3.

Bond , Anchorage and Shear This chapter will discuss the following topics:
Outline the theory of calculating the anchorage bond length. Determination of anchorage bond length, length tension lap length and compression lap length by using Table 8.4 and Table 8.5 of the code. Outline the design formulae for the design of shear reinforcement and the use of Table 6.3 of the Code.

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-1

3. Bond, Anchorage and Shear Minimum Distance Between Bars

The min. distance between bars are given in terms of hagg (the maximum size of aggregate). aggregate) Clear Horizontal and Vertical Distance between bars bar diameter or ( hagg + 5mm) or 20 mm

whichever is greater. greater

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-2

3.1 Minimum and Maximum Percentages of Reinforcement in Beams, Slabs and Columns
Minimum % : Table 9.1 of the code Maximum % (a) Beam (9.2.1.3) Neither the area of tension reinforcement nor the area of compression p reinforcement should exceed 4% of the gross cross-sectional area of concrete. (b) ( ) Column ( (9.5.1) ) The longitudinal reinforcement should not exceed the following amounts, calculated as percentages of the gross cross-sectional area of the concrete : ~ vertically cast columns : 6% ~ horizontally cast columns : 8% p in the vertically y or horizontally y cast column : 10% ~ laps (c) Wall (9.6.2) The area of vertical reinforcement should not exceed 4% of the concrete cross-sectional area of the wall.
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-3

3.2 Anchorage Bond The steel bar subjected to tension shown in Fig. 3.1 shall be firmly anchored in concrete. The anchorage length (embedded length) depends on the bond between the bar and the concrete, and the contact area.
L

Fig. g 3.1 Anchorage g Bond

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-4

3.2 Anchorage Bond L = Min. anchorage length to prevent pull out. = Bar size or nominal diameter. diameter fbu= Ultimate anchorage bond stress. fs = Direct tensile or compressive stress in the bar. Consider the forces on the bar, Tensile pull-out force = Area of bar * Stress of bar 2 fs = 4
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-5

3.2 Anchorage Bond Anchorage force = Contact Area * Bond Stress = (L)fbu

2 (L )fbu fs = (

L=

0.87f y fs = 4 f bu 4 f bu

The ultimate anchorage bond stress, fbu = fcu . Values of are given in table 8.3. anchorage length L can be written as L = KA ( (see t bl 8.4 table 8 4 of f the th Code) C d )
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-6

3.2 Anchorage Bond

Table 8.3 - Values of the bond coefficient B type Bar t Plain bars Type 2 : deformed bars Fabric Bars in tension 0.28 0.50 0.65

Bars in compression 0.35 0.63 0.81

Normally deformed type 2 bars are used in construction works. Furthermore anchorage may be provided by hooks and bends in the reinforcement. reinforcement (see Fig.8.2). Fig 8 2)

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-7

Fig. 8.2 Anchorage of Links

Reproduce d f from HK Code d

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-8

3.3 Lapping of Reinforcement Lapping of reinf. may be required if the reinf. is of insufficient length or there is curtailment (cutting off of reinf. when it is no longer required in order to save money) of reinf. Rules R l for f lapping l i are: The laps should be staggered and be away from sections with high stresses. stresses (i.e. (i e avoid lapping of reinf. reinf at sections with large bending moment as it induces large tensile stress in reinforcement) Min. lap length should be not less than the greater of 15 or 300mm.

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-9

3.3 Lapping of Reinforcement

The tension lap length should be at least equal to the design tension anchorage length. Lap lengths for unequal size bars may be based upon the h diameter di of f the h smaller ll bar. b The h following f ll i provisions ii also l apply: where a lap occurs at the top of a section as cast and the minimum cover is less than twice the diameter of the lapped reinforcement, the lap length should be increased by a factor of 1.4 where a lap occurs at a corner of a section and the minimum cover to either face is less than twice the diameter of the lapped reinforcement, the lap length should be increased by a factor of 1.4 where both conditions above apply, the lap length should be increased by a factor of 2.0 Figure i 8.5 and d table bl 8.5 are referred. f d
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-10

3.3 Lapping of Reinforcement Rules for lapping are: Compression laps should be at least 25% greater than the compression anchorage length. Lap lengths for unequal size bars may be based on the smaller bar.
x 1.4
If Cover < 2, multiple lap length by 1.4 or 2.0

x 2.0

x 1.4 14 x 1.0 (Lap length = anchorage length x 1.0)

Fig. 3.3 Lapping of tension reinforcement

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-11

3.4

Shear

Shear reinforcement can be in the form of shear links and inclined bars (bent (bent-up up bars). However, inclined bars are less frequently used in construction today. Sh Shear Links Li k (Stirrups) (Sti ) Links can be broadly classified into shear link and nominal link (minimum link) and the design formulae for these types of links are as follows:

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-12

Design Formulae for Shear Reinforcement f fcu 40 MPa for MP

Shear Links:Links:
Asv b(v vc ) sv 0.87 f yv

Minimum (nominal) Links:Asv 0.4b sv 0.87 f yv

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-13

Design Formulae for Shear Reinforcement Where:Asv = Total cross-sectional cross sectional area of the vertical legs of the link. b = Breadth of beam fyv = Characteristic strength of the shear reinf. = fy sv = Longitudinal L it di l spacing i of f shear h li links k v = Design shear stress = Design D i shear h f force/(bd) /(bd) = V/(bd) vc = The ultimate shear stress that can be resisted by the concrete.

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-14

Design Formulae for Shear Reinforcement

The values of vc is given in table 6.3 of the Code. It shall be noted that the values given in table 6.3 is for grade 25 conc. For other grades of conc., adjustment shall be made by multiplying
25
1 fcu 3

The values of vc increases for shallow members and those with larger percentages of tensile reinforcement.

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-15

3.5 Enhanced Shear Resistance Within a distance of 2d from a support or a concentrated load, the design concrete shear stress vc may be increased to vc(2d / av) The distance av is measured from the support or concentrated load to the section being designed. Average shear stress should never exceed the lesser of 0.8 fcu or 7 N/mm2.
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-16

Figure 6.3 Shear failure near supports

R Reproduce d from f HK C Code d RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-17

Table 6.3 - Values of vc Design Concrete Shear Stress

R Reproduce d from f HK C Code d RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-18

Table 9.1 - Minimum Percentage of Reinforcement

R Reproduce d from f HK C Code d RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-19

Table 8.4 Ultimate Anchorage Bond Lengths (lb)

Reproduce from HK Code

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-20

Table 8.5 Ultimate Lap Lengths

Reproduce from HK Code

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-21

Figure 8.5 - Factors for lapping bars

Reproduce from HK Code

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-22

Self-Assessment Questions
Q1. Determine the anchorage bond length from the first principle for a T32 bar in tension (deformed type 2) and fcu = 35 N/mm2. the bars as listed below: Choices: (a) 1000 mm (b) 1082 mm (c) 1360 mm

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-23

Self-Assessment Questions
Q2. Determine the anchorage bond length by using table 8.4 of HKC 2004 for a R16 bar in compression and fcu = 30 N/mm2 . Choices: (a) 464 mm (b) 528 mm (c) 540 mm

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

3-24

Self-Assessment Questions
Q3. Determine the ultimate shear resistance of concrete vc for the singly reinforced concrete section shown in Fig. Q3, without shear enhancement. Given that fcu = 35 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
250

350

2T32

Choices: (a) (b) (c)

Fig. Q3

0.70 N/mm2 0.90 N/mm2 1.10 N/mm2

3-25

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 3
AQ1 Fig. AQ1 shows the lapping of steel reinforcement of a beam. Determine the lap length for the bar groups 1, 2, 3 and 4. Given that the nominal cover is less than 2 times the diameter of the bar and fcu = 35 N/mm2. The spacing between group 1 and 2 bars is greater than s and the spacing between group 3 & 4 bars is less than h s. (a) The lapping of steel reinforcement is at tension zone. (b) The lapping of steel reinforcement is at compression zone
3T25 3T16

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4) 3T32 3T32

Fi AQ1 Fig.
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-26

400

Assignment No. 3
AQ2 Determine the nominal cover and breadth of the web for the simply supported beams whose sections are shown in Fig. AQ2a, AQ2b & AQ2c. The maximum size of the aggregate in each case is 20 mm, fcu = 40 N/mm2 and the link size is 10mm (min. (min cement content = 300 kg/m3 and max waterwater cement ratio = 0.55). ( ) (a) Exposure condition: E diti severe Fire resistance: 2 hours Exposure condition: moderate Fire resistance: 1 hours Exposure condition: severe Fi resistance: Fire it 4 hours h
3-27

(b)

(c)

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 3

3T40

4T20

Fig. g AQ1a Q Fig. Fig AQ2a

Fig. g AQ1b Q Fig. Fig AQ2b

2T32

Fig.Fig. AQ2c AQ1c

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-28

Assignment No. 3
AQ3. Determine the average shear stress for the section shown in Fig. AQ3a, AQ3b & AQ3c, and state whether shear reinforcement is required. Given that fcu = 30 N/mm2 and fy = 460 N/mm2.
225 300 200

260

300

350

400

450

2T20 3T25 Ultimate Shear = 150 kN

2T16 Ultimate Shear = 250 kN

Fig. AQ2a Fig Fig. AQ3a

Fig. AQ2c Fig. AQ3c

Ultimate Shear = 60 kN

Fig. AQ2b Fig. AQ3b

300
3-29

RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition)

Assignment No. 3
AQ4 The sections in Fig. AQ4a & AQ4b are subject to shear forces at the ultimate limit state as shown. Determine the spacing of R10 links. Given that fcu = 35 N/mm2, fy = 460 N/mm2 and fyv = 250 N/mm2.
225 300

310

350

400

2T20 3T25 Ultimate Shear = 40 kN

Fig. AQ3a Fig. Fi AQ4a AQ4

Ultimate Shear = 160 kN

Fig. AQ4b
RC Design and Construction HKC 2004 (2nd Edition) 3-30

Fig. AQ3b

450