us to become good communicators and listeners. Good communicators can be seen by look at the way he conveyed the message. It can be the medium that he used or the tone of his voice loud or slow. For the good listeners, they are the persons who are pay attention and focus when the sender tells them about information. They let the sender speaks first before they interrupt politely in the communication process. Frankly, to achieve the good communication is a complex process because we need the good cooperation between sender and receiver. Furthermore, in our life, we meet different people with different attitudes. All of them may come from different gender, background, culture, languages and other factors. They may not have the same ideas or opinions like us. We have to be alert and learn practice some techniques in order to overcome the barriers that might happen in our process of communication with surrounding people.

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