MATHEMATICS III & IV

DIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERING SECOND SEMESTER

A Publication under Government of Tamilnadu Distribution of Free Textbook Programme ( NOT FOR SALE )

Untouchability is a sin Untouchability is a crime Untouchability is inhuman

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU

Government of Tamilnadu First Edition 2011 Chairperson

Thiru Kumar Jayanth I.A.S Commissioner of Technical Education Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai 25
Co-ordinator Convener

Er. S. Govindarajan
Principal Dr. Dharmambal Government Polytechnic College Tharamani, Chennai 113

P.L. Sankar
Lecturer (Selection Grade) Rajagopal Polytechnic College Gudiyatham-632602

Reviewer
Dr. S. Paul Raj Associate Professor, Dept of Mathematics Anna University, MIT Campus, Chennai - 42.

Authors
R. Ramadoss Lecturer, (Selection Grade) TPEVR Govt. Polytechnic College Vellore-632002 M. Devarajan Lecturer (Selection Grade) Dr. Dharmambal Government Polytechnic College for Women Taramani, Chennai-600113 K. Shanmugam Lecturer (Selection Grade) Government Polytechnic College Purasawalkam, Chennai-600 012 M. Ramalingam Lecturer (Selection Grade) Government Polytechnic College Tuticorin-628008 Y. Antony Leo Lecturer Mothilal Nehru Government Polytechnic College Pondicherry-605008 B.R. Narasimhan Lecturer (Selection Grade) Arulmigu Palaniandavar Polytechnic College Palani-624601 Dr. L. Ramuppillai Lecturer (Selection Grade) Thiagarajar Polytechnic College Selam-636005 Dr.A. Shanmugasundaram Lecturer (Selection Grade) Valivalam Desikar Polytechnic College Nagappattinam-611 001 R. Subramanian Lecturer (Selection Grade) Arasan Ganesan Polytechnic College Sivakasi-626130 C. Saravanan Lecturer (Senior Scale) Annamalai Polytechnic College Chettinad-630102

This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical Education

This book has been printed on 60 G.S.M Paper Through the Tamil Nadu Text Book Corporation

FOREWORD
We take great pleasure in presenting this book of mathematics to the students of Polytechnic Colleges. This book is prepared in accordance with the new syllabus framed by the Directorate of Technical Education, Chennai. This book has been prepared keeping in mind, the aptitude and attitude of the students and modern methods of education. The lucid manner in which the concepts are explained, make the teaching learning process more easy and effective. Each chapter in this book is prepared with strenuous efforts to present the principles of the subject in the most easy-to-understand and the most easy-to-workout manner. Each chapter is presented with an introduction, definition, theorems, explanation, worked examples and exercises given are for better understanding of concepts and in the exercises, problems have been given in view of enough practice for mastering the concept. We hope that this book serves the purpose i.e., the curriculum which is revised by DTE, keeping in mind the changing needs of the society, to make it lively and vibrating. The language used is very clear and simple which is up to the level of comprehension of students. List of reference books provided will be of much helpful for further reference and enrichment of the various topics. We extend our deep sense of gratitude to Thiru.S.Govindarajan, Co-ordinator and Principal, Dr. Dharmambal Government polytechnic College for women, Chennai and Thiru. P.L. Sankar, convener, Rajagopal polytechnic College, Gudiyatham who took sincere efforts in preparing and reviewing this book. Valuable suggestions and constructive criticisms for improvement of this book will be thankfully acknowledged. Wishing you all success.

iii

SYLLABUS
SECOND SEMESTER MATHEMATICS - III
UNIT - I VECTOR ALGEBRA - I
1.1 Introduction: Definition of vectors types, addition and subtraction of vectors, Properties, of addition and subtraction, position vector, Resolution of vector in two and three dimensions, Direction cosines, direction ratios - Simple Problems. 1.2 Scalar Product of vectors: Definition of scalar product of two vectors Properties Angle between two vectors simple problems. 1.3 Application of scalar Product: Geometrical meaning of scalar Product. Work done by Force. Simple Problems

UNIT - II VECTOR ALGEBRA II

2.1.Vector product of two vectors: Definition of vector product of two vectors-Geometrical meaningproperties-angle between two vectorsunit vector perpendicular to two vectors-simple problems. 2.2.Application of vector product of two vectors and Scalar Triple Product: Definition of moment of a force, definition of scalar product of three vectors - geometrical meaning coplanar vectors - simple problems. 2.3.Product of more vectors: Vector Triple Product - Scalar and Vector product of four vectors. Simple problems

iv

UNIT - III INTEGRATION - I

3.1 Definition of integration Integral values using reverse process of differentiation Integration using decomposition method- Simple problems. 3.2 Integration by substitution: Integrals of the form

[f(x)] f ' (x)dx

where n -1,

f (x)

f ' (x)

dx,

F[f (x )] f ' ( x)dx - Simple Problems

3.3 Standard Integrals
Integrals of the form dx a 2 +x 2 ,

x 2 - a2 ,
UNIT - IV

dx

dx a -x
2 2

ax 2 + bx + c dx

Ax + B

Simple Problems.

INTEGRATION - II
4.1 Integration by Parts Integrals of the form x sin nx dx , x cos nx dx, xenxdx, xnlog xdx, xlog x dx - Simple Problems 4.2 Bernoulli's Formula Evaluation of the integrals xm cos nx dx, xm sin nx dx, xm enxdx, when m 2 using Bernoulli's formula. Simple Problems. 4.3 Definite Integrals Definition of definite integral, properties of definite integrals. Simple problems.

UNIT - V PROBABLITY DISTRIBTION 1

5.1 RANDOM VARIABLE Definition of Random Variable Type Probability Mass Function Probability density function. Simple problems. 5.2.Mathematical expectation of discrete variable, mean and variance. Simple problems. 5.3 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION Definition
nCxp x qn- x , x = 0,,1,,2,......., n P(X = X) = , Otherwise 0

(Statement only) Expressions for mean and variance, Simple Problems

vi

SYLLABUS
SECOND SEMESTER MATHEMATICS - IV
UNIT - I COMPLEX NUMBERS I
1.1 DefinitionConjugatesAlgebra of complex numbers (geometrical proof not needed)Real and Imaginary parts. Simple problems. 1.2 Polar form of complex number Modulus and amplitude form multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form. Simple Problems. 1.3 Argand planecollinear points, four points forming square, rectangle, rhombus. Simple Problems. UNIT II COMPLEX NUMBER-II 2.1 Demoivre's Theorem (statement only) simple Problems 2.2 Demoivre's Theorem related Problems. Simple Problems 2.3 Finding the nth roots of unity Solving equation of the form xn1=0 where n 7 Simple Problems UNIT- III PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION - II 3.1. POISSON DISTRIBUTION
-l x Definition: P(X = x ) = e l x = 0,1,2,....... x! (Statement only). Expression for mean and Variance. Simple problems.

3.2. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Definition of normal and standard normal distribution. (Statement only). Constants of normal distribution (results only) Properties of normal distribution Simple problems using the table standard normal distribution.
vii

3.3. CURVE FITTING Fitting of a straight line using least square method (result only) simple problems. UNIT- IV APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION AND FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 4.1. AREA AND VOLUME Area Area of circle, volume volume of cone and sphere simple problems 4.2. FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Definition of order and degree of differential equation solution of first order variable separable type differential equation simple problems 4.3. LINEAR TYPE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Solution of linear differential equation simple problems UNIT - V SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 5.1 Solution of second order differential equations with constant d2 y dy coefficien ts in the form a 2 + b + cy = 0. Simple Pr oblems dx dx 5.2 Solution of second order differential equations in the form d2 y dy a +b + cy = f ( x ) Where a, b and c are constants and 2 dx dx f(x) = emx, simple problems. 5.3 Solution of second order differential equations in the form
a d2 y dx
2

+b

dy + cy = f ( x ). Where a,b and c are constants and dx

f(x) = sinmx or cosmx. Simple problems

viii

SECOND SEMESTER
MATHEMATICS - III Contents
Page No Unit 1 VECTOR ALGEBRA ............................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ...........................................................1 1.2 Scalar Product of vectors ...................................... 10 1.3 Application of scalar Product ................................ 15 Unit - 2 VECTOR ALGEBRA ............................................ 23 2.1 Vector product of two vectors ................................ 23 2.2 Application of vector product of two vectors and Scalar Triple Product.......................... 33 2.3 Product of more vectors ........................................ 42 Unit 3 INTEGRATION - I ................................................ 54 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................54 3.2 Integration by substitution .................................... 70 3.3 Standard Integrals ................................................ 78 Unit 4 INTEGRATION II................................................ 103 4.1 Integration by Parts .............................................. 103 4.2 Bernoulli's Formula .............................................. 109 4.3 Definite Integrals .................................................. 110 Unit - 5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 1...................... 127 5.1 Random Variable .................................................. 127 5.2 Mathematical expectation .................................... 137 5.3 Binomial Distribution ............................................ 142 MODEL QUESTION PAPER ........................................ 157

ix

MATHEMATICS - IV Contents
Page No Unit - 1 COMPLEX NUMBERS I .................................... 163 1.1 Introduction ...........................................................163 1.2 Polar Form of Complex Numbers (Or) (Modulus-Amplitude Form) ............................ 170 1.3 Argand Plane ........................................................ 177 Unti - 2 COMPLEX NUMBER-II ........................................ 196 2.1 De-Moivre's Theorem............................................ 196 2.2 De-Moivre's Theorem Related Problems ..............204 2.3 Roots of a Complex Number ................................ 209 Unit - 3 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION II...................... 229 3.1 Poisson Distribution .............................................. 229 3.2 Normal Distribution................................................ 234 3.3 Curve Fitting...........................................................248 Unit4 APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION AND FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION ........266

4.1 Area and Volume ...................................................266 4.2 First Order Differential Equation ............................ 278 4.3 Linear Type Differential Equation .......................... 287 Unit - 5 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ........................................................ 297

5.1 Solution .................................................................297 5.2 Solution .................................................................303 5.3 Solution .................................................................309 MODEL QUESTION PAPER ........................................ 321

SEMESTER II
MATHEMATICS III UNIT I

VECTOR ALGEBRA - I
1.1 Introduction: Definition of vectors types, addition and subtraction of vectors, Properties, addition and subtraction, position vector, Resolution of vector in two and three dimensions, Direction cosines, direction ratios - Simple Problems. 1.2 Scalar Product of vectors: Definition of scalar product of two vectors Properties Angle between two vectors simple problems. 1.3 Application of scalar Product: Geometrical meaning of scalar Product. Work done by Force. Simple Problems 1.1 INTRODUCTION A Scalar quantity or briefly a Scalar has magnitude, but is not related to any direction in space. Examples of such are mass volume, density, temperature, work, real numbers. A vector quantity, or briefly a vector has magnitude and is related to a definite direction in space. Examples of such are displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force etc. A vector is a directed line segment. The length of the segment is called magnitude of the vector. The direction is indicated by an arrow joining the initial and final points of the line regiment. The vector AB, ie joining the initial point A and the final point B in the direction of AB is denoted as AB . The magnitude of the vector AB is AB = AB Zero vector or Null vector: A Zero vector is one whose magnitude is zero, but no definite

direction associated with it, for example, if A is a point, AA is a zero vector. Unit vector: A vector of magnitude one unit is called an unit vector if

a is an unit vector, it is also denoted as a

i.e a = a =1.

Negative vector: If AB is a vector, then the negative vector of AB is

BA .If the direction of a vector changed, we can get the negative

vector. i.e BA = - AB . Equal vectors: Two vectors are said to be equal, if they have the same magnitude and the same direction, but it is not required to have the same segment for the two vectors. For example, in a parallelogram ABCD, AB = CD and AD = BC .
Addition of two vectors: If BC =, a CA = b and BA = c , then

BC + CA = BA i.e a + b

= c [see

figure] If the end point of first vector and the initial point of the second vector are same, the addition of two vectors can be found as the vector joining the initial point of the first vectors and the end point of the second vector.
Properties of vectors addition:

1) vector addition is commutative i.e a + b = b + a . 2) vector addition is associative i.e, ( a + b )+ c = a +( b + c ).

Subtraction of two vectors: if AB = a and BC = b

a - b = a +(- b )
= AB + CB = AB + DA [ CB an

DA are equal ]
= DA + AB [addition is commutative] = DB .

Multiplication by a scalar : If a is a given vector and is a scalar,

then a is a vector whose magnitude is a and whose direction is the same to that of a provided is a positive quantity. If is / negative, a is a vector whose magnitude is a and whose direction is opposite to that of a . Properties: 1) (m+n) a = m a +n a 2) m(n a ) =n(m a )=mn a 3) m( a + b )=m a + m b
Collinear vectors: If a and b are such that they have the same or opposite directions, they are said to be collinear vectors and one is a

numerical multiple of the other, i.e b = a or a = k b

Resolution of vectors:

Let

a,b,c

be coplanar vectors

such that no two vectors are parallel. Then there exists scalars and
such that c = a + b . Similarly, we can get constants (scalars) such

that a = b + c and b = c + a If a , b , c , d are four vectors, no . three of which are coplanar then there exist scalars , , such that.
d = a + b + c Position Vector:

If P is any point in the space and O is the

origin then OP is called the position vectors of the point P. Let P be a point in a Plane. Let O be the origin and i and j be the unit vectors along the x and y axes in that plane. Then if P is (,), the position vector of the point P is OP = i + j / / Similarly if P is any point (x,y,z) in the space i , j , k be the unit vectors along x,y,z axes in the space then the position vector of the point P is OP =x i +y j + z k . The magnitude of OP = OP = x 2 + y 2 + z2
3

Distance between two points: P and Q are two points in the space

with co-ordinates P(x1,y1,z1) and Q (x2, y2, z2) then the position vectors are PQ=

OP =x1 i +y1 j +

z1 k .and

OQ =x2 i +y2 j +

z2 k .distance

(x 2 x1 )2 + (y 2 y1 )2 + (z 2 z1 )2

Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios: Let AB be a straight line making angles ,, with the Co-ordinate axes X OX, Y OY, ZOZ respectively. Then Cos, Cos, Cos are called the direction cosines of the line AB and denoted by l,m,n. Let OP be parallel to AB and P be ( x ,y,z) Then OP also makes angles ,, with x,y and z

axes. Now, OP = r=

x 2 + y 2 + z2
x y z , Cos = and Cos = . r r r
2 2

Then, Cos =

Now, sum of squares of the direction corines of any straight line

y z x is l+m+n = + + r r r
2

r be the unit vectors along OP. Then Note: Let n

= n / / / x i + y j + 2k = r OP OP

x 2 + y 2 + z2
2

r2 =1 r2

x/ y/ z / i+ j+ k r r r / / / = l i + m j + nk =

Any three numbers p, q, r proportional to the direction cosines of the straight line AB are called the directions ratios of the straight line AB.

1.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART A

1.

If Position vectors of the points A and B are / / / / / / 2 i + j k and 5 i + 4 j + 3k , find AB .

Solution: Position vector of the point A, / / / / / / OA = 2 i + j k Position vector of the po int B , OB = 5 i + 4 j 3k

AB = OB OA / / / / / / = 5 i + 4 j 3k 2 i + j k / / / = 3 i + 3 j 2k JJJ G AB = AB = 3 2 +3 2 + ( 2 ) 2 = 9 + 9 + 4 = 22 / / / 2. Find the unit vectors along 4 i 5 j + 7k. Solution: / / / / Let a = 4 i 5 j + 7k / a = 42 +( 5)2 +72

)(

/ / / 3. Find the direction cosines of the vector 2 j + 3 j 4k Solution: JG G G G Let a = 2 j + 3 j 4 j G r = a = 2 2 +3 2 + ( 4 ) 2

= 4 + 9 + +16 = 29

16 +25 +49 = 90 / / / / / a 4 i 5 j + 7k Unit vector alonga = / = a 90

Direction cosines of a are

Cos =

x 2 y 3 z 4 = , Cos = = , Cos = = r r r 29 29 29

4.

Find the direction cosines and direction ratios of the vectors / / i +2j k
/ / / Let a = i + 2 j k r = a = 12 +2 2 +( 1)2 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6

Solution:

Direction cosines are

Cos = x 1 y 2 z 1 = , Cos = = , Cos = = r r r 6 6 6

Direction ratio of a is
Cos : Cos : Cos = 1 6 : 2 6 : 1 6

= 1 : 2 : 1 5.

/ / / / / If the vectors a = 2 i 3 j and b = 6 i + m j are collinear, find the

value of m Solution: G G G G G G Given a = 2 i 3j and b = 6 i + m j arecollinear JG G a = tb

2i 3j

/ Comparing coefficients of i / Comparing coefficients of j, 3 = mt 2 = 6t t = 1 3

/ / = t 6 i + m j / / = 6t i + mt j

i.e, 3 = m 1 m = 9 3

6.

If A (2,3,-4) and B (1,0,5) are two points find the direction cosines

of the AB Solutions: Given the points are A (2,3,-4) and B (1,0,5) JJJJ G G G G Position vectors are OA = 2 i + 3 j 4k JJJG G G OB = i + 5k
AB = OB OA / / = i + 5k 2 i + 3 j 4k / = i 3 j + 9k r = AB =

( 1)2 + ( 3)2 + 92

JJJ G Direction cosines of AB are 9 1 3 Cos = , Cos = , Cos = 91 91 91

PART B

= 1 + 9 + 81 = 91

1.

Show that the points whose position vectors / / / / / / 2 i + 3 j 5k , 3 i + j 2 k and 6 i 5 j + 7k are Collinear.
/ / Let OA = 2 i + 3 j 5k / / OB = 3 i + j 2k / OC = 6 i 5 j + 7k
AB = OB OA / / / / = 3 i + j 2k 2 i + 3 j 5k / / = i 2 j + 3k

Solution:

)(

BC = OC OB / / / / / 6 i 5 j + 7k 3 i + j 2 j / / = 3 i 6 j + 9k / / = 3 i 2 j + 3k

)( )

= 3 AB i.e, BC = 3 AB

AB and BC are parallel vectors and B is the common point of these two vectors. The given points A, B and C are Collinear. 2. Prove that the points A(2,4,-1), B(4,5,1) and C(3,6,-3) form the vertices of a right angled isosceles triangle. Solution: / / / / / / Let OA = 2 i + 4 j k, OB = 4 i + 5 j + k, OC = 3 i + 6 j 3k / / / / AB = OB OA = 4 i + 5 j + k 2 i + 4 j k / / = 2 i + j + 2k / / BC = OC OB = 3i + 6 j 3k 4 i + 5 j + k / / = i + j 4k / / / / AC = OC OA = 3 i + 6 j 3k 2 i + 4 j + k / / = i + 2 j 2k

( (

)(

)(

)(

Now, AB = AB = 2 2 +12 +2 2 = 4 + 1 + 4 = 9 BC = BC =

( 1)2 +12 (4)2

= 1 + 1 + 16 = 18

AC = AC = 12 +2 2 +( 2 )2 = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 AB = AC = 9 = 3 AB + AC 2 = 9 + 9 = 18 = BC 2 Triangle ABC is an isosceles right angled triangle.

2

3.

Prove that the position vectors

4i + 5 j + 6k, 5i + 6 j + 4k and

6i + 4 j + 5k form the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

Solution:

Let OA = 4 i + 5 j + 6k, OB = 5 i + 6 j +, 4k OC = 6 i + 4 j + 5k

/ / / / AB = OB OA = 5 i + 6 j + 4k 4 i + 5 j + 6k / / = i + j 2k
/ / / / BC = OC OB = 6 i + 4 j + 5k 5 i + 6 j + 4k / / = i 2j +k / / / / AC = OC OA = 6 i + 4 j + 5k 4 i + 5 j + 6k / / = 2i j k

Now, AB = AB = 12 +12 +( 2)2 = 1 + 1 + 4 = 6 BC = BC = 1 ( 2)2 +12 = 1 + 4 + 1 = 6

2

AC = AC = 22 +( 1)2 +( 1)2 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6

Here, AB = BC = CA = 6

The given points form an equilateral triangle

1.2 SCALAR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS OR DOT PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

If the product of two vectors a and b gives a scalar, it is called scalar product of the vectors a and b and is denoted as
a.b = a b Cos

Where
a and b

is the angle between two vectors

Properties of scalar product

1.

If is an acute angle, a.b is positive and if is an obtuse angle,

a.b is negative.

2. 3.

Scalar product is Commutative (i.e) a . b = b .a / If a and b are (non - zero) perpendicu lar vectors, then a.b = 0
If a .b = 0 , either a = 0 or b = 0 or a and b are perpendicu lar vector

4.

If a and b are parallel vectors, = 0 or 180 , a . b = a b

a . a = a2

5.

/ / i , j , k are the unit vectors along the x, y and z axes respectively. / / / / i . i = j . j = k .k = 1 // // i . j = 0 j. i = 0 // // j . k = 0 k j =0 // /./ i .k = 0 k. i = 0

10

Hence, .
i i

j
0 1 0

1 0 0

0 0 1

j
k

6.

If a , b and c are three vectors,

a. = a.b + a . c b + c / / / / If a = a11i +a 2 j +a 3 k & b =b1 i +b 2 j +b 3 k, / / / / a.b = a1 i +a2 j +a3 k b1 i +b2 j +b3 k // a.b = a1b1+a 2 b 2 +a3 b3

7.

)(

8.

Angle between two vectors

We know , a.b = a b cos

Cos =

a.b a b

9. 10. 11.

(a + b) (a + b) =a +b +2a.b. (a b) (a b) =a +b 2a.b. (a + b) (a b) =a b
2 2

a.b = cos a b
1

11

1.2 WORKED EXAMPLES PART A

1.

Find the Scalar Product / / / / 3 i + 4 j + 5k and 2 i + 3 j + k

of

the

two

vectors

Solution:

/ / a = 3 i + 4 j + 5k Let : / / b = 2i + 3 j + k / / / / a. b = 3 i + 4 j + 5k . 2i + 3 j + k = 3(2) + 4(3) + 5(1)

= 6 + 12 + 5 = 23 / / / / 2. Pr ove that the vectors 3 i j + 5k and 6 i + 2 j + 4k

are perpendicular.
Solution: Let

/ / / / a = 3 i j + 5k , b = 6 i + 2 j + 4k

/ / / / Now a.b = 3 i j + 5k . 6 i + 2 j + 4k = 3( 6 ) + ( 1)2 + 5(4 ) = 18 2 + 20 = 0 / a and b are r vectors

)(

/ / / / 3. Find the value of ' a' if the vectors 2 i + a j k and 3 i + 4 j + 2k are perpendicular. Solution: / / Let a = 2 i + a j k / / b = 3 i + 4 j + 2k
a and b are perpendicular.
a.b = 0

12

i.e 2 i + aj k . 3 i + 4 j + 2k =0 i.e 2(3 ) + a(4 ) + ( 1)2 = 0 i.e 6 + 4a 2 = 0 i.e 4a = 2 6 = 4 4 a = = 1 4

PART B

1.

/ / / / Find the angle between the two vectors i + j + k and 3 i j + 2k

/ / / / Let a = i + j + k, b = 3 i j + 2k / / / / a.b = i + j + k . 3 i j + 2k = 1(3 ) + 1( 1) + 1(2 ) = 3 1+ 2 = 4

solution:

a = 12 +12 +12 = 3 b = 32 +( 1)2 +22 = 9 + 1 + 4 = 14 Let be the angle between a and b

Cos = a.b ab
1

4 3 . 14

4 42

4 = Cos 42

13

/ / / / / / / Show that the vectors 3 i + 2 j k, i 3 j + 5 j and 2 i + j 4k form a right angled triangle Solution: Let the sides of the triangle be / / / / / / a = 3 i + 2 j k, b = i 3 j + 5k, c = 2 i + 2 j 4k / / / / a.b = i 3 j + 5k 3i + 2 j k . = 3(1) + (+ 2)( 3 ) + ( 1)(5 ) = 3 6 5 = 14 / / / / b.c = . i 3 j + 5k 2 i + j 4k =1 (2) + ( 3 )1 + 5( 4 ) = 2 - 3 - 20 = - 21 / / / / c.a = . 2 i + j 4k 3i + 2 j k = 2( 3 ) + 1(+ 2) + ( 4 ) (1) =-6+2+4=0
2.
c.a = 0 implies A = 90 0

3.

The sides a, b and c form a right angled triangle / / / / / Prove that the vectors 2i 2 j + k, i + 2 j + 2k, 2 i + j 2k

are perpendicular to each other. Solution: / / Let a = 2 i 2 j + k / / b = i + 2 j + 2k / / c = 2 i + j 2k / / / / Now, a.b = 2i 2 j + k . i + 2 j + 2k = 2(1) + ( 2)2 + 1(2)
=24+2=0

14

a r b / / / / b.c = i + 2 j + 2k . 2 i + j 2k = 1(2 ) + 2(1) + 2( 2) = 2 + 2 - 4 = 0.

)(

b r c / / / / c.a = 2 i + j 2k . 2i 2 j + k = 2(2) + 1( 2) + ( 2)1 =4- 2- 2=0 c r a

The three vectors are. r each another.
1.3 APPLICATION OF SCALAR PRODUCT Geometrical meaning of scalar product

Let OA = a, OB = b Draw BM perpendicular to OA Let be the angle between a and b i.e. BA= Now, OM is the projection of b on a . From the right angled triangle BOM

Cos =

OM OM = OB b

OM = b cos = a b Cos a
= a.b a

[By definition of Scalar producer ]

15

 The Pr ojecton of b on a =

a.b a

Similary, the projection of a on b =

a.b b

WORK DONE:

A force F acting on a particle, displaces that particle from the point A to the point B. Hence, the vector AB is called the displacement vector d of the particle due to the force F / The work done = w = F.d .

1.

1.3 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A / / / / Find the projection of 2 j + j + 2k on i + 2 j + 2k

Solution

/ / / / `Let a = 2 j + j + 2k, b = i + 2 j + 2k

projection of a on b =

a.b

b / / / / 2 i + j + 2k . i + 2 j + 2k = / / i + 2 j + 2k

)(

2+2+4 12 +22 +22

8 9

8 3

16

2.

/ / 3 i + 5 j + 7k is the force acting on a particle giving the / / displacement 2 i j + k.Find the workdone.
/ / / / Given F = 3 i + 5 j + 7k, d = 2 i j + k

Solution:

workdone , w = F.d / / / / = 3 i + 5 j + 7k . 2i j + k =65+7=8

PART B

A particle moves from the point (1,-2, 5) to the point (3, 4, 6) due / / to the force 4 i + j 3k acting on it. Find the work done. Solution / / / The force F = 4 i + j 3k 1. The particle moves from A (1,2,5 ) to B(3,4,6 )

// // Displacement vector d = AB = OB OA
/ / / / = 3 i + 4 j + 6k i 2 j + 5k / / = 2i + 6 j + k

workdone , W = F.d
/ / / / = 4 i + j 3k . 2i + 6 j + k = 4(2) + 1(6 ) + ( 3 )1 = 8 + 6 3 = 11 Units

17

/ / / If a particle moves from 3i j + k to 2 i 3 j + k due to the forces / / / / 2 i + 5 j 3k and 4 i + 3 j + 2k, find the work done of the forces. Solution: / / / / The forces are F1 = 2 i + 5 j 3k & F2 = 4 i + 3 j + 2k.
2. Total force F = F1 + F2 / / / / / / = 2 i + 5 j 3k 4 i + 3 j + 2k + = 6 i + 8 j k. / / / / The particle moves from OA = 3 i j + k to OB = 2 i 3 j + k d = AB = OB OA / / / / = 2i 3 j + k 3i j + k / / = i 2j

) (

workdone = W = F.d / / / / = 6i + 8 j k . i 2j

= 6( 1) + 8( 2) + ( 1)0 = 6 16 = 22 Units

)(

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

EXERCISE PART A If A and B are two points whose position vectors are / / / / i 2 j + 2k and 3 i + 5 j 7k respectively find AB. / / / / If OA = i + 2 j 3k and OB = 2 i 3 j + k, find AB .

A and B are (3,2,-1) and (7,5,2) Find AB / / Find the unit vector along 2 i j + 4k / / Find the unit vector along i + 2 j 3k The position vectors of A and B are / / / / i + 3 j 4k and 2 i + j 5k Find the unit vector along AB
18

7.

Find

the direction cosines of the / / / If OA = 2 i + 3 j 4k and OB = i + j 2k,

vector

/ / 2 i 3 j + 4k

8. 9.

Find the direction cosines of the vector AB .

If A is (2,3,-1) and B is (4,0,7), find the direction ratios of AB . / / 10. Find the modulus and direction cosines of the vector 4 i 3 j + k . 11. Find the direction cosines and direction ratios of the vector i 2 j + 3k .

12. If the vectors i + 2 j + k and 2i + k j 2k are collinear, find the value of k. 13. Find the scalar product of the vectors. / / / / (i) 3 i + 4 j 5k and 2 i + j + k / / / / (ii) i j + k and 2 i + 3 j 5k / / / (iii) i + j and k + i / / / / (iv ) i + 2 j 3k and i 2 j + k
14. Prove that the two vectors are perpendicular to each other. / / / / (i) 3 i j + 5k and i + 2 j + k / / / / (ii) 8 i + 7 j k and 3 i 3 j + 3k / / / (iii) i 3 j + 5k and 2 I + 6 j + 4k / / / (iv ) 2 i + 3 j + k and 4 I 2 j 2k 15. If the two vectors are perpendicular find the value of p. / / / / (i) p i + 3 j + 4k and 2 i + 2 j + 5k / / / / (ii) p i + 2 j + 3k and i + 3 j 4k / / / / (iii) 2 i + p j k and 3 i 4 j + k / / / / (iv ) i + 2 j k and p i + j / / / / ( v ) i 2 j 4k and 2 i p j + 3k 16. Find the projection of / / / / (i) 2 i + j 2k on i 2 j 2k / / / / (ii) 3 i + 4 j + 12k on i + 2 j + 2k
19

/ / (iii) j + k on i + j / / / / (iv ) 8 i + 3 j + 2k on i + j + k 17. Define the scalar product of two vectors a and b 18. Write down the condition for two vectors to be perpendicular. 19. Write down the formula for the projection of a and b 20. If a force F acts on a particle giving the displacement d write down the formula for the work done by the force.
PART B

1.

2.

3.

Prove that the triangle having position vectors of the vectices form an equilateral triangle. / / / / / / (i) 4 i + 2 j + 3k, 2 i + 3 j + 4k, 3 i + 4 j + 2k / / / / / (ii) 3 i + j + 2k, i + 2 j + 3k, 2 i + 3 j + k / / / / / / (iii) 2 i + 3 j + 5k, 5 i + 2 j + 3k, 3 i + 5 j + 2k Prove that the following triangle with the vertices form an isosceles triangle. / / / / / / (i) 3 i j 2k, 5 i + j 3k, 6 i j k / / / / / (ii) 7 j 10k, 4 i 9 j 6k, i 6 j 6k / / / / / (iii) 7 i + 10k, 3 i 4 j + 6k, 9 i 4 j + 6k Prove that the following position vectors of the vertices of a triangle form a right angled triangle. / / / / / / (i) 3 i + j 5k, 4 i + 3 j 7k, 5 i + 2 j 3k / / / / / / (ii) 2 i j + k, 3 i 4 j 4k, i 3 j 5k / / / / / / (iii) 2 i + 4 j + 3k, 4 i + j 4k, 6 i + 5 j k

4.

Prove that the following vectors are collinear. / / / / / (i) 2 i + j k, 4 i + 3 j 5k, i + k / / / / / / (ii) i + 2 j + 4k,4 i + 8 j + k,3 i + 6 j + 2k / / / / / / (iii) 2 i j + 3k,3 i 5 j + k, i + 11 j + 9k

20

5.

Find the angle between the following two vector / / / / (i) 2 i 3 j + 2k, and , i + j k / / / / (ii) 4 i + 3 j + k, and 2 i j + 2k, / / / / (iii) 3 i + j k, and i j 2k, If the position vectors of A,B and C are / / / / / i + 2 j + k, 2 i + 3k, 3 i j + 2k , find the angle between the vectors

6.

7.

/ / / i j + 2k,4 j + 2k Show that the vectors / / 10 i 2 j + 4k are perpendicular to one another.

AB and BC .

and

8.

9.

Show that the following position vectors of the points form a right angled triangle / / / / / / (i) 3 i 2 j + k, i 3 j + 4k,2 i + j 4k / / / / / / (ii) 2 i + 4 j k, 4 i + 5 j k, 3 i + 6 j 3k / / / / / / (iii) 3 i 2 j + k, i 3 j + 5k,2 i + j 4k / Due to the force 2i 3 j + k a particle is displaced from the point / / / / i + 2 j + 3k to 2 i + 4 j + k, find the work done.

10. A particle is displaced from A (3, 0, 2) to B (-6,-1,3) due to the / / force F = 15 i + 10 j + 15k, find the work done. / / 11. F = 2 i 3 j + 4k displaces a particle from origin to (1,2,-1). Find the work done of the force. / / / / 12. Two forces 4 i + j 3k and 3 i + j k displaces a particle from the point (1,2,3) to (5,4,1) find the work done. / / / / 13. A Particle is moved from 5 i + 5 j 7k to 6 i + 2 j 2k due to the / / / / / / three forces 10 i j + 11 k to 4 i + 5 j 6k and 2 i + j 9k find the Work done. 14. When a particle is moved from the point (1,1,1) to (2,1,3) by a / / force i + j + k the work done is 4. Find the value of
21

15. A force 2i + j + k displaces a particle from the point (1,1,1) to (2,2,2) giving the work done 5. Find the value of. / / 16. Find the value of p, if a force 2 i 3 j + 4k displaces a particle from (1,p,3) to (2,0,5) giving the work done 17.
ANSWER PART A

1. 4.

/ / 2 i + 7 j 9k , / 2 i j + 4k
21

2. 5.

42 / / i 2 j 3k

3.

6.

34 , / / i 2j k

14 , 4 29
3 26 , 1 26

6
9. 2 14 3 14

7.

8.

29 2 3
10. 26, 4 26 12. K = 4 13. 15. 16. ,

1 1 2 , , , 3 3 3 11. 1 14 ,

2 : 3 : 8
, 1 : 2 : 3

(i) 5, (ii) 10, (1), (iii)1

(iv ) 6

5 (i) 7 (ii) 6, , (iii) , (iv ) 2 ( v ) 5 4 4 35 1 13 (i) (ii) (iii) , (iv ) 3 3 2 3

PART B

5.

7 7 4 (ii) Cos 1 (i) Cos 1 (iii) Cos 1 234 51 66 20 9. 14, 10. 130 (i) Cos 1 462

6.

11. 8, 12. 40, 13. 87, 14. -2,

15.

2, 16.

7 3

22

UNIT- II

VECTOR ALGEBRA II
2.1. Vector product of two vectors: Definition of vector product of two vectors-Geometrical meaningproperties-angle between two vectorsunit vector perpendicular to two vectors-simple problems. 2.2. Application of vector product of two vectors and Scalar Triple Product: Definition of moment of a force, definition of scalar product of three vectors - geometrical meaning coplanar vectors - simple problems. 2.3. Product of more vectors: Vector Triple Product - Scalar and Vector product of four vectors. Simple problems 2.1.VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS OR CROSS PRODUCT The vector product of two vectors a and b , whose directions are

inclined at an angle , is the vector whose modulus is a b sin , and

whose direction is perpendicular to both a and b , being positive relative to a rotation from a to b .

/ / / / / i.e. a b = a b sin n

23

 is an unit vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b , where n having the same direction as the translation of a right handed screw
due to the rotation from a to b . From this it follows that b a ,has the same length, so that a b =- b a .
Properties of vector product:

1.

b a = b a sin (- n ) = - a b sin n =- a b

2.

If a and b are parallel, the angle = 0 a b = a b sin n

= a b sin 0 n / / The condition for two vectors a and b to be parallel is a b = 0 In particular, a a = 0 / / / If a b = 0 , either a = 0 or b = 0 or a and b are parallel vectors 3. If a, b, c are three vectors, / / / / / / a b + c = a b + (a c ) = 0 [sin 0=0]

) (

4.

If i, j, k are the unit vectors along x, y & z axes respectively, / / / / i i = j j = kk = 0 / / / / i j = j i = k Also, / / / j k = k j = i / / / k i = i k = j

24

Hence
/ i

/ i

/ j
k 0 / -i

0 -k j

/ j
k 5.

k / j / i 0

/ / / / / / / If a = a1 i + a 2 j + a3k, b = b1 i + b 2 j + b3k ,

/ / i j / Then a b = a 1 a 2 b1 b 2
Proof:

/ k a3 b3

G G G G Let a =a1 i +a 2 j +a 3 k, b =b1 i +b 2 j +b 3 k G G G axb = a1 i +a 2 j +a 3 k x b1 i +b 2 j +b 3 k G G G K G G =a1 b1 i i +a1 b 2 i j +a1 b 3 i k G G K G K K +a 2 b1 j i +a 2 b 2 j j +a 2 b 3 j k G G G K G G + a 3b1 k i +a 3 b 2 k j + a 3b 3 k k G G = o +a1 b 2 k +a1 b 3 j +a 2 b1 k + o G G G + a 2b 3 i +a 3 b1 j +a 3 b 2 i + a 3 + b 3 G a 2 a 3 G a1 a 3 a a =i j +k 1 2 b1 b 2 b1 b 3 b 2 b3 G G i j k

( ) ( ) ( )

) (
(

( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

= a1 a 2 a 3 b1 b 2 b 3

25

6.

/ a x b = a b sin n / / axb =| a || b | sin (1) K G axb = G G n | a || b | sin K G axb = K G by using (1) n | axb |

|= 1] [| n

7.

If is the angle between the vectors a and b then Sin = a xb / a b

8.

Geometrical meaning of vector product

Let a = OA and b = OB Complete the parallelogram OACB with the sides OA and OB (See figure) Draw BL perpendicular to OA. Let the angle between triangle a and b i.e., AB= From right angled triangle OBL, BL Sin = OB
BL = OB Sin = b Sin

Now, axb = a b Sin

= OA.OB Sin = OA.BL = (base )x(height ) =Area of the Parallelogram OACB If a and b are the adjacent sides of a parallelogram , the area

of the parallelogram= axb .

26

9.

If a and b are two sides of a triangle, 1 / / area of the triangle = axb 2 If d1 and d 2 are the diagonal vectors of a parallelogram, area of the parallelogram =

10.

1 d1 x d 2 2 11. If three points A,B and C are collinear ABxBC = BCx AC = ACx AB = 0. 12. If OA, OB, OC are the position vectors of the vertices of a triangle ABC, 1 1 1 area of the triangle ABC = ABXBC = BCX AC = ACX AB 2 2 2
2.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART A

1.

/ / / If a = 2 i + 3 j k, b = j 2k, find a x b

Solution:

i j k / / axb = 2 3 1 = i ( 6 + 1) j ( 4 + 0 ) + k (2 0 ) 0 1 2 / / = 5 i + 4 j + 2k 2. Prove that a x b x a b = 2 b a

L .H .S = a x b x a b

) (

) (

Solution:

( )( ) = (a a ) (a b ) + (b a ) (b b ) = o + (b a ) + (b a ) o = 2(b a )
= R. H. S
27

3.

/ Prove that a x b + c + b x c + a + c x a + b = o

( ) ( ) ( )

Solution:

L .H.S = ax b + c + bx c + a + cx a + b

( ) ( ) ( )

= ab + ac + bc + ba + c a + = ab + ac + bc ab ac bc =0
/ / / / Prove that i 2 j + 4k and 3 i 6 j + 12k are parallel vectors. / / Solution: Let a = i 2 j + 4k / / b = 3 i 6 j + 12k

4.

/ i

/ j 2

k 4

Now

axb = 1 3

6 12

/ / i j k =31 2 4 1 2 4
=30 =0

R3 3 R 2 R3

()

The given vectors are parallel.

28

PART B

1.

Prove that a b

( ) + (a.b)
2 2

= a

b .

Solution

(axb) + (a.b)
2

2 + a b Cos 2 = a b Sin n )2 + a b Cos2 = a 2 b 2 Sin 2 (n

2 2

= a b Sin2 + Cos2 =a b =a b
2 2 2

.1
2

= R.H.S 2
/ / / / Find the unit vector perpendicular to 2 i j + k and 3 i + 4 j k

find also the sine of the angle between these vectors.

Solution

/ / Let a = 2 i j + k / / b = 3i + 4 j k / / i j k

ab = 2 1

3 4 1 / / = i (1 4 ) j ( 2 3 ) + k (8 + 3 ) / / / = 3 i + 5 j + 11 k

29

ab =

( 3 )2 +5 2 +112
2

= 9 + 25 + 121 = 155 a = 2 ( 1)2 +12 = 4 + 1 + 1 = 6 b = 3 2 +4 2 +( 1)2 = 9 + 16 + 1 = 26

/ / / a b 3 i + 5 j + 11 k = The unit vector to both a and b = 155 ab
r

Sin = 3.

ab ab

155 6 . 26

155 156

Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are / / / i + j + k and 3 i k

Solution

Let the adjacent sides of the parallelogram be / / / a = i + j + k and b = 3 i k

/ i axb = 1 / j 1 k 1

3 0 1 / / = i ( 1 0 ) j ( 1 3 ) + k (0 3 ) / / = i + 4 j 3k Area of the Parallelogram= a b

=

( 1)2 +4 2 +( 3)2

= 1 + 16 + 9 = 26 sq. Units

30

4.

Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are having the / / / / / / position vectors 2 i + 3 j + 4k , 3 i + 4 j + 2k and 4 i + 2 j + 3k . Solution: The position vectors of the vertices of the / / triangle be OA = 2 i + 3 j + 4k / / OB = 3 i + 4 j + 2k / / OC = 4 i + 2 j + 3k / / / / AB = OB OA = 3 i + 4 j + 2k 2 i + 3 j + 4k / / / = i + j 2k / / / / BC = OC OB = 4 i + 2 j + 3k 3 i + 4 j + 2k / / / = i 2j +k / / i j k / ABxBC = 1 1 2 = i (1 4 ) J(1 + 2) + k ( 2 1)

)(

)(

1 2 1 / = 3 i 3J 3k Area of the triangle ABC = 1 ABXBC 2 1 ( 3 )2 +( 3)2 +( 3)2 = 2 =

1 27 9+9+9 = sq. Units 2 2 / / / / 5.Prove that the position vectors of the points i 2 j + 3k , 2 i + 3 j 4k / and 7 j + 10k form collinear points. Solution: Let the position vectors of the three points A,B,C be / / OA = i 2 j + 3k / / OB = 2 i + 3 j 4k / OC = 7 j + 10k

31

/ / / / AB = OB OA = 2 i + 3 j 4k i 2 j + 3k / / = i + 5 j 7K / / / BC = OC OB = 7 j + 10k 2 i + 3 j 4k / / = 2 i 10 j + 14K / / i j k

) (

) (

ABxBC =

1 5 2 10 / / i j = ( 2)1 5 1 5

7 14 k 7 7

= ( 2)O =O

[R2 R3 ]

The points A,B,C are collinear points / / / / 6. If i j 3k and 2 i j 3k are the diagonals of a parallelogram, find the area of the parallelogram. Solution: / / / / The diagonals of the parallelogram are d1= i j 3k,d2 = 2 i j 3k / / i j k d1 x d 2 = 1 1 3 2 1 3 / / = i (3 3 ) j ( 3 + 6 ) + k ( 1 + 2) / / / = i (0 ) 3 j + k = 3 j + k Area of the parallelogram 1 = d1 xd2 2 = 1 2

( 3)2 +12

1 10 9 +1 = sq. units 2 2

32

2.2 APPLICATION OF VECTOR PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS Moment or Torque of a force about a point

/ Let O be any point and r be the position vector relative to the / point O of any point P on the line of action of the force F . The moment of the force about the point O is defined as / M = r F

The magnitude of the moment

M = r F = r F Sin
Scalar Triple product of the three vectors:

Scalar triple product of three vectors is defined as a. b c It is / / / denoted as a b c = a, b, c . It is called box product of three vectors

( ) [

a, b, and c . Let a = OA, b = OB, c = OC be the three vectors not lying in the same plane and meeting at the point O.

33

Complete the parallelopiped with a, b, c as the adjacent edges with a common intersection. Let AL be the height of the parallelepiped. b c is the perpendicular vector of the parallelogram OBDC b c is area of the parallelogram OBDC.

Let be the angle between a and b c . AL AL Cos = = OA a AL = a cos From the right triangle AOL a. b c = a b c Cos = a Cos b c = AL b c =(Height of the parallelepiped) (Area of the base parallelopiped) a. b c =Volume of the parallelopiped.
Properties of scalar Triple Product

( )

( )

1.

If a, b, c are the three vectors of a parallelopiped (three edges meeting at a common point),
34

Volume of the parallelop iped, V = a. b c

( ) = b.(c a ) = c.(a b )

(1)

2.

Scalar product is commutative, a b c = b c a

( ) ( ) b (c a ) = (c a ) b c (a b ) = (a b ) c From (1) and (2) a ( b c ) = ( a b ) c

[ ] [ ] [

(2)

In scalar triple product , and x may be interchanged. 3. In a box product of three vectors, if any two of the vectors are equal or parallel to each other, then the scalar triple product is zero. / // / / / / / / i.e, a, a, b = [a, c, c ] = b, c, b = 0 / / / If a is parallel to b, then a, b, c = 0

4. 5.

In the box product of three vectors for each interchange of two vectors, the sign will change. /// / / / / / / i , j, k = i . j xk = j. kx i = k. i x j // // = i i = j. j = k.k

] ( ) ( ) ( )

6.

= 1. / / If a =a1 i +a2 j +a3 k / / b =b1 i +b2 j +b3 k / / c =c1 i +c 2 j +c 3 k

[a, b, c ] = a (b x c ) = b

a1 a 2 1 b2 c1 c 2

a3 b3 c3

35

/ b 2 b 3 / b1 b 3 b1 b 2 Proof : bxc = b1 b 2 b 3 = i j +k c 2c 3 c 1c 3 c 1c 2 c 1c 2 c 3

/ / i j k

/ / / b2 b3 / b1b3 b1b2 a. b c = a1 i +a2 j +a3 k . i j +k c1c 3 c1c 2 c1c 3

=a b 2 b3 c2c3 a2 b1 b 3 c1c 3 + a3 b1 b 2 c1c 2

( ) (

a1 a 2 a 3 = b1 b 2 b 3 c1 c 2 c 3 7. If a, b, c are Coplanar vectors (those vectors in the same plane),

8.

[a, b, c] = 0 If [a, b, c ] = 0 then

i. any one of the three vectors is zero or ii. any two of the three vectors are parallel or iii. a, b, c are coplanar vectors.
2.2 WORKED EXAMPLES PART A // / Find the value of i , j, k

1.

Solution: // / / / i , j, k = i . j k

] ( )
1 0 0 = 0 1 0 0 0 1 =1 1 0 0 1 0+0

= 1 ( 0) = 1
36

/ // / / / 2. Find the value of i + j, j + k, k + i Solution: 1 1 0 / / / / i + j , j + k, k + i = 0 1 1

1 0 1 3. = 1(1 0 ) 1(0 1) + 0 = 1+ 1 = 2 Find the scalar triple product of the vectors / / / / / i 3 j + 3k, 2 i + j k and j + k
/ / Let a = i 3 j + 3k / / b = 2i + j k / c = j +k

Solution:

1 3 3 a. b c = 2 1 1 0 1 1 = 1 ( 1 + 1) + 3(2 0) + 3(2 0) 4. = 2 + 6 + 6 = 14 Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose three edges / / / / / / / meeting at a point are 2 i 3 j + 4k, i + 2 j k, 3 i j + 2k Solution: / / Let a = 2 i 3 j + 4k / / b = i + 2j k / / c = 3 i j + 2k

2 3 4 Volume of the parallelepiped V = a, b, c = 1 2 1 3 1 2

[ ]

= 2( 4 1) + 3(2 + 3) + 4( 1 6) = 2(3) + 3(5) + 4( 7) = 6 + 15 28 = 7 Volume of the parallelepiped =7 cubic Units

37

PART-B

/ Find the moment of the force 3 i + k acting along the point / / / / i + 2 j k about the point 2 i + j + 2k . Solution: / / Let F = 3 i + k / / OA = i + 2 j k / / OB = 2 i j + 2k / r = BA = OA OB / / / / / = i + 2 j k 2 i j + 2k / / / = i + 3 j 3k / Moment M = r F / / i j k = 1 3 3 3 0 1 / / = i (3 + 0 ) j ( 1 + 9 ) + k (0 9 ) / / = 3 i + 8 j 9k / / / = 3 i 8 j 9k / / M = 3 i 8 j 9k
1.

) (

( )

M = 32 +( 8 )2 +( 9 )2 = 9 + 64 + 81 = 154 units O,A,B,C are points(0,0,0),(1,-2,3),(2,3,4) and (-1,0,2). Find the volume of the Parallelepiped whose edges are OA, OB, and OC. Solution: O is the origin / / OA = i 2 j + 3k / / OB = 2 i + 3 j + 4k / OC = i + 2k 2.
38

OA,OB,OC are the edges. Volume of the parallelepiped V = [OA, OB, OC] 1 2 3 = 2 34 1 0 2

3.

= 1(6 0 ) + 2(4 + 4 ) + 3(0 + 3 ) = 6 + 16 + 9 = 31 Cubic Units. / / / / / / Prove that the vectors 3 i + 2 j 2k, 5 i 3 j + 3k, and 5 i j + k are coplanar vectors.
/ / Let a = 3 i + 2 j 2k / / b = 5 i 3 j + 3k / / c = 5i j + k

Solution:

[a, b, c] = 5 3

4.

/ / / / / If the three vectors 2 i j + k, i + 2 j 3k, and 3 i + m j + 5k, are coplanar, find the value of m.

[a, b, c] = 0 a, b and c are coplanar vectors.

/ / Let a = 2 i j + k / / b = i + 2 j 3k / / c = 3 i + m j + 5k
39

= 3( 3 + 3 ) 2(5 15) 2( 5 + 15) = 0 2( 10) 2(10) = 20 20 = 0

3 2 2 3 5 1 1

Solution:

since a, b and c are coplanar vectors then a, b, c = 0 2 1 1 i.e, 1 2 3 = 0 3 m 5 i.e, 2(10 + 3m) + 1(5 + 9 ) + 1(m 6 ) = 0 i.e, 20 + 6m + 14 + m 6 = 0 i.e, 7m + 28 = 0 i.e,7M = 28 28 = 4. i.e, m = 7 5. Show that the points whose position vectors are / / / / / / / 4 i + 5 j + k, j k, 3 i + 9 j + 4k and 4 i + 4 j + 4k lie on the same plane.
Solution:

[ ]

Let the position vectors of the four points be / / OA = 4 i + 5 j + k / OB = j k / / OC = 3 i + 9 j + 4k / / OD = 4 i + 4 j + 4K AB = OB OA / / / = j k 4i + 5 j +k / / = 4 i 6 j 2k

)(

) )
40

AC = OC OA / / / / = 3 i + 9 j + 4k 4 i + 5 j + k / / = i + 4 j + 3k

)(

AD = OD OA / / / / = 4 i + 4 j + 4k 4 i + 5 j + k / / = 8 i j + 3k

)(

Now, AB, AC, AD = 1

4 62 4 3 3 8 1

= 4(12 + 3 ) + 6( 3 + 24 ) 2(1 + 32 ) = 4(15 ) + 6(21) 2(33 ) = 60 + 126 66 =0 AB, AC, AD are coplanar vectors. The given four points A,B,C and D lie on a same plane. 6. Prove that a + b, b + c, c + a = 2 a, b, c

] [ ]

Solutions:

[ ] = (a + b ) [( b + c ) ( c + a )] = (a + b ) [(b c ) + (b a ) + (cxc ) + (c a )] / = (a + b ) [(b c ) + (b a ) + 0 + (c a )] = a (b c ) + a (bxa ) + a (cxa ) + b (bxc ) + b (bxa ) + b (cxa ) = [a, b, c ] + [a, b, a] + [a, c, a] + [b, b, c ] + [b, b, a] + [b, c, a ] = [a, b, c ] + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0[b, c, a ] [[b,c,a] = [a,b,c ] = [a, b, c ] + [a, b, c ] . = 2[a, b, c ]
LHS = a + b, b + c, c + a
41

2.3 PRODUCT OF MORE VECTORS

Vector Triple Product: Vectors Triple product of three vectors a, b

and c is a x b x c
Results

) or ( a x b) x c

1. 2. 3.

(a x b)x c = (a . c )b (b . c ) a a x ( b x c )= ( a . c )b (a . b ) c a x (b x c ) ( a x b ) x c

Product of four vectors Scalar Product of four vectors:

(a x b) (c x d)

If a, b, c,d are four vectors, the scalar product of four vectors is

Here, axb is a vector, cx d is a vector and axb cxd . is the dot product of two vectors and hence it is a scalar quantity.
Result: axb cxd . =

( )( )

( )( )

a.c a.d b.c b.d

Proof: axb cxd = axb x

( )( ) ( ) [x = cxd] = a (b x x ) = a [bx (cxd)] = a [(b.d)c (b.c )d] = (a.c )(b.d) (a.d)(b.c )

= a.c b.c a.d b.d .

42

Vector product of four vectors:

If a, b, c, and d are four vector, axb is a vector, cx d is a vector and axb x cxd is a vector and it is called vector product of four vectors.
Results:

( )( )

1.

If a, b, c,d are four vectors, a b c d = a, b, d c a, b, c d

( )( ) [ ] [ ]

Proof:

Let axb = x

L.H.S = axb c d

( )( ) = x x (c d) = (x d)c (x c )d = { (a b ) d} c { (a b ) c} d = [a, b, d] c [a, b, c ] d

R.H.S

2.

If a, b, c and d are Coplanar vectors, then axb and cx d are parallel vector perpendicular to the plane of these four vectors. ab cd = o

( )( )

2.3 WORKED EXAMPLES PART A

1.

/ / Find the value of i j k

( )

Solution: / / / / ix j k = i i

( )

=o
43

2.

/ / . If a = i + j, b = j + k, c = k + i find ax bxc . / i j k
bxc = 0 1 1 1 0 1 / / = i (1 0 ) j (0 1) + k (0 1) / / = i + j k

( )

ax bxc = 1 1 0 1 1 1 / / = i ( 1 0 ) j ( 1 0 ) + k (1 1) / / = i + j

/ / i j

/ k

PART B

/ / / / / If a = i j + k, b = i 2 j, c = 2 i j + k, prove that / / / a b c = a.c b a.b c Solution: / / a = i j +k / / b = i 2j / / c = 2i j + k / i j k

1.

) ( ) ( )

bxc = 1 2 0 2 1 1
/ = i ( 2 0 ) j(1 0 ) + k ( 1 + 4 ) / = 2 i j + 3k
44

/ i

k 1

ax(bxc ) =

1 1

/ / / a.c = i j + k . 2 i j + k = 1(2) + ( 1)( 1) + 1(1) = 2 + 1+ 1 = 4 / / a.b = i j + k . i 2 j = 1(1) + ( 1)( 2 ) + 1(0 ) = 1+ 2 = 3

(i.e ) a x (bxc ) = 2 i 5 j 3k
/

21 3 / = i ( 3 + 1) j(3 + 2) + k ( 1 2)

(1)

( (

)(

)(

a.c b a.b c / / = 4 i 2j 3 2 i j + k = 4i 8 j 6i + 3 j 3k
/ = 2 i 5 j 3k

( ) ( ) ( ) (

)
(2)

From (1) & (2) , ax bxc = a.c a a.c c / / / / 2. If a = i j + k, b = i + 2 j k, c = i + 2 j, d = i j 3k / Find a b c d Solution: / a = i j+k / b = i + 2j k / c = i + 2j / / d = i j 3k

( ) ( ) ( )

( )( )

45

/ i j k axb = 1 1 1 1 2 1 / = i (1 2) j( 1 + 1) + k (2 1) / = i + k / i j k cx d = 1 2 0 1 1 3 / = i ( 6 0 ) j( 3 0 ) + k ( 1 2) / = 6 i + 3 j 3k / / axb cxd = i + k 6 i + 3 j 3k = ( 1)( 6 ) + 0(3 ) + 1( 3 ) = 63 = 3 Alternate Method / / a.c = i j + k i + 2 j = 1(1) + ( 1)2 + 1(0 ) = 1 2 = 1 / / a.d = i j + k i j 3k = 1(1) + ( 1)( 1) + 1( 3 ) = 1 + 1 3 = 1 / / b.c = i + 2 j k i + 2 j = ( 1)1 + 2 (2 ) + ( 1)0 = 1 + 4 = 3 / / b.d = i + 2 j k i j 3k = ( 1)1 + 2( 1) + ( 3 ) = 1 2 + 3 = 0

( )( ) (
( (

)(
)

)
(1)

)(

)(

( (

)( )

46

1 =0+3=3 0 b.c b.d / / / 3. If a = i + j + k, b = i j k, c = i + j + 2k, / d = 2 i + j, find axb x cxd . Solution: / a = i + j + k, / b = i j k, / c = i + j + 2k, / d = 2i + j G K i j k axb = 1 1 1 1 1 1 G K = i ( 1 + 1) j ( 1 1) + k ( 1 1) G K = i (0 ) j ( 2) + k ( 2) K = 2 j 2k G K i j k cx d = 1 1 2 2 1 0 G K = i (0 2) j (0 4 ) + k ( 1 2) G K = 2 i + 4 j 3k G K i j k axb x cxd = 0 2 2 2 4 3 G K = i ( 6 + 8 ) j (0 4 ) + k (0 + 4 ) G K = 2 i + 4 j + 4k a.c a.d =

1 3

( )( )

( )( )

47

Alternate Method

[a,b,d] =

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 0

= 1(0 + 1) 1(0 + 2 ) + 1(1 + 2) = 1(1) 2 + (3 ) = 1 2 + 3 = 2

[ ]

1 1 1 a, b, c = 1 1 1 1 1 2

a, b, d c a, b, c d G K G K = 2 i + j + 2k ( 2) 2 i + j G G G K K K = 2 i + 2 j + 4k + 4 i + 2 j = 2 i + 4 j + 4k

[ ] [ ] ) ( (

= 1( 2 + 1) 1(2 1) + 1(1 1) = 1 1 = 2

3.

Prove that axb, bxc, cxa = a, b, c

][ ]

Solution:

(bxc )x(cxa) = [b,c,a ]c [b,c,c ]a = [ b, c, a ]c 0 [ [b,c,c] = 0 = [b, c, a ]c [axb,bxc,cxa ] = (axb) {(bxc )x(cxa)} = (axb ) [b, c, a ]c = [ b, c, a ](axb ) .c = [b, c, a ][a, b, c ] = [a, b, c ][a, b, c ] [ [a,b,c] = [b,c,a ] =[a, b, c ]
2

48

EXERCISE PART - A

1.

2.

Find the vector product of two vectors. G G K K (i) 2 i + 3 j 4k and i 2 j + 4k G K G K (ii) i + j + k and 2 i j + 3k G G K K (iii) 2 i 3 j + 5k and i 2 j 2k G K G K (iv) 3 i + j + k and 2 i 3 j + 2k G G K K Prove that the two vectors 5 i 7 j + 3k and 15 i 21 j + 9k are parallel vectors. G K K If a = 2i + j k and b = i 2 j + 2k Prove that axb. = 5 2 Find the area of the Parallelogram whose adjacent sides are G G K K (i) 2 i 3 j and i 2 j 3k G G K K (ii) 3 i + 2 j + 2k and i 2 j + 3k G K G K (iii) 2 i + j 2k and i + 2 j + 3k Find the Scalar triple product of G G K K K (i) i 2 j + 3k , 2 i + j k, j + k G G G K K (ii) 2 i + 5 j + k , i 2k, 5 i + 2 j k G G G G K K (iii) i j + k , 2 i + 3 j 3k, 6 i 2 j k Find the Volume of parallelepiped whose edges are G G K G K K (i) 2 i 4 j + 5k , i j + k, 3 i 5 j + 2k G G G K K K (ii) 2 i + 3 j + 4k , 4 i + 3 j + k, i + 2 j + 4k G G G K K K (iii) 3 i + 7 j + 2k , 2 i + 5 j k, i + 6 j + k
49

3. 4.

5.

6.

7.

Prove the following three vectors are coplanar G G G K K K (i) i + 4 j 3k , 3 i + 2 j + 5k, 3 i + 8 j 5k

G G G K K K (ii) 3 i + 2 j 2k , 5 i 3 j + 3k, 5 i j + k G G K K K (iii) i 2 j + 3k , 2 i + 3 j 4k, j + 2k

8.

G K G K G K If a = i j, b = + 2 i + j + k, c = i + 3 j + k, find ax bxc

( )

PART B

1.

Find the Unit vector perpendicular to the following two vectors as well as the angle between them. G G K K (i) 4 i + 3 j + k and 2 i j + 2k G K G K (ii) i + j + 2k and 4 i + 3 j 2k G K G K (iii) 2 i + j + k and i + 2j + k G K G K (iv) 3 i + j + 2k and i + 2j +k Show that the following points are Collinear G K G G K K (i) 2 i + j k,4 i + 3 j 5k ,2 i + 5 j 9k G G G K K K (ii) i + 2 j + 4k,4 i + 8 j + k ,3 i + 6 j + 2k G K G G K K (iii) 2 i j + 3k,3 i 5 j + k , i + 11 j + 9k Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are given as position vectors: G G G K K (i) i + 2 j k,2 i + 3k ,3 i j + 2k G K G G K (ii) i + j + k,2 i + 3 j k,3 i + k (iii) (3,1,2),(1,-1,-3) and (4,-3,1) (iv) (1,3,4),(-2,1,-1) and (0,-3,2)
50

2.

3.

4.

G K Find the moment of the force 6 i + j k acting along the point

5.

6.

(0,1,-1) about the point (4,3,-1). G G K The force i + 2 + 3k is acting along the point i + j + k Find the / / moment of the force about the point 2 i j + k G K G K A force 3 i + j + 2k is acting along i j + 2k Find the moment of the force about the point G K G G K G K K a = 3 i + j k, b = i + 2 j 3k, c = i j + 3k, d = i + j k,

7.

Prove that the following four points line in a same plane G G G G G G K K (i) 6 i + 3 i + 2k, 3 i 2 j + 4 k, 5 i + 7 j + 3k, 13 i + 17 i k

(ii) (4,5,1),(0,-1,-1),(3,9,4),(-4,4,4) (iii) (1,3,1),(1,1,-1),(-1,1,1),(2,2,-1) (iv) (1,2,3),(3,-1,2),(-2,3,1),(6,-4,2) G G G K K K G 8. If a = 3 i + 2 j 4k, b = 5 i 3 j + 6k, c = 5 i j + 2k, find (a b) c / / G K G G K 9. If a = i + j + k, b = 3 i 2 j + k, c = 2 i j 4k find a b c G G G K K 10. If a = i 2 j + 3k, b = 2 i + 3 j, c = 3 i k find (i) a.(b c )

(ii) a b c G G G K K K 11. If a = 2 i + 3 j k, b = j + k, c = i + k, d = i + j + k, find (i) (a b).(c d) G K G G G K G K 12. If a = i j + k, b = 2 i + 3 i 5k, c = 2 i + j 2k, d = 3 i j + 4k, show that (a b).(c d) = a.c a.d

( )

b.c b.d G K G K G G K K 13. If a = 2 i j + k, b = i j k, c = 2 i + 3 j k, d = i + j k, find (a b) (c d) .

51

14. If

G K G G K G K K a = 3 i + j k, b = i + 2 j 3k, c = i j + 3k, d = i + j k, find

(a b) (c d) G G G K K K K 15. If a = 3 i + 2 j 4k, b = 5 i 3 j + 6k, c = 5 i j + 2k, d = 3 j 4k, find (a b) (c d) . 16. Prove that a (b c ) + b (c a) + c (a b) = 0

ANSWERS PART - A G G K K (i) 4 i 12 j 7k (ii) 4 i j 3k G G K K (iii) 16 i + 9 j k (iv) 5 i 4 j 11k

1.

4. 5. 6. 8.

(i)

166

(ii) (ii) 5

69

(iii)

90

(i) 12 (i) 8 G K 5 i 5 j 3k

(ii) -35

(iii) -15 (iii) 26

PART - B

1.

(i)

G K 7 i 6 j 10k

(ii)

185 G K 8 i 10 j + k

, sin =

185 234 165

3 165 174 G K i j +k 3 (iii) , sin = 2 3 G K i j k 3 (iv) , sin = 3 84

, sin =

52

3. 4. 5. 6. 8. 9. 10.

(i)

62 , (ii) 2 G K 2 i 4 j + 8k, 84

62 2

(iii)

473 2

(iv)

933 2

G K 6 i + 3 j 4k, 61 G K i j k, 3 G K 95 i 95 j + 190k G K 13 i + 8 j + 5k

/ 34,12 i 4k

11. - 2 G K 13. 2 i + 8 j + 4k 14. 15.

G K 14 i 14 j + 18k G K 190 i + 38 j 76k

53

UNIT III

INTEGRATION - I
Introduction: 3.1 Definition of integration Integral values using reverse process of differentiation Integration using decomposition methodSimple problems. 3.2 Integration by substitution: Integrals of the form

[f(x)] f ' (x)dx

n

where n -1,

f(x)

f ' ( x)

dx,

F[f (x )] f ' ( x)dx - Simple Problems .

3.3 Standard Integrals
Integrals of the form dx a +x
2 2

x 2 a2 ,

dx

dx a2 x 2

ax 2 + bx + c dx

Ax + B

Simple Problems.

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

Sir Sardar Vallabhai Patel, called the Iron Man of India integrated several princely states together while forming our country Indian nation after independence. Like that in maths while finding area under a curve through integration, the area under the curve is divided into smaller rectangles and then integrating i.e., summing up all the areas of rectangles together. So integration means summation of very minute things of same kind.
Integration as the reverse of differentiation:

Integration can also be introduced in another way, called integration as the reverse of differentiation.

54

Differentiation in reverse:

dy = 4x 3 dx 3 Integration reverse this process and we say that the integral of 4x as 4 x . Pictorially we can think of this as follows:
Suppose we differentiate the function y = x . We obtain
4

The situation is just a little more complicated because there are 3 lots of functions we can differentiate to give 4x .
Here are some of them:

x 4 + 14, x 4 - 6, x 4 - 0.5, x 4 -

1 3
3

Each of these functions has the same derivative 4 x , because when we differentiate the constant term we obtain zero. Consequently, when we try to reverse the process, we have no idea what the original constant term might have been. Because of this we include in our answer an unknown constant, C say, called the constant of integration. We state that the integral values of 4 x 3 is x 4 + c

The symbol for integration is , known as an integral sign. Formally we write

4x dx = x
3

+c

Along with the integral sign there is a term dx which must always be written and which indicates the name of the variable involved, in this case x. Technically integrals of this sort are called Indefinite Integrals.

55

List of Formulae: S. No Differentiation

d n x = nx n -1 dx

Integration

1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9

( )

x ndx =

x n +1 + c ( n 1) , n +1

d (log x ) = 1 dx x
d x (e ) = e x dx

x dx = log x + c x x e dx = e + c cos xdx = sin x + c sin xdx = cos x + c sec

2

d (sin x )= cos x dx

d (cos x ) = sin x dx d (tan x ) = sec 2 x dx

d (cot x ) = cos ec 2 x dx d (sec x ) = sec x tan x dx d (co sec x ) = co sec x cot x dx

xdx = tan x + c
2

cos ec

xdx = cot x + c

sec x tan xdx = sec x + c

cos ecx cot xdx = cos ecx + c

1 1 x2 dx = sin1 x + c

10

d 1 (sin1 x) = dx 1 x2

(or ) d 1 tan 1 x = dx 1+ x2

11

= cos 1 x + c 1 1 1 + x 2 dx = tan x + c (or ) = cot 1 x + c 1 1 x x 2 1 dx = sec x + c (or ) = cos ec 1x + c

56

12

d 1 (sec 1 x ) = dx x x2 1

Particular forms of

xndx =

xn +1 + c where n 1 n +1

1. 2. 3.

xdx =

x1+1 x2 +c = +c 1+ 1 2 x 3 +1 x4 +c = +c 3 +1 4

x 3 dx =

dx = x + c
x
x dx =

4.

1 x 2 dx

x2 x2 = +c = +c 1 3 +1 2 2
1 1

+1

5.

2 3 dx

x3 = +c = + c = 3x 3 + c 1 2 +1 3 3 x

2 +1 3

x4

dx =

x 4 dx =

x 4 +1 x 3 x 3 +c = +c = +c 4 +1 3 3

Note that the final answer can be written in a variety of equivalent ways, for example x 3 1 1 3 1 1 + + c , or +c c or x + c, or 3 3 3 x3 3x3

Two Basic Theorems on Integration (without Proof)

1. If u, v, w etc are functions of x, then

(u v w .....) dx = udx vdx wdx ....

2. If f (x) is any function of x and k any constant then

kf ( x )dx = k f ( x)dx

57

Example:

1. Evaluate
Solutions:

7x

2 x
2

4 dx x

(7 x

2 x2

4 x

) dx = 7 x 3 dx 2

x 2 dx + 4
2

1 x
1 2

dx dx

= 7 x dx 2 x dx + 4 x
3 1 +1

7 x 4 2x 2 +1 4 x 2 = + +c 1 4 2 +1 +1 2 7 x 4 2x 1 4 x 2 = + +c 1 4 1 2 = 7x 4 + 2x -1 + 8x 2 + c 4
1 1

Integration using decomposition method:

In integration, there is no rule for multiplication or division of algebraic or trigonometric function as we have in differentiation Such functions are to be decomposed into addition and subtraction before applying integration. For example: sin 2 x can be decomposed as follows 1 + cos x

sin2 x 1 cos2 x (1 + cos x )(1 cos x ) = = 1 + cos x 1 + cos x (1 + cos x ) = 1-cosx which can be integrated by using above basic theorems.

58

Examples:

1.

Evaluate

(x

1 + 1 x2 2 x

dx

Solution:
1 + 1 x 2 2 dx x 1 = x 4 1 + x 2 2 dx x
2

(x

= = =

(x
5

+ x 2 x 2 1 dx
3 1

x x x + x+c 1 5 3 x 5 x3 + + x 1 x + c 5 3

2.

Evaluate

(1 + x

2 3

) dx

Solution:

(1 + x

2 3

) dx = (1 + 3 x 2 + 3x 4 + x 6 )dx =x+ 3x 3 3 x 5 x 7 + + +c 3 5 7 3 x5 x7 + +c 5 7

= x + x3 +

3.

Evaluate

1 + sin x dx
sin x 1 sin x

sin x

Solution:

1 + sin x dx = 1 + sin x 1 sin x dx

=

sin x

sin x sin2 x 1 sin2 x sin x sin2 x cos2 x

dx dx

59

( ) = [tan x sec x (sec x 1)]dx = [tan x sec x sec x + 1]dx

= tan x sec x tan2 x dx
2 2

sin x sin2 x dx = cos2 x cos2 x sin x 1 sin2 x dx = cos x cos x cos2 x

= sec x tan x + x + c

Integrals of function containing linear expression in x (ie) ax+b

If

f ( x)dx = g( x ) + c
1

then

f (ax + b)dx = a g(ax + b) + c

The extended forms of fundamental formulae:

1.

(ax + b) dx = a
n

1 (ax + b)n +1 + c, [n 1] n +1

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

ax + b dx = a log(ax + b) + c

ax + b

dx =

1 ax + b e +c a 1

sin(ax + b)dx = a cos(ax + b) + c

cos(ax + b)dx = a sin(ax + b) + c
1

sec

(ax + b)dx =
2

1 tan( ax + b ) + c a

cos ec

1 (ax + b)dx = cot(ax + b) + c a

60

8.

sec(ax + b) tan(ax + b)dx = a sec(ax + b) + c cos ec(ax + b) cot(ax + b)dx = a cot(ax + b) + c

1 + (ax + b)2 dx = a tan

1 1 (ax + b)
2

9.

10.

(ax + b) + c

11.

dx =

1 1 sin (ax + b) + c a

Example:

1.

Evaluate

(3 4x) dx
7

Solution:

1 ( 3 4x ) +c (3 4x) dx = 8 4
8 7

= 2. Evaluate

( 3 4x )8
32

+c

8 4x

dx

Solution:

8 4x

1 dx = e8 4 x + c 4

e8 4 x +c 4

61

3.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A

1.

Evaluate

(2 sec

x + 5 cos x

4 + 2e x )dx x

Solution: 4 2sec 2 x + 5cos x + 2e x dx x = 2tanx+5sinx-4logx+2ex+c

1 Evaluate x + dx x Solution: 1 1 1 2 dx x + x dx = x + x 2

2.

x2 x2 = + +c 1 1 +1 +1 2 2
3 1

+1

+1

x2 x2 = + +c 3 1 2 2
3

2x 2 = + 2x 2 + c 3 3. Evaluate

(1 + x

3 2

) dx

Solution:

(1 + x

3 2

) dx = (1 + 2x 3 + x 6 )dx =x+ 2x 4 x 7 + +c 4 7 x 4 x7 =x+ + +c 2 7

62

4.

Evaluate

(2x 5)(36 + 4x )dx

2

Solution:

(2x 5)(36 + 4x)dx = (72x + 8x 180 20x )dx = (8 x 2 + 52 x 180 )dx

= = 5. Evaluate 8 x 3 52 x 2 + 180 x + c 3 2 8x 3 + 26 x 2 180 x + c 3 dx 4x2 x
2

x
2

x 3 + 4x 2 3x + 2 x2 dx = (

Solution:

x 3 + 4x 2 3x + 2

x3 x
2

3x x
2

2 x2

)dx

= (x + 4

3 + 2 x 2 )dx x x2 2x 1 = + 4 x 3 log x + +c 1 2 x2 = + 4 x 3 log x 2x 1 + c 2

6.

Evaluate

1 x2 dx 1 x

Solution:

1 x2 (1 + x )(1 x ) 1 x dx = (1 x) dx = (1 + x )dx = x + 7. Evaluate x2 +c 2

tan

x dx
2

Solution:

tan

x dx =

(sec

x 1)dx

= tan x-x + c
63

8.

Evaluate

(sec x + tan x )
2

dx
2 2

Solution:

(sec x + tan x ) dx = (sec x + tan x + 2 sec x tan x)dx = (sec 2 x + sec 2 x 1 + 2 sec x tan x )dx
= (2 sec 2 x + 2 sec x tan x 1)dx = 2 tan x + 2 sec x x + c
9. Evaluate

1 sin 2x dx

Solution:

1 sin 2x dx =

sin2 x + cos 2 x 2 sin x cos x dx (sin x cos x )2 dx

= =

(sin x cos x )dx

= cos x sin x + c 10. Evaluate

Solution:

1 + sin x dx
1 1 sin x

1 + sin x dx = 1 + sin x 1 sin x dx

1 sin2 x dx
=

1 sin x

cos2 x

1 sin x

dx

sin x 1 = dx 2 2 cos x cos x

64

sin x 1 1 = dx 2 cos x cos x cos x = (sec 2 x tan x sec x )dx = tan x sec x + c 11. Evaluate
Solution:

( 4 x + 5)

dx

1 ( 4 x + 5)7 6 ( 4 x + 5 ) dx = +c 7 4 = 12. Evaluate

Solution:

(4x + 5)7
28 dx

+c

3x+2

3x +2

1 dx = e3x + 2 + c 3
= e3 x + 2 +c 3
3

13. Evaluate
Solution:

(3 2 x )

dx

1 (3 2 x )4 3 ( 3 2 x ) dx = +c 4 2 = 14. Evaluate
Solution:

(3 2 x ) 4 +c 8

sin(3x + 1)dx

cos(3 x + 1) + c sin(3x + 1)dx = 3 = cos(3 x + 1) +c 3

65

15. Evaluate
Solution:

1 1 2x

dx

1 1 2x

dx = (1 2x )

1 2 dx

1 = 2

1 +1 2 (1 2 x )

1 +1 2
1

+c

1 (1 2x ) 2 = + c = (1 2x ) 2 + c 1 2 2
PART B

1.

Integrate the following w.r.t x: (a) ( x + 1 3 ) x 7 3 + x sin2 x

(b) (1 x + x 2 ) (1 + x + x 2 ) (c) 2 x
2

(d) (2 x + 3)2 ( x 1)
Solution:

1 1 1 1 (a) x + = x 3 + 3 x x + + 3 x x x x = x3 + 3x + 3 1 + x x3 3 = x 3 + 3x + + x 3 x
3

1 x + x

= (x3 + 3x +

3 + x 3 )dx x

66

= =

x 4 3x2 x 2 + + 3 log x + +c 4 2 2 x 4 3x2 x 2 + + 3 log x +c 4 2 2

(b) (1 x + x 2 )(1 + x + x 2 ) = (1 + x 2 x )(1 + x 2 + x ) = (1 + x 2 )2 x 2 = 1 + 2x 2 + x 4 x 2 = 1+ x2 + x4

(1 x + x
2 x
2

)(1 + x + x 2 )dx = x3 x5 + +c 3 5 = 2x 2

(1 + x

+ x 4 )dx

= x+ (c)

7 3 + x sin2 x 7 3

7 + 3 cos ec 2 x x
2

+ dx = (2x x 2 x sin2 x =

7 + 3 cos ec 2 x )dx x

2 x 1 7 log x 3 cot x + c 1

= 2x 1 7 log x 3 cot x + c (d) (2 x + 3)2 ( x 1) = ( 4 x 2 + 12x + 9)( x 1) = 4 x3 4 x 2 + 12 x 2 12 x + 9 x 9 = 4 x3 + 8x 2 3x 9

(2x + 3) ( x 1)dx
2

= =

(4x

+ 8 x 2 3 x 9)dx

4x 4 8 x3 3x 2 + 9x + c 4 3 2

67

2.

Evaluate the following: x4 x2 + 1 dx (a) x +1 1 dx (b) x +1 x 2 Solution:

(a)

x4 x2 + 1 x +1

x 2 ( x 2 1) + 1 x +1 2 2 x ( x 1) 1 = + x +1 x +1 x 2 ( x + 1)( x 1) 1 = + x +1 x +1 1 2 = x ( x 1) + x +1 4 2 x x +1 1 dx = x 2 ( x 1) + dx X +1 x + 1 =

= ( x3 x 2 + = 1 x +1 x 2 = =

1 )dx x +1

x 4 x3 + log( x + 1) + c 4 3 1 x +1 x 2 x +1+ x 2 x +1+ x 2

x +1+ x 2 ( x + 1)2 ( x 2 )2
1 1

(b)

( x + 1) 2 + ( x 2) 2 = x + 1 ( x 2)
1 1

( x + 1) 2 + ( x 2) 2 = x + 1 x + 2 = (x
1 2 + 1)

+ (x 3

1 2 2)

68

1 x +1 x 2

dx =

1 1 1 ( x + 1) 2 + ( x 2 ) 2 dx 3

3 3 1 ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 ) 2 = + 3 3 3 2 2

+c

= 3. Evaluate the following: (a) cos2 x 1 + sin x dx

3 2 3 (x + 1) 2 + (x 2) + c 9 2

(b) sin 3 x sin x dx (c) sin3 x dx

Solution:

(a)

cos2 x 1 + sin x

= =

1 sin2 x 1 + sin x

(1 + sin x )(1 sin x ) (1 + sin x )

= 1 sin x

1 + sin x dx

cos x

(1 sin x )dx

= x ( cos x ) + c = x + cos x + c (b) sin 3 x sin x =

1 [2 sin 3x sin x ] 2

[2 sin A sin B = cos( A B) cos( A + B)]

69

= =

1 [cos(3x x ) cos(3x + x )] 2 1 [cos 2x cos 4x] 2 1

cos 2x cos 4x sin 3x sin xdx = 2

1 sin 2x sin 4x +c 2 4 2

(c) sin 3 A = 3 sin A 4 sin3 A 4 sin3 A = 3 sin A sin 3A sin3 A = sin3 x = 1 3 sin A sin3A 4 1 3 sin x sin3x 4 1 [3 sin x sin 3x ]dx 4

sin

xdx =

1 ( cos 3x ) = [ 3 cos x ]+c 4 3 1 cos 3x = [ 3 cos x + ]+c 4 3

3.2 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

So far we have dealt with functions, either directly integrable using integration formula or integrable after decomposing the given functions into sums or differences. 2x + 3 sin(log x ) , 2 etc which x x + 3x + 5 cannot be decomposed into sums or differences of simple functions. But there are functions like
70

In these cases, using proper substitution, we shall reduce the given form into standard form, which can be integrated using basic integration formula. When the integrand (the function to be integrated) is either in multiplication or in division form and if the derivative of one full or meaningful part of the function is equal to the other function then the integration can be evaluated using substitution method as given in the following examples. 1

x 2 + 3x + 5 dx
Since d 2 ( x + 3x + 5) is 2x+3 it can be integrated by taking dx

2x + 3

u = x2 + 3x + 5 2.

sin(log x ) dx x

sin(log x) x dx

Hare

d 1 (log x ) = dx x

The above integration can be evaluated by taking u = log x

Integrals of Some Standard Forms:

Integrals of the form

[f ( x)]

f ' ( x )dx,

f ' ( x) dx, f [ f ( x )]f ' ( x )dx are f ( x)

all, more or less of the same type and the use of substitution

u = f ( x) will reduce the given function to simple standard form which

can be integrated using integration formulae.

71

Examples:

1. Integrate ( x 2 + 7x 3)10 (2x + 7) w.r.t x.

Solution:

Let I =

(x

+ 7x 3)10 (2x + 7)dx

put u = x 2 + 7x 3 du = (2x + 7)dx I = ( x 2 + 7x 3)10 (2x + 7)dx =

10 u du = 2

u11 +c 11

+c 11 1 + cos x dx 2. Evaluate x + sin x Solution: Put u = x + sin x du = (1 + cos x )dx 1 + cos x 1

(x =

+ 7x 3

11

x + sin x dx = u du
= log u + c = log( x + sin x ) + c 3. Evaluate

sec

(sin x ) cos x dx

Solution: Now put u = sin x

du = cos x dx

sec

(sin x ) cos x dx =

= tan u + c = tan (sin x ) + c

72

sec

u du

3.2 WORKED EXAMPLES PART A

1.

Evaluate

cot x dx
cos x

Solution:

cot x dx = sin x dx
Put u = sin x du = cos x dx

cot x dx = sin x dx u du = log u + c

= log (sin x ) + c 2. Evaluate 1

cos x

cos x x x 1 2 x

dx

Solution:

Put u = du =

dx 2du

1 x

dx

cos x x

dx = 2 cos u du = 2 sin u + c = 2 sin x + c (log x )5 x dx

3.

Find the value of

Solution: Put u = log x

du =

1 dx x

(log x )5 dx = x

u du
5

u6 (log x )6 +c = +c 6 6
73

PART - B

1.

Find the value of the following: a. b. c. d. e.

sec x

dx dx

sin1 x 1 x2
2

cos( x 3 )dx sec 2 x

(2 + 3 tan x)3 dx

tan x sec x

sec x dx sec x + tan x

Solution:

a.

dx

= =

sec x sec x + tan x dx

sec 2 x + sec x tan x dx sec x + tan x

Put u = sec x + tan x du = (sec x + tan x + sec 2 x )dx = = sec 2 x + sec x tan x sec x + tan x dx

sec x dx

u du

= log u + c

= log (sec x + tan x ) + c b.

sin1 x 1 x2

dx

Put u = sin1 x du = 1 1 x2 dx

74

sin1 x 1 x2

dx = udu = u2 (sin1 x )2 +c = +c 2 2

c.

cos( x 3 )dx

Put u = x 3 du = 3x 2dx 1 du = x 2dx 3

x 2 cos( x 3 )dx =

1 cos u du 3

= d.

1 1 sin u + c = sin( x 3 ) + c 3 3 sec 2 x

(2 + 3 tan x)3 dx
Put = 2 + 3tanx du = 3sec 2 x dx 1 du = sec 2 x dx 3

(2 + 3tanx)3 dx = 3 u3 du = 3 u
= e.

sec 2 x

du

1 u2 (2 + 3 tan x )2 +c = +c 6 3 2

tanx
=

secx dx dx

tan x secx sec x secx

75

tan x sec x sec x u

dx

Put

= sec x

du = sec x tan x dx

tanx

secx dx =

1 u
1 2

du

du
1 2 u

1 +1 2 u

1 +1 2

+c =

1 2

+c

= 2 sec x + c 2. Evaluate the following: a b. c.

d.

( 2x

8 x + 5)11 ( x 2)dx

e x e x dx
e
sin 2 x

e x + e x

sin 2x dx

a + b sin x dx
du = ( 4 x 8)dx = 4 ( x 2)dx du = ( x 2)dx 4

cos x

(a) Put u = 2x 2 8 x + 5

(2x
=

8 x + 5)11 ( x 2)dx

11

du 1 11 = u du 4 4

76

1 u12 (2x 2 8 x + 5)12 +c = +c 4 12 48 u=e -e

x x -x

(b) Put

du = [e -(-e )] dx = (e +e ) dx
x -x

-x

e x e x dx
(c) Put u
2

e x + e x

u du

= log u + c = log(e x e x ) + c = sin x

du = 2sinx cosx dx = sin2x dx

sin 2 x

. sin 2 x dx =

e du = e
u

+ c = e sin

+c

(d) Put u = a+b sinx du = b cosx dx 1 du = cos x dx b

a + b sin x dx

cos x

1 1 1 1 du = log u + c = log(a + b sin x ) + c b u b b

77

3.3 STANDARD INTEGRALS

Integrals of the form 1.

a2 x 2 , x 2 + a2 and
dx
2

dx

dx

dx a x2
2

a2 + x2

dx

2.

a2 x 2

dx

x 1+ a 1 1 x = 2 d a 2 a x a 1+ a 1 1 x 1 x d( ) = tan1 = 2 a a a a x 1+ a x dx 1 = tan 1 + c 2 2 a a a +x 1 = dx (a + x )(a x )

1 a2

1 2a dx 2a (a + x )(a x )

1 (a + x ) + (a x ) dx 2a (a + x )(a x )

1 1 1 [ + ]dx 2a a x a + x 1 [ log( a x ) + log( a + x )] + c 2a 1 a+x log +c 2a ax

78

3.

x 2 a 2 dx

1 2a dx 2a ( x + a)( x a)

1 ( x + a ) ( x a) dx 2a ( x + a)( x a) 1 1 1 = [ ]dx 2a x a x + a =

= = 4.

1 [log( x a ) log( x + a)] + c 2a

1 x a log +c 2a x+a
1 x 1 a
1
2

1 a x
2 2

dx =

1 a

dx

1 a

x d a a x 1 a
2

x d = a x 1 a 1
2

x = sin1 + c a

So remember, 1. 2. 3. 4.

a2 + x2 a2 x 2 x 2 a2

dx a2 x 2 dx dx

dx

= = =

x 1 tan 1 + c a a a+x 1 +c log ax 2a x a 1 +c log x+a 2a = sin 1 x +c a

79

3.3 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A

1.

Evaluate

9 + x2 a2 + x 2
9 + x2
dx dx = = = 1 x tan 1( ) + c a a dx

dx

Solution:

We known that

32 + x 2

1 x tan 1( ) + c 3 3

2. Evaluate
Solution:

7 x 2 dx
a+x 1 +c log ax 2a 1 1 7 x 2 dx = ( 7 )2 x 2 dx

We known that

a2 x 2 dx

dx

= 3. Evaluate

1 2 7

log

7+x 7 x

+c

dt 25 t 2

Solution:

We known that

dx a2 x 2 dt 25 t
2

x = sin1 + c a

dt 5 t
2 2

t = sin1 + c 5

80

4.

Evaluate

t 2 16 x 2 a2 = 2a log x + a + c t 2 16 = t 2 42 = 2(4) log t + 4 + c

= 1 t4 log +c 8 t+4 dt dt 1 t4 dx 1 x a

dt

Solution:

We known that

5.

Evaluate

2 3x 2 a2 x 2
dx dx = 1 a+x log +c 2a ax

dx

Solution:

We known that

2 3x 2 = 3 2
3

dx x
2

1 3

dx ( 2 2 ) x2 3

1 = 3

2 +x 3 log +c 2 2 2 x 3 3 1 3 log 2 + 3x / 3 2 3x / 3 +c +c

3 2 2 1 2 6 log

2 + 3x 2 3x

81

PART - B

1.

Evaluate

(3x + 2)2 16
take t = 3x+2 dt = 3dx dt = dx 3

dx

Solution:

(3x + 2)2 16
= 1 dt 2 3 t 42

dx

= = = 2.

1 1 t4 log +c 3 2( 4) t+4 1 3x + 2 4 +c log 24 3x + 2 + 4 1 3x 2 log +c 24 3x + 6

Find the value of

(3x + 2)2 + 16 + dx
take u = 3x+2

Solution:

(3x + 2)2 + 16 dx
= 1 1 du 2 3 u + 42

du = 3dx du = dx 3

= =

1 1 u tan 1 + c 3 4 4 1 3x + 2 tan1 +c 12 4
82

3.

Find the value of

49 9x 2
dx
2

dx

Solution:

49 9x 2

dx

= =

7 (3 x )2

take t = 3x dt = 3dx dt = dx 3

1 dt 3 72 t 2 dx 1 a+x a2 x 2 = 2a log a x + c 1 1 7+t log +c 3 2(7) 7t

1 7 + 3x log +c 42 7 3x 1 dx 4. Evaluate 121 12 x 2 Solution: 1 -1 x We known that dx = sin + c 2 2 a a x

= =

1 121 12 x dt 2 3 (11)2 t 2 1 2 dt
2

dx =

1 (11) (2 3 x )2
2

dx

taking t = 2 3 x dt = 2 3 dx dt 2 3 = dx

(11)2 t 2

t sin1 + c 2 3 11 2 3x 1 +c = sin1 11 2 3

83

Method of partial fraction

p( x ) , q( x ) the degree of p(x) may be greater or less then that of q(x). If it is greater or equal degree, first we shall divide p(x) by q(x) and p( x ) p (x) =Q+ 1 , when Q is the quotient and p1(x), is the reminder if q( x ) q( x ) and is of degree less then q(x). If the denominator q(x) can be factorized into two or more p ( x) as algebraic sum of two or more factors, then we can express 1 q( x ) fractions, called Partial fractions. Then integrating the rational function becomes simpler and we can integrate term by term, the partial fractions. When we integrate algebraic rational functions in the form
Example:

1.

Evaluate

2x 4 + x 3 5 x 2 + 5 x + 3 dx x2 + x 2

Solution:

x 2 + x 2)2x 4 + x 3 5 x 2 + 5 x + 3(2x 2 x 2x 4 + 2x 3 4 x 2 x3 x2 + 5x2 x 3 x 2 + 2x 3x + 3 2x 4 + x 3 5x 2 + 5 x + 3 x +x2

2

= 2x 2 x + = 2x 2 x +

3x + 3 x +x2
2

3x + 3 ( x 1)( x + 2)

Now let

A B 3x + 3 + = ( x 1)( x + 2) x 1 x + 2

84

A( x + 2) + B( x 1) ( x 1)( x + 2)

3x + 3 = A (x+2) + B (x-1) When x=1, 3(1) + 3 = A (1+2) + 0 6 = 3A A= 2 When x = -2, 3(-2) + 3 = A (-2+2) + B (-2-1) -6+3 = 0-3B -3 = -3B B = 1 Now 2x 4 + x3 5x 2 + 5x + 3 x +x2
2

dx =

(2 x

x+

2 1 + )dx x 1 x + 2

2x3 x 2 + 2 log( x 1) + log( x + 2) + c 3 2 Ax + B and Note: If the function to be integrated is in the term 2 lx + mx + n the denominator is not factorisable, then the following method is adopted. Put, = Numerator = k1 (exact derivative of Denominator) + k2, where k1 and k2 are constants. Then the function to be integrated will be divided into two parts and each can be integrated separately.
Example :

1.

Find the integral

x 2 + 6x + 25 dx

x +1

Solution:

Here the denominator is not factorisable. Put, Numerator = k1 (exact derivative of denominator) +k2 x+1 = k1 (2x+6) + k2
85

Comparing coefficients of x terms, we have 1 = 2k1 k1 = 1 2 2

Comparing constant terms, we get 1 = 6k1 + k2

1 = 6 + k2 2

1 = 3+k2 k2 = -2

x 2 + 6x + 25 dx =
=

x +1

1 (2x + 6) + ( 2) 2 dx x 2 + 6 x + 25

1 2x + 6 1 dx 2 2 dx 2 x 2 + 6 x + 25 x + 6 x + 25

1 d( x 2 + 6 x + 25 ) 1 2 dx 2 2 2 x + 6 x + 25 ( x + 3) 9 + 25

(by the method of making a perfect square) = 1 du 1 2 dx 2 u ( x + 3 )2 + 4 2

taking u = x + 6x + 5 du = (2x+6) dx = dt 1 du 2 2 2 u t + 42

taking t = x+3 dt = dx

1 1 t logu 2 tan1 + c 2 4 4 1 1 x+3 log(x 2 + 6x + 25) tan1 +c 2 2 4

86

WORKED EXAMPLES PART - B

1.

Evaluate

x 2 3x + 2
1 = 1 A B = + ( x 1)( x 2) x 1 x 2 = A (x-2) + B (x-1) = A (1-2) + B (1-1) = A (-1) + 0 = -A A = -1 = A (2-2) +B (2-1) = 0+B(1) =B
1

dx

Solution:

Let

x 3x + 2
2

1 When x=1; 1 1 1 When x=2; 1 1 1 dx

+ dx x 2 3x + 2 = x 1 x 2 =- log (x-1) + log (x-2) + c = log x2 +c x 1

2.

Evaluate

x 2 + 2x 8 dx
= A B x+7 + = ( x + 4)( x 2) x + 4 x 2

x+7

Solution:

Let

x+7 x + 2x 8
2

x+7 = A (x-2) + B (x+4) When x=2; 2+7 = A (2-2) + B (2+4)

87

= 0 + 6B B =

9 3 = 6 2

When x= -4; -4+7= A (-4-2) + B (-4+4) 3 = -6A+0 A = 3 1 = 6 2

x 2 + 2x 8 dx

x+7

3 1 2 = + 2 dx x+4 x2 = 1 3 log( x + 4) + log( x 2) + c 2 2

3.

Evaluate

x2 + x + 1

3x + 2

Solution:

Here the denominator is not factorisable 3x+2 3x+2

d = A ( x 2 + x + 1) + B dx

= A (2x+1) + B

Comparing coefficient of x; 3= 2A A = 3 2

Comparing constant terms; 2. = A+B = 23 +B 2

3 =B 2

43 1 =B 2 2
88

x 2 + 2x + 1 dx =
= = = =

3x + 2

3 1 (2x + 1) + 2 2 dx x2 + x + 1

3 2x + 1 1 1 dx + 2 dx 2 2 x + x +1 2 x + x +1 3 du 1 2 + I where u = x + x + 1 2 u 2 3 1 log u + I 2 2 3 1 log( x 2 + x + 1) + I 2 2 Now I = = 1 du = (2x+1)dx and I =

x 2 + x + 1 dx

x 2 + x + 1 dx

dx 2 1 1 x + +1 2 4 (by making a perfect square) =

1
2

1 3 x + + 2 4 1
2

dx

3 1 x + + 2 2

dx

x+ 1 1 2 tan 1 3 3 2 2

89

2x + 1 2 tan 1 2 3 3 2
2

= 3x + 2 x + x +1
2

2x + 1 tan1 3 3

dx =

2x + 1 1 2 3 2 log (x +x+1) + tan 1 2 2 3 3

1 2x + 1 3 2 tan 1 +c log (x +x+1)+ 2 3 3

EXERCISE PART A

1.

Evaluate the following 1 i dx 1 cos x ii iii iv v

secx(secx + tanx) dx
x x sin + cos dx 2 2
2 2

cosec

(3x + 4)dx
6

2.

Evaluate the following i ii iii iv

(3x+4) dx

3x + 5dx 9x 2 e dx
1 t + dt t
1 + cos 2 x dx
2

90

v vi vii viii ix x xi 3.

1 + sin 2x dx 1

( 4 5x )7
1

dx

sec(3x + 4) tan(3x + 4)dx cos2 (px + c )dx sin2 (l mx) dx

2e x
3
x

+ cos ec 2 x 7 dx

x2 Evaluate the following 6x dx i 3x 2 1 log x ii dx x

ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d

dx

iii iv v vi vii

e 2xdx 2 tan x sec x dx cot x cos ecx dx

x2

cos2 x dx

e tan x
x

dx x cos x viii dx 1 + sin x sin x ix dx 1 cos x

91

x xi 4.

tan xdx cos ecxdx

Evaluate the following 1 i 2 dx x 36 dx ii 9 x2 1 iii dx 3 + 4x 2 1 iv dx 2 x2 1 dx v 121 + t 2 1 dx vi 4 x2 1 vii dx 2 x 1+ 4 dx viii 2 a b2 x 2

PART - B

1.

Evaluate the following: i ii iii iv

(x

1 ( 2 + x ) dx
2

( x 1)( x + 2)( x + 1)dx ( x + x )( (x +

1 x 1 dx x x )2 dx

92

1 x

1 x3

dx

vi vii viii ix x xi 2.

( 2x

+ 1 3x 2 4x + 5 x
2 2

)(

) dx

(1 + x

)(1 x )2 dx dx

x+3 x4 x + 1 dx 3 x + 7 dx 1 ax + b ax + c dx

( x 1)

(3 x + 4 )

Evaluate the Following sin x dx i 1 sin x ii iii iv v vi vii

1 + cos x dx 1 cos x dx
cos x sin2 x dx 1 + cos x sin2 x dx 1 cos x cos2 x
3

cos x

1 sin x dx cos
xdx

93

viii ix

sin2 x cos2 x sin2 x cos2 x

dx

sin 5x cos 2xdx x sin 7 x cos 5 xdx xi cos 3 x cos xdx xii cos 2x sin 4 xdx xiii sin10 x sin 2xdx
xiv xv xvi

1 + cos 2x sin2 x 1 cos 2x cos2 x a + b sin x

dx dx

3.

cos2 x Evaluate the following: i ii iii iv v vi

sin x cos xdx 3 sin x cos xdx

2

1 + x2

e tan 1x
2

dx

1 x 3 dx 1

1 + e x dx
cos ec 2 x cot x dx
11

vii

(1 + log x )
x

dx

94

viii ix x 4.

(3 + x ) dx
3

log(sin x ) dx
2x 2 x + 5) dx
(3x -6x+1) (x-1)
x 11 x 2 10

cot x

6x2 1

Integrate the following i

ii (2e -3) e iii 1

x(3 + log x )5 cos x sin x + 5 sec 2 x 3 + tan x e x sin x e x + cos x

7

iv

v vi

vii Sin x cosx viii Cos x sinx ix \e 5.

xlogx 5

(1+logx)

Evaluate the following 1 dx i. (2 x )2 + 16

ii

( 3x + 2 )2 + 16
1

dx

iii

( x 2 )2 + 9

dx

95

iv

( 2x + 3 )2 + 9
1

dx

v vi vii viii ix x

9x 2 4 dx ax 2 b2 dx
( x + 1)2 9 dx (2x + 3)2 25 dx

1 4 9x 2 1 4 ( x + 3 )2 1 16 ( x + 1)2 1 25 ( x + 3)2 1 dx dx 1 1 1

xi

dx

xii

dx

xiii xiv xv xvi 6.

4 2x 2 dx

25 ( x + 1)2 dx 36 (2x + 3)2 dx 16 ( x 1)2 dx

1 1

Evaluate the following 1 dx i. (3 x )( x 5)

96

ii iii iv

x( x 1) dx
2x 2 x 1 dx
1

x( x + 2) dx
ANSWERS PART - A

x+3

1.

(i) cotx cosecx+c (ii) Tanx + secx+c (iii) x-cosx + c (iv) 1 cot (3x+4)+c 3

(v)

(3 x + 4 )7 +c 21
2 ( 3x + 5 ) 2 9 e9 x 2 +c 9 t3 1 + 2t + c 3 t 2 sin x + c (4 5x)6 +c 30
3

2.

(i)
(ii)

+c

(iii) (iv)

(v) cos x + sin x + c (vi)

97

(vii) (viii) (ix)

sec(3 x + 4) +c 3 tan(px + c ) +c p cot(l mx ) +c m ax 2 dx 3 + bx + c log x +c 2 3

2

(x) 3 log x 2e x cot x 7 x + c (xi) 3.

(i) log(3x -1) +c

3 2 (iv) (tan x )2 + c 3

(ii)

(log x )2 + c
2

(iii) e x + c (vi) e
tanx

(v) 2 cos ecx + c (viii) log (1 + sinx) + c

+c

(vii) 2 e

+c

(ix) log (1 - cosx) + c

(x) log secx + c 4. (i)

(xi) log (cosecx - cotx) + c (iii) 1 2 3 (vi) sin 1 x +c 2 tan 1 2x 3 +c

1 x6 1 3+x log + c (ii) log +c 12 x+6 16 3x x 2 +c (v) 1 t tan1 + c 11 11 1 1 bx sin +c a 6

PART B

(iv) sin 1

(vii) 4 tan 1

x +c 2

(viii)

1.

(i) (ii) (iii)

x + x 4 + x 3 2x 2 4 x + c 5 x 4 2x 3 x 2 + 2x + c 4 3 2
2 2 2 2 x x + 2x 2 + 2x 2 + c 5 3
5 3 1 1

98

x3 x2 4 2 (iv) + + x +c 3 2 5 (v) x + x2 x3 + +c x 3 5 +c x

(vi) 2x3 4x 2 + 13x 4logx (vii) x5 x 4 2 3 + x x2x + c 5 2 3

(viii)

3 3 2 (x + 3) 2 (x 1) 2 + c 21

(ix) (x)

2 4 (x + 1) 2 (x + 1) 2 + c 5 3
5 3

2.

2 (3x + 7) 2 2(3x + 7) 2 + c 15 3 3 2 (ax + b)2 2 (ax + b)2 + c (xi) 3a(b c ) 3a(b c ) (i) secx+tanx-x+c (ii)-cosecx +cotx+x+c (iii)-cosecx-cotx-x-c (iv)x-sinx+c (v) x+sinx+c (vi)x-cosx+c (vii) 3 1 sin x + sin x + c 4 12

(viii) tanx+cotx+c

99

(ix) (x) (xi)

1 cos 7x cos 3x + +c 2 3 7 1 cos12x cos 2x + +c 2 2 12

1 sin 4x sin 2x + +c 2 2 4 1 cos 6x cos 2x +c 2 6 2

(xii) (xiii)

1 sin8x sin12x +c 2 2 8

(xiv) 2[ cot x x] + c (xv) 2[tan x x] + c (xvi) a tanx + b secx + c 3. (i) sin3 x +c 3

cos4 x +c 4 (iii) e tan 1x + c (ii) 2 (iv) (1 x 3 ) 2 + c 9 (v) log(1 + e x ) + c (vi) 2 cot x + c 1 (vii) (1 + log x)12 + c 12 (3 + x )4 (viii) +c 2
3

100

(ix) log [log(sinx)]+c (x) log (2x -x+5)+5 4. (i) (ii) 1 (3x 2 6x + 1)11 + c 66
3

1 (2e x 3)10 + c 24 1 (iii) +c 4(3 + log x)4 (iv) log (sinx+5)+c (v) log (3+tanx)+c (vi) log (e +cosx)+c (vii) 1 8 sin x + c 8
x

cos6 x +c 6 x logx (ix) e +c (viii) 5. (i) 1 2x tan1 +c 4 4 1 3x + 2 tan 1 +c 12 4 1 x+2 tan1 +c 3 3 1 2x + 3 tan1 +c 6 3 1 3x 2 +c log 12 3x + 2 1 2 ab log ax b ax + b +c

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

101

(vii) (viii) (ix)

1 x2 log +c 6 x+2 1 x 1 log +c 20 x+4 1 1 3x sin +c 3 2

x+3 (x) sin1 +c 2 x + 1 (xi) sin1 +c 4 x+3 (xii) sin1 +c 5

(xiii)

2 + 2x +c log 2 2x 4 2
1 1 6+x log +c 10 4x 1 9 + 2x log +c 24 3 2x 1 3+x log +c 8 5x 1 x5 +c log 2 x3

(xiv) (xv) (xvi) 6. (i)

x 1 (ii) log +c x

(iii) (iv)

1 2 log ( x 1) log ( 2x + 1) + c 3 3 3 1 log x log ( x + 2 ) + c 2 2

102

UNIT IV

INTEGRATION - II
4.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS Integrals of the form x sin nx dx , x cos nx dx, xe dx, n x log xdx, xlog x dx - Simple Problems
nx

4.2 BERNOULLIS FORMULA Evaluation of the integrals x cos nx dx , x sin nx dx, m nx x e dx, when m 2 using Bernoullis formula. Simple Problems.
m m

4.3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS Definition of definite integral, properties of definite integrals. Simple problems. 4.1 INTEGRATION BY PARTS Introduction: When the integrand is a product of two functions and the method of decomposition or substitution cannot be applied, then the method of by parts is used.In differentiation , we have seen.

d dv du (uv ) = u +v dx dx dx
(ie) d(uv) = udv+ vdu Integrating both sides ; d (uv) uv (ie) udv = udv + vdu = udv + vdu = uv - vdu

udv = uv - vdu is called Integration By Parts formula

103

The above formula is used by taking proper choice of u and dv u should be chosen based on the following order of preference 1. Inverse trigonometric functions 2. Logarithmic functions 3. Algebraic functions 4. Trigonometric function 5. Exponential Functions Example: 1. Evaluate x cosx dx udv = uv - vdu and dv = cosx dx dv= cosxdx v = sin x . .x cos x dx = xsinx -sinx dx
.

Solution : Choosing u =x du = dx

= xsinx + cosx + c 2. Evaluate x sinx dx

2

Here we have to apply the integration by parts formula twice Solution : udv = uv - vdu
2

Choosing u =x

and

dv = sinx dx dv= sinxdx v = -cos x

du = 2x dx
. 2 2

. .x sin x dx = x (cosx) -( cosx) 2x dx = -x cosx +2x cosx dx

2 2

= -x cosx+2I, Where I Choosing u =x and dv = cosx dx

104

=xcosx dx

du = dx I=x cos x dx

dv= cosxdx v = sin x = xsinx -sinx dx = xsinx - (-cosx) = xsinx + cosx)

x sin x dx = -x cosx + 2[xsinx+cosx] + c

2 2

4.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART A 1. Evaluate . .xe dx

. x

Solution: udv = uv - vdu Choosing u = x du = dx

.

and

dv = e dx dv= e dx
x x

v=e . .x e dx
x

= x e - e dx
x x x

=xe -e +c 2. Evaluate x sinx dx udv = uv - vdu Choosing u =x du =dx . .xsin x dx

.

and

dv = sinx dx dv = sinxdx v = -cos x

= x(cosx) -( cosx) dx = -x cosx + cosx dx =-x cosx+sinx +c

105

PART - B 1. Evaluate x log x dx udv = uv - vdu Choosing u = logx and du = dv = xdx dv= xdx

Solution :

1 dx x

v= x logx dx = log x

x2 2 1 dx x

x2 x2 2 2

x2 1 log x 2 2

xdx

x2 1 x2 log x +C 2 2 2 x2 x2 log x +C 2 4

= 2. Evaluate.x e dx
2 ax

Solution: udv = uv - vdu Choosing u = x

2

and

dv = e dx dv = e dx
ax

ax

du = 2x dx

v =
. .x e dx
. 2 ax

e ax a

e ax x 2 e ax - 2x dx a a

106

= = Choosing u = x du =dx

x 2 e ax a x 2 e ax a

2 ax xe dx a 2 ax I Where I=x e dx a
ax ax

and

dv = e

dv = e dx v=

e ax a

I= x e dx
ax

= x = =

e ax e ax - dx a a 1 ax e dx a 1 e ax a a 2 a
x e ax e ax 2 a a
+C

x e ax a x e ax a x 2 e ax a

x e dx
2 ax

3.

Evaluate log x dx udv = uv - vdu Choosing u = logx and du = dv = dx dv= dx v=x .

.

Solution:

1 dx x

.logx dx

= logx x -x = xlogx-dx

1 dx x

= xlog x x+c

107

4. Evaluate (x+3) cos 5x dx Solution: udv = uv - vdu Choosing u =x+3 and dv = cos5x dx du = dx dv= cos5x dx sin 5 x v= 5 sin 5 x sin 5 x . dx . .(x+3) cos 5x dx = (x + 3) 5 5 ( x + 3) sin 5 x 1 sin 5 x dx = 5 5 ( x + 3) sin 5 x 1 cos 5 x = +c 5 5 5

= 5. Evaluate x logx dx
n

( x + 3) sin 5 x cos 5 x + +c 5 25

Solution: Choosing u = logx du =

and

dv = x dx dv= x dx
n

1 dx x

v= x logx dx
n

x n +1 n +1

= log x

x n +1 xn +1 1 dx n +1 n +1 x

x n +1 log x 1 x n dx n +1 n +1 x n +1 log x 1 x n +1 +c n +1 n +1 n +1
x n +1 log x x n +1 +c n +1 (n + 1)2

108

4.2 BERNOULLIS FORM OF INTEGRATION BY PARTS FORMULA If u and v are functions of x, then Bernoullis form of integration by parts formula is udv = uv uv1+uv2 -uv3+.., Where u,u, u. are successive differentiation of the function u and v1,v2,v3. the successive integration of the function v. Example: Evaluate x e dx 2 and Choosing u =x u = 2x
2 ax

u = 2

dv = e dx ax dv= e dx ax e v = a e ax v1 = 2 a

ax

a3 udv = uv uv1+uv20-uv3+.., x 2 e ax 2 x e ax 2e ax 2 ax + 3 +c x e dx = a a2 a Note: The function u gets differentiated till its derivative becomes a constant.

v2 =

e ax

4.2 WORKED EXAMPLE PART B 1. Evaluate x cos xdx

2

Solution: udv = uv uv1+uv2-uv3+.., Choosing u = x

2

and

dv = cos x dx dv= cos x dx

109

u = 2x

v =sinx u = 2 x cos x dx
2

v1 = - cosx v2 = -sinx = = x sinx 2x (-cos x) + 2 (-sin x) + C x sinx + 2x cos x - 2 sin x + C

2 2

2.

Evaluate x e dx
3 2x

Solution: udv = uv uv1+uv2-uv3+.., 3 2x Choosing u = x and du = e dx 2 2x u =3x dv= e dx e2x u= 6x v= 2 u =6

e2x 4 e2x v2 = 8
v1 = v3 =

3 2x

e dx =

x 3e2x 3x 2e2x 2 4

e2x 16 6 xe2 x 6e 2 x + +c 8 16

4.3 DEFINITE INTEGRALS Definition of Definite Integrals: Let f(x)dx= F(x) + C, Where C is the arbitrary constant of integration The value of the integral when x = b, is F (b) + C and when x = a, is F (a) + C Subtracting (2) from (1) we have F(b) F(a) = (The value of the integral when x=b) - (The value of the integral when x=a) 1 2

110

(ie)

f ( x )dx = [F( x ) + c ]

= [F(b) + c] - [F(a) +c] = [F(b) +c] [F(a) +c] = F(b) F(a) Thus

f ( x ) dx is called the definite

a

integral, here a and b are

called the lower limit and upper limit of integral respectively. Properties of Definite integrals Certain properties of definite integral are useful in solving problems. Some of the often used properties are given below . It is assumed throughout that f(x) = F(x) 1

f ( x )dx
a b a b

=0

2 3 4

f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx
b

kdx

= k(b a) where k is a cons tan t

a b

a b a

kf ( x )dx = k f ( x ) dx
a

5 6 7

[f ( x) g( x)]dx

= f ( x ) dx g( x ) dx
b a

If f(x) 0 on [a, b] , then If f(x) 0 on [a, b] , then

f ( x ) dx 0
a

f ( x ) dx 0
a

111

8 9 10

If f(x) g(x) on [a, b] , then

b

f ( x ) dx g( x) dx
a
c b a c

If a < c < b in [a, b] ,

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x) dx
a

f ( x ) dx = f (t ) dt
a a

(i.e) value of the integral is independent of the variable of integration. 11

f ( x )dx = f (a x )dx
o

b a

12

f ( x ) dx = f (a + b x ) dx
a 0

13

f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x) dx, if f ( x ) is even
=0
2a

i.e f ( x ) = f ( x )

if f ( x ) is odd
2a

i.e f ( x ) = f ( x )

14

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f (2a x ) dx
0 0

Examples: 1. Evaluate

25

25

x dx

if

x dx =

196 3

Solution:

25

25

x dx

= =

x dx u sin g property f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx
a b

196 3 and

2.

Given that

f ( x ) dx = 20

f ( x ) dx = 13, find f ( x ) dx
2

112

Solution:
b

Using

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx if a < c < b,
a 7

We have
4

f ( x) dx = 20 = f ( x) dx + f ( x ) dx
2 2 4

c 4

20 = f ( x ) dx + 13 f ( x ) dx = 20 13
2 2 4

=7

3.

Evaluate

x dx

Solution:

x dx =

1 3 x dx

4 1 +1 x3 x3 = = 4 1 + 1 3 1 3
3

1 3

4 4 3 3 = x 3 = 3 3 1 4 4 1

113

WORKED EXAMPLES PART A 1. Evaluate

dx x 1

Solution: Let I =

dx x 1
2

= [log x ]1

= log2 log 1 I = log 2

( log 1 = 0)

2.

Evaluate

sin xdx
0

Solution:

Let I =

sin xdx
0

= [ cos x ]0 2 = cos = 0+1 I = 1

+ cos 0 2

114

3.

Evaluate

sec
0

xdx

Solution: Let I = sec 2 xdx

0 4 = [tan x ]0

= tan = 1-0 I=1 4. Evaluate :

4
1

-tan 0

dx 1 x2

Solution: Let I =

dx 1 x2

= sin 1 x
-1

1 0

= sin 1 - sin 0 = I =

-1

0 2 2

115

5.

Evaluate

(x x
1

)dx

Solution: Let I = ( x x 2 )dx

1 2

x2 x3 3 2 1

2 2 23 1 1 3 2 3 2 8 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 4 1 = 3 6 6 5 = 6
6. Evaluate

dx

Solution: 2 f(x) = x 2 2 Now f(-x) = (-x) = x = f(x) f(x) is an even function

1
2 x dx 1

= 2 x 2dx Using property of even function

0

x3 = 2 3 0 13 03 = 2 3 3 2 = 3

116

PART - B
2

1.

Evaluate:

cos
0

x dx

Solution:
2

Let I =

cos
0

x dx

1 + cos 2x dx 2 0

1 + cos 2x 2 cos x = 2 sin 2x 2 x + 2 0

1 2

(1 + cos 2x )dx = 1 2 0

sin 2 sin 2 ( 0 ) 1 2 0+ + 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 4 sin 2 + 2 {0 + 0} 2 + 0

117

2.

Evaluate :

Sin x dx
3 0

Solution:

Let I =

Sin x dx
3 0

sin 3 x = 3 sin x 4 sin3 x 1 sin 3 x = [3 sin x sin 3 x ] 4

1 4

[3 sin x sin 3x]dx

0

1 cos 3 x 2 3 cos x 4 3 0 1 cos 3 x 2 3 cos x + 4 3 0

= = =

cos 3 1 cos 0 2 3 cos 0 + 3 cos + 4 2 3 3 1 1 0 + 0 3(1) + 4 3 1 1 1 9 1 0+3 = 4 3 4 3 18 2 = 43 3

118

3.

Evaluation :

cos 2 x 1 + sin x dx 0

Solution:
2

Let

0 2

1 + sin x dx

cos 2 x

1 sin 2 x 1 + sin x dx 0
2

(1 + sin x )(1 sin) dx

(1 + sin x )

0 2

(1 sin x )dx

= = = = I =
2

2 [x ( cos x )]0

[x + (cos x )]

2 0

+ cos (0 + cos 0 ) 2 2 + 0 (0 + 1) 2 1 2

4.

Evaluate

Sin

x cos x dx

Solution: Let I =

Sin

x cos x dx
Put u = sin x du = cosx dx
119

= u3 du =
u4 4

sin 4 x 4

sin 4 x 2 Now Sin x cos x dx = 4 0 0 4 1 4 = sin (sin 0 ) 4 2 1 1 4 (1) 0 = = 4 4

5.

Evaluate :

cos 5x sin 3x dx
0

Solution: Let =

cos 5x sin 3xdx

=

cos A sin B =

1 2

[sin(5x + 3x ) sin(5x 3x )]dx

1 [sin(A + B) sin(A B)] 2

1 [sin 8x sin 2x] dx 2 1 cos 8 x ( cos 2x ) = 2 8 2

=
2

1 cos 8 x cos 2x + 2 8 2

Now

cos 5x sin 3x dx
0

1 cos 8 x cos 2x 2 + = 2 8 2 0

120

 cos 8 cos 2 cos 0 cos 0 1 2 2 + + = 2 8 2 8 2 1 cos 4 cos 1 1 = + + 2 8 2 8 2

=

1 1 1 1 + 2 8 2 8 1 [ 1] = 1 2 2

1 2

=
9

6.

Evaluate

x x+ 9x

dx

Solution:
a

Using

f ( x )dx = f (a x ) dx We get
0

x x+ 9x 9x

dx

(1)

9 x 9 (9 x ) 9x 9x+ x dx

dx

I Adding (1) and (2)

9

(2)

2I

x x+ 9x x + 9x x + 9x

dx +
0

9x 9x+ x

dx

0 9

dx
121

1dx = [x]0
9

= 9-0 2I I
2

= 9 =

9 2 sin x

7.

Evaluate

sin x + cos x dx
a

Solution: Using the result

2
0

f (a)dx
sin x

= f (a x ) dx We get
0

sin x + cos x dx
2

(1)

sin x 2 dx = 0 sin x + cos x 2 2

2

= Adding (1) and (2) 2I

cos x + sin x dx
2

cos x

(2)

2 sin x cos x = dx + dx sin x + cos x cos x + sin x 0 0

sin x + cos x dx

sin x + cos x

122

= =

0 1dx = [x]2 0

2I I

0 2 = 2 = 4
2

8.

Evaluate:

x cos x dx
2

Solution: f(x) = x cos x f(-x) = (-x) cos (-x) = -x cos x = -f(x) f(x) is an odd function
2

x cos x dx = 0 Using property of odd function

2

EXERCISE PART A 1. Find the value of 2. Evaluate 3. Evaluate

xe

2x

dx

x cos x dx
xe
x

dx

4. Evaluate the following (i)

dx 5 3x 0

(ii)

(5 3x )dx
0

123

(iii) (v)

(x + 2x
2 1 4

)dx

(iv) (vi)

cos x
0 0 4

dx

dx 5 x

sin xdx tan

2

(vii) (ix)

cos xdx
0 1+

(viii) (x)

xdx dx

0 1

dx x2

0 1+ e

0 1

ex
x

PART B 1. Integrate the following with respect t x : 2x (i) x cos nx (ii) (2x-1) e 2 2 3x (iii) x sin x (iv) x e 2 3 (v) x cos x (vi) x log x 2 -x 2 (vii) x e (viii) x sec x Evaluate the following
2

2.

(i)

sin
0 2

xdx

(ii)

cos
0 2

xdx

(iii)

cos 2 x 1 sin x dx 0 sin x

2

(iv)

sin 2 x 1 + cos x dx 0
2

(v)

0 2

1 cos x cos
5

dx

(vi)

(2 + sin x )
0 2

cos x dx

(vii)

x sin x dx

(viii)

sin x cos x dx

124

(ix) (xi)

sin 2x cos 3 x dx (2x + 3 )

0 4 0 1 4

(x) (xii)

tan x sec
0 2

x dx

dx

x
1

x 3 + 1 dx

(xiii)

(xv)

1 + sin x
0 1 0 2

0 2

(cos 2x + sin 4x ) dx
cos x dx

(xiv)

1 + e x
0 2 0

dx

(xvi)

sin

x cos xdx

(xvii)

e x e x

e x + e x

dx

(xviii)
1

(sin x + cos x ) dx
2 0 2

(xix)

1 + sin x dx

(xx)

(3x
0

+ 1 (x 1) dx

3.

(i) Evaluate

1 0 1

x x + 5x
2 3 x) 2

dx

(ii) Evaluate

(a

dx

(iii) Evaluate

x(1 x )
0

dx

ANSWERS PART A 1.

xe 2 x 1 2 x e +c 2 4
125

2. 3 4

xsinx +cos x +c .-xe -e +c .(i)

-x -x

1 5 log 3 2

(ii)

7 2 5 1 5 4 4

(iii)

37 6

(iv) 1

(v) log

(vi) 2

(vii) 0

(viii) 1-

(ix)

1+ e (x) log 2

PART B 1

x 1 sin n x + 2 cos nx +c n n 2x (ii) e (x-1) =c 2 (iii) x cosx +2x sin x +2cos x +c

(i) (iv)

e 3 x 2 2x 2 + +c x 3 3 9 x2 1 + x sin 2x + cos 2x + c 4 4 x 4 log x x 4 +c 4 16

(v) (vi)

(vii) x 2 e x 2xe x 2e x + c (viii) x tanx - log sec x +c 2. (i)

(ii)

2 3
126

(iii)

+1 2

(iv) (vii). (x)

1 2 1 6

(v)

+1 2 2 3

(vi) (ix) (xii)

65 4 3 3 4 10 52 9

(viii)

1 2

(xi) 288.2 (xiv) log (xvii) log (xx) 4

(xiii) 1

1+ e 2

(xv) log 2

1 8 (xix) 2
(xvi)

x e2 + 1 (xviii) + 1 2e 2

3 3. (i) 2

16a 2 (ii) 3/5

(iii)

1 20

127

UNIT V

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 1
RANDOM VARIABLE 5.1. Definition of Random Variable Type Probability Mass Function Probability density function. Simple problems. 5.2. Mathematical expectation of discrete variable, mean and variance. Simple problems. BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 5.3. Definition

nCxp x qn x , x = 0,,1,,2,......., n P(X = X) = , Otherwise 0 (Statement only) Expressions for mean and variance, Simple Problems
5.1 RANDOM VARIABLE INTRODUCTION

Let a coin be tossed. Nobody knows what we will get whether a head or tail. But it is certain that either a head or tail will occur. In a similar way, if a dice is thrown, we may get any of the faces 1,2,3,4,5, and 6. But nobody knows which one will occur. Experiments of this type where the outcome cannot be predicted are called random experiments. The word probability or chance is used commonly in day to-day life. For example the chances of India and South Africa winning the world cup cricket, before the start of the game are equal (i.e., 50:50). We often say that it will rain tomorrow. Probably I will not come to function today. All these terms chance, probable, etc., convey the same meaning i.e., that event is not certain to take place. In other

128

words, there is an uncertainty about the happening of the event. The term probability refers to the randomness and uncertainty.
TRAIL AND EVENT

Consider an experiment of throwing a coin. When tossing a coin, we may get a head (H) or tail (T). Here tossing of a coin is a trail and getting a head or tail is an event. From a pack of cards, drawing any three cards is trail and getting a king or a queen or a jack are events. Throwing of a dice is a trail and getting 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 is an event.
Sample space:

The set of all possible cases of an experiment is called the sample space and is denoted by S
Mathematical Definition of Probability

Probabilit y of happening an event E Number of favourable cases of the event = Total number of exhaustive cases m = n Where m n
Random Variable:

= number of favorable cases = n(E) = number of exhaustive cases = n(S)

A function x which transforms events of a random experiment into real numbers is called random variable. It is denoted as X: SR where S is sample space of random experiment and R is set of real numbers
Example:

Two coins are tossed at a time Sample space is S = {HH, HT, TH,TT}

129

If we take X is the number of heads appearing then HH becomes 2, HT and TH becomes 1 and TT becomes 0
X (number of heads) is a random variable TYPES OF RANDOM VARIBLES

The are two types of random variables known as (i) Discrete random variable (ii) Continuous random variable
Discrete random variable

If a random variable takes only a finite or a countable number of values, it is called a discrete random variable. For example, when two coins are tossed the number of heads obtained is the random variable X. X assumes the values 0,1,2 which is a countable set. Such a variable is called discrete random variable.
Definition: probability Mass Function:

Let X be a discrete random variable with values x1,x2,x3,.xn. Let p (xi) be a number associated with each xi Then the function p is called the probability function of X if it satisfies the conditions: (i) p ( x i ) 0 for i = 1,2,3,....n
(ii) p(xi) = 1 The set of ordered pairs (xi, p(xi)) is called the probability distribution of X. The probability function is also known as Probability Mass Function of X.
Continuous Random Variable:

A random variable X is said to be continuous if it can take all possible values between certain limits. Examples: 1. Life time of electric bulb in hours 2. Height, weight, temperature, etc,.
130

Definition: Probability density function: A function f is said to be probability density function (pdf) of the continuous random variable X if it satisfies the following conditions: 1. f ( x ) 0 for all x R;

2.

f ( x ) dx = 1.

Definition: Distribution function (Cumulative Distribution Function): The function F(x) is said to be the distribution function of the random variable X if F(x) = P ( X x ); x . The distribution function F is also called Cumulative distribution function. Note: 1. If X is a discrete random variable then from the definition it follows that F(x) = p(xi) where the summation is overall XI such that x i x. 2. If X is a continuous random variable, then from the definition it follows that

F(x) =

f (t)dt

x . where f(t) is the value of the

probability density function of X at t.

WORKED EXAMBLES PART - A

1.

Find the probability distribution of X when tossing a coin, when X is defined as setting a head. Solution: Let X denote getting a head. 1 Probabilit y of getting a head = 2 1 Probabilit y of getting a tail = 2 The probability distribution of X is given by x 0 1
P(X = x) 1 2 1 2
131

2.

In a class of 10 students, 4 are boys and the rest are girls. Find the probability that a student selected will be a girl. Solution: Total number of students = 10 Number of boys = 4 Number of girls = 6 m Probabilit y that a girl is selected = n 6 3 = = 10 5 3. When throwing a die what is probability of getting a 4? Solution: Total number of cases n=6 { 1,2,3,4,5,6,} Number of favorable cases Probability of getting =1
m 1 = n 6 4. Find the chance that if a card is drawn at random from an ordinary pack, it is one of the court cards. Solution: Total no. of exhaustive cases = 52 cards. Number of favorable cases = 12 (Court cards mean kings, queens, jacks. There are 43=12 court cards) 4= 12 3 = 52 13 5. A bag contains 7 white and 9 red balls. Find the probability of drawing a white ball. Solution: Number of favorable cases =7 Number of exhaustive cases = 16 Probability = 7 16 (One white ball can be drawn out of 7 in 7c1 ways = 7 ways) Probability =

132

 2x 0x3 , 6. Verify that f ( x ) = 9 is a probability density 0, otherwise function. Solution:

f ( x)dx =

2x 2 x2 2 9 dx = = . = 1 2 9 9 9 2 0 0
3

f (x) is a probability density function

7.

A continuous random variable X has the pdf defined by

ce ax ,0 < x < f (x) = 0, else where

Find the value of c if a > 0.
Solution:
e ax f ( x )dx = c e ax = c a 0

= c 0 1 = c a a 0

Since pdf is given

f ( x)dx = 1
c =1 a c=a
PART - B

1.

Find the probability mass function, and the cumulative distribution function for getting 3 when two dice are thrown.

Solutions:

Let X is the random variable of setting number of 3s. Therefore X can take the values 0,1,2.

133

Two dice are thrown, therefore total number of exhaustive cases is 36. S={(1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6) (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6) (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6) (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)} 25 36 10 Probabilit y of one '3' = P (X = 1) = 36 1 Probabilit y of two '3' = P (X = 2) = 36 Probability mass function is given by X 0 1 2 Probabilit y of no '3' = P (X = 0) = 25 10 36 36 Cumulative distribution function P( X = x )
x

1 36

F(x) =

x =-

P( X = xi)
25 36 25 10 35 + = 36 36 36 = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) + P( X = 2) 25 10 1 36 + + = =1 36 36 36 36 0 1 2

F(0) = P( X = 0) =

F(1) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) = F(2)

X F(x)

25 36

35 36
134

2.

A random variable X has the following probability mass function

x p(x)

0 k

1 3k

2 5k

3 7k

4 9k

5 11k

6 13k

Find (i) k (ii) Evaluate P (X < 4), P (X 5), and P (3 < x 6) (iii) What is the smallest value of x for which P(X x) >
Solutions:

1 2

i.

Since P(X=x) is the probability mass function,

pi = 1
i= 0

i.e, k+3k+7k+9k+11k+13k=1 49k = 1

k=

1 49
= k + 3k + 5k + 7k = 16k = 16 49 24 49

ii P(X < 4) = P(X = 0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2) + P(X=3)

P(X 5) = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) = 11k + 13k = 24k = P(3 < 6) = P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) = 9 k + 11 k + 13 k = 33 k = 33 49

iii The minimum value of x may be determined by trial and error method.

135

P(X 0) = k =

1 1 < 49 2

4 1 < 49 2 9 1 P(X 2) = k + 3k + 5k = 9k = < 49 2 16 1 P(X 3) = k + 3k + 5k + 7k = 16k = < 49 2 25 1 P(X 4) = k + 3k + 5k + 7k + 9k = 25k = > 49 2 P(X 1) = k + 3k = 4k = The smallest value of x for which 3. A continuous random variable X has pdf P(X x) > 1 is 4 2

kx(1 x )10 , 0 < x < 1 f ( x) = , otherwise 0

Find k.
Solution:

Since f ( x ) is a pdf , we have

f (x)

dx = 1

kx(1 x )
0

10

dx = 1

Put t = 1 - x x = 1 - t dt = dx when x = 0, t = 1 when x = 1, t = 0

136

k (1 t )t10 ( dt ) = 1
1

t11 t12 0 k =1 11 12 1 1 1 k 0 = 1 11 12 12 11 k =1 132 k = 132

cx (1 x )3 For the pdf f(x) = 0 Find (i) the constant c. 1 (ii) P X < 2 Solution:
4

, 0 < x <1 , elsewhere

(i) Since f(x) is a pdf, we here

f ( x)dx = 1

cx(1 x)
1 0

dx = 1 ( f ( x )dx = f (a x )dx )
0 0 a a

c (1 x )(1 (1 x ))3 dx = 1 c (1 x )x 3 dx = 1
0 1

x 4 x5 c =1 5 4
0

1 1 c = 1 c = 20 4 5

137

P(X <

1 ) = 20 x(1 x )3 dx 2 0
1 2

1 2

= 20 x(1 3 x + 3 x 2 x 3 )dx
0

(ii)

= 20 ( x 3 x 2 + 3 x 3 x 4 )dx
0 2 x 4 x5 3x 2 x 2 = 20 +3 4 5 3 2 0 1

1 2

1 4 3 1 1 1 = 20 + 8 8 4 16 5 32 1 3 15 2 13 = 20 = 20 = 64 160 320 16
5.2 MATHEMATICAL EXPECTATION OF DISCRETE VARIABLE Expectation of a discrete random variable. Definition: If X denotes a discrete random variable which can assume the value x1,x2,..,xn with respective probabilities p1,p2,,pn then the mathematical expectation of X, denoted by E(X) is defined by E(X) = p1x1+p2x2+.+pnxn

pixi
i =1

where

pi = 1
i =1

Thus E(X) is the weighted arithmetic mean of the values xi with the weight to p (xi) mean X = E( X) Hence the mathematical expectation E(X) of a random variable is simply the arithmetic mean. Result: If (x) is a function of a random variable X, then E [(x)] = P(X=x) (x).
138

Properties of mathematical expectation:

(1) E (c) (2) E (c X) (3) E (a X +b) (4) Variance of X (5) Var (X) (6) Var (X c) (7) Var (a X) (8) Var (a X +b) (9) Var (c)

= c where c is a constant = c E (X) where c is a constant. = a E (X) + b where a & b are constants. = var (X) = E{X -E(X)} = E (X ) - [E(X)]
2 2 2 2 2

= Var (X) where c is a constant. = a Var (X) = a Var(X) = 0 where c is a constant.

WORKED EXAMPLE PART - A

(1)

Find the expected value of the number on a die when thrown.

Solution:

x p( x ) E(x)

1 1 6

2 1 6 = xi P (xi)

3 1 6

4 1 6

5 1 6

6 1 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

= (2)

21 7 = . 6 2

Evaluate Var (2 X 3) We have, Var (a X b) Var(2 X 3) = a Var(X) = 2 Var(X) = 4 Var(X)

139
2 2

(3)

A random variable X has E (X) = 2 and E (X ) = 8. Find its variance. Var (X) = E(X ) [E(X)] = 8-2 = 8-4 = 4.
2 2 2

PART - B

(4)

An urn contains 4 white and 3 red balls. Find the probability distribution of the number of red balls in three draws when a ball is drawn at random with replacement. Also find its mean and variance.

Solution:

Let X be the random variable of drawing number of red balls in three draws. X can take the values 0,1,2,3. P (Red ball) = 3 4 ; P (not a red ball) = 7 7

64 4 4 4 P( X = 0) = P( WWW ) = . . . = 343 7 7 7 P( X = 1) = 3 P(RWW ) 3 4 4 144 = 3. . . = 7 7 7 343 P( X = 2) = 3P(RRW ) 3 3 4 3.36 108 = 3. . . = = 7 7 7 343 343 3 3 3 27 . P( X = 3 ) = P(RRR ) = . . = 7 7 7 343
140

The required probability distribution is x 0 64 343 = 1 144 343 2 108 343 3 27 343

P( X = x ) Mean

= E( X )

xi p (xi )
i

64 144 108 27 = 0 + 1 + 2 +3 343 343 343 343

0 + 144 + 216 + 81 343 441 = 343 = E(X2 ) = xi p ( xi )

2 i

64 2 144 108 27 = 02 +1 + 22 + 32 343 343 343 343 0 + 144 + 432 + 243 = 343 819 = 343

Var(X)

= E(X ) [E(X)] 819 441 = 343 343

= = =
2

819 194481 343 117649 280917 194481 117649 86436 117649

141

(5)

A random variable X has the following distribution X P( X = x )

1

1 3

0 1 6

1 1 6

2 1 3

Find mean and variance.

Solution:

Mean = E( X) = x ip( x i )
i

1 1 1 1 = 1 + 0 + 1 + 2 3 6 6 3

= E(X2 ) =

1 2 02 + 1 + 4 3 1 1 +0+ + = = = 3 6 3 6 6 2

xi2p( xi )
i

1 1 1 2 1 = ( 1) + 02 + 12 + 22 3 6 6 3 1 1 4 2 + 1 + 8 11 = + + = = 3 6 3 6 6

Var(X) = E(X2 ) - [E(X)] = = 11 1 6 2

2

11 1 22 3 19 = = 6 4 12 12

142

5.3 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION Introduction:

Binomial distribution was discovered by James Bernoulli (16541705) in the year 1700 and was first published in 1713. An experiment which has two mutually disjoint outcomes is called a Bernoulli trail. The two outcomes are usually called success and failure. An experiment consisting of repeated number of Bernoulli trails is called Binomial experiment. A Binomial distribution can be used under the following conditions: i. The number of trials is finite. ii. The trials are independent of each other. iii. The probability of success is constant for each trial. Probability Function of Binomial Distribution Let X denotes the number of success in n trial satisfying binomial distribution conditions. X is a random variable which can take the values 0,1,2,..,n, since we may get no success, one success,.or all n success. The general expression for the probability of x success is given by P(X=x)=nCx p q ,x=0,1,2,3,.,n. where p=probability of success in each trial, q=1-p Definition: A random variable X is said to follow binomial distribution, if is probability mass function if given by P(X = x) = nC xp x qn - x : x = 0,1,2,3, ., n. 0 Otherwise Where n, p are called parameters of the distribution. Constants of the binomial distribution: Mean = np Variance = npq Standard Deviation = npq
x n-x

143

Note:

(i)

0 p 1, 0 q 1 and p + q = 1

(ii) In binomial distribution mean is always greater then variance. (iii) To denote the random variable X which follows binomial distribution with parameters n and p is X~B(n,p).

WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A

1.

Comment, if any in the following statement: The mean of a binomial distribution is 5 and its standard deviation is 3. Solution: given mean = 5 np =5 1 Standard deviation = 3 npq Squaring, npq = 9 ( 2) npq 9 = (1) np 5 q= 2 =3

9 >1 5 Hence, the given statement is not true. 2. Find n and p in the binomial distribution whose mean is 3 and variance is 2. Solution: given, mean = 3 np = 3 1 Variance = 2 npq =2 2 ( 2) npq 2 = (1) (1) np 3

144

2 3 p = 1-q q= = 1 = Put p = 3. Find 1 3 nx 1 =3 n=9 3 of the binomial 2 3

1 in n p = 3, 3 the mean
x 20 x

distribution

if

2 3 p(x)=20cx 5 5 Solution: x n-x The binomial distribution is P(X=x) = ncx p q 2 3 Here n = 20 p = q= 5 5 2 Mean = np = 20 = 8 5
4. Write down the binomial distribution in which n = 8, p = 3 ,n = 8 4 q=1p 3 = 1 4 1 = 4 3 4

Solution:

Here p =

The binomial distribution is P( X = x ) = nc xp x qn x

3 1 = 8c x 4 4 Where x= 0,1,2,.8
145

8 x

5.

In a binomial distribution if n=9 and p =

1 , what is the value of 3

variance. Solution: 1 3 1 2 q = 1 p = 1 = 3 3 Variance = npq 1 2 = 9. . 3 3 =2 A random variable X has the mean 6 and variance 2. If it is assumed that the distribution is binomial, find n. given n = 9, p =

6.

Solution:

given mean = 6 np = 6 npq 2 1 = = np 6 3 p = 1 q =1

variable = 2 npq
q=

=2 1 3

1 2 = 3 3 mean = np 2 =n 6 3 =9 n
PART - B

1.

In tossing 10 coins, what is the chance of having exactly 5 heads.

Solution:

Let X denote number of heads

146

p = probability of getting a head = 1 1 = 2 2 n = no of trials = 10 q =1 p = 1 The binomial distribution is P( X = x ) = nc x p x qn x P(getting exactly 5 heads)

1 2

= P (X = 5)
1 1 = 10c 5 5 2
5 10 5

2.

63 256 A pair of dice is thrown 10 times, if getting a doublet is considered a success, find the probability of = (i) 4 success (ii) no success

Solution:

Let X denote getting a doublet in a throw of a dice. (A doublet means getting a pair is (1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(5,5),(6,6)).
p = P(getting a doublet ) = 1 5 = 6 6 n = number of trials = 10 q = 1 p = 1
(i) P( 4 success) = P( X = 4) = 210 5 6 610 = 14 5 = 10c 4 6 6 35 5 216 6
6 6

6 1 = 36 6

147

 1 5 (ii) P(no success) = P( X = 0) = 10c 0 6 6

3.

10

5 = 6

10

If the sum of mean and variance of a binomial distribution is 4.8 for 5 trials, find the distribution.

Solution:

Mean = np

variance = npq

Sum of mean and variance = 4.8 np + npq = 4.8 np(1+q) = 4.8 5p(1+1-p) = 4.8
2

(p + q = 1)

P - 2p + 0.96 = 0 p=1.2,0.8 p=0.8 q=0.2 (p cannot be greater then 1) The binomial distribution is p( X = x ) = 5c x (0.8)x (0.2)5 x When x = 0,1,2,3,4,5. 4 If on an average 1 ship out of 10 do not arrive safely to ports. Find the mean and the standard deviation of ships returning safely out of a total of 500 ships.
Solution:

Let X denote the ships arriving safely. 9 p = P(safe arrival ) = 10 9 1 q = 1 p = 1 = 10 10 n = 500

148

mean = np = 500

9 = 450 10 9 1 var iance = npq = 500 = 45 10 10

5.

S.D = 45 = 3 5 In a hurdle race a player has to cross 10 hurdles. The probability 5 that he will clear each hurdle is . What is the probability that he 6 will knock down less than 2 hurdles.

Solution:

Let X denote a player clearing the hurdle. 5 q = Probability of clearing = 6 p = probabiity of knocking = 1 n = 10 P(less than 2 hurdles ) 5 1 = 6 6

= P( X < 2) = P( X = 0) + P( X = 1) 1 5 = 10c 0 6 6 5 = 6
10 0 10

1 5 + 10c 1 6 6 = 59 610

10 5 6 6

(15 )

6.

The overall percentage of passes in a certain examination is 80. If 6 candidates appear in the examination, what is the probability that atleast 5 will pass the examination.

Solution:

Let X denote the overall percentage of passes. p= 80 4 = 100 5 q = 1 p = 1 4 1 = 5 5 n=6

149

P(atleast 5)

= P( X 5) = P( X = 5) + P( X = 6) = 6c 5 p 5 q1 + 6c 6 p 6 q0
4 1 4 1 = 6 + 3 5 5 5
5 5 6 0

4 6 4 4 = + = 2 . 5 5 5 5

7.

With usual notation find p for binomial random variable if n = 6 and if 9P(X=4) = P(X=2).

Solution:

The binomial distribution is P(X=x) = ncxp q Given 9 P(X = 4) = P(X = 2) and n = 6 9 6c4p q = 6c2p q 9.15 p q = 15p q 9p =q 3p = q 3p = 1-p 4p = 1 p= 1 4 (p + q = 1)
2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4

x n-x

Taking square root

EXERCISE PART - A

1. 2. 3.

Define discrete random variable? When a random variable is called a continuous random variable? A random variable X has the following distribution x 0 1 2
150

P(X=x)

3a

4a

6a

7a

8a

find the value of a. 4. A discrete random variable takes values 0,1,2. Also if 144 1 ,P( X = 1) = then find the value of if P(X=2) 169 169

P(X = 0) = 5. 6. 7.

If 3 coins are tossed simultaneously and X is the number of heads. What is the value of P(X=3). Four coins are tossed at a time. If X denotes the number of tails, what are the possible values of X. A random variable X has the following distribution function. 0 1 P(X = x) 6 Find P(X2) X 1 1 3 2 1 3 3 1 6

8.

A random X has the following probability distribution function. X P( X = x ) 0 1 8 1 3 8 2 3 8 3 1 8

Find the distribution function F(x). 9. Examine whether 2x ,0 x 3 can be a pdf of a 9 continuous random variable X? f(x) =
2

10. The probability density function of a random value X is f(x) = Ax , 0 x 1, determine A. 11. If f(x) = kx , 0 x 3,
2

0 else where is a pdf, find the value of k?

151

12. Verify whether f(x) =

2

2 1 . , < x < is a pdf ? 4 + x2

13. If E(X) = 12 and E(X )=200 what is var (X). 14. If E(X) = 3 and E(X ) = 30, what is the variance of X 15. If var (X) = 2 , what is var(5 X +7)? 16. If E(X) = 8 what is the value of E (3X). 17. A binomial distribution has mean 4 and variance 8 find p and n. 3
2

18. A discrete random variable X has the mean 6 and variance 2. If it is assumed that the distribution is binomial find n. 3 2 19. Find the S.D of the binomial distribution 10cx 5 5
x 10 x

20. For a binomial distribution mean is 9 and variance is14. Is it possible?

1 1 21. Find the mean of the binomial distribution 16c x 2 2
x 16 x

PART - B

1.

A random variable X has the following probability distribution function. X 0 P( X = x )a Find 1 3a 2 5a 3 7a 4 9a 5 11a

(i) The value of a (ii) P(X<4) (iii) P(X 3) (iv) P(2<X<5)

152

2.

A random variable X has the following probability distribution X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 P( X = x ) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k 15k 17k i. Determine the value of k ii. P(X < 5) iii. P(X 4) iv. P(0 X< 5)

3.

The probability denity function of a random variable X is

3 x 2 ,0 x 1 f ( x) = 0 , elsewhere
If (i) P(X a) = P(X >a) and (ii) P(X >b)=0.05 Find the value of a & b 4.
A 3 ,1 < x < e is the pdf of a random variable X, find p If f ( x ) = x 0 , otherwise

P(X >e). 5. The amount of bread (in hundred of ks) x, that a certain bakery is able to sell in a month is found to be a numerical valued random phenomenon specified by probability density function f(x) given by

for Ax f ( x ) = A(10 x )for 0 i. Find the value of A

0x5 5 x 10 elsewhere

ii. What is the probability that the number of kg of bread that will be sold next month is, (a) more than 500 kg (b) Between 250 and 750 kg?
153

6. 7.

Two cards are drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards with replacement, find the mean and variance of the number of aces The probability that a student will graduate is 0.4. Find the probability that out of 5 student (i) none (ii) one (iii) at least one will be a graduate. A player tosses 3 fair coins. He wins Rs.5 if 3 heads appear, Rs.3, if 2 head appears Rs.1 if 1 head occurs. On the other head he losses Rs.15/- if all tails occurs. Find the expected gain. If a random variable X has the following probability distribution 1 1 P( X = x ) 3 X 0 1 6 1 1 6 2 1 3
2

8.

9.

Find (i) E(X) (ii) var (X) (iii) E(2 X +3)

10. A game is played with a single fair die. A player wins Rs.20 if a 2 turns up, Rs 40 of a 4 turns up, loses Rs.30 if a 6 turns up. While he neither wins nor loses if any other face turns up. Find the expected sum of money he can win. 11. Ten coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting exactly 2 heads. 12. In a binomial distribution having 6 independent trials the probabilities of 0 and 1 successes are 0.4 and 0.2 respectively. Find p and P(X=0) 13. With usual notation find p for the binomial distribution X if n=6 and if 9P(X =4)=P(X =2) 14. Find the probability that in a family of 4 children there will be ateast 1 boy and 1 girl. 15. Ten coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting (i) atleast seven heads (ii) exactly 7 heads and (iii) almost seven heads 16. In a binomial distribution with 5 independent trial the probability of getting 1 and 2 success are 0.6 and 0.2 respectively. Find p

154

17. In a large consignment of iron boxes 10% are defective . A random sample of 20 is taken for inspection. Find the probability that at the most there are 3 defective iron boxes. 18. The mean and variance of a binomial variate X with parameters n and p are 16 and 8 respectively. Find P(X =0) and P(X =1) 19. Four coins are tossed simultaneously probability distribution. Find the probability of getting at least 2 heads. 20. A random various X has the following probability distribution X 0 P( X = x )3a 1 4a 2 6a
2

3 7a

4 8a

Find the value of a the find E(X + X)

ANSWERS PART-A

3. 6.

a=

1 28

4. 7. 1 4 8 11. 15. 18. 21. 2 7 8

0,1,2,3,4 x 0 1 8

24 169 5 6 3 1 k= 50 9 8 1 9

5.

1 8

8.

F( x ) A=3

10

13. 16. 19.

56 24 12 5

14. 21 17 1 n = 12 3 20. not possible p=

155

PART - B

1. 2.

(i) a = (i) a =

1 36

(ii)

4 9

(iii)

3 4

(iv)

4 9

1 25 65 25 (ii) (iii) (iv ) 81 81 81 81

1

3.

1 3 a= 2 (i) A =

19 3 b= 20 (ii) (a)

4.

(i) A =

1 3

(ii)

2 3

5. 6. 7. 8.

1 25

1 (b)0.75 2

2 24 , 13 169 (i) 0.0776 (ii) Rs.0.25 9. 11.

12 (ii) 13
6

0.2592 (iii) (i) 1 2 (ii) 14 12

0.9224 (iii) 67 3

10. Rs.5 1 13

45 210

12.

(i) 1 4

13. 16. 18.

14. 17. 1 2 20. (ii)

15.

(i)

11 64

(ii)

121 15 (iii) 125 128

p= 1 7 n = 32 p =

0.8666 1 2
32

(iii) 1 28

1 227 (ii) 72 7

19. 11 16

(i)a =

156

MATHEMATICS III MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1

Time : 3 Hrs PART A (Marks: 15 x 1 = 15) Answer any fifteen (15) questions: 1.
/ / If position vectors of the points A and B are 2 i + j k and / / / 5 i + 4 j + 3k find AB
/ / / / If the vectors a = 2 I 3J and b = 6 I + m j are collinear, find the value of m. Define scalar product of two vectors.

(Maximum Marks: 75)

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Find the projection of the vector 2 i + 3 j k on 2 i + 4 j k / / / / / / / / If a = 2 i j + k and b = i + 2 j + 3k find a x b / / / / / Prove that a b x a + b = 2 a + b

( ) (

) (

Find the value of i , j , k

Find i x j xk and ( i x j) x k

8. 9.

Evaluate

(3 x
2

5 sec 2 x + 7 / x )dx

10. Evaluate sin x dx 11. Evaluate 12. Evaluate

e x + 1 dx
4x 2 25 dx
x

ex

13. Evaluate x e dx
157

14. Evaluate log x dx 15. Evaluate 16. Evaluate

3 x 2 + 1dx x 3 dx

2
0 a

17. Define discrete random variable. 18. A random variable X has the following probability distribution X: P(x) : 1 5a 2 3a 3 7a 4 4a

Find the value of a 19. A random variable X has the following probability distribution X: P(x) : Find E(X) 20. Find the mean and variance of the binomial distribution given by P(X=x) = 10Cx (1/4) (3/4)
x 10-x

0 1/7

1 2/7

2 1/7

3 3/7

when x=0,1,210

PART - B (Marks : 5 x 12 = 60) [ N.B :- (1) Answer all questions choosing any two divisions from each question. (2) All questions carry equal marks. ] 21 (a) Show that the points whose position vectors

2 i + 3 j 5 k ,3 i + j 2 k and 6 i 5 j + 7 k are collinear (b) Prove that the vectors are a = i + 2 j + 5 k , b = i + j 3 k

and c = 7 i 4 j + k are mutually perpendicular.

(c) A particle

acted

on

by

the

forces 3 i 2 j + 2 k

and 2 i + j 3 k is displaced from the point 2 i + 3 j k the point 4 i j + 2 k Find the work done.
158

to

22 (a) Find the area of the triangle formed by the points whose position vectors are 2 i + 3 j + 4 k , 3 i ,+ 4 j + 2 k ,4 i ,+ 2 j , + 3 k , (b) Find the magnitude of the moment about the point (1,-2,3) of a force 2i + 3j + 6k whose line of action passes through the origin / (c) If a = i + j ; b = j + k ; c = k + i ; d = i + j + k verify that

(a x b )x (c x d )= [a d b ]c [a b c ]d
sin x 1 + cos x

23 (a) Integrate (i) (b) Evaluate (i) (c) Evaluate

(ii) Sin7x Cos5x

dx

x
2

6x + 5 3x 2 + 5x + 6
1

(ii)

cos2 x dx

e tan x

3 x 2 13 x 10 dx
2

24 (a) Evaluate (i)

log x dx

(ii) x cos 5x

x 1 6 cos 2 dx (ii) dx 1 2 0 2 x 25 (a) A Random variable X has the following probability distribution X 0 1 2 3 4 5 P(X) a 3a 5a 7a 9a 11a Find (i) Value of a (ii) P(X>3) (iii) P(1x4) (b) The random variable X has the following probability distribution X 0 1 2 3 4 5 P(x) 1/16 3/8 3/16 1/16 1/16 Find the mean and variance (c) A perfect cube is thrown 8 times. The occurrence of 2 or 4 is called a success, find the probability of (i) 2 success (ii) atleast 2 successes.

(b) Using Bernoullis formula evaluate (i) x 2 e 2 x dx (ii) (c) Evaluate (i)
x2 3 x +

cos 2 x dx

159

MATHEMATICS III MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 2

Time : 3 Hrs
PART A

(Maximum Marks: 75)

(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15) 1.
/ If a = 3 i j 4 k , b = 2 i + 4 j 3 k and

c = i + 2 j k , find 2 a b 3 c 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Find the direction cosines of the vector 2 i + 3 j 4 k

If a = 5 i j 6 k , b = 7 i + 3 j 2 k find dot product of a and b State the formula to find work done by the force the particle from the point A to B. Define vector product of two vectors.

in displacing

If a and b are the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find its area. Define scalar product of three vectors Express a x b (c x b ) in the form of determinant. Evaluate sec 2 (3 + 4 x )dx

10. Evaluate 11. Evaluate

sin 5 x cos 2x dx

1+ x 2
1

2x

dx

12. Evaluate

16 + x 2

dx

160

13. Evaluate log x dx 14. Evaluate x sjnx dx 15. Evaluate 16. Evaluate

2
2 2

3 x 2 + 4 dx
3

( 2x

+ 5 x ) dx

17. Define Random variable 18. A random variable X has the following the probability distribution X : P(X) : 1 1/16 2 5/16
2

3 3/16

4 3/16

Find P (X<3) 19. If E(X) = 5 and E (X ) = 35 find variance of X 20. In a binomial distribution, the mean and standard deviation are 12 and 2 respectively. Find p.
PART B (Marks: 5 x 12 = 60) [N.B :- (1) Answer all questions choosing any two divisions from each question. (2) All questions carry equal marks. ] 21 (a) Show that the points given by the vectors

4 i + 5 j + k , j k , 3 i + 9 j + 4 k and 4 i + 4 j + 4 k are coplanar. (b) Find the angle between the vectors 3 i + 4 j + 12 k on i + 2 j + 2 k . (c) The work done by force F = a i + j + k in moving the point of application from i + j + k t o 2 i + 2 j + 2 k . along a straight line is given to be 5 units. Find the value of a.
161

22 (a) Find the angle and the unit vector perpendicular to both the / vectors a = I + 2 j + 2k and b = i j k. . / (b) Find the moment about the point I + 2J K of a force represented by (c)

3 i + k acting through the point 2I J 2K

Prove that a x b, b x c, c x a = a b c

][

23 (a) Evaluate (i) (b) Evaluate (i)

(tan x + cot x ) dx
2

(ii) (ii)

1 + sin 2x dx sin x x dx

tan

x sec 2 x

(c)

Evaluate

x 2 + 6x + 8

4x 3

dx

24 (a) Evaluate (i)

x log x dx

(ii)

x cos 5x x
2

(b) Using Bernoullis formula evaluate (i) (c)

e 2 x dx

(ii)
1 e tan 1

cos 2x dx

Evaluate (i)

0 1 + x 2

dx

(ii)

2 0

sin x dx sin x + cos x

25 (a) Show that f(x) = density function.

2 1 1 < x < 1, 1+ x2

is

probability

(b) A random variable X has the following probability distribution X P(X) (c) : :
2

0 1/8

1 3/8

2 3/8

3 1/8

Find E(2X+3)

Four coins are tossed simultaneously. What is the probability of getting (a) exactly 2 heads (b) at least two heads (c) at most two heads.

162

MATHEMATICS IV UNIT I

COMPLEX NUMBERS I
1.1 DefinitionConjugatesAlgebra of complex numbers (geometrical proof not needed)Real and Imaginary parts. Simple problems. 1.2 Polar form of complex number Modulus and amplitude form multiplication and division of complex numbers in polar form. Simple Problems. 1.3 Argand planecollinear points, four points forming square, rectangle, rhombus. Simple Problems. Introduction The concept of imaginary numbers has its historical origin in the fact that the solution of the quadratic equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 leads to

an expression

b b2 4ac which is 2a

not found meaningful

when b 2 4ac < 0 . This is because of the fact that the square of a real number is never negative. So it created the need of the extension of the system of real numbers. Euler was the first mathematician who introduced the symbol i for
1 with the properties i = -1 and
2

accordingly a root of the equation x 2 + 1 = 0, also symbol of the form a + ib where a and b are real numbers is called a complex number.
Definition of Complex Numbers:

A number of the form a + ib, where a,b are real numbers and i = -1 is called a complex number. If z = a + ib , then a is called the real part of z and b is called the imaginary part of z and are denoted by Re(z) and Im(z) respectively. Example:
z = 2 + 5i Re(z ) = 2, Im(z ) = 5

163

Note:

In the complex number a + ib

i. If a = 0, then the number is purely imaginary. ii. If b = 0, then the number is purely real. iii. The complex number a + ib is also denoted as the ordered pair (a,b).
Conjugate of a complex numbers:

A pair of complex numbers of the form a + ib and a ib are called conjugate complex numbers of each other. If z is any complex number then its conjugate is usually denoted by

z.
z z = (a + ib )(a ib ) z z = a2 + b2

Algebra of complex numbers: Addition of two complex numbers:

Let z 1=a+ib and z 2=c+id be any two complex numbers. Then the sum z 1+ z 2 is defined as follows. z 1+ z 2 =a+ib+c+id = (a+c)+ i(b+d) which is again a complex numbers. For example, 2+3i+ (-4+7i)= (24)+I(3+7)=-2+10i
Difference of two complex numbers:

When any two complex numbers z 1 and z 2, the difference

z 1- z 2 is defined as follows. z 1- z 2= z 1+(- z 2)

For example 6+3i-(2-i) =(6+3i)+(-2+i) =(6-2)+i(3+1) =4+4i and 2-i-(6+3i)=2-i+(-6-3i)=-4-4i
164

Multiplication of two complex numbers:

Let z 1=a+ib and

z 2 = c+id then z 1 z 2 =(a+ib)(c+id) =ac+ibc+iad+i bd =ac+i(ad+bc)-bd =ac-bd+i(ad+bc)

2

For example (3+5i)(2+6i)=(32-56)+i(36+52) =-24+i(28) =-24+28i

Division of two complex numbers:

Consider any two complex numbers z1 and z 2 where z 20, the z1 a + ib c id = quotient z2 c + id c id

= = =

ac iad + ibc i2bd c 2 i2d2 ac + i(bc ad) + bd c 2 + d2 ac + bd + i(bc ad)

(i

= 1

c 2 + d2 z1 ac + bd (bc ad) = 2 +i 2 z2 c + d2 c + d2 For example, Let z 1 = 6 + 3i and z 2 = 2 i

Then

z1 6 + 3i 6 + 3i 2 + i = = z2 2i 2i 2+i
=

12 + 6i + 6i + 3i2

(2)2 + ( 1)2

12 + 12i 3 4 +1 9 + 12i 9 12i = = + 5 5 5

=
165

1.

1.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A Write the real and imaginary parts of the complex

number 4 i 7
Solution:

Let z = 4 i 7 , Re(z ) = 4, Im(z ) = 7 2. What is the complex conjugate of 4 + i 3

Solution:

Let z z 3.

= 4+i 3 = 4i 3

What is the complex conjugate of 6i-4

Solution:

Let z z 4.

= 6i 4 = 4 + 6i = 4 6i

Write the following complex numbers in a+ib form (1) 27 (2) 3 5

Solution:

(i)

27 =

( 1) 27 =

27i2 = i 27 = 0 + i 27

(ii) 3 5 = 3 1 5 = 3 5i2 = 3 i 5
5.

1 Express ( 5i) i in the form a+bi. 8 5 5 5 1 ( 5i) i = i2 = ( 1) = + i(0 ) 8 8 8 8

Solution:

166

6.

Express the following in the standard form a+ib. (i) 3-4i+(-7-i) (ii) 8-6i-(-4i-7)

Solution:

(i) 3-4i+(-7-i) = (3-7)+i(-4-1)=-4+i(-5)=-4-5i (ii) 8-6i-(-4i-7)=8-6i+ 4i+7=15-2i=15+i(-2)=15-2i 7. If z1 = (-1,2 ), z2 = (3,4 ) find 3z 1 4z 2

Solution:

3z1 4z2 = 3( 1 ,2) 4( 3,4 ) = ( 3,6 ) ( 12,16 ) = (9,10 )

8.

Find the real and imaginary parts of

1 3 + 2i

Solution:

Let z = =

1 3 2i 3 + 2i 3 2i 3 2i 3 +2
2 2

3 2i 9+4

3 2 + i 13 13 3 2 Re(z ) = ;Im(z ) = 13 13 =

167

PART - B

1.

Find the real and imaginary parts of

4 + 5i 3 - 2i

Solution:

Let z

= =

4 + 5i 3 + 2i 3 - 2i 3 + 2i 12 + 8i + 15i + 10i2
2

Re(z ) 2.

9 4i 2 + 23i 2 23 = = +i 13 13 13 2 23 , Im(z ) = = 13 13

12 + 23i 10 9+4

Find the real and imaginary parts of

3 i + 4 + 3i 3 4i

Solution:

Let z

3 i + 4 + 3i 3 4i 3(4 3i) i(3 + 4i) = + (4 + 3i)(4 3i) (3 4i)(3 + 4i) = = 12 9i 16 9i2 + 3i + 4i2 9 16i2

=
=

12 9i 3i 4 + 16 + 9 9 + 16

12 9i 3i 4 + 25 25 12 9i + 3i 4 = 25 = 8 6i 8 6 = + i 25 25 25 8 6 ; Im(z ) = 25 25
168

Re(z )

3.

Express

(1 + i)(1 + 2i) in a+ib form. Find also its conjugate.

1 + 3i

Solution:

Let z

1 + 3i 1 + 3i 1 + 3i 2 1 + 3i 1 3i = = 1 + 3i 1 + 3i 1 3i = 1 + 3i + 3i 9i2 1 9i
2

(1 + i)(1 + 2i) = 1 + 2i + i + 2i2

1 + 6i + 9 8 + 6i = 1+ 9 10

z =

8 + 6i 8 6 = + i 10 10 10 4 3 = + i 5 5 4 3 4 3 + i= i 5 5 5 5
3

conjugate of

4.

1- i Find the real and imaginary part of 1+ i Solution: 1- i 1 i Let z = 1+ i 1 i

1 2i + i2 1+ 1 1 i2 1 2i 1 2i = = = i 2 2 = =

(1 i)2

1 i 3 z3 = = ( i) = i3 = i i2 + 1 i = i( 1)

()

= i = 0 + i(1)

Re al part = 0, Im aginary part = 1

169

5.

Express

(1 + 2i)3 in a+ib form. (1 + i)(2 i)

Solution:

Let z

= =

(1 + 2i)3 (1 + i)(2 i)
1 + 8i3 + 6i + 12i2
2

(a + b )3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2b + 3ab2
= 1 8i + 6i 12 11 2i = 2 + i +1 3+i i3 = i

2 i + 2i i 11 2i 3 i z = 3+i 3i =
2

33 + 11i 6i + 2i2

Re(z )

9i 35 + 5i 35 5i = = + 10 10 10 7 1 = + i 2 2 1 7 , Im(z ) = = 2 2

33 + 5i 2 9 +1

1.2. POLAR FORM OF COMPLEX NUMBERS (OR) (MODULUS-AMPLITUDE FORM)

Let the point P represent the non-zero complex number Z = a + ib Let the directed line segment OP be of length r and be the angle which OP makes with the positive direction of x-axis. We may note that the point P is uniquely determined by the ordered pair of real numbers (r,), called the polar coordinates of the point P. We consider the origin as the pole and the positive direction of the x-aixs as the initial line.

170

We have, a=rcos, b=rsin and therefore, Z=a+ib=r(cos+isin) i =re . The latter is said to be the polar form of the complex number. Equating real and imaginary parts, a=rcos, b=rsin Squaring and adding, 2 2 2 2 2 a +b =r (cos +sin ) 2 2 2 a +b =r
r = a2 + b2

(Taking positive sign)

Now cos =

a b ; sin = r r b sin b = r = a a cos r b b tan = = tan 1 a a

r is called the modulus of the complex number Z and is denoted by Z

and is called the argument (or) amplitude of the complex number Z

171

and is denoted by arg(Z) (or) amp Z. r is single valued where as will have infinite number of values differing by multiples of 2. The values of lying in the range -< is called the principal value of the argument.
Theorems of complex numbers:

(i)

The product of two complex numbers is a complex number whose modulus is the product of their moduli and whose amplitude is the sum of their amplitudes. i.e. Z1Z 2 = Z1 Z2 and arg (Z1Z 2 ) = arg Z1 + arg Z 2 The quotient of two complex numbers is a complex number whose modulus is the quotient of their modulii and whose amplitude is the subtraction of the amplitude of the denominator from the amplitude of the numerator. i.e. Z1 Z1 = and Z2 Z2

(ii)

Z1 arg Z = arg(Z1) arg(Z 2 ) 2

1.2 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A

1.

Find the modulus of the complex number 1 3 + i 2 2 1 Here a = and 2 Let Z =

1 3 + i 2 2

Solution:

b=

3 2
2 1 3 = + 2 2 2

mod ulus = r = a2 + b 2

1 3 + = 1 =1 4 4

172

2.

Find the amplitude of the complex number 1 + i 3

Let Z1 = 1 + i 3 = r[cos + i sin ] r cos = 1= a r sin = 3 = b = 3 3 b Amplitude = = tan 1 = tan 1 1 a

Solution:

3.

If Z1 = cos

3 3 + i sin and Z 2 = cos + i sin what is the value 8 8 8 8

of Z1Z 2 .
Solution:

Z1Z2

3 3 = cos + i sin cos + i sin 8 8 8 8 3 3 = cos + + i sin + 8 8 8 8 = cos + i sin 2 2 = 0 + i(1) = i

4.

If Z1 = cos Z1 Z2

+ i sin and Z2 = cos + i sin what is the value of 2 2 4 4

Solution:

Z1 Z2

+ i sin 2 2 = cos + i sin 4 4 cos

= cos + i sin 2 4 2 1 = cos + i sin = + 4 4 2
173

4 1 3 i

PART - B

1.

Find the modulus and amplitude of 1 3 +i = a + ib 2 2 1 3 Here a = , b = 2 2 mod ulus = r = a + b

2 2

1 3 +i 2 2

Solution: Let Z =

2 3 1 = + 2 2

1 3 + 4 4 =1

= 1

b and = tan 1 a 3 = tan 1 2 1 2 = 60 = 3

= tan 1 3

( )

2. Find the modulus and amplitude of 3 i Solution: Let Z = 3 i, Here a = 3 , b = 1 mod ulus = r = a2 + b 2 = cos = cos = a , r 3 2 sin = b r 1 2 6
174

( 3 ) + ( 1)
2

= 3 +1 = 4 = 2

sin =

= 30

Amplitude =

3.

Find the modulus and argument of

1 + 3 3i 3 + 2i

Solution:

Let Z

= = = = =

1 + 3 3i 3 + 2i 1 + 3 3i 3 + 2i 3 2i 3 2i
2

3 2i + 9i 6 3i2

( 3 ) 4i
2

= 3 + i = r [cos + i sin ] r cos = 3 = a, mod ulus Argument r sin = 1 = b

7 3 +i 7

3 + 7i + 6 3 7 3 + 7i = 3+4 7

= r = a2 + b2 =

( 3)

+ i2 = 3 + 1 = 4

1 b = = tan 1 = tan 1 a 3 = = tan 30 = 6

4.

Express

1 + 2i in the form r(cos+isin) 1 3i 1 + 2i 1 3i 1 + 2i 1 + 3i = 1 3i 1 + 3i =

Solution:

Let Z Z

175

1 + 3i + 2i + 6i2 1 9i2 =

1 + 5i 6 1+ 9

5 + 5i 5( 1 + i) 1 = = ( 1 + i) 10 10 2 1 1 = + i = r [cos + i sin ] 2 2

r cos =

1 1 = a r sin = = b 2 2
2 2

1 1 mod ulus = r = a 2 + b 2 = + 2 2
= 1 1 + = 4 4

1 1 = 2 2

1 a 1 c 1 cos = = 2 = = 1 r 2 1 2 2

1 b 1 2 1 2 sin = = = = 1 r 2 1 2 2 cos 135 = cos(90 + 45 ) = sin 45 = sin 135 = sin(90 + 45 ) = cos 45 = 3 Argument = 135 = 4 1 + 2i 1 3 3 = + i sin cos 1 3i 4 4 2 1 2 1 2

176

5.

Find the modulus and amplitude of

5i 2 3i

Solution:

Let Z

5 i 2 3i 5 i 2 + 3i = 2 3i 2 + 3i = = 10 + 15i 2i 3i2
2

4 9i 13 + 13i 13(1 + i) = = 4+9 13 1 + i = r [cos + i sin ] r cos = 1 = a r sin = 1 = b

10 + 13i + 3 4+9

mod ulus = r = a 2 + b 2 = 12 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2
b 1 Argument = = tan 1 = tan 1 a 1

= tan 1(1) = 4

1.3. ARGAND PLANE

We have discussed some properties of a complex number in the previous section. There we have defined addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of complex numbers. Here we shall give the geometrical representation of a complex number. Let Z=(x,y)=x+iy be a complex number.

177

We can represent a complex number Z=x+iy by a point P whose coordinates are (x,y) referred to the rectangular axes OX and OY known as real and imaginary axes respectively. The point P is known as image of the complex number Z and the complex number Z is known as the complex coordinates of the point P. The plane whose points are represented by the complex numbers is called the argand plane or argand diagram or complex plane or a Gaussian plane.
Sum of Two Complex Numbers:

Let OX is the real axis and OY is the imaginary axis. Let Z 1 =x1+iy1 and Z 2 =x2+iy2 be two complex numbers represented by
178

the points P and Q on the Argand diagram. Complete the Parallelogram OPRQ. Draw PK, RM, QL perpendiculars to ox. Also draw PN r RM OM=OK+KM=OK+OL=x1+x2 and RM=MN+NR=KP+LQ=y1+y2 The coordinates of R are (x1+x2, y1+y2) and it represent the complex number. (x1+x2)+i(y1+y2) = (x1+iy1)+(x2+iy2) Thus the sum of two complex numbers is represented by the extremity of the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by OP ( Z 1 ) OQ ( Z 2 ) as adjacent sides Z1 + Z2 =OR and arg ( Z1 + Z2 )=ROM
Subtraction of Complex Numbers:

Let OX be the real axis and OY be the imaginary axis. Let P and Q represent the complex numbers (x1+iy1) and (x2+iy2). Draw PL, QM, rs RN to OX and RS QM. Join OP and OQ and complete the parallelogram OPQR having OP and OQ as a side and a diagonal. Then R represents the difference of two complex numbers. Now OLP =RSQ OL=RS, PL=QS, ON=OM-NM=OM-OL=x2-x1 RN=SM=QM-QS=QM-PL=y2-y1 R represents the complex number (x2-x1, y2-y1)
179

Multiplication of Two Complex Numbers:

Let z 1 =x1+iy1 and z 2 =x2+iy2 be two complex numbers. Now we know that a complex numbers z can be put in the form y z=r (cos+isin) where r = x 2 + y 2 and = tan 1 x Let Z 1 =r1[cos1+isin1] Z 2 =r2[cos2+isin2] Then Z 1Z 2 =r1r2 [cos(1+2)+isin(1+2)] So that r1r2 is the modulus and Q1+Q2 is the argument of Z 1Z 2 Let OP=r1 and OQ=r2 POX = 1 QOX = 2 Let A be a point on the real axis such that OA=1. Join PA. Now draw the triangle OQR similar to the OAP. Then the point Ris the required point. Now in the OAP and OQR OR OP OR r1 = = OR = r1r2 OQ OA r2 1

180

and

= XOR = XOR + QOR = XOQ + AOP = 2 + 1

Hence R is the required point.

Division of Complex Numbers:

Let Z 1 = r1 (cos1+isin2) and Z2=r2 (cos2+1sin2) be the two complex numbers, then their quotient R Z1 Z r is 1 = 1 [cos (1-2) + Z2 Z2 r2

isin (1-2)]. Thus the modulus and argument of the complex number Z1 r1 is and 1-2 respectively. Now the point R representing the Z2 r2 complex number ordinates ( Z1 is the point in the argand plane with polar coZ2

r1 , 1 2 ). Let A be a point on the real axis such that r2 OA=1. Let P and Q represent the complex numbers Z 1 and Z 2 .Now

construct the triangle OPR similar to OQA, then we have

181

OP OQ r r = 1 = 2 OR OA OR 1 r1 OR = r2 Also XOR = XOP ROP Thus R is the required point. Note:

If Z1 = x 1 + iy1 , and Z 2 = x 2 + iy 2 then Z1 Z 2 = (x 1 x 2 ) + i(y1 y 2 ) and

= 1 2

Z1 Z 2 =

(x 1 x 2 )2 + (y1 y 2 )2

clearly

Z1 Z 2 is

the

distance between the point represented by the complex numbers.

1.3 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A Find the distance between the points represented by the complex numbers (2+i) and 1-2i

1.

Solution:

Let A (2+i) and 1-2i

AB = (2 + i) (1 2i) = 2 + i 1 + 2i = 1 + 3i = 12 + 32 = 1 + 9 = 10 units.

PART - B

1.

Prove that points in the Argand plane representing the complex numbers 3+7i, 6+5i and 15-i are collinear.

Solution: Let A(3+7i), B(6+5i), C(15-i) be the point representing the complex numbers in the Argand plane.

182

AB = (3 + 7i) (6 + 5i) = 3 + 7i 6 5i = 3 + 2i

( 3 )2 + 22 = 9 + 4 = 13 BC = (6 + 5i) (15 i) = 6 + 5i 15 + i
= = 9 + 6i

( 9 )2 + 62 = 81 + 36 = 117 = AC = (3 + 7i) (15 i) = 3 + 7i 15 + i

= = 12 + 8i =

9 13 = 3 13

( 12)2 + 82
= 4 13 = AC

= 144 + 64 = 208 = 16 13 = 4 13

AB + BC = 13 + 3 13 AB + BC 2.

The given points are collinear. Prove that the complex numbers -1,3i, 3+2i and 2-I are the vertices of a square in the argand plane. Solution: Let A(-1), B(3i), C(3+2i), D(2-i) be the four points in the argand plane.

183

AB = 1 3i

( 1)2 + ( 3)2 = 1 + 9 = BC = 3i (3 + 2i) = 3i 3 2i

= = 3+i =

10

( 3 )2 + 12

= 9 + 1 = 10

CD = (3 + 2i) (2 i) = 3 + 2i 2 + i = 1 + 3i DA = (2 i) ( 1) = 2 i + 1 = 3 i = 3 2 + ( 1) = 9 + 1 = 10
2

= 12 + 3 2 = 1 + 9 = 10

AB = BC = CD = DA = 10 All four sides are equal. Also diagonal

AC = 1 (3 + 2i) = 1 3 2i = 4 2i = BD = =

( 4)2 + ( 2)2 = 16 + 4 = 20 3i (2 i) = 3i 2 + i = 2 + 4i ( 2)2 + 42

= 4 + 16 = 20

AC=BD The given points form a square. 3. Show that the points representing the complex numbers 2-2i, 8+4i, 5+7i and -1+i form the vertices of a rectangle.

Solution:

Let A(2-2i), B(8+4i), C(5+7i) and D(-1+i) be the points representing the complex numbers in the argand diagram.

184

AB = (2 2i) (8 + 4i) = 2 2i 8 4i = 6 6i =

( 6 )2 + ( 6 )2

= 36 + 36 = 72
BC = (8 + 4i) (5 + 7i) = 8 + 4i 5 7i = 3 3i CD = (5 + 7i) ( 1 + i) = 5 + 7i + 1 i = 6 + 6i DA = ( 1 + i) (2 2i) = 1 + i 2 + 2i = 3 + 3i = = 62 + 6 2 = 36 + 36 = 72 = 3 2 + ( 3 ) = 9 + 9 = 18
2

( 3)2 + 32

= 9 + 9 = 18

AB=CD and BC=DA Also diagonals AC = (2 2i) (5 + 7i) = 2 2i 5 7i = 3 9i =

( 3 )2 + ( 9 )2

= 9 + 81 = 90

BD = (8 + 4i) ( 1 + i) = 8 + 4i + 1 i = 9 + 3i = 92 + 32 = 81 + 9 = 90 AC=BD Opposite sides are equal and also diagonals are equal. The given four points form a rectangle.
185

4.

Show that the complex numbers 9+I, 4+13i, -8+8i, and -3-4i form a rhombus.

Solution:

Let A(9+i), B(4+13i), c(-8+8i) and D(-3-4i) be the points representing the complex numbers in the Argand plane. AB = (9 + i) (4 + 13i) = 9 + i 4 13i = 5 12i BC = (4 + 13i) ( 8 + 8i) = 4 + 13i + 8 8i = 12 + 5i = 12 2 + 52 = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13 CD = ( 8 + 8i) ( 3 4i) = 8 + 8i + 3 + 4i = 5 + 12i = AD = = 52 + ( 12 ) = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13
2

( 5 )2 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13 (9 + i) ( 3 4i) = 9 + i + 3 + 4i = 12 + 5i

= 122 + 5 2 = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13 AB=BC=CD=AD=13 i.e. All the four sides are equal. ABCD is a rhombus. 5. Prove that the complex numbers 1-2i, -1+4i, 5+8i, 7+2i form a parallelogram.

Solution:

Let A(1-2i), B(-1+4i), C(5+8i) and D(7+2i) be the points representing the complex numbers in the argand plane. Mid po int of AC Mid po int of BD 1 2i + 5 + 8i 6 + 6i = = 3 + 3i 2 2 6 + 6i 1 + 4i + 7 + 2i = = = 3 + 3i 2 2 =

186

Since the midpoint of AC and BD are the same, the diagonals AC and BD bisect each other. ABCD is a parallelogram. 6. Show that the points representing the complex numbers 7+9i, 3+3i form a right angled isosceles triangle in the argand diagram.

Solution:

Let A (7+9i),(-3+7i) and B(-3+7i) and C(3+3i) be the points representing the complex number in the Argand plane AB = (7 + 9i) ( 3 + 7i) = 7 + 9i + 3 7i = 10 + 2i = 10 2 + 2 2 = 100 + 4 = 104 BC = ( 3 + 7i) (3 + 3i) = 3 + 7i 3 3i = 6 + 4i = CA = =

( 6)2 + 42 = 36 + 16 = 52 (3 + 3i) (7 + 9i) = 3 + 3i 7 9i ( 4)2 + ( 6 )2

Here BC = CA = 52

= 4 6i

= 16 + 36 = 52

and BC2 + CA 2 = 52 + 52 = 104 AB 2 = 104 BC2 + CA 2 = AB 2 ABC is a right angled triangle. Hence ABC is a right angled isosceles triangle.
EXERCISE PART A

1. 2. 3. 4.

If z1=(5,2) and z2=(-2,3) find 3z1+5z2 If z1=(-1,0) and z2=(4,5) find 7z1-2z2 If z1=(6,4) and z2=(-5,2) find z1z2 What is the value of i +i
3 5

187

5. 6. 7.

What is the value of i +i

If z = z what is the nature of Z? Write down the complex conjugate of (i) c + id (ii) 2i 5 (iii) 4 - 6i (v) 7 + 9i (vi) 1 4 3i

(iv) 8i

8.

Find the modulus of the following (i) 2-i (ii) 3 + 2i (iii)-1-5i (iv) 1+i (iv) -i (v)i What is the amplitude of the following (i) 3 +i (ii) 5 (iii) -1-I (iv) -1-i 3

9.

3 3 10. If z1 = 2 cos + i sin , z2 = 4 cos + i sin 8 8 8 8 a) What is amplitude of the following complex numbers? z (i) z1 z2 (ii) 2 z1 b) What is the modulus of the complex numbers? z (iii) z1 z2 (iv) 1 z2 11. Find z1 z2 and z1 if z2

(i) z1 = 3(cos10+isin10) z2 = 4(cos20+isin20) (ii) z1 =10(cos40+isin40) z2 = 5(cos70+isin70) 12. Find the value of (cos20+isin20) (cos30+isin30) (cos40+isin40) 1+ i 13. Prove that =i 1 i
188

14. Prove that

1 i = i 1+ i (ii) 2+3i and 3-i (iv) 2-3i and 5+7i

15. Find the distance between the complex numbers (i) 2+3i and 3-2i (iii)1+i and 3-2i

PART-B

1.

2.

Find the real and imaginary parts of 1+ i 1 i 1 (a) (b) (c) 1 i 1+ i 5 + 4i 1 3 1 (e) (f) (g) 1+ i 2+i 4 5i 5 1 (j) (i) 4 2i + i Find the real and imaginary part of 1 5 3 2i 1 3i (a) (b) + 3 + 4i 4 3i 5 + 4i 4 5i 2i 1 i 3 1 + (d) + (c) 7 4i 3 + 2i 3 + 4i 5 2i

(d) (h)

2 3+i 3 3 + 4i

1 I (e) 1+ I 1 1 + (g) 2 + 3i 1 i 1+ i 1 i (i) 1 i 1+ i

(k) 4 2 + 3 + 2i 5 4i

(f)

3 + i 3 4i + 2 5i 5 + 2i

(h) + i (j) (l)

(1 + i)2
1 + 3 3i

2+i

3.

3 + 2i i 4 1 + 4i 1 (m) + (n) 3 2i 2 3i 1 + cos + i sin Express in the form a + ib

189

(a)

(1 + i)2
1 i 3 i + 4 + 3i 3 4i

(b)

(2 + i)2 (3 + 2i)
3 3

(c) (e) (g)

(2 + 3i)2
2 + 3i 1 i
2

7 5i

1+ i 1 i (d) 1 i 1+ i (1 + i)(1 2i) (f) (1 + 3i)

(h) (j)

(1 + i)(1 + 2i)
1 + 4i

(i) (1+2i)(1+i) 4.

(1 + i)(3 + i)2 (2 i)2

(k)

(2 + 3i)2 (1 2i)2
1 + 2i 1 3i

Find the conjugate of the following (a) (d) (1 + i)2 1 i 1 i 3 + 2i (b) (e) 1

(1 + i)(2 + i) (3 + 2i)
3+i 2 + 5i

(c) (f)

(2 + i)2

1 i

(g) 5.

(1 + i)2 (1 i)2

(h)

(1 + i)2 + (1 i)2 (1 + i)2 (1 i)2

(b) i (d) 1 + 3i (f) 3+4i (h) 1+itan

Find the modulus and argument of (a) 1+i (c) 1 + 3i (e) 1 3i (g) 2-i

6.

Find the modulus and amplitude (or) argument (or) principal value of the following (1 + i)(2 + i) 2i (a) (b) (3 i) 3 + 7i 1 i (c) (d) (1+i)(3+4i) 1+ i

190

(e) (g)

1 + 3i 1+ i i3 i 1 5i 2 3i

(f) (h)

1 1 + cos + i sin 1+ i 3 +i 1+ i 3 1 i (k)

(i) 7.

(j)

(1 + i)(1 + 2i)
1 + 3i

Find the argument of the sum of the complex numbers (1,0) and (0,1) Find the product of 3 cos + i sin and 4 cos + i sin 3 3 6 6 5 5 + i sin Find the product of 5 cos + i sin and 3 cos 6 6 6 6 cos + i sin cos + i sin cos + i sin 4 4 3 3 6 6

8.

9.

10. Simplify:

11. Sow that the following complex numbers are collinear (a) 4+2i, 7+5i, 9+7i (c) 1+3i, 2+7i, -2-9i (e) 3+7i, 6+5i, 15-i 12. Prove that the following complex numbers form a square (a) 9+i, 4+13i, -8+8i, -3-4i (b) 3+2i, 5+4i, 3+6i, 1+4i (c) 2+i, 4+3i, 2+5i, 3i (d) 4+5i, 1+2i, 4-i, 7+2i (e) -1, 3i, 3+2i, 2-i (f) i, 2+i, 3i, -2+i 13. Show that the following complex numbers form a rectangle (a) 1+2i, -2+5i, 7i, 3+4i
191

(b) 1+3i, 5+i, 3+2i (d) 5+8i, 13+20i, 19+29i

(b) 4+3i, 12+9i, 15+5i, 7-i (c) 1+i, 3+5i, 4+4i, 2i (d) 2-2i, 8+4i, 5+7i, -1+i 14. Prove that the following complex numbers form a rhombus (a) 2+i, 4+3i, 2+5i, 3i (b) 3+4i, 9+8i, 5+2i, -1+2i (c) 8+5i, 16+11i, 10+3i, 2-3i (d) 6+3i, 4+5i, 6+3i, 8+i 15. Prove that the following complex numbers from a parallelogram (a) 3+i, 2+2i, -2+i, -1 (b) 2-2i, 8+4i, 5+7i, -1+i (c) 7, 4+3i, -2+5i, 1+2i (d) -3+3i, -2i, 2+6i, 5+i (e) 1-2i, -1+4i, 5+8i, 7+2i (f) 1, 4+3i, -2-i, 1+2i 16. Prove that the points represented by the following complex numbers form an equilateral triangle. (i) 2 + 2i, - 2 - 2i, - 2 3 + 2 3i (ii) 1, (iii) 1 1 1 + 3i , 1 3i 2 2 3 3i, 1 i, 1 + i

) (

17. Prove that the following complex numbers form a right-angled triangle (i) 2-3i, -6-7i, -8-3i (ii) -3-4i, 2+6i, -6+10i

192

(1) (5,21) (4) 0 (7) (i) c-id (v) 7-9i (8) (i) (iv) 5 2 6

ANSWERS PART A (2) (-15,-10) (3) (-38,-8)

(5) 2 (ii) -2i-5 (vi) (ii) (v) 1 (ii) 0 4 1 2 2 (iii) 4 3i 25 25 7

(6) z is a Real Number (iii) 4+6i(iv) -8i

(iii) (vi) 1 (or )45 4

26

(9) (i) 30(or ) (10) (a) (i) 2

(iv)

(or )60 3

(ii) (ii)

(b) (i) 8i (11) (i) 6 3 + i ,

(1 i)

)3 (cos 10 i sin 10 ) 4

(ii) 50(cos 110 + i sin 110 ), 3 i (12) i (13.) (i) 26 (ii) 17 (iii) 13 (iv) 109

ANSWERS PART - B

1. (a) 0,1

(b)

5 4 , 41 41

(c) 0,-1

193

(d)

3 1 , 5 5 6 3 , 5 5

(e)

1 1 , 2 2 9 12 , 25 25

(f)

4 5 , 41 41 1 2

(g)

(h)

(i) 1,

(j)

, 2 + 2 2 + 2 17 19 , 25 25 23 24 , 65 65 (b) 26 29 , 41 41 386 298 , 725 725 8 9 , 29 29 193 149 , 41 41 1 ,1 2 3 ,1 1 1 , tan 2 2 2 17 6 + i 13 13 95 59 i 169 169 11 7 + i 17 17 33 56 i 25 25 (c) 8 6 i 25 25

2. (a)

(c)

(d) (f) (h) (j) (l) (n) (b) (e) (h) (k)

(e) -1,0 (g) 17 7 , 26 26

(i) 0,2 (k) (m) 622 224 , 533 533 312 78 , 169 169

3. (a) -1+I (d) -2i (g) 1 5 + i 2 2

(f) -i (i) -4+2i

(j) -2+2i

194

4. (a) -1-i (d) (g) -i 5. (a) r = 2 , = 45 (c) r = 2, = 60 (e) r =2, = -120 (g)
1 5 , tan 1 2

(b) (e)

9 7i 13 13

(c) (f)

1 1 i 2 2 1 7 i 25 25

1 5 + i 13 13

11 13 i 29 29 (h) 0 (b) r = 1, = 90 (d) r =2, = 120

4 (f) r = 5, = tan-1 3

(h) r=sec, = (b ) 290 , tan1(17 ) 58 (c ) 1, 2

6. (a)1, , 2

(d) 50 , tan 1( 7), 1 ( f ) sec , 2 2 2

3 1 (e) 2 , tan 1 3 + 1 1 (g) 5 , tan 1 , 2

(i) 2 , 4

3 1 , tan 1 3 + 1 2 1+ 3 ( j) 2 , tan 1 1 3
(h ) 1 7. 4 8. 12i

3 (k ) 1, tan 1 4

9. -15

10. cos

3 3 + i sin 4 4

195

UNIT II

COMPLEX NUMBER-II
2.1 Demoivres Theorem (statement only) simple Problems 2.2 Demoivres Theorem related Problems. Simple Problems 2.3 Finding the n th roots of unity Solving equation of the form

xn +1 = 0 where n 7 Simple Problems.

2.1 DE-MOIVRES THEOREM Statement: (i) If n is an integer (positive or negative)

(cos + iSin)n

=cosn + isinn
n

(ii) If n is a fraction, then cosn+iSinn is one of the values of (cos + iSin )

Examples:

(cos + isin )3 = cos3 + isin3 (cos + isin )2 = cos2 - isin2 (cos4 + isin4 )2 = cos8 + isin8
Note: 1

If cos + isin = z 1 1 1 = = (cos + isin ) = cos i sin z (cos + iSin ) 1 1 2. If z = cos i sin then = = cos + i sin z cos i sin

3. If z = cos + i sin then

4. If z1 = r1(cos 1 + i sin 1 ), z 2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ), z 3 = r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 )

z n = (cos + i sin )

zn = (cos + i sin ) = cos n + i sin n

n n

= cos n i sin n

196

(i)

z1z 2

= r1(cos 1 + i sin 1 ) r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )

= r1r2 [cos(1 + 2 ) + i sin(1 + 2 )] (ii) z1z 2 z3 = r1(cos 1 + i sin 1 )r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 )r3 (cos 3 + i sin 3 ) = r1r2r3 [cos(1 + 2 + 3 ) + i sin(1 + 2 + 3 )] z1 r (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) = 1 z 2 r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = r1 [cos(1 2 ) + i sin(1 2 )] r2
x

(iii)

Eulers formula:

The values of e , cosx and sinx can also be given in the form of series as below. ex = 1 + x x2 x3 x 4 + + + + .......... 1 ! 2! 3! 4!

cos x = 1

x2 x 4 + + ...... 2! 4! x3 x5 sin x = x + + ...... 3! 5! ix i2 x 2 i3 x 3 i4 x 4 + + + + .......... 1 ! 2! 3! 4!

eix = 1 +

x2 x3 x4 i + ....... 2! 3! 4! x x 3 x5 x2 x 4 = 1 + + ..... + i .... 1 2! 4! 5! ! 3! = 1 + ix eix = cos x + i sin x u sin g (1) This is called Eulers formula to represent a complex number.

197

1)

2.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A If z = cos 30 + i sin 30 what is the value of z 3

Solution:

z3 = (cos 30 + i sin 30)

= cos 90 + i sin 90 = 0 + i(1) = i

2)

If z = cos

+ i sin what is the value of z 8 2 2

8

Solution:

z 8 = cos + i sin 2 2

= cos 8 + i sin 8 2 2 = cos 4 + i sin 4 = 1 + i(0 ) = 1

2

3)

If z= cos 90 + i sin 90 what is the value of z 3

2 3 z

Solution:

= (cos 90 + i sin 90 )3 = cos = cos 60 + i sin 60 =

2 (90) + i sin 2 (90) 3 3

1 3 +i 2 2 1 z

4)

If z = cos 45 i sin 45 what is the value of

Solution:

1 1 = z cos 45 i sin 45 = cos 45 + i sin 45 = 1 2 +i 1 2

198

1 = cos 60 + i sin 60 what is the value of z z Solution: 1 1 1 z= = = (cos 60 + i sin 60) 1 cos 60 + i sin 60 z = cos 60 i sin 60
5)

If

=
6)

1 3 i 2 2 cos 5 + i sin 5 cos 3 + i sin 3

Find the value of

Solution: cos 5 + i sin 5 = cos(5 3) + i sin(5 3) cos 3 + i sin 3 = cos 2 + i sin 2 5 5 + i sin 7) Find the product of cos + i sin and cos 6 6 6 6 Solution: Product of two complex numbers 5 5 = cos + i sin cos + i sin 6 6 6 6

5 5 = cos + + i sin + 6 6 6 6 = cos + i sin = 1 + i(0 ) = 1

8)

If x = cos + i sin ,

Find x +

1 x

Solution:

x = cos + i sin 1 1 = = cos i sin x cos + i sin 1 x + = cos + i sin + cos i sin x = 2 cos
199

9)

If x = cos + i sin ,

y = cos + i sin , Find xy

Solution:

xy = (cos + i sin )(cos + i sin ) = cos( + ) + i sin( + ).

10) Simplify: cos + i sin cos + i sin cos + i sin 4 4 3 3 6 6
Solution:

cos + i sin cos + i sin cos + i sin 4 4 3 3 6 6 = cos + + + i sin + + 4 3 6 4 3 6

3 + 4 + 2 3 + 4 + 2 = cos + i sin 12 12 9 9 = cos + i sin 12 12 3 3 = cos + i sin 4 4 1 1 = +i 2 2

PART - B

1)

Prove that (Sin +cos ) n = cos n + i sin n 2 2

Solution:

(Sin + icos) n = cos + i sin 2 2 = cos n + i sin n 2 2

200

2)

Simplify using De Moivres theorem

(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 (cos 4 i sin 4)5 (cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 5 + i sin 5) 4
Solution:

(cos 3 + i sin 3)4 (cos 4 i sin 4)5 (cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 5 + i sin 5)4

[(cos + i sin ) ] [(cos + i sin ) ] = [(cos + i sin ) ] [(cos + i sin ) ]

3 4 4 3

4 5

5 4

(cos + i sin )12 (cos + i sin )20 (cos + i sin )12 (cos + i sin )20 12 20 12 + 20 = (cos + i sin ) 0 = (cos + i sin ) = 1

3)

Simplify :

(cos 2 + i sin 2)3 (cos 3 i sin 3)3 (cos 4 + i sin 4) 6 (cos + i sin )8

Solution:

(cos 2 + i sin 2)3 (cos 3 i sin 3)3 (cos 4 + i sin 4) 6 (cos + i sin )8
= =

(cos + i sin )6 (cos + i sin )9 (cos + i sin ) 24 (cos + i sin )8 6 + 9 + 24 8 = (cos + i sin ) 31 = (cos + i sin )
= cos 31 + i sin 31

[(cos + i sin ) ] [(cos + i sin ) ] [(cos + i sin ) ] (cos + i sin )

2 3 4 6

3 3 8

201

4)

Find the value of (cos 2 + i sin 2)3 (cos 4 i sin 4)3 when = cos 3 + i sin 3 9 Solution: (cos 2 + i sin 2)3 (cos 4 i sin 4)3 cos 3 + i sin 3

[(cos + i sin ) ] [(cos + i sin ) ] =

2 3

4 3

(cos + i sin )3 (cos + i sin )6 (cos + i sin )12 = (cos + i sin )3 6 12 3 = (cos + i sin ) 9 = (cos + i sin ) = cos 9 i sin 9
when = 9
= cos 9 i sin 9 9 9 = Cos i sin = 1 i(0) = 1

5)

cos + i sin Prove that = cos 8 + i sin 8 sin + i cos

Solution:

[i(cos + i sin )] cos + i sin = + sin i cos [i(sin + i cos )]4

4 4

= =

(i)4 (cos + i sin )4

(i sin cos )4 (cos + i sin )4 = [ (cos i sin )]4

202

1(cos + i sin )

(i sin + i

cos
4

(cos + i sin )4 (cos i sin )4 (cos + i sin )4 =

= =

(cos + i sin )4 (cos + i sin ) 4 4+ 4 8 = (cos + i sin ) = (cos + i sin )

= cos 8 + i sin 8
n

[(cos + i sin )]

1 4

6)

1 + cos + i sin Prove that = cos n + i sin n 1 + cos i sin

Solution:

Let z = cos + i sin and 1 1 = = cos i sin z cos + i sin

1+ z 1 + cos + i sin = 1 + cos i sin 1 + 1 z
n n

1+ z = z + 1 z

= zn = (cos + i sin ) = cos n + i sin n

z(1 + z ) == (z + 1)

203

7)

Prove that

1 cos 2 i sin 2 = i tan 1 + cos 2 + i sin 2

Solution:

1 cos 2 i sin 2 2 sin2 i2 sin cos = 1 + cos 2 + i sin 2 2 cos2 + i2 sin cos 2 sin (sin i cos ) = 2 cos (cos + i sin ) (sin i cos ) x i = tan (cos + i sin ) x ii tan i sin i2 cos i(cos + i sin ) tan [cos + i sin ] = i(cos + i sin ) tan [cos + i sin ] = = i tan i(cos + i sin ) =
2.2 DE-MOIVRES THEOREM RELATED PROBLEMS PART - B If a = cos + i sin , b = cos + i sin prove that

1)

1 a b (ii) sin( ) = 2i b a Solution:

(i) cos( + ) = ab + 2 ab

(i) If a = cos + i sin , and b = cos + i sin ab = (cos + i sin ) ( cos + i sin )

= cos( + ) + i sin( + ) 1 1 = = = cos( + ) i sin( + ) ab cos( + ) + i sin( + )

204

ab +

1 = cos( + ) + i sin( + ) + cos( + ) i sin( + ) ab = 2 cos( + ) 1 1 ab + 2 ab a cos + i sin = = cos( ) + i sin( ) b cos + i sin b 1 1 = = = cos( ) i sin( ) a a cos( ) + i sin( ) b a b = cos( ) + i sin( ) cos( ) + i sin( ) b a = 2i sin( )

cos( + ) =

(ii)

2)

1 a b 2i b a If a = cos x + i sin x, b = cos y + i sin y prove that sin( ) = (i) (ii) ab +

x+y = 2 cos ab 2

a b xy + = 2 cos b a 2

Solution: When a = cos x + i sin x, b = cos y + i sin y

(i) ab = (cos x + i sin x )(cos y + i sin y ) = cos(x + y ) + i sin(x + y )

1

= ab = (ab ) 2 = [cos(x + y ) + i sin(x + y )]2

x+y x+y = cos + i sin 2 2 1 1 x+y x+y = = cos i sin ab cos x + y + i sin x + y 2 2 2 2

205

x+y x+y x+y x+y = cos i sin + cos + i sin 2 2 2 2 x+y ab + = 2 cos ab 2 a cos x + i sin x = = cos(x y ) + i sin(x y ) b cos y + i sin y ab + 1 ab 1
1 a a 2 xy xy = = [cos(x y ) + i sin(x y )]2 = cos + i sin b b 2 2 1

b 1 1 xy xy = = = cos i sin a 2 2 xy xy a cos + i sin b 2 2 a b xy xy xy xy + = cos + i sin + cos i sin b a 2 2 2 2 xy = 2 cos 2 If x = cos + i sin , y = cos + i sin , z = cos + i sin and if

3)

x + y + z = 0 then prove that

1 1 1 + + =0 x y z

Solution: given x = cos + i sin , y = cos + i sin , z = cos + i sin

x+y+z=0 cos + i sin + cos + i sin + cos + i sin = 0 cos + cos + cos + i(sin + sin + sin ) = 0 + i(0 ) Equating real and imaginary parts cos + cos + cos = 0 sin + sin + sin = 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 + + = + + x y z cos + i sin cos + i sin cos + i sin = cos i sin + cos i sin + cos i sin = cos + cos + cos i(sin + sin + sin ) = 0 i(0) = 0
206

4)

Show that (1 + i) + (1 i) = 2
n n

n+ 2 2

cos

n 4

Solution:

Let 1 + i = r (cos + i sin ) Hence a=1, b=1 r = 12 + 12 = 1 + 1 = 2 b 1 = tan 1 = tan 1 = tan 1(1) = 4 a 1 1+ i = 2 cos + i sin 4 4 Replace i by i i n (1),we get 1 i = 2 cos i sin 4 4 1

(1 + i)

+ (1 i)

= 2 cos + i sin + 2 cos i sin 4 4 4 4

n

n n n n n n = 2 cos + i sin + 2 cos i sin 4 4 4 4 n n n n n = + i sin + cos i sin 2 cos 4 4 4 4

n = 2 2 2 cos 4
n n

= 22 =2

+1

cos cos

n 4 n 4

n+2 2

207

 1 + sin A + i cos A Show that = cos n A + i sin n A 2 2 1 + sin A i cos A Solution: Let sin A + icos A = z z = cos A + i sin A 2 2
5) 1 = z 1 = cos A i sin A 2 2 cos A + i sin A 2 2 = SinA iCosA
n n

1+ z 1 + sin A + i cos A 1 + sin A i cos A = 1 + 1 z 1+ z = z + 1 z

z(1 + z ) n = =z z 1 +
n n

= cos A + i sin A 2 2

6)

= cos n A + i sin n A 2 2 1 1 If 2 cos = x + and 2 cos = y + prove that one of the values x y
of xm yn + 1 x y
m n

is 2 cos(m + n)

Solution:

2 cos = x +

1 x 2x cos = x 2 + 1
208

x 2 2x cos = 1 x 2 2x cos + cos 2 = 1 + cos 2 = 1 cos2

(x cos )

= sin = i sin
2 2 2

x cos = i sin x = cos + i sin xm = (cos + i sin ) = cos m + i sin m

m

Similarly y = cos + i sin

y n = (cos + i sin ) = cos n + i sin n
n

= (cos(m + n) + i sin(m + n)) 1 1 = x m y n (cos(m + n) + i sin(m + n)) = cos(m + n) i sin(m + n) 1 x m y n + m n = (cos(m + n) + i sin(m + n)) + cos(m + n) i sin(m + n) x y = 2 cos(m + n)

x m y n = (cos m + i sin m)(cos n + i sin n)

2.3. ROOTS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER DEFINITION:

A number is called a nth root of a complex number Z

if n = z and we write = (z )n
1

Working rule to find the nth roots of a complex number: Step1: write the given number in polar form. Step2: Add 2k to the argument. Step3: apply De-moivres theorem (bring the power to inside)

Step4: Put k=0,1. up to (n-1)

209

Illustration:

Let

z = r (cos + i sin )

= r [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )], k is an int eger

1

z n = [r{cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )}]n

1 2k + 2k + = (r )n cos + i sin n n

Where k=0,1,2,3(n-1)
1

Only these values of k will give n different values of z n provided z 0

Note:

(1) The number of nth roots of a non-zero complex number is n. (2) The moduli of these roots is the same non negative real number. (3) The argument of these n roots is equally spaced. That is if the principal valve of argument of z is , i.e., -< then the argument of other roots of z are obtained by adding 2 4 , respectively ......to n n n (4) If k be given integral values greater than or equal to n, these n values are repeated and no fresh root is obtained.
The nth roots of unity:

1 = (cos0 + isin0) = cos2k +i sin 2k

nth roots of unity = (1)
1 n

= (cos 2k + i sin 2k)

1 n

2k 2k = cos + i sin ,2.......(n 1) where k = 0,1 n n The nth roots of unity are cos0+isin0,
2 2 2 4 4 6 6 2 cos + i sin , cos + i sin , cos + i sin , cos(n 1) + i sin(n 1) n n n n n n n n

Let = cos

2 2 i2 + i sin =e n n n
210

Then the nth roots of unity are i4 i6 i2(n 1) i2 e 0 , e n , e n , e n .......e n

Results:

become 1, , 2 .......n 1

It is clear that the roots are in geometric progression. =1

n

(1)

(2)

2 2 n = cos + i sin = cos 2 + i sin 2 = 1 n n Sum of the roots is zero 2 3 n-1 i.e., 1 + + + + . + =0 2 n-1 is a G.P with n terms. LHS = 1+ + +. =

3) 4) 5)

The roots are in G.P with common ratio

1 n 1 1 1 rn = = 0 = RHS 1 + r + r 2 ..... + r n 1 = 1 1 1 r
2 n

The argument are in A.P with common difference Product of the roots = (-1)
1 1 1
n+1

Cube roots of unity: (1)3

Let x

= (1)3

x = (cos 0 + i sin 0 )3

= (cos 2k + i sin 2k)3 where k is an int eger 2k 2k + i sin where k = 0,1,2 3 3 The three roots are 4 4 2 2 cos 0 + i sin 0, cos + i sin , cos + i sin 3 3 3 3 x = cos 1 3 1 3 +i , i 2 2 2 2 1 3 The roots are 1, i 2 2 i.e., 1,

211

Result:

The modulus of each root of (1)3 is 1.

All these roots lie on the circumference of the unit circle. Let 1 3 i in 2 2 ordered pair form. The angles between OA and OB, OB and OC and 2 OA are each radians or 120. Hence when these points are joined 3 by straight line they will form the vertices of an equilateral triangle. 2 2 If we denote the second root cos + i sin by then the 3 3 A,B and C be points represented by the three roots 1 , 2 2 4 4 + i sin = cos + i sin = 2 3 3 3 3 Hence we observe that the cube roots of unity namely 1, , are in G.P. Note: other root cos 1. Even if 1+ i 3 1 i 3 is taken as it can be proved that = 2 2 2 2 2. 1+ + =0 i.e., the sum of the cube roots of unity is zero. 3 3 3. Since is a root of the equation x =1, we see that =1.
2

212

Fourth roots of unity:

Let x be a fourth root of unity. Then x = (1)4 x4 = 1

= (cos 2k + i sin 2k) where k is an int eger

1

x = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)4 2k 2k + i sin x = cos 4 4 k k x = cos + i sin where k = 0,1,2,3 2 2 The four roots are 3 3 cos 0 + i sin 0, cos + i sin , cos + i sin , cos + i sin 2 2 2 2 i.e., 1,i,-1,-i. Let as denote cos + i sin by . 2 2 2 3 Then the four roots of unity are 1, , and

3
The fourth roots of unity form the vertices square all lying on the unit circle. We observe that the sum of the fourth roots of unity is zero. 2 3 4 i.e., 1+ + + =0 and =1
Note: The values of used in cube roots of unity and in fourth roots of unity are different.

213

Sixth roots of unity:

Let x be a sixth root of unity. Then x = (1) 6 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0

1 1

(1)6 = (cos(0 + 2k) + i sin(0 + 2k)6 = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)6

where k is an integer By De-moivres theorem x = (1)6 = cos The six roots are cos 0 + i sin 0, cos cos 2 2 + i sin , cos + i sin 3 3 3 3
1

2k 2k + i sin where k = 0,1,2,3,4,5 6 6

3 3 4 4 5 5 + i sin , cos + i sin , cos + i sin 3 3 3 3 3 3

Then the six, sixth roots of unity are 1, , , , , .

2 3 4 5

From the figure it can be noted that the six roots of unity form the vertices of hexagon all lying on the unit circle.

214

1.

2.3 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A 2 If is the cube root of unity what is the value of 1+ +

Solution:

1+ + =0
2

2.

If is the cube root of unity what is the value of =1

3

Solution:

3.

If is the cube root of unity what is the value of ( +1) ( +1) = + = -1

2

Solution:

4.

If is the fourth root of unity what is the value of + +

2

Solution:

1+ + + =0
2 3

+ + =-1
2 3

5.

If is the nth root of unity what is the value of 1+ + +...+

2

n-1

Solution:

1+ + + ++
2 3

n-1

=0

6.

Solve x +1=0
2

Solution:

x +1=0 X
2

=-1 x = ( 1) 2 = (cos + i sin ) 2

1 1 1

= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]2

2k + 1 2k + 1 = cos + i sin where k = 0,1. 2 2

215

7. Find the value of (i) Solution:

1 3

Let x = (i)3

1
1

3 x = cos + i sin 2 2

3 = cos 2k + + i sin 2k + 2 2 1 1 = cos 2k + + i sin 2k + where k = 0,1,2. 3 2 3 2 8. Find the value of ( 1) Let x = ( 1)
1 4 1 4

Solution:

x = (cos + i sin )

1 4 1

where k = 0,1,2,3...

4 = cos 2k + + i sin 2k + 4 4 1 1 = cos 2k + + i sin 2k + 4 4 4 4

PART - B 1. Solve x 3 + 1 = 0 Solution:

x3 + 1 = 0 x 3 = 1 x = ( 1)3
1 1

= (cos + i sin )3

216

= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]3

2k + 1 2k + 1 = cos + i sin where k = 0,1,2 3 3

For k = 0, x = cos

1 3 + i sin = + i 3 3 2 2 k = 1, x = cos + i sin = 1

5 5 1 3 + i sin = i 3 3 2 2 1 i 3 1 i 3 + ,1, 2 2 2 2

k = 2, x = cos

The solutions are

2) Solve: x 5 1 = 0

Solution:

x5 + 1 = 0
x = (1)1 / 5

x = (cos 0 + i sin 0 )5

1 1

= [cos(0 + 2k) + i sin(0 + 2k )] 5 2k 2k = cos + i sin where k = 0,1,2,3,4 5 5

For k = 0, x = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 2 2 k = 1, x = cos + i sin 5 5 4 4 k = 2, x = cos + i sin 5 5 6 6 k = 3, x = cos + i sin 5 5 8 8 + i sin k = 4, x = cos 5 5

217

3)

Solve: x 5 + 1 = 0

Solution:

x5 + 1 = 0 x 5 + 1 = 0 x 5 = 1 x = ( 1)
1 5 1 5 1

= (cos + i sin )

= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]5

2k + 1 2k + 1 = cos + i sin where k = 0,1,2,3,4 5 5

For k = 0, x = cos k = 1, k = 2, k = 3, k = 4, 4) + i sin 5 5 3 3 x = cos + i sin 5 5 x = cos + i sin 7 7 x = cos + i sin 5 5 9 9 + i sin x = cos 5 5

Find the value

(8i) 13

Solution:

Let x = (8i) x=8

1 3

1 3

(i) 13
1 3

x = 2cos + i sin 2 2

= 2cos 2k + + i sin 2k + 2 2

1 3

218

 4k + 4k + = 2cos + i sin 2 2

1 3

4k + 4k + = 2cos + i sin where k = 0,1,2, 6 6

For k = 0, x = 2cos + i sin 6 6 5 5 k = 1 x = 2 cos + i sin 6 6 9 9 k = 2 x = 2cos + i sin 6 6 5) Solve x 7 + 1 = 0 Solution: x7 + 1 = 0 x 7 + 1 = 0 x 7 = 1 x = ( 1) 7 = (cos + i sin )7
1 1 1

= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]7

2k + 1 2k + 1 = cos + i sin where k = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 7 7 For k = 0, x = cos + i sin 7 7 3 3 k = 1, x = cos + i sin 7 7 5 5 k = 2, x = + i sin 7 7 k = 3, x = cos + i sin

9 9 + i sin 7 7 11 11 + i sin k = 5, x = cos 7 7 13 13 + i sin k = 6, x = cos 7 7 k = 4, x = cos

219

4 1 3 . Prove that the product of the four 6) Find the values of + i 2 2 values is 1 Solution:

Let

1 3 +i = a + ib = r (cos + i sin ) 2 2 1 3 a= , b= 2 2
2 3 1 = 1 + 3 = 1 =1 r = a +b = + 4 4 2 2 2 2 2

b 3 a 1 = , sin = = r 2 r 2 = 60 0 = 3 cos =
3

3 1 +i = 1cos + i sin 2 3 3 2
3 1

3 1 4 4 4 +i 3 = cos i sin cos i sin + = + 2 2 3 3 3 3 1

= (cos + i sin ) 4 = [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]4

For k = 0, k = 1, k = 2, k = 3,

2k + 1 2k + 1 = cos ,2,3, + i sin where k = 0,1 4 4 R1 = cos + i sin 4 4 3 3 + i sin R 2 = cos 4 4 5 5 + i sin R 3 = cos 4 4 7 7 + i sin R 4 = cos 4 4

220

The product is 5 5 3 3 + i sin + i sin R1R 2R 3R 4 = cos + i sin cos cos 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 + i sin cos 4 4
3 5 7 3 5 7 = cos + + + + + + i sin + 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 16 16 = Cos + i sin 4 4 = cos 4 + i sin 4 = 1

7)

Solve: x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x = 0

Solution:

x5 + x3 + x2 + x = 0

(x

x3 x2 + 1 + x2 + 1 = 0
2

+1 x +1 = 0
3 2

)(

) (

x +1= 0
Case 1

and x 3 + 1 = 0

x 2 + 1 = 0 x 2 = 1 x = ( 1) 2 = (cos + i sin ) 2
1 1

= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]2

2k + 1 2k + 1 = cos + i sin where k = 0,1 2 2

For k = 0, x = cos

+ i sin = i 2 2 3 3 k = 1, x = cos + i sin = i 2 2

221

Case: 2 x3 + 1 = 0

x 3 = 1 x = ( 1)3 x = (cos + i sin ) 3

1

= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]3

2k + 1 2k + 1 = cos + i sin where 3 3 For k = 0, x = cos + i sin 3 3 k = 1 x = cos + i sin k = 2 x = cos + i sin 3 3 8) Solve x 8 x 5 + x 3 1 = 0 Solution: x8 x5 + x3 1 = 0

k = 0,1,2

(x

x5 x3 1 + x3 1 = 0
3

1 x5 + 1 = 0

)(

) (

x 1 = 0 and x 5 + 1 = 0 Case: 1 1 x3 1 = 0
3

x 3 = 1 x = (1)3

1 1
1

x = (cos 0 + i sin 0 )3

= (cos 2k + i sin 2k)3 x=

cos 2k i sin 2k + where 3 3 For k = 0, x = cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1 2 2 k = 1 x = cos + i sin 3 3 4 4 k = 2 x = cos + i sin 3 3
222

k = 0,1 ,2

Case: 2 x5 + 1 = 0

x 5 = 1 x = ( 1)5 = (cos + i sin )

1 1 5 1 5

= [cos(2k + ) + i sin(2k + )]

2k + 1 2k + 1 = cos + i sin where k = 0,1,2,3,4 5 5 For k = 0, x = cos + i sin 5 5 3 3 k = 1, x = cos + i sin 5 5 k = 2, x = cos + i sin
7 7 + i sin 5 5 9 9 k = 4, x = cos + i sin 5 5 k = 3, x = cos
EXERCISE PART - A State Demoivres theorem.

1. 2. 3.

Write the value of ( (cos + i sin ) Simplify: (a) (cos + i sin )

3

(b) (cos i sin )

5

(c) (cos 4 i sin 4) (e) (cos + i sin )5 4.

3

(d) (cos i sin )

(f) (cos + i sin ) 3

4

Simplify the following: (i) (cos + i sin ) (cos + i sin )

3 5

(ii) (cos x + i sin x ) (cos x + i sin x )

223

5.

Find the value of the following: (a) (c) (e) cos 3 + i sin 3 cos 4 i sin 4 (b) (d) cos 2 + i sin 2 cos 3 i sin 3 cos 5 i sin 5 cos 6 + i sin 6

(cos + i sin )8 (cos 2 + i sin 2)7

cos 6 + i sin 6

(cos i sin )3

6. 7. 8. 9.

If z = cos 30 0 + i sin 30 0 find If z = cos 100 0 + i sin100 0 find If z = cos + i sin find zn If x = cos + i sin find 1 1 (i) x + (ii) x 3 + 3 x x

z3
1

z5

(iii) xn +

1 xn

10. Solve x 2 1 = 0 11. If is the cube roots of unity, what is the value of 1+ . 12. If is the fourth roots of unity, what is the value of 1 + + 2 13. If
2

is the sixth roots of unity, what is the value of

1 + + 3 + 4
PART - B

1.

Simplify the following using Demoivres theorem (a)

(cos 2 i sin 2)4 (cos 4 + i sin 4)5 (cos 3 + i sin 3)2 (cos 5 i sin 5) 3
(cos 2 i sin 2)3 (cos 3 + i sin 3)4 (cos 3 + i sin 3)2 (cos 5 i sin 5) 3

(b)

(c)

(cos i sin )3 (cos 3 + i sin 3)5 (cos 2 i sin 2)5 (cos 5 + i sin 5)7
224

where =

2 13

(d)

(cos 2x i sin 2x )8 (cos 3x + i sin 3 x )4 (cos 4 x + i sin 4x )2 (cos 5x i sin 5x )3

(cos 4 + i sin 4)2 (cos 3 i sin 3)2 (cos i sin )7 (cos 2 + i sin 2)5 (cos 5 i sin 5) (cos 2 i sin 2)3 (cos + i sin )5 (cos 3 + i sin 3)5
4

(e)

when =

16 2 11

(f)

when =

2.

cos + i sin Show that =1 sin i cos 1 + cos + i sin Show that = cos 3 + i sin 3 1 + sin i cos 1 + cos + i sin Show that = cos 5 + i sin 5 1 + sin i cos cos + i sin Express sin i cos
Show that 1 + i 3
5 5 3

3.

4.

5.

in x + iy form

6. 7.

4 4 = 16 cos + i sin 3 3 and b = cos y + i sin y prove that

If a = cos x + i sin x ab + 1

b x+y a xy = 2 cos + = 2 cos , . a ab 2 b 2 b = cos + i sin find the value of

8.

If a = cos + i sin , a2 b2 b2 a2

9.

If a = cos x + i sin x , b = cos y + i sin y , and c = cos z + i sin z find the value of (i) ab c + c ab (ii) ab c . c ab

225

10. If x = cos 3 + i sin 3 , b = cos y + i sin y , find the value of (i)

3

xy +

1
3

xy

(ii)

xy

1
3

xy

11. When n is an integer, prove that n n n 1 + i 3 + 1 i 3 = 2n +1 cos 3

) (

12. Evaluate: 1 + i 3

) + (1 i 3 )
8 n+ 2 2

13. When n is a positive integer, prove that

(1 + i)n + (1 i)n = 2
4

cos
4

n 4

14. Evaluate: (1 + i) + (1 i)

15. If a 1 + ib1 a 2 + ib2 .......... .. a n + ibn = A + iB Prove that

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (i) a1 + b1 a2 2 + b 2 .......... .. an + bn = A + B

)(

)(

b1 b 2 b B (ii) tan 1 + tan 1 + .......... .. + tan 1 n = n + tan 1 A an a1 a2

16. If
x iy = A iB where A > 0, prove that
2

A 2 B 2 = x,2 AB = y

17. Find the value of (i) 3 18. Find the cube roots of 8
1

19. Find the value of (1 + i) 4 20. Find the value of (1 + i

1 4 3)

21. Solve x 3 1 = 0 (or) Find the cube roots of unity 22. Solve x 7 1 = 0 23. Solve x 4 + 81 = 0 24. Solve x 4 + 4 = 0
226

25. Solve x 7 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 = 0 26. If 1, , 2 are the cube roots of unity prove that (i) 1 + 2

) + (1 + ) = 32 (ii) (2 )(2 )(2 )(2 ) = 49

5 2 5 2 9 11

(iii) Prove that

1 1 1 + =0 1 + 2 1 + 2 +
ANSWERS PART - A (3) (a). cos 3 + i sin 3

(2) cos n i sin n (b) cos 8 i sin 8 (d). cos 7 i sin 7 5 5 (f). cos i sin 3 3 (4) (i). cos i sin (5) (a) cos 7 + i sin 7

(c). cos 20 + i sin 20 3 3 (e). cos i sin 5 5

(ii) cos 11x + i sin11x (b) cos 5 + i sin 5 (d) cos 11 i sin 11

(c) cos 22 + i sin 22 (e) cos 9 + i sin 9 (7) cos 20 0 + i sin 20 0 (9) (i) 2 cos (iii) 2 cos n (10) cos k + i sin k, k = 0,1 (13) 4 5

(8) cos n + i sin n (ii) 2i sin 3

(11) 2

12.) 3

227

ANSWERS PART - B (1) (a) cos 49 i sin 49 (b) cos 15 + i sin 15 (c) 1(d) 19 19 cos 11x + i sin 11x (e) cos + i sin (f) 1 16 16

5.) sin 10 i cos 10 10.) (i) 2 cos( + ) 12.) 29 cos (9.).(i) 2 cos(x + y z )

8.)

(ii) 2i sin(x + y z ) (ii) 2i sin( + )

2 i sin(2 2)

8 14.) -8 3 2k + 1 2k + 1 ,2. 17.) cos + i sin k = 0,1 3 3 2k 2k k = 0,1,2 18.) 2cos + i sin 3 3

8k + 1 8k + 1 19.) 2 8 cos + i sin k = 0,1,2,3. 16 16

20.)
1 6k 4 2 cos

+ 1 6k + 1 + i sin k = 0,1,2,3. 12 12

2k 2k + i sin k = 0,1,2. 3 3 2k 2k 22.) cos k = 0,1,2,3,4,5,6. + i sin 7 7 2k + 2k + 23.) 3 cos + i sin k = 0,1,2,3 4 4 21.) cos 24.)

2k + 2k + 2 2 cos + i sin , k = 0,1,2,3 4 4

2k + 2k + 25.) cos + i sin , k = 0,1,2,3 4 4 2k + 2k + cos + i sin , k = 0,1,2 3 3

228

UNIT- III

PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION - II
POISSON DISTRIBUTION 3.1 Definition:- P(X = x ) =

e x x = 0,1,2,....... x! (Statement only). Expression for mean and Variance. Simple problems.

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

3.2 Definition of normal and standard normal distribution. (Statement only). Constants of normal distribution (results only) Properties of normal distribution Simple problems using the table standard normal distribution.
CURVE FITTING

3.3 Fitting of a straight line using least square method (result only) simple problems.
3.1 POISSON DISTRIBUTION Introduction: Poisson distribution was discovered by the French Mathematician and Physicist Simeon Denis Poisson (1781-1840) in the year 1837. Poisson distribution is the discrete distribution.

Poisson distribution is a limiting case of the Binomial distribution under the following conditions: i. n, the number of trials is indefinitely large; i.e., n ii. p, the probability of success for each trial is sufficiently small; i.e., p 0
iii. np, = (say), is finite.
Definition: The probability function is the Poisson distribution if

e x P(X = x ) = x! 0

x = 0,1 ,2,....... otherwise

229

Note:

i. Poisson distribution is a discrete probability distribution, since the variable X can take only integral values 0,1,2.. ii. is known as the parameter of the distribution. Constants of Poisson distribution: Mean = Variance = Standard deviation = Examples of Poisson Distribution: 1. Number of printing mistakes at each page of the book 2. Number of defective blades in a packet of 150. 3. Number of babies born blind per year in the city. 4. Number of air accidents in some unit of time. 5. Number of suicides reported in a particular city in 1 hour. 6. Number of deaths due to snake bite in some unit of time. We use the notation Xp ( ) to denote that X is a Poisson varitate with parameter.
3.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A The Probability of a Poisson variable taking the values 3 and 4 are equal. Calculate the value of the parameter and the standard deviation.

1.)

Solution:

P(X = x ) =

e x x = 0,1,2,....... x! Given P(X = 3 ) = P(X = 4 )

e 3 e 4 = 3! 4! 1 = =4 6 24 SD = = 4 = 2
230

2.)

For a Poisson distribution with n=1000, and =1 find p. np = 1000 p = 1 P =

1 = 0.001. 1000

Solution:

3.)

Criticise the following statement

The mean of a Poisson distribution is 5 while the standard deviation is 4

Solution:

Let be the parameter of the Poisson distribution mean = and S.D.=

S.D.=

mean

4 = 5 which is not possible. 4.) Find the Probability that no defective fuse will be found in a box of 200 fuses if experience show that 2% such fuses are defective.

Solution:

The Poisson distribution is P(X = x ) =

Let X denote the defective fuse. p = 2%= 2 100 n=200

e , x =,01,2,3,......... x!

2 200=4 100 P(no defective fuse) = P(X=0) mean =n p= = e 0 = e4 o!

231

PART- B

1.)

Let X is a Poisson variate such that P(X=1) = 0.2 and P(X=2) 0.15, find P(X=0). P(X = x ) = Given e x x = 0,1,2,....... x! P(X=1) = 0.2 e = 0.2 1 ! e = 0.2 e 2 = 0.3
1

P(X=2) = 0.15 e 2 = 0.15 2! 1 2

(2) = e (1) e
=1.5 P( X = 0 ) =

0.3 3 = 0.2 2

2.)

e 0 = e = e 1.5 = 0.2231 0! The Probability that a man aged 50 years will die within a years is 0.01125. What is the probability that of 12 such men at least 11 will reach their fifty first birthday?

Solution:

Since the probability of death is very small, we use poisson distribution. Here p=0.01125 and n=12. Mean = np = 0.01125 12 = 0.135 P (atleast 11 persons will survive)=P(X 11) =P (at most one person dies) =P(X 1) =P(X=0)+P(X=1) = e 0 e 1 + 0! 1 !

= e (1 + ) = e .135 (1 + 0.135) = 0.9916.

232

3.)

The number of accidents in a year involving taxi drivers in a city follow a Poisson distribution with mean equal to 3. Out of 1000 taxi drivers find approximately the number of drivers with (i) no accident in a year (ii) more then 3 accident in a year

[e

= 0.0498

Solution:

Let X denote number of accident in a year involving taxi drivers, Given mean =3

(i) P(no. of accident in a year) =P (X=0)

= e 0 = e = e 3 = 0.0498 0!

No. of taxi drivers with no accidents = 1000 0.0498 = 49.8=50(approx)

(ii) P(more than 3 accidents) =P(X>3)

= 1 {P(X = 0 ) + P(X = 1) + P(X = 2) + P(X = 3 )} =1- P(X3)

e 0 e 1 e 2 e 3 = 1 + + + + 1 ! 2! 3! o! 9 27 = 1 e 3 1 + 3 + + 2 6 = 1 e 3 (13) = 1 0.0498 x13 = 0.3526 No. of taxi drivers with more than 3 accidents=1000 0.3526 =352.6 =353drivers (approx) 4.) 20% of the bolts produced in a factory are found to be defective. Find the probability that in a sample of 10 bolts chosen at random exactly 2 will be defective using. (i) Bionomial distribution (ii) Poission distribution. Let X denote the number of bolts produced to be defective
233

p = 20% =

20 1 = 100 5 1 4 q =1 p = 1 = 5 5

n = 10
2 8

1 4 (i) Using Binomial Distribution, P( X = 2) = 10C2 5 5

= 45.

48 510

= 0.3020 1 =2 5

(iii) Using Poisson Distribution, = np = 10 P( X = 2 ) =

e 2 e 2 .22 = = 0.1353 2 = 0.2706 2! 2

3.2 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Introduction: In this unit we deal with the most important continuous distribution, known as normal distribution.

The normal distribution was first discovered by the English mathematician De Moivre (1667-1754) in 1733 as a limiting case of the binomial distribution. The normal distribution is also known as Gaussian distribution in honour of Karl friedrich Gauss.
Definition: A Continuous random variable X is said to be normally distributed if it has the probability density function represented by the equation.

f (x ) =

1 2

1 x 2

(1)

< x < < < >0

Here and , the parameters of distribution are respectively the mean and the standard deviation of the normal distribution. The
234

function f(x) is called the probability density function of the normal distribution and is called the normal variable. The probability distribution is sometimes briefly denoted by symbol N , 2
Constants of Normal Distribution:

Mean = Variance = 2 Standard deviation = The graph (shape) of the function given by (1) is called normal probability curve or simply normal curve and is shown in the following diagram.

Properties of Normal Distribution:

1.)

The normal curve is perfectly symmetrical about the mean. This means that if we fold the curve along the vertical line at , the two halves of the curve would coincide. Further the curve is bell shaped.

2.) 3.) 4.) 5.) 6.)

Mean, median and mode of the distribution coincides. Thus mean = median= mode = It has only one mode at x= Hence it is unimodal. The maximum ordinate is at x=. Its value is 1 2

Since the curve is symmetrical, Skewness is zero. The points of inflection of the normal curve are x= +
235

7.)

X-axis is an asymptote to the curve i.e., as the distance of the curve from the mean increases, the curve comes closer and closer to the axis and never touches it. The ordinate at the mean of the distribution divides the total area under the normal curve into two equal parts.

8.)

Standard normal distribution:

A random variable z is called a standard normal variable if its mean is zero and its standard deviation is one. The normal distribution with mean zero and standard deviation one is known as standard Normal Distribution. The Probability density function of the standard normal variate is given by (z ) = 1 2 e
1 z2 2

< z <

x The Standard Normal Distribution is usually denoted by N(0,1) Where z = Remark: (i) a) b) (ii)
Note:

Normal Distribution is a limiting form of the Binomial Distribution under the following Conditions. n, the number of trials is infinitely large i.e.n and neither p nor q is very small Normal distribution can also be obtained as a limiting form of Poisson distribution with parameter

The table of area (Probabilities) under the standard normal distribution is given at the end of the this unit.

236

1.)

3.2 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A Let z be a standard normal variate. Calculate following Probability (i) P(0 z 1.2) (ii) P( 1.2 z 0 ) (iii) Area right of z = 1.3

(iv) Area left of z =1.5 (vi) P( 1.2 z 0.5 )

Solution:

(vii) P(1.5 z 2.5 )

(v) P( 1.2 z 2.5 )

(i) P(0 z 1.2)

P(0 z 1.2) =Area between z =0 and z = 1.2 =0.3849

(ii) P( 1.2 z 0 ) = P(0 z 1.2 ) (By symmetry) =0.3849

(iii) Area to the right of z = 1.3

P(z > 1.3 ) =Area between z = 0 to z = Area between z = 0 to z = 1.3 = P(0 < z < ) P(0 z < 1.3 )
237

= 0.5-0.4032 = 0.0968

(iv) Area to the left of z = 1.5 = P( z < 1.5) = P( < z < 0 ) + P(0 z < 1.5 ) = 0.5+0.4332 = 0.9332

v. P( 1.2 z 2.5 ) P( 1.2 < z < 0 ) + P(0 < z < 2.5 ) P(0 < z < 1.2) + P(0 < z < 2.5 ) (By symmetry) =0.3849+0.4938 =0.8787

238

vi P( 1.2 z 0.5 ) = P( 1.2 < z < 0 ) P( 0.5 < z < 0 ) = P(0 < z < 1.2) P(0 < z < 0.5 ) =0.3849 - 0.1915 (By symmetry) =0.1934

vii P(1.5 z 2.5 ) = P(0 z 2.5 ) p(0 z 1.5 ) =0.4938-0.4332 =0.0606

239

2.)

If z is a standard normal variate, find the value of C for the following (i) P(0 < z < C) = 0.25 (ii) P( C < z < C) = 0.40 (iii) P(z > C) = 0.85

Solution:

(i) P(0 < z < C) = 0.25

C = 0.67 (from the tables)

(ii) P( C < z < C) = 0.40

P( C < z < 0 ) + P(0 < z < C) = 0.40 P(0 < z < C) + P(0 < z < C) = 0.40 2P(0 < z < C ) = 0.40 P(0 < z < C ) = 0.20 C = 0.52 (iii) P(z > C) = 0.85
P(0 < z < C) = 0.35 C = 1.4

( from the tables )

3.)

In a normal distribution mean is 12 and the standard deviation is 2. Find the probability in the interval from x = 9.6 to x = 13.8 Given mean = 12 S.D = 2 To find P(9.6 < X < 13.8 ) When x =9.6, z = X 9.6 12 2.4 = = = 1.2 2 2 X 13.8 12 1.8 = = = 0.9 2 2

Solution:

When x =13.8, z =

P(9.6 < X < 13.8 ) = P( 1.2 < z < 0.9 ) = 0.3849 + 0.3159 = 0.7008
240

PART - B

1.)

If X is normally distributed with mean 6 and standard deviation 5, find (i) P(0 X 8 ) (ii) P X 6 < 10

Solution:

Given mean = 6 S.D = 5 i. P(0 X 8 ) When X = 0, z = When X = 8, z = X 06 = = 1.2 5 x 86 2 = = = 0.4 5 5

P(0 X 8 ) = P( 1.2 < z < 0.4 ) = P( 1.2 < z < 0 ) + P(0 < z < 0.4 ) = P(0 < z < 1.2) + P(0 < z < 0.4 ) (due to symmetry ) = 0.3849 + 0.1554 = 0.5403 ii. P X 6 < 10 = P( 10 < X 6 < 10 )
= P( 4 < X < 16 )

When X=-4, z = When X=16, z =

X 4 6 10 = = = 2 5 5 16 6 10 = =2 5 5

P( 4 < X < 16 ) = P( 2 < z < 2) = P( 2 < z < 0 ) + P(0 < z < 2) = P(0 < z < 2 ) + P(0 < z < 2) = 2(0.4772) = 0.9544.

241

2.)

Obtain K, and 2 of the normal distribution whose probability distribution function is given by f (x ) = Ke
2 x 2 + 4 x

< x <
2

Solution:

The normal distribution is f (x ) =

Consider

1 2

1 x 2

, < x <

2 x 2 + 4 x = 2 x 2 2 x = 2 x 2 2 X + 1 1 = 2 (x 1) 1
2

= 2(x 1) + 2
2
2

e 2x

+ 4x

= e 2(x 1)

+2
2

1 x 1 2 1 e2 . e 2

Comparing with f(x), we get, Ke

2 x 2 4 x

1 2

1 x 2

1 x 1 2 1 e 2e 2

2 2

1 2

1 x 2

We get, =

1 1 , = 1 and e 2K = 2 2 1 1 K= . 2 1 2 e 2 = 2e 2 2

242

3.)

The life of army shoes is normally distributed with mean 8 months and standard deviation 2 months. If 5000 pairs are issued, how many pairs would be expected to need replacement after 12months.

Solutions:

Given, mean = 8 and

SD = 2

To Find P(X > 12) When X = 12, z = P(X > 12 ) = P(z > 2) X 12 8 4 = = =2 2 2

= 0.5 P(0 < z < 2) = 0.5 0.4772 = 0.0228

No, of shoes = 5000 0.0228 =114 are in good Condition No. of shoes to be replaced after 12 months = 5000-114 = 4886 shoes

243

4.)

Find C, and 2 of the normal distribution whose probability

2

function is given by f (x ) = Ce x Solution:

+ 3x

, < x <
1 x 2
2

The normal distribution is f (x ) =

1 2

, < x <

consider x 2 + 3 x = x 2 3 x

9 9 = x 2 3 x + 4 4
2 3 9 = x 2 4

e x = Comparing, Ce x
2

+ 3x

=
2

3 9 x + e 2 4

9 e 4 .e

3 X 2

=
2

3 9 x 2 4 e .e

+ 3x

= =

1 2 1 2

1 x 2

3 9 x C e. 4 .e 2
x 3 1 2 1 2 9 C .e. 4 .e 2
2

1 x e 2

1 2

1 x 2 e

= C=

3 1 , = 2 2 1 .e
9
9

Ce 4 =
4

1 2

1 2

2.

244

If the height of 300 Students are normally distributed with mean 64.5 inches and standard deviation 3.3 inches. Find the height below which 99% of the students lie. Solution: Given mean = 64.5, SD = 3.3 let h denote the height of students

5.)

6.)

To find P(z h) = 0.99 P(0 < z < h) = 0.49 ( from the tables ) h = 2.33 X h= X 64.5 2.33 = 3.3 7.686 = X 64.5 X = 72.189 X = 72.19 Marks in an aptitude test given to 800 students of a schools was found to be normally distributed. 10% of the students scored below 40 marks and 10% of the students scored above 90 marks. Find the number of students scored between 40 and 90. Let be the mean & be the S.D

Solution:

245

Given 10% of the students scored below 40. P(z < z1 ) = 0.1
P(0 < z < z1 ) = 0.4

z1 = 1.28 z1 = 1.28 = X

( from the tables )

40 40 = 1.28

Given 10% of the students scored above 90 marks.

P(z > z1 ) = 0.1

p(0 < z < z 2 ) = 0.4

X

z2 = 1.28 z2 =

246

1.28 = Solving,

90 90 = 1.28. 90 = 1.28. 40 = 1.28. 50 = 2.56 Sub = 19.53 in (2) 90 = 1.28 (19.53 ) 90 = 24.998 = 65
= 19.53

To Find P(40 < X < 90 ) When X = 40 , z=

X 40 65 = = 1.28 19.53 90 65 = 1.28 When X=90, z = 19.53

P(40 < < 90 ) = P( 1.28 < z < 1.28 ) = 2P(0 < z < 1.28 ) 2(0.3997 )

= 0.7994 No. of students = (0.7994 )800 = 639 .52 = 640 students 7.) In a test on electric light bulbs , it was found that the life time of a particular make was distributed normally with an average life of 2000 hours and a standard deviation of 60 hours. What proportion of bulbs can be expected to burn for more than 2100 hours.
247

Solution:

Given, mean = 2000 SD = 60 To find P(X > 2100 )

When x = 2100

z=

P(X > 2100 ) = P(z > 1.7 )

x 2100 2000 100 = = = 1.7 60 60

= P(0 < z < ) P(0 < z < 1.7 ) = 0.5 0.4554

= 0.0446 4.46% of the bulbs will burn for more than 2100 hours.
3.3 CURVE FITTING Introduction:

The graphical method and the method of group averages, are some methods of fitting curves. The graphical method is a rough method and in the method of group average, the evaluations of constants vary from one grouping to another grouping of data. So, we adopt another method of least squares which gives a unique set of values to the constants in the equation of the fitting curve.
Fitting a straight line by the method of least squares.

Let us consider the fitting a straight line y=a x + b to the set of n points (x i , y i ), i = 1,2,3.........n

(1)

For different values of a and b equation (1) represent a family of straight lines. Our aim is to determine a and b so that the line (1) is the line of best fit
248

W e apply the method of least squares to find the value of a and b. The principle of least square consist in minimizing the sum of the square of the deviations of the actual values y from its estimated values as given by the line of best fit. Let Pi (x i, y i ) be any general point in the scatter diagram,
i =1 ,2,3.........n in the n sets of observations and let

y=f( x )

(1)

be the relation suggested between x and y. Let the ordinate at P i meet y=f( x ) at Q i and the X axis at Mi
MiQ i = f (x i ),andMi Pi = y i Q i Pi = Mi Pi Mi Q i = y i f (x i ),i = 1 ,2,3........, n

di = y i f (x i ) is called the residual at x = x i Some of the dis may be positive and some may be negative

249

E= residual.

di2 = [yi f (x i )2 ]
n n i =1 i =1

is the sum of the square of the

y = f (x ). If not, we will close f (x ) such that E is minimum. This principle is known as the as the principle of least squares. The residual at x = xi is xi di = y i f (x i ) = y i (ax i + bi ), i = 1,2,.....n E=
2

If E=0, i.e., each di =0, Then all the n points Pi will lie on

di
i =1

[yi (ax i + b)]

i =1

By the principle of least square, E is minimum E E = 0 and =0 b a

i.e.,2 [y i (ax i + b )]( x i ) = 0 and 2 [y i (ax i + b )]( 1) = 0

(x i yi ax i2 bx i ) = 0
n i =1 n n i =1 i =1

and
n

(yi axi b ) = 0
i=1

i.e., a
n

xi2 + b xi = xi yi
i =1 n i =1

(1)

xi + nb = yi
i =1

(2)

Since x i , yi are known, equations (1) & (2) give two equations in a and b. solve for a and b (1) and (2) and obtain the best fit y = ax + b .
Note 1. Equation (1) and (2) are called normal equation. 2. Dropping suffix i from (1) and (2), the normal equations are a x + nb = y and a x 2 + b x = xy which are got by

taking on both sides of y = ax +b and also taking on both sides after multiplying by x both sides of y=ax+b
250

3.

Transformations

x a y b ,Y = reduce the linear h k equations y = x + to the form y=Ax+B. Hence, a linear fit is another linear fit in both systems of co-ordinates. like X=
3.3 WORKED EXAMPLES PART B

1).

Fit straight line to following data by the method of least squares. X: Y: 5 15 10 19 15 23 20 26 25 30

Solution:

Let the straight line by Y= ax + b The normal equations are

x + nb = y a x 2 + b x = xy
a To Calculate x 5 10 15 20 25 75

x, x 2 , y, xy we form below the table.

y 16 19 23 26 30 114 x 25 100 225 400 625 1375 xy 80 190 345 520 750 1885

The normal equations are 75a + 5b =114 1375a+75b=1885 (1) (2)

251

(1) 15 1125a + 75b = 1710 ( 2) 1

1375a + 75b = 1885

(3)-(4) 250a =175 or a=0.7 Hence b=12.3 Hence, the best fitting line is y=0.7x+12.3
ALITER:

Let X =

x 15 , Y = y 23 5

Let the line in the new variable be Y=AX+B The normal equation are A X + nB = Y A X2 + B X = XY x 5 10 15 20 25 y 16 19 23 26 30 X -2 -1 0 1 2 0 X 4 1 0 1 4 10 Y -7 -4 0 3 7 -1 XY 14 4 0 3 14 35

Substituting the values, we have 5B=-1 B=-0.2 10A=35 : A=3.5 The equation is y=3.5x-0.2
x 15 y 23 = 3.5 0.2 5
252

=0.7x-10.5-0.2 y=0.7x+12.3 2.) Fit a straight line to the data given below. Also estimate the value of y at x=2.5 x: y: 0 1 1 18 2 3.3 3 4.5 4 6.3

Solution: Let the straight line be y = ax+b The normal equation are

x + nb = y a x 2 + b x = xy
a To form the table: x 0 1 2 3 4 10 y 1 1.8 3.3 4.5 6.3 16.9 x 0 1 4 9 16 30 xy 0 1.8 6.6 13.5 25.2 47.1

Substituting the values, we get 10a+56 = 16.9 30a+10B = 47.1 Solving, we get a=1.33, b=0.72 Hence, the equation of best fit is y=1.33x+0.72 To find the value of y when x=2.5 y=1.33(2.5)+0.72 = 3.325+0.72 y=4.045
253

3.)

Fit a straight line for the following data: x: 0 y: 35 12 55 x 24 , 12 24 65 36 80 48 90 y 65 10

we form the table below: Let X = Y=

Let the line in the new variable be Y=AX+B The normal equation are A X + nB = Y ; x y 0 35 12 55 24 65 36 80 48 90 X -2 -1 0 1 2 0 4 1 0 1 4 10 A X2 + B X = XY X Y -3 -1 0 1.5 2.5 0 XY 6 1 0 1.5 5 13.5

Substituting we values, we have B=0 A10 =13.5 ; A=1.35 The equation is Y=1.35X

(x 24 ) y 65 = 1.35 10 12 ( x 24 ) y 65 = 13.5 12 = 1.125 x 27

y = 1.125 x + 38 is the equation of best fit.

254

4.)

The following table shows the number of students in a post graduate course. Year No.of Students 1922 28 1993 38 1994 46 1995 40 1996 56

Use the method of least squares to fit a straight line trend and estimate the number of students in 1997.
Solution:

Let x denote the year and y the number of students y 46 Y= Let X = x-1994 2 Let the line of best fit be Y = AX+B The normal equation are A X + nB = Y A X2 + B X = XY The table is x 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 y 28 38 46 40 56 X -2 -1 0 1 2 0 we get , 0.A + 5B = -11 B = -2.2 10A-0 = 29 A= 2.9 The line of best fit is Y = 3X -2.2 Y -9 -4 0 -3 5 -11 X 4 1 0 1 4 10 XY 18 4 0 -3 10 29

y 46 = 2.9(x 1994 ) 2.2 2 y = 5.8(x 1994 ) + 41.6

255

The estimates of the number of students in 1997 is obtained on putting x=1997. Y = 5.8 (1997 1994) + 41.6 y1997 = 5.8(3 ) + 41.6 = 59.0. 5.) Fit a straight line trend to the following data Year 1984 1985 9 1986 12 1987 15 1988 18 1989 23

Production 7 (in tones)

Estimate the production for the year 1990.

Solution:

Let x denote the year and y the number of students Let X = x 1987 Y = y-15 Let the line of best fit be y= A x+ B The normal equation are A X + nB = Y A X2 + B X = XY To form the table: x 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 y 7 9 12 15 18 23 X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 -3 Y -8 -6 -3 0 3 8 -6 X 9 4 1 0 1 4 19 XY 24 12 3 0 3 16 58

256

Substituting the values, -3A + 6B = -6 19A 3B = 58 Solving the equations, we get, 35A =110 A = 3.142 -3(3.142) + 6B = -6 B = 0.571 The eqn of best fit is Y = 3.142 X+0.571 y-15 =3.142 (x-1987) +0.571 The production for the year 1990 is y = 3.142 (1990-1987) +15.571 = 3.142(3) + 15.571 = 9.426 +15.571 = 24.997 tonnes.

PART - A

1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) 5.) 6.) 7.)

The Variance of a Poisson distribution is 0.35. Find P(X=2). For a Poisson distribution n =1000, =2 find p In a Poisson distribution P(x=1) =P(x=2) Find If a random variable X- follows Poisson distribution such that P(x=2) =P(x=3). Find the mean of the distribution. If X is a Poisson distribution and P(X=0) = P(X=1) find the standard deviation. Write any two constant of Poisson distribution. Give any two examples of Poisson distribution.
257

8.) 9.)

Under what conditions Poisson distribution approximation of binomial distribution.

is

good

Comment on the following For a Poisson distribution mean =8 and valances =7

10.) Define Poisson distribution 11.) Define normal distribution 12.) Define standard normal distribution 13.) Write down the constants of normal distribution 14.) Write down any three properties of normal distribution 15.) Write down the mean and standard deviation of the standard normal distribution 16.) Find the area that the standard normal variable lies between 1.56 and O from the table. 17.) Find the area to the right of 0.25 18.) Find the area to the left of z = 1.96 19.) Write down the normal equations for the straight line y= ax+b 20.) Write down the normal equations for the straight line y =a+bx

PART - B

1.) 2.)

If X is a Poisson variable with P(X=2) =

2 P(X=1) Find P(X=0) 3

3.)

and P(X=3) 10% of the tools produced in a factory one found to be defective. Find the probability that in a set of 10 tools chosen at random exactly two will be defective. At a busy traffic junction, the probability p of an individual car having an accidents is 0.0001. However during certain part of the day 1000 car pass through the junction. What is the probability that two or more accidents occurs during that period.

258

4.)

5.)

A telephone switch board receives on average of 5 emergency calls in a10 minute interval, what is the probability that (i) There are atmost 2 emergency call in ten minute interval.(ii) atleast 3 emergency call in a minute interval. A taxi firm has 2 cars which it hires out day by day. The number of demands of a car on each day is distributed as Poisson distribution with mean 1.5 Calculate the proposition of days on which. (i) neither car is used (ii) some demand is refused. If 4% of the items manufactured by a Company are defective, find the probability that in a sample of 200 items (i) exactly one item is defective (ii) none is defective. The Probability of a Poisson variable taking the values 2 and 3 are equal, Calculate the valance and standard deviation. Articles of which 0.1 percent are defective are packed in boxes each containing 500 articles. (i) Using Poisson distribution find the probability that one box contains (i) no defective (ii) two or more defective articles e 0.5 = 0.6065

6.)

7.) 8.)

9.)

A manufacture of pins known that 2% of his product are defective If he sells pins in boxes of 100 and guarantees that not more then 4 pins will be defective what is the probability that a box will fail to meet the guaranteed quantity. 10.) If a random variable X follows Poisson distribution, such that P(X=3) = P(X=2), find P(X=1). 11.) Find the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution
1

given by f(x) = Ce 24

(x

6x + 4

< x<

12.) Obtain the value of C, and 2 of the normal distribution whose probability density function is given by f ( x ) = Ce 2 x
2

+ 4x

< x <

13.) In America, a person travelled by jet plane may be affected by cosmic rays is normally distributed. Its mean is 4.35m rem and standard deviation is 0.59m rem. Find the probability for one person affected by cosmic rays above 5.20m rem.
259

14.) Students of a class were given an aptitude test. This marks were found to be normally distributed with mean 60 and standard deviation 5. What percent of students scored (i) more than60 marks (ii) lines than 56 marks (iii) between 45 and 65 marks. 15.) The life of a lamp produced by a factory is distributed normally with a mean of 50 days and standard deviation of 15 days. If 5000 lamps are fitted on the same day find the number of lamps to be replaced after 74 days. 16.) The life of automobile battery is normally distributed with mean 36 months and standard deviation of 5 months what is the probability that a particular battery last 28 to 44 months. 17.) The mean weight of 500 student is 68 kg and the standard deviation is 7kg. Assuming that the weight are normally distributed, find how many students weigh between 54kg and 75kg. 18.) In a normal distribution which is exactly normally 31% of the items are under 45 and 8% are over 64. Find the mean and the standard deviation of the distribution. 19.) In a normal distribution 7 percent of the items are below 35 and 11 percent of the items are above 63. Find the mean and standard deviation of the distribution. 20.) The mean weight of 500 students is 151 lb and the standard deviation is 151lb. Assuming that the weight are normally distributed, find (i) How may students weigh between 120 and 155 lb? (ii) How may weigh more than 185 lb. 21.) Fit a straight line to the following data X Y 4 12 8 15 12 19 16 22 20 26 24 30

22.) Fit a straight line for the following data by the method of least squares X Y 0 10 1 14 2 19 3 26 4 31

260

23.) Fit a straight line to the following data X 1 Y 9 X Y 2 7 2 8 3 10 4 10 4 12 6 12 5 11 8 14 6 13 10 17 7 14 12 24 8 16 9 15

24.) Fit a straight line to the following data

25.) Fit a straight line trend by the method of least squares to the following data. Also estimate the production for the year 1992. Year Production (Rs. In Crores) 1985 7 1986 10 1987 12 1988 14 1989 17 1990 24

26.) Fit a straight line to the following data Year :1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Value Find 380 400 650 720 690 Find the value for the year 1968. 27.) Fit a straight line to the following data Year Sales 1985 16 1986 18 1987 19 1988 20 1965 600 1966 870 1967 930

1989 24

ANSWERS PART - A

1.) (4)

e 3.5 2 2 mean=3

(2)P=0.002 (5)SD=1 (16) 0.4406

(3) = 2 (9)wrong statement (17) 0.4013

15.) mean=0 SD=1 18.) 0.9750 19.) 20.)

y = a x + nb : xy = a x 2 = a x 2 + b x

y = na + b x : xy = a x + b x
261

PART - B

1.) (4) 5.) 6.) 7.) 8.) 9.)

= 1.3, e 1.3 , (i) 0.1246 (i) e 1.5 (i) 8e 8 =3 (i) 0.6005 0.1429

e 13 (1.3 ) 6

(2)

1 2e

(3)

0.0047

(ii) 0.8754 (ii) 1 e 1.5 (3.65 ) (ii) e 8

(ii) 0.0902 (10)

0.1494 1 24

11.) = 3, = 12 , C = e 12.) C =

5 24 .

2 2 1 e , = 1, 2 = 4 (ii) 21.19% (16) = 10 = 10.36 (ii) 6 (22) Y=5.4x+9.2 (23)19x-20y+145=0 0.8904 (iii) 84% (17) 409 students

13.) 0.0749 14.) (i) 50% 15.) 0.0548 18.) = 50 , 19.) = 50.3 , 20.) (i) 294 21.) Y= (0.9) x+8.07

24.) Y=1.542x+26.794 (25) 27.86 Crores 26.) Value for the year 1968 =1124.162 27.) Y=1.8 (x-1987) + 19.4

262

POINTS TO REMEMBER

1.) 2.)

Probability mass function : P(xi ) o for all xi and Probability density function : f (xi ) o for all xi and

p(xi) = 1
i

f (x )dx = 1

3.) 4.) 5.) 6.)

Mean = E(X) =

xi P(xi )
i= 0

E X2 = x i P(x i )
2 i=0

( )

Variance of X= var (x)= E(x ) - [E(x)] n: no of trails p= Prob of success Q: Prob of failure Mean of binomial distribution = np Variance = npq S.D =

Binomial distribution : P(x = x ) = nc xP x qn x

7.)

npq
x

8.) 9.)

Poisson distribution P(X = xi) =

e , x,0,1,2,3,..... x Mean = variance = of a poisson distribution 1 2

10.) Pdf of normal distribution f (x ) = 11.) z=

1 x 2 2

, < x <

x 12.) To fit the straight line y = ax+b, the normal equations are y = a x + nb

xy = a x 2 + b x

263

Standard Normal Distribution Area Table

Z 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0

0.0 .0000 .0398 .0793 .1179 .1554 .1915 .2257 .2580 .2881 .3159 .3413 .3643 .3849 .4032 .4192 .4332 .4452 .4554 .4641 .4713 .4772

0.1 .0040 .0438 .0832 .1217 .1591 .1950 .2291 .2611 .2910 .3186 .3438 .3665 .3869 .4049 .4207 .4345 .4463 .4564 .4649 .4719 .4778

0.2 .0080 .0478 .0871 .1255 .1628 .1985 .2324 .2642 .2939 .3212 .3461 .3686 .3888 .4066 .4222 .4357 .4474 .4573 .4656 .4726 .4783

0.3 .0120 .0517 .0910 .1293 .1664 .2019 .2357 .2673 .2967 .3238 .3485 .3708 .3907 .4082 .4236 .4370 .4484 .4582 .4664 .4732 .4788

0.4 .0160 .0557 .0948 .1331 .1700 .2054 .2389 .2704 .2995 .3264 .3508 .3729 .3925 .4099 .4251 .4382 .4495 .4591 .4671 .4738 .4793

0.5 .0199 .0596 .0987 .1368 .1736 .2088 .2422 .2734 .3023 .3289 .3531 .3749 .3944 .4115 .4265 .4394 .4505 .4599 .4678 .4744 .4798

0.6 .0239 .0636 .1026 .1406 .1772 .2123 .2454 .2764 .3051 .3315 .3554 .3770 .3962 .4131 .4279 .4406 .4515 .4608 .4686 .4750 .4803

0.7 .0279 .0675 .1064 .1443 .1808 .2157 .2486 .2794 .3078 .3340 .3577 .3790 .3980 .4147 .4292 .4418 .4525 .4616 .4693 .4756 .4808

0.8 .0319 .0714 .1103 .1480 .1844 .2190 .2517 .2823 .3106 .3365 .3599 .3810 .3997 .4162 .4306 .4429 .4535 .4625 .4699 .4761 .4812

0.9 .0359 .0753 .1141 .1517 .1879 .2224 .2549 .2852 .3133 .3389 .3621 .3830 .4015 .4177 .4319 .4441 .4545 .4633 .4706 .4767 .4817

264

Standard Normal Distribution Area Table

Z
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

.00
.4821 .4861 .4893 .4918 .4938 .4953 .4965 .4974 .4981 .4987 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .5000

.01
.4826 .4864 .4896 .4920 .4940 .4955 .4966 .4975 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .5000

.02
.4830 .4868 .4898 .4922 .4941 .4956 .4967 .4976 .4982 .4987 .4991 .4994 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

.03
.4834 .4871 .4901 .4925 .4943 .4957 .4968 .4977 .4983 .4988 .4991 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

.04
.4838 .4875 .4904 .4927 .4945 .4959 .4959 .4977 .4984 .4988 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

.05
.4842 .4878 .4906 .4929 .4946 .4960 .4970 .4978 .4984 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

.06
.4846 .4881 .4909 .4931 .4948 .4961 .4971 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4994 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

.07
.4850 .4884 .4911 .4932 .4949 .4962 .4972 .4979 .4985 .4989 .4992 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

.08
.4854 .4887 .4913 .4934 .4951 .4963 .4973 .4980 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4996 .4997 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

.09
.4857 .4890 .4916 .4936 .4952 .4964 .4974 .4981 .4986 .4990 .4993 .4995 .4997 .4998 .4998 .4999 .4999 .4999 .5000

265

UNIT- IV

APPLICATION OF INTEGRATION AND FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

AREA AND VOLUME 4.1 Area Area of circle, volume volume of cone and sphere simple problems FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 4.2 Definition of order and degree of differential equation solution of first order variable separable type differential equation simple problems LINEAR TYPE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION 4.3 Solution of linear differential equation simple problems Introduction In mathematics III, we discussed the basic concepts of integration. In mathematics II, we studied the differential equation and formation of differential equation. In this unit, we shall study the application of integration and first order differential equation. 4.1. AREA AND VOLUME W e apply the concept of definite integral to find the area and volume. Area The area under the curve y = f(x) between the x-axis and the ordinates x=a and x=b is the definite integral
b b

f( x )dx or

ydx
a

266

Area( A ) = f ( x )dx or
a

ydx
a

Similarly, the area between the curve x=g(y) and the y=axis and the lines y=c and y=d is the definite integral

g( y )dy

or

xdy

X=g(y)

Area ( A ) = g( y )dy or
c

xdy
c

267

Volume The volume of solid obtained by rotating the area bounded by the

curve y=f(x) and x-axis between x=a and x=b about the x-axis is the definite integral [f ( x )] dx or y 2 dx

Volume (v)= [f ( x )] dx or y 2 dx

Similarly, the volume of solid obtained by rotating the area bounded by the curve x = g(y) and y-axis between y=c and y=d about the y-axis is the definite integral [g(y )] dy or

x 2 dy
c

Volume (v)= [g(y )] dy or x 2 dy

268

4.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A 3 1) Find the area bounded by the curve y=4x , the x-axis and the ordinates x=0 and x=1 Solution:
b 1 x4 A = ydx = 4 x 3dx = 4 4 0 a 0 1

= x 4 0 = (1) 0 = 1 0 = 1 Sq. units x 2) Find the area bounded by the curve y=e , the x-axis and the ordinates x=0 and x=6. Solution:
1 4

[ ]
6

A = ydx = e x dx
a

= e x 0 = e6 e0 = e6 1 Sq. units 3) Find the area bounded by the curve y=cosx, x-axis and between x=0 and x= 2 Solution:
A = ydx = cos xdx
a 0 b 2

[ ]

sin 0 = 1Sq. units 2 2 4) Find the area bounded by the curve x=4y-y , the y-axis and the lines y=0 and y=3 Solution: = [sin x ] = sin A = xdy
c 3 d

2 0

= 4 y y 2 dy
0 3

4 y 2 y3 y3 = = 2 y 2 3 3 2 0 0 = 18 9 = 9 Sq. units

269

5)

Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by 2 the curve y =4x between x=1 and x=2 is rotated about x-axis.

Solution:

v = y 2 dx
a

= 4 xdx
1 2

(2)2 (1)2 = 4 2 2 3 = 4. 2 = 6 Cubic units

6) Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by the curve y= 10 + x between x=0 and x=5 is rotated about xaxis.
Solution:

x2 = 4 2

Given y = 10 + x Squaring on both sides, we get y =10+x

v = y 2 dx
a
2

= (10 + x )dx

x2 = 10 x + 2 0 25 = 50 + 2 = 125 Cubic units. 2

270

7)

Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by 2 2 the curve x = sec y between y=0 and y = is rotated about y4 axis. Solution: v = x 2 dy
c

= sec 2 ydy
0 4 = [tan y ]0

= tan tan 0 = [1 0] 4 = Cubic units.

PART - B

1.

Find the area of the circle whose radius is a units.

Solution:

Area of AOB bounded by x +y =a , the x-axis between x=0 and x=a is

271

Area of

AOB = ydx
a

a 2 x 2 dx
a

x a2 x = a2 x 2 + sin 1 2 a 2 0
a 2 a2 a a a2 + sin 1 (0 + 0 ) = 2 a 2 = = a2 . sin 1 (1) 2

a 2 a 2 . = 2 2 4 Re quired area = 4 Area of AOB = 4 a 2 4

Area of circle = a 2 Squnits.

Aliter

a2 x 2 dx

Let I
2

a2 x 2 dx

a2 a2 sin2 (a cos )d a2 1 sin2 (a cos )d

Put x = a sin

2 0

dx = a cos d

272

a2 1 sin2 (a cos )d

when x = 0, = 0 2

= a 2 cos cos d
0

and x = a, =

= a 2 cos2 d
0

1 + cos 2A 1 1 = a 2 + cos 2 d cos 2 A = 2 2 2 0

1 sin 2 2 =a + 2 2 2 0
21

a2 = 2 = = a2 2

1 2 + 2 sin 2 0

1 1 / 0 + sin 2(0 ) + sin 2 / 2 2 2 2

a2 1 1 a 2 0 0 + ( ) (0 ) = 2 2 4 2 2

2.

a 2 = a 2 4 2 Find the area bounded by the curve y=x +x+2, the x-axis and the ordinate x=1 and x=2. Area of the circle = 4
b

Solution:
A = ydx =
a

(x
2 1

+ x + 2 dx
2

x3 x2 = + + 2x 2 3

273

 23 2 2 13 12 = + + 2(2) + + 2(1) 2 2 3 3 8 1 1 = + 2 + 4 + + 2 3 3 2 8 6 2 + 3 + 12 = + 6 3 1

3.

26 17 52 17 = 3 6 6 35 = Sq units 6 2 Find the area bounded by the curve y=x -6x+8 and the x-axis. =

Solution:

The curve meets the x-axis at y=0 y = 0 x -6x+8=0

(x-2)(x-4)=0 x=2,4
2

A = ydx =
a

(x
4 2

x3 x2 6 x + 8 dx = 6 + 8x 3 2 2
4

x3 = 3x 2 + 8x 3 2
274

 64 8 = 48 + 32 12 + 16 3 3 64 8 64 8 64 8 60 = 16 4 = 20 = 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 Sq units. = = 3 3 4. Find the volume of a right circular cone of base radius r and altitude h by integration. Solution:

Let y=mx be rotated about the x-axis to get the cone. r Then m = tan = . h r Now y = mx y = x h

r Volume V = y dx = x dx a 0h
2

= = V=

r 2 h2

h 0

dx
h

r 2 x 3 r 2 = 2 2 h 3 0 h r 2h3 h
2

h3 0 3

1 2 r h Cubic units. 3

275

5. Find the volume of the sphere of radius r by integration. Solution: 2 2 2 When the semi-circle x + y = r is rotated about X-axis solid sphere is obtained.

Volume of the sphere

V = y 2 dx
a

= r 2 x 2 dx
r

= 2 r 2 x 2 dx
0

( function is even )

x3 = 2r 2 x 3 0 r3 = 2r 3 (0 0 ) 3 = 2. 2r 3 4 v = r 3cubic units. 3 3

276

6.

Find the volume of the solid generated when the region enclosed 2 3 2 by y =4x +3x +2x between x=1 and x=2 is revolved about x-axis.

Solution:

= y 2 dx
a 2

2 4 + 23 + 13 + 12 = [(16 + 8 + 4 ) (1 + 1 + 1)] = [(28 3 )] = 25 Cubic units. 4

[ = [(2

x4 x2 x3 = 4 x + 3 x + 2x dx = 4 +3 +2 2 3 4 1 1
3 2

= x 4 + x3 + x2

] + 2 ) (1
2 1

)]

7.

Find the volume generated by the area enclosed by the curve 2 2 y =x(x-1) and the x-axis, when rotated about x-axis.

Solution:

The curve meets x-axis

y=0 y =0 x(x-1) =0 x=0,1
277
2 2

= y 2 dx
a

= x(x 1) dx
2 0

= x x 2 2x + 1dx
0

= x 3 2x 2 + x dx
0

x 4 2x 3 x 2 = + 3 2 4 0
1 2 1 = + (0 0 + 0 ) 4 3 2
3 8 + 6 1 = = 12 = 12 Cubic units. 12

4.2. FIRST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION Introduction:

Since the time of Newton, physical problems have been investigated by formulating them mathematically as differential equations Many mathematical models in engineering employ differential equations extensively.
Order and degree of Differential Equation:

The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential coefficient appearing in the equation. The degree of an equation is the degree of the highest differential coefficient is free from radicals and fractional exponents.

278

Solution of First Order Differential Equation:

Recalling that we formed differential equation by differentiating algebraic equations involving x,y etc and constants. Now, we will consider the reverse process. Consider the differential equation dy = 3x 2 dx
3

(1)

A solution of this equation is y=x , since this satisfy (1) All the Possibilities which satisfy are of the form y = x3 + c (2)

This is called the general solution of (1), here c may be any constant. We call c an arbitrary constant. The general solution of (1) has one arbitrary constant. For second order differential equation, two arbitrary constants will be there. A particular solution is one where a value is given to c. Particular solutions arise when we are required to find a solution fitting certain conditions. If we give y=1 when x=0 in (2), we get c=1. Hence the particular solution is y=x +1.
Solution of the variable separable differential equation:
3

dy = f (x, y ) , if the dx function of x can be grouped with dx on one side and the function of y can be grouped with dy on the other side, then this type of equation is called variable separable differential equation. The solution can be obtained by integrating both sides after separating the variables. In the first order differential equation, say

279

1.

4.2 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A Write the order and degree of the following differential equations

y=2
2

dy d2 y +3 2 +5 dx dx
x

ii y+y = 0 Iii (D +5D+4)y=e iv d2 y dx

2
2

= 3x =

dy + 2y dx

Solution:

i.

y=2

dy d2 y +3 2 +5 dx dx

Here, Highest order=2 Degree of highest order=1 Order=2, degree=1 ii. y ' + y 2 = 0 dy + y2 = 0 dx

Here, Highest order=1 Degree of Highest order=1 Order=1, degree=1 iii

(D

+ 5D + 4 y = e x d2 y dx
2

+5

dy + 4y = e x dx

Here, Highest order=2 Degree of Highest order=1 Order=2, degree=1

280

iv

d2 y dx 2

+ 3x =

dy + 2y dx
2

To eliminate the radical in the above equation, raising to the

d2 y dy + 2y power 2 on both sides, we get 2 + 3 x = dx dx

Here, Highest order=2 Degree of Highest order=2 Order=2, degree=2
2.
8 8

Solve x dx+y dy=0

8 8

Solution:

Given x dx+y dy=0 Integrating, we get,

dx + y 8 dy = 0

x9 y9 + =c 9 9
3.

Solve

dy 2 = dx 1 + x 2

Solution:

Given

dy 2 = dx 1 + x 2 dy = 2 1+ x2 dx 2dx

Integrating, we get,

dy = 1 + x 2
y = 2 tan 1 x + c

281

4.

2 dy 1 y2 Solve = 2 dx 1 x

Solution:
2 dy 1 y2 = 2 dx 1 x 1

Given

1 y2 dy = dx 1 x2 dy dx = 2 1 y 1 x2

Integrating, we get
-1 -1

dy 1 y
2

dx 1 x2

Sin y=sin x+c

5.

Solve

dy 3 + x = dx 3 + y

Solution:

Given

(3 + y )dy = (3 + x )dx

dy 3 + x = dx 3 + y

Integrating, we get, 3y +

(3 + y )dy = (3 + x )dx

x2 y2 = 3x + +c 2 2

282

6.

Solve

dy = e x 5y dx

Solution:

Given

dy = e x 5y dx dy = e x e 5y dx dy 5 y = e x dx e

e 5 y dy = e x dx
Integrating, we get

5y

dy = e x dx

e5 y = ex + c 5
7.

Solve x

dy =y dx

Solution:

Given

dy =y dx

Integrating, we get,

dy dx = y x

dy = y

dx x

log y = log x + log c

log y = log cx y = cx

283

8.

Find the solution of

dy y cos x = 0 dx

Solution:

Given

dy y cos x = 0 dx

dy = y cos x dx dy = cos xdx y Integrating, we get,

dy = cos xdx y

Logy = sinx + c

PART - B 1)

Solve (x - y) dx + (y - x) dy = 0
2 2

Solution:

Given

(x - y) dx + (y - x) dy = 0
x dx ydx + y dy xdy = 0 x dx + y dy = xdy + ydx x dx + y dy = d(xy)
2 2 2 2 2 2

Integrating, we get

dx + y 2 dy = d(xy )

x3 y3 + = xy + c 3 3

284

2)

Solve

dy 1 + cos 2y + =0 dx 1 + cos 2x dy 1 + cos 2y + =0 dx 1 + cos 2x

Solution:

Given

dy 1 + cos 2y = dx 1 + cos 2x

dy 2 cos2 y = dx 2 cos2 x dy dx = 2 cos y cos2 x

sec 2 ydy = sec 2 xdx

Integrating, we get,

sec

ydy = sec 2 xdx

tany = -tanx + c
tanx+tany=c 3)

Solve

dy = e x y + 3x 2e y dx

Solution:

Given

dy = e x y + 3x 2e y dx dy = e x e y + 3x 2 e y dx dy = e y e x + 3x 2 dx

] Integrating, we get. e dy = (e
y

e y dy = e x + 3 x 2 dx
x

+ 3 x 2 dx

e =e +x +c
285

4)

Solve

dy y 2 + 4 y + 5 = dx x 2 2x + 2

Solution:

Given

dy y 2 + 4 y + 5 = dx x 2 2x + 2

dy y + 4y + 5
2

= =

dx x 2x + 2
2

(y + 2)

dy
2

+1

(x 1)2 + 12
dx

dx

Integrating, we get
-1

(y + 2)2 + 12 = (x 1)2 + 12
-1 x

dy

tan (y+2)=tan (x - 1) + c
5)

Solve (1-e ) sec ydy + e tany dx = 0

x 2 x

Solution:

Given (1-e ) sec ydy + e tany dx = 0

(1-e ) sec ydy = -e tany dx
x 2 x

sec 2 ydy e x dx = tan y 1 ex

Integrating, we get

d(tan y ) d 1 ex = tan y 1 e x
x x

log (tany) = log (1-e ) + log c

log (tany) = log c (1-e ) tany = c (1-e )
x

286

4.3. LINEAR TYPE DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A first order differential equation is said to be linear in y if the dy and y are unity. power of the terms dx dy + Py = Q is a linear differential equation. Here P and Q are dx function of x. The solution of linear differential equation is given by ye pdx = Qe pdx dx + c i.e. y (IF) = Q(IF) dx + c

Here IF = e pdx is called an Integrating factor

Note:

e log f (x ) = f (x )

1.)

4.3 WORKED EXAMPLES PART - A and B dy 5 Find the integrating factor of + y=x dx x

Solution:

Given

dy 5 + y=x dx x x
5 1 dx x

Here P = 5

IF = e pdx = e = e 5 log x = e log x IF = x 5

5

287

2.)

Find the integrating factor of

dy xy =0 dx

Solution:

Given

dy xy =0 dx

dy y = x dx

Here P=-1 IF = e pdx = e dx = e x 3.) Find the integrating factor of dy sin 2x = y cot x dx
Solution:

Given

dy sin 2x = y cot x dx

dy y cot x = sin 2x dx

Here P = cotx IF = e pdx

= e cot xd x = e log sin

x

= e log cos ecx IF = cos ecx

288

PART - B

1.)

Solve

dy 1 + 3y = dx 3 dy 1 + 3y = dx 3 1 3

Solution:

Given

Here P = 3 and Q = Now, IF= e pdx

= e 3 dx = e 3 x The Required solution is y IF = Q IF dx + c 1 y e3 x = e3 x dx + c 3

y e3 x =

e3 x +c 9

2.)

Solve

dy 3 x 2 y 2 + = 3 dx 1 + x 1+ x3 2 3x 2 and Q = Here P = 3 1+ x 1 + x3 Now, IF = e pdx

3 x2 1+ x 3 dx
3

=e

= eLog (1+ x

IF = 1 + x 3 The Required solution is y (IF) = Q(IF)dx + c y(1 + x 3 ) =

( ) y (1 + x ) = 2x + c
y 1 + x 3 = 2 dx
3

2 3 1 + x 3 (1 + x )dx + c

289

3.)

Solve

dy + y cot x = 2 cos x dx

Solution:

Given

dy + y cot x = 2 cos x dx Here P = Cotx , Q= 2 Cos x

Now, If = e pdx = e cot xdx = elog sin x = sin x The Required Solution is y(IF ) = Q(IF )dx + c

y sin x = 2 cos x sin xdx + c y sin x = sin 2xdx + c

y sin x = cos 2x +c 2 dy 3 y = x 3 cos x dx x

4.)

Solve

Solution:

Given

dy 3 y = x 3 cos x dx x Here P = 3 , Q = x 3 cos x x

1 3 dx x
3

Now, IF = e pdx =e = e 3 log x = elog x = x 3 = 1 x3

The Required solution is 1 x3

y(IF ) = Q(IF )dx + c = x 3 cos x

1 x3

dx + c

y x3 y x3

= cos xdx + c = sin x + c

290

5.)

Solve 1 + x 2

) dy + 2xy = 1 dx

Solution:

) dy + 2xy = 1 dx Divide both sides by (1 + x ) , we get

Given 1 + x 2
2

dy 2xy 1 + = 2 dx 1 + x 1+ x2 2 xy 1 , Q= Here P= 2 1+ x 1 + x2 Now If = e pdx

2x

= e 1+ x

dx
2

= elog(1+ x

= 1 + x2 The Required solution is

y 1 + x2 =

y(IF ) = Q(IF )dx + c

2

) 1 +1x (1 + x )dx + c y (1 + x ) = dx + c y (1 + x ) = x + c
2 2 2

EXERCISE PART - A 1. Find the area bounded by the curve y= 2x the x-axis and the ordinates x =0 and x=1. 2. Find the are bounded by the curve y=x and x-axis between x=0 and x=2

3. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x=1, and x=3.

x2 , x-axis, and between 2

291

4.

Find the area under the curve y = x = -1 and x = 1

1 1+ x2

x- axis,

5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Find the area bounded by the curve y=sinx, x-axis and between x=0 and x = Find the area bounded by the curve y=3x, the x-axis and line x=3 Find the area bounded by the curve xy=1 the y-axis and the lines y=1 and y=5. Find the area bounded by the curve x=2y+5, the y-axis and the lines y=1 and y=2. Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by the curve y=25x between x =1 and x =3is rotated about x- axis.

10. Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by the curve y=8x between x=0 and x=2 rotated about x-axis. 11. Find the volume generated by rotating the triangle with vertices at (0,0),(3,0) and (3,3) about x-axis. 12. Find the volume generated when the area bounded by the curve x=3y between y=0 and y=1 is rotated about y-axis. 13. Write the order and degree of the following differential equations. (i)
d2 y dy + 2 + + y = ex 3 dx dx dx

d3 y

(ii) y11 + y 2 = 0 (iii) y" = d2 y dy dx + dx dy

1 3

dy (iv) = 1 + 2 dx dx 14. Solve xdx+ydy=0

292

15. Solve 16. Solve 17. 18.

dy x 2 = dx y 2

dy = 3x 2 y dx dy 1 + x = dx 1 + y

dy = xy + y + x + 1 dx dy = e 2x y 19. Solve dx dy y = 20. Solve dx x 21. Find the solution of dy + y sin x = 0 dx dy 1 22. Find the integrating factor of + y=x dx x dy 1 + y =1 dx 1 + x 2 dy y tan x = e x sec x dx dy + 4 y sin x = sin 2x dx

23. Find the integrating factor of 24. Find the integrating factor of

25. Find the integrating factor of 2 cos x

1) 2) 3)

PART - B Find the area of the circle whose radius is 4 units using integration.

Find the area of region bounded by the curve y= 3 x 2 4 x + 5 , the x-axis and the lines x=1 and x=2 Find the area bounded by the curve y = x 2 + x + 1 and x-axis and the ordinates x=1 and x=3
293

4) 5) 6)

Find the area bounded by the curve y = 4 x x 2 and the x-axis Find the area bounded by the curve y = 10 3 x x 2 and the xaxis Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by the curve y 2 = 2 + x x 2 the x-axis and the lines x=-1 and x=2.

7)

Find the volume of the solid formed when the area bounded by the curve x 2 = a2 b2

(b

y 2 , the y-axis and the lines y=-b and y=b

8) 9)

Solve xy2 + x dx + yx 2 + y dy = 0 Solve dy 1 + cos y = dx 1 + cos x dy = e x + y + xe y dx dy = e 3 x 2 y + x 3 e 2y dx dy y 2 + 2y + 10 = dx x 2 + 2x + 10

x 2

10) Solve 11) Solve 12) Solve

13) Solve 1 + x 2 sec 2 ydy = 2 x tan ydx 14) ydy e x tan ydx = 0

( ) Solve (1 + e )sec ( )

15) Solve 3e x tan ydx + 1 + e x sec 2 ydy = 0 16) Solve e x + 1 cos ydy + e x sin ydx = 0 17) Solve 18) Solve 19) Solve dy + 3y = 6 dx dy y + = x4 dx x dy 2xy 1 + = dx 1 + x 2 1 + x 2

294

20) Solve 21) Solve 22) Solve 23) Solve

dy +y = x dx dy + y cot x = e x cos ecx dx dy + y tan x = 4 x cos x dx dy 2y = x 2 sin x dx x dy 3y = x 4 e x dx 1 + 4x y = ) dy dx 1+ x

3 4

24) Solve x

25) Solve 1 + x 4

1) 4) 7) 10) 12)

1 Sq unit Sq unit 2 log 5 Sq unit 16 Cubic units

cubic units

ANSWERS PART - A 8 2) Sq unit 3

3)

13 Sq unit 3

5) 2 Sq unit 8) 8 Squnit 11) 9 cubic units

6) 6 Sq unit 9) 500 cubic unit

13) (i) order =3, degree=1 (iii) order =1, degree=2 14) x2 y2 + =c 2 2 y+ y2 x2 = x+ +c 2 2

(ii) order =2, degree=1 (iv) order =2, degree=3 15) y3 x3 =c 3 3 16) log y = x 3 + c x2 +x+c 2

17)

18) Log (1 + y ) =

295

19) 22)

ey = X

e2x +c 2

20) xy=c (23) e tan x

1

21) logy=cosx+c (25) sec 2 x

(24) Cos x

PART - B

1) 4.) 7)

16 Sq. units 32 Sq. units 3

(2) 6 Sq. units (5) 343 Sq. units 6 (8)

(3) (6)

44 Sq. units 3 9 Cubic units 2

4 2 a b cubic units 3 tan y x = tan + c 2 2

x2 + 1 y2 + 1 = c x2 =c 2

9)

(10) e x + e y +

11) 13) 15) 17) 19) 21) 23) 25)

e 2y e3 x x 4 = + +c 2 3 4 tan y = c 1 + x 2 tan y 1 + e x

)
=c

y + 1 1 x + 1 (12) tan 1 tan =c 3 3

14) 16)

tan y = c 1 + e x
x

(e + 1)sin y = c
x6 +c 6 ye x = xe x e x + c y sec x = 2x 2 + c y x3
= ex + c

ye3 x = 2e 3 x + c y 1+ x2 = x + c y sin x = e x + c y + cos x = c x2 y 1+ x 4 = x + c

(18) xy = (20) (22) (24)

296

UNIT - V

SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

5.1. Solution of second order differential equations with constant

d2 y dy +b + cy = 0. Simple Problems 2 dx dx 5.2 Solution of second order differential equations in the form
coefficients in the form a

dy + cy = f ( x ) . Where a,b and c are constants and dx dx mx f(x) = e . Simple problems. 5.3. Solution of second order differential equations in the form a
2

d2 y

+b

d2 y dy +b + cy = f ( x ). Where a,b and c are constants and f(x) = dx dx 2 sinmx or cosmx. Simple problems a
5.1 SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS Introduction:

In the last unit, we learnt first order differential equation. In this unit, we will learn second order differential equation. The second order differential equation is of the form a d2 y dy +b + cy = f ( x ). dx dx 2
2

(1)

Where a,b and c are real numbers and f(x) is a function of x. We use differential operators Dy, D y in (1), we get

(aD2 + bD + c )y = f ( x ) where D=
Now, we put f(x) = 0 in (1), we get a d2 y dx
2

d dx

(2)

+b

dy + cy = 0 dx

(3)

297

The solution of (3) is called complementary function (CF) of (1). To solve (3), we assume a trial solution y = e for some value of p. Then dy d2 y = pe px and 2 = p 2epx . dx dx
px

Substituting these values in (3), we get

ap 2 e px + bpe px + cepx = 0 epx [ap 2 + bp + c ] = 0 ap + bp + c = 0

2

(4)

This equation in p is called the Auxillary Equation (AE) Solving (4), we get two roots say p1 and p2. Then the following three cases arise.
Case (i)

If the roots p1 and p2 are real and distinct, then the solution of (3) is y = Ae p1x + Be p 2 x
Case (ii)

If the roots p1 and p2 are real and equal, then the solution of (3) is y = ep1x ( Ax + B)
Case (iii)

If the roots p1 and p 2 are complex say p1 = + i and p2 = -i, then the solution of (3) is y = e x [ A cos x + B sin x] In all cases, A and B are arbitrary constants.

298

5.1 WORKED EXAMPLES PART A

1.

If roots of the auxillary equation are

1 3 i , what is the solution 2 2

of the differential equation? Solution: 1 3 , = , 2 2 . . . The solution of differential equation is Here, the roots are complex and =
1

y = e 2 [ A cos

3 3 x + B sin x] 2 2
2

2. Find the solution of (D 81) y = 0 Solution: The auxillary equation is p 81 = 0

(p+9) (p-9) = 0 p1 = -9, p2 = 9
2

Here, the roots are real and distinct . . The solution of differential equation is y = Ae 3. Solve d2 y dx 2 + 64 y = 0
-9x .

+Be 9 x

Solution:

Given

d2 y dx
2

+ 64 y = 0 (D2 + 64 )y = 0
2

The auxillary equation is p +64=0

p = 8i

Here, the roots are complex,=0 and = 8 . . The solution is y = A cos8x + B sin 8x
299
.

4.

Solve (D -2D-3)y=0
2

Solution:

The auxillary equation is p -2p-3=0

(p+1) (p-3) = 0 p1 = -1, p2 = 3

Here, the roots are real and distinct . . The solution is y = Ae + Be 5. Solve (D -4D-1) y =0
2 2 . -x 3x

Solution:

The auxillary equation is p -4p-1 = 0 Here a = 1, b = -4, c = -1 P= b b 2 4ac 2a

4 16 4(1)(1) 2(1) 4 20 2 42 5 =2 5 2 5 and p 2 = 2 5

= =

So, p1 = 2 +
.

Here, the roots are real and distinct . . The solution is (2 + 5 )x (2 y = Ae + Be 5

)x

300

6.

Solve

dy d2 y 6 + 9y = 0 dx dx 2

Solution:

Given:

d2 y dy 6 + 9 y = 0 (D 2 6D + 9) y = 0 2 dx dx
2

The auxillary equation is p 6p+9 = 0

(p-3)(p-3)=0 p1=3, p2 = 3

Here, the roots are real and equal. .. The solution is y = e [Ax+B] 7. Solve (D +D+2)y =0
2 2 3x

Solution:

The auxillary equation is p +p+2 = 0 Here a = 1, b = 1, c = 2 P= = = b b 2 4ac 2a 1 1 4(1)(2) 2(1)

1 7 2 1 i 7 = 2 1 7 = i 2 2

1 7 Here, the roots are complex, = , = 2 2

1
.

. . The solution is y = e 2 [ A cos

7 7 x x + B sin 2 2

301

PART B

1.

Solve (D +1) y = 0 when x = 0, y = 2 and x =

, y=-2. 2

Solution:

The auxillary equation is p + 1 = 0

p=i

Here, the roots are complex, = 1 . . The solution is y = A cosx + B sinx When x=0, y=2, the equation (1) becomes A cos0 + B sin0 = 2 A+0=2 A=2 When x = A cos , y=-2, the equation (1) becomes 2 1
.

+B sin = -2 2 2 0 + B = -2 B = -2 . . . The required solution is y = 2 cosx 2 sinx 2. Show that the solution of the equation (D + 3D + 2) y = 0 if y(0) 1 -x -2x = 1 and y (0) = 0 is y = 2e e
2 2

Solution:

The auxillary equation is p +3p+2=0

(p+1) (p+2) = 0 p1 = -1, p2 = -2

Here, the roots are real and distinct

302

. . The solution is y = Ae + Be Now, y = -Ae 2Be

-x -2x

-x

-2x

1 2

If y(0) = 1, the equation (1) becomes A+B=1 If y(0) =0 , the equation (2) becomes A+2B=0 Solving (3) and (4) we get A=2, B=-1 The required solution is y=2e -e
-x -2x

5.2. SOLUTION OF SECOND ORDER EQUATIONS IN THE FORM

d2 y dy +b + cy = f ( x ) WHERE A,B AND C ARE CONSTANTS dx dx 2 AND f(x) = emx . a

Introduction:

In previous section, we find the complementary function . In this section, we have to find the particular integral (PI) and the general solution of a second order differential equation. The Solution of Differential equation with Constant Coefficients is y=CF+PI
Method of finding particular integral
2 mx

Consider (aD +bD+c)y = e Let f(D) = aD +bD+c Then PI is given by

2

where m is a constant.

1 mx emx e = f (D) f (m)

Three cases arise in PI

Case (i)

If f(m) 0 then PI =

1 mx emx e = f (D) f (m )
303

Case (ii)

If f(m) = 0 and f ' (m) 0 then

Case (iii)

PI =

x emx f ' (m ) PI = x 2emx f " (m)

If f(m) = 0 and f ' (m) = 0 and f ' ' (m) 0 then

5.2 WORKED EXAMPLE PART A

1.

Find the complementary function of (D +16)y= e

2

Solution:

2.

The auxiliary equation is p +16=0 p=4i Here, the roots are complex , =4 CF = A cos 4x + B sin 4x 2 40x Find the complementary function of (D -60D+800)y=e The auxiliary equation is p -60p+800=0 (p-40) (P-20) =0 P1=40, P2=20 Here the roots are real and distinct 40x 20x CF = Ae + Be 2 Find the particular integral of (D +1) y =1
1 1 = e0 D2 + 1 D2 + 1 1 1 = = =1 0 +1 1
2

Solution:

3.

Solution:

PI =

304

4. Find the particular integral of (D +7D+14) = 8e Solution: 1 PI = 2 8e x D + 7D + 14

-x

8e x 8e x = = e x 8 ( 1)2 + 7( 1) + 14 2 -x 5. Find the particular integral of (D -2D-3)y = e Solution: 1 PI = 2 e x D 2D 3 = = = x e x 2D 2 Since f ( 1) = 0

x ex x ex = 2( 1) 2 4
PART - B

1. Solve (D +5D+6)y=30 Solution: The auxiliary equation is

p +5p+6=0 (p+2) (P+3) =0 P1=-2, P2=-3 Here, the roots are real and distinct -2x -3x CF = Ae +Be 1 Now PI = 2 30 D + 5D + 6 30e = 2 D + 5D + 6 30e = 2 0 + 5(0) + 6 30 = 6 PI = 5 The Required solution is -2x -3x Y=CF+PI = Ae +Be +5
305

2.

Solve (D +6D+5) y =2e

Solution:

p +6p+5=0 (p+1) (P+5) =0 P1=-1, P2=-5 Here the roots are real and distinct -x -5x CF = Ae +Be 1 Now PI = 2 2e x D + 6D + 5 = = 2e x 12 + 6(1) + 5

The auxiliary equation is

2e x 12 ex PI = 6 The required solution is Y=CF+PI Ae - x + Be - 5x + 3. ex 6

x

Solve (D2 + D)y = e 2

2

Solution:

The auxiliary equation is

p +p=0
p (p+1)=0 P1=0, P2=-1

Here the roots are real and distinct CF = Ae +Be =A+Be

0 -x -x

Now PI =

1 D2 + D

x 2 e

306

x 2 e

1 1 + 2 2
x 2 e

4
x

4 PI = e 2 3 The required solution is y=CF+PI 3 2 e 4 4. Solve (D2 D 12)y = e 4 x Solution: 2 The auxiliary equation is p -p-12=0 (p-4) (p+3)=0 p1=4, p2=-3 Here the roots are real and distinct 4x -3x CF = Ae +Be 1 e4 x Now PI = 2 D D 12 x e4 x = Since f ( 4) = 0 2D 1 x e4 x = 2( 4) 1 = A + Be - x +
x e4 x 7 The required solution is y=CF + PI PI = = Ae 4x + Be - 3x + x e 4x 7
x

307

5.

Solve (D -2D+1) y =e

Solution:

The auxiliary equation is

p -2p+1=0
(p-1) (p-1) =0 p1=1, p 2=1

Here the roots are real and equal CF = e (Ax+B)

x

Now PI = PI =

1 D 2D + 1
2

ex Since f (1) = 0, f ' (1) = 0

x2 x e 2

The required solution is Y=CF+PI = e x (Ax + B) + 6 Solve d2 y dx

2

x2 x e 2 dy + 12 y = 2e 2 x + 5e x dx

13

Solution:

Given

d2 y dx 2

13

dy + 12 y = 2e 2 x + 5e x dx

(D2 13D + 12) y = 2e 2 x + 5e x

The auxilary equation is p -13p+12=0
(p-1) (p-12) =0 p1=1, p2=12 Here the roots are real and distinct x 12x CF = Ae +Be
2

308

Now PI1 = = = = Now PI2 = = =

1 D 13D + 12
2

2 e2x

2e 2 x ( 2)2 13( 2) + 12 2e 2 x 4 + 26 + 12 e 2 x 21 1 D 13D + 12

2

5 ex Sincef (1)= 0

5 xex 2D 13 5 xex 2(1) 13 5 xex 11

The required solution is Y =CF+PI1+PI2 = Ae x + Be12x + e 2 x 5 xe x 21 11

5.3 SOLUTION OF SECOND ORDER DIFFERENTIALEQUATIONS

dy + cy = f ( x ) WHERE a,b AND c ARE dx dx CONSTANTS AND f(x) = sin mx or cos mx where m is a constant 0 INTRODUCTION
IN THE FORM a
2

d2 y

In this section, we have to find the particular integral when f(x) =sin mx or cos m x where m is a constant Methods of finding PI Consider f(x) =sin m x

309

Case (i) 2 2 2 2 Express f(D) as function of D ,say (D ) and then replace D with m 2 If (-m )0,then 1 PI = sin mx f (D) 1 sin mx = (D 2 ) 1 PI = sin mx ( m2 ) Case (ii) 2 Sometimes we cannot form (D ) Then we shall try to get 2 2 (D,D ) that is a function of D and D . In such cases we proceed as follows. For Example 1 Now PI = 2 sin 2x D + 2D + 3 1 = sin 2x Re place D 2 by 2 2 2 2 + 2D + 3 1 = Sin 2x 2D 1 2D + 1 = sin 2 x multiply and divide by 2D + 1 4D 2 1 2D(sin 2x ) + sin 2 x = 4( 22 ) 1 4 cos 2x + sin 2 x = 17 1 [4 cos 2x + sin 2x] = 17 Now consider f(x) = cos m x 1 Case (i): PI = cos m x (-m2 ) Case(ii): Same as sin m x method General Solution:

The general solution is y= CF+PI

310

5.3 WORKED EXAMPLE PART - A 2 1. Find the complementary function of (D +49) y= cos 4x Solution: 2 The auxiliary equation is p +49=0 p=7i Here, the roots are complex , =7 CF = A cos 7x+B sin 7x 2 2. Find the particular integral of (D +14) y = sin 3x Solution: 1 PI = 2 sin 3 x D + 14 1 = sin 3 x 2 3 + 14 sin 3 x = 5

3.

Find the particular integral of (D +a ) y = Cos b x

Solution:

PI =

1 cos bx D + a2 1 cos bx = 2 b + a2 cos bx = 2 a b2

2

1.)

Solve D2 4 y = sin 2x The auxiliary equation is p 2 4 = 0

PART - B

Solution:

p2 = 4 p = +2 p1 = 2, p 2 = 2
311

Here, the roots are real and distinct CF = Ae 2 x + Be 2 x Now PI =

(sin 2x ) D 4 1 = sin 2x 2 2 4 sin 2 x = 8

1
2

The Required solution is y = CF + PI sin 2 X = Ae 2 x + Be 2 x 8

2.)

Solve D2 y = 16 sin 4x

Solution:

The auxiliary equation is p 2 = 0

p, = 0, p 2 = 0

Here, the roots are real and equal CF = e 0 (Ax + B) = Ax + B Now PI = = 1 16 sin 4 x 42 1 16 sin 4 x D2

PI= Sin4x The Required solution is y = CF + PI = Ax + B + Sin4 x

312

3.)

Solve

d2 y + 16 y = cos 2 x dx 2

Solution:

d2 y + 16 y = cos 2 x dx 2 D2 + 16 y = cos 2 x 1 cos 2x D2 + 16 y = + 2 2 1 0 1 = e + cos 2 x 2 2 The auxiliary equation is p 2 + 16 = 0 p = + 4i Here, the roots are complex, = 4 CF = A cos 4 x + BSin 4 x Given

( (

) )

1 0 e 2 PI1 = 2 D + 16

1 e0 2 0 + 16 1 = 32 1 cos 2x PI 2 = . 2 2 D + 16 1 cos 2x . = 2 22 + 16 cos 2x = 24 =

The Required solution is y = CF + PI = A cos 4 x + BSin 4 x + 1 cos 2x + 32 24

313

4.)

Solve D 2 + 3D + 2 y = sin 2x The auxiliary equation is p 2 + 3p + 2 = 0

Solution:

(p + 2)(p + 1) = 0 p1 = 2, p 2 = 1

Here, the roots are real and distinct CF = Ae 2 x + Be x Now, PI = = 1 D + 3D + 2

2

.Sin2x

.Sin2x 2 + 3D + 2 1 .Sin2x = 3D 2 3D + 2 .Sin2 x = 9D 2 4

2

3D + 2 .Sin2x 36 4 3D(sin 2x ) + 2 sin 2x = 40 6 cos 2x + 2 sin 2x = 40 1 [3 cos 2x + sin 2x] = 20 = The Required solution is y = CF + PI 1 = Ae 2 x + Be x [3 cos 2x + sin 2x] 20

314

5.)

Solve D 2 2D 8 y = 4 cos 3 x

Solution:

Solution: The auxiliary equation is p 2 2p 8 = 0

(p 4 )(p + 2) = 0 p1 = 4, p 2 = 2

Here, the roots are real and distinct CF = Ae 4 x + Be 2 x Now, PI =

=

1 4 cos 3 x D2 2D 8
1
2

4 cos 3 x 3 2D 8 1 = 4 cos 3 x 2D 17 1 = 4 4 cos 3 x + 2 D 17

2D 17 = 4 2 cos 3 x 4D 289 2D(cos 3 x ) 17 cos 3 x = 4 325 6 sin 3 x 17 cos 3 x = 4 325 4 [6 sin 3x + 17 cos 3 x] = 325
The Required solution is y = CF + PI = Ae 4 x + Be 2 x 4 [6sin3x + 17cos3x 325

315

EXERCISE PART - A

1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) 5.) 6.) 7.) 8.)

If roots of the auxilary equation are 2,7 what is the solution of the differential equation? If roots of the auxilary equation are 0,1 what is the solution of the differential equation? If roots of the auxilary equation are -2, i, what is the solution of the differential equation? Find the solution of D2 1 y = 0 Find the solution of Solve D2 + 9 y = 0 Find the solution of D2 + 100 y = 0 Solve D2 + 4D 1020 y = 0
2 2

d2 y dx 2

16 y = 0

( 9.) Solve (3D 10.) Solve (3D

11.) Solve

) 7D 6 )y = 0
5D + 2 y = 0 + dy =0 dx

d2 y dx
2

12.) Solve D2 D 1 y = 0
2

( 13.) Solve (D
14.) Solve dx

+ 4D + 4 y = 0 12 dy + 36 y = 0 dx

d2 y
2

15.) Solve D2 + D + 1 y = 0
2

( 16.) Solve (3D

D + 1y = 0

17.) Find the Complementary function of D2 + 13D 90 y = e x

316

( 19.) Find the Particular integral of (D 20.) Find the Particular integral of (D 21.) Find the Particular integral of (D

18.) Find the Particular integral of D2 3D + 2 y = e x

2 2 2

+ D + 4 y = 10e 2 x 8D + 15 y = e3 x + 10D + 25 y = e 5 x

22.) Find the Complementary integral of D 2 + 25 y = cos ax 23.) Find the Particular integral of D2 + 25 y = Sinx
2

( 24.) Find the Particular integral of (D

25.) Find the Particular integral of

) + 10 )y = sin 3 x
4 y = cos 4 x

d2 y dx 2

1.) 2.) 3.)

Solve D2 + 36 y = 0 when Solve d2 y dx

2

PART - B

y(0) = 2 and y1(0 ) = 12 dy = 2 and y=1 when x=0 dx d2 y dy = 0 and = 2 when dx dx 2 dy = 2 when x=0 dx

+ y = 0 given that

Solve D2 2D 15 y = 0 given that x=0

( 5.) Solve (D 6.) Solve (D 7.) Solve (D 8.) Solve (D 9.) Solve (D 10.) Solve (D
4.)

Solve D 2 D 20 y = 0 given that y=5 and

2 2 2 2 2 2

+ 7D + 12 y = 3 + 3D + 2 y = 2e x + 12D + 36 y = e x

) + 6D + 8 )y = e

+D+ 4 y = e

3D + 2 y = e 2 x
4 x

317

11.) Solve

d2 y dx 2

( 13.) Solve (D 14.) Solve (D

15.) Solve

12.) Solve D2 + 2aD + a 2 y = e ax

2 2

) + 14D + 49 )y = 4e 2D + 4 )y = 5 + 3e
+8

dy + 4 y = e2 x dx

7 x x

d2 y dx 2

16.) Solve D2 + 10D + 25 y = e5 x + e 5 x

2 2 2

( 17.) Solve (D 18.) Solve (D 19.) Solve (D

dy + 15 y = e 3 x + e3 x dx

) 25 )y = sin 5 x + 100 )y = cos 2x

+ 16 y = sin 9 x 2y = cos 3 x

20.) Solve

d2 y dx 2

( 22.) Solve (D 23.) Solve (D 24.) Solve (D 25.) Solve (D

21.) Solve D2 + 2D 3 y = sin x

2 2 2 2

+ D 2 y = Sin3 x

) 2D 8 )y = 4 cos 2x
8D + 9 y = 8 cos 5 x

+ 4D + 13 y = 4 cos 3 x

ANSWERS PART - A

1.) 3.) 5.) 7.)

y = Ae 2 x + Be 7 x y = e 2 x [A cos x + B sin x ] y = Ae 4 x + Be 4 x y = A cos 10 x + B sin 10 x

2.) y = A + Be x 4.) y = Ae x + Be x 6.) y = A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x 8.) y = Ae30 x + Be 34 x

318

9.)

y = Ae x + Be
x

2 x 3

10.) y = Ae 3 x + Be 12.) y =
1+ 5 2 Ae x

2 x 3
x

11.) y = A + Be

1 5 2 + Be

13.) y = e 2 x (Ax + B) 15.) y = e

x 2 A cos

14.) y = e 6 x (Ax + B )

3 3 x + B sin x 2 2 11 11 x + B sin x 6 6 18.) 21.) ex 6 19.) e 2 x

16.) y = e

6 A cos

17.) CF = Ae5 x + Be 18 x 20.) xe3 x 2

22.) CF=Acos5x+Bsin5x 24.) Sin3x

Part - B

x 2 5 x e 2 sin x 23.) 24 25.) Cos4 x 20

1.) 3.) 5.) 7.)

y = 2 cos 6 x + 2 sin 6 x y= 1 5 x 1 3 x e + e 20 2 1 4

2.) y = cos x + 2 sin x 4.) y = 2e 5 x + 3e 4 x 6.) y = Ae x + Be 2 x + ex 3

y = Ae 4 x + Be 3 x + y = e 6 x (Ax + B) + y=e
x

ex 49

8.)

15 15 4 x 2 x + B sin x + e 9.) A cos 2 2 19

y = Ae x + Be 2 x + xe2 x
319

10.) y = Ae 4 x + Be 2 x 11.) y = e2 x (Ax + B ) +

xe 4 x 2

x2 2x e 2 x 2 ax e 2

12.) y = e ax (Ax + B ) +

13.) y = e 7 x (Ax + B) + 2x 2e 7 x

14.) y = e x A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x + 15.) y = Ae 3 x + Be 5 x + 16.) y = e 5 x (Ax + B ) + 17.) 18.) 19.) 20.) 21.) 22.) 23.) 24.) 25.)

5 3 x + e 4 7

xe3 x e3 x + 2 48

e5 x x 2 e 5 x + 100 2 sin 9 x y = A cos 4 x + B sin 4 x 65 sin 5 x y = Ae 5 x + Be 5 x 50 cos 2x y = A cos 10 x + B sin10 x + 96 cos 3 x y = Ae 2 x + Be 2 x 11 1 y = Ae 3 x + Be x (cos x + 2 sin x ) 10 1 y = Ae x + Be 2 x (3 cos 3x + 11sin 3x ) 130 1 y = e 2 x (A cos 3 x + B sin 3 x ) + 3 sin 3 x + cos 3 x 10 1 y = Ae (4 + 7 )x + Be (4 7 )x (5 sin 5 x + 2 cos 5x ) 29 1 y = Ae 4 x + Be 2 x (sin 2x + 3 cos 2x ) 10
320

MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS- IV

Time : 3 Hrs PART A
(Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)

Max Marks : 75

Answer any fifteen (15) questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Find the value of i2 + i3 + i 4 If z1 = 1 + i , z2 = 3 + 2i the find 3z1+4z2.
1 3 +i 2 2 Find the distance between the complex numbers 2 + I and 1 2i.

Find the modulus and amplitude of

Find the value of (cos + i sin )2 (cos 3 + i sin 3 )3 If x= (cos + i sin ) , what is the value of x + 1/x
m m 2 4

If is a cube root of unity, then find the value of 1 + + . 2 Simplify (1+ ) (1+ ) If the mean of the Poisson distribution is 2, find P(X=0).

10. Give two examples of Poisson distribution. 11. State the normal distribution. 12. Write down the normal equations to fit a straight line y = ax+b. 13. Find the area bounded by the curve y = x and x-axis between x = 0 and x = 2. 14. Solve xdx + ydy = 0. dy + y sin x = 0 15. Find the solution of dx dy 16. Find the integrating factor of y cot x = sin x dx 2 17. Find the solution of (D 1)y = 0 2 2x 18. Find the complementary function of (D + 1)y = e 2 19. Find the particular integral of (D + 5D + 6)y = 13 2 20. Find the auxiliary equation of (D + 9)y = sin 4x
321
2

PART - B (Marks: 5 x 12 = 60) [N.B :- (1) Answer all questions choosing any two divisions from each question. (2) All questions carry equal marks. ] 21 (a) Find the real part and imaginary part of the complex number

(1 + i)(2 i)
1+ 3i

(b) Find the modulus and amplitude of the complex number

1+ 3i 1+ i

(c)

Show that the complex numbers (2 2i), (8 +4i), (5+7i), (-1 + i) form a rectangle. Simplify

22 (a)

(cos 2 + i sin 2)2 (cos 3 i sin 3)4 (cos 3 + i sin 3)2 (cos 4 + sin 4) 2
n n +1

(b) If n is a positive integer, prove that

( 3 + I) ( 3 i) = 2
n
7

cos

n 6

(c)

Solve: x + 1 = 0

23 (a) In a Poisson distribution if P(X=3) = P(X=2) find P(X=0) and P(X=1). (b) If X is normally distributed with mean 80 and standard deviation 10 find P(70 x 100). (c) Fit a straight line for the following data. X Y 0 10 1 14 2 19 3 26 4 31

322

24 (a) Find the volume of a right circular cone of base radius r and altitude h by Integration. (b) Solve

dy 1+ cos 2y =0 + dx 1+ cos 2x dy + y cot x = 4 x cos ecx dx

2

(c)

Solve

25 (a) Solve : ( D + 36 )y = 0 when x=0 , y=2 and when x= (b) Solve : ( 3D + D 14 )y = 13e (c) Solve D 2 5D + 6 y = 2 cos 3 x
2 2x

,y=3 2

323

Time : 3 Hrs

MODEL QUESTION PAPER 2 ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV Max Marks : 75 PART A (Marks: 15 x 1 = 15)

Answer any fifteen (15) questions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Find the conjugate of (1 + i) (1 2i). If z1 = 2 + i , z2 = 3 - 2i the find z1/z2 Find the quadratic equation whose root is 3 -2i. Find the distance between the complex numbers 2 - I and 5 2i State De Moivres theorem. Simplify cos 5 + i sin 5 cos 4 i sin 4
4 5 6

If is a cube root of unity, find the value of + + . Solve x + 16 = 0 If the mean of Poisson distribution is 1 state its probability distribution.

10. How many values does the Poisson variable take? 11. If Z is the standard normal variable find the value of

f(z)dz

12. State the normal equations to fit the straight line y=mx+c 13. Find the area bounded by the curve and x axis between x = 0 and x = 1. 14. Write the order and degree of the differential equation dy dy + y=x dx dx
2

15. Find the solution of

dy = 2 xy dx

324

16. Find the integral factor of 17. Solve (D +9 ) y = 0

2

dy 2xy + = 1+ x 3 dx 1+ x 2
2 -X x

18. Find the particular integral of (D 3D + 2)y = e

2 2

19. Find the complimentary function of (D -5D+6)y=e 20. Find the particular integral of (D +25)y=cosx
Part - B (Marks : 5 x 12 = 60)

[N.B :- (1) Answer all questions choosing any two divisions from each question. (2) All questions carry equal marks. ]

21 (a) Find the real and imaginary parts of conjugate of the complex (1 + i)(2 i) number (2 + i)2
(b) Find the modulus and amplitude of the complex number 3 i (c) Show that the complex numbers (9 + i), (4 + 13i), (-8 + 8i), (-3 - 4i) form a Square. Simplify

22 (a)

(cos 2 i sin 2)4 (cos 4 + i sin 4)3 (cos 3 + i sin 3)2 (cos 5 sin 5) 2

(b) If a = cos2 + sin2, b = cos2 + sin2, c = cos2 + sin2 , prove that (i) (c)
abc + 1 abc = 2 cos ( + + ) (ii) a 2b 2 + c 2 = 2cos2(+ ) abc

Solve x 5 + 1 = 0

325

23 (a)

If 3% of electric bulbs manufactured by a company are defective, find the probability that in a sample of 100 bulbs exactly 5 are defective. The mean score of 1000 students in an examination is 36 and standard deviation is 16.If the score of the students is normally distributed how many students are expected to score more than 60 marks.

(b)

(c) Using the method of least squares fit the straight line X Y 24 (a) 0 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 6

Find the volume of a sphere of radius r by Integration.

(b) Solve 1 e x sec 2 ydy + 3e x tan ydx = 0 (c) 25 (a)

2

( ) dy Solve (1 + x ) + y = 1 dx
2 2 2

Solve : (D + D + 1)y = 0
-2x

(b) Solve : ( D 13D + 12 )y = 2e (c) Solve : ( D + 16 )y = sin 9x

+5

326