Athens

Delphi is perhaps best known for the oracle at the sanctuary that was dedicated to Apollo during the
classical period. According to Aeschylus in the prologue of the Eumenides, it had origins in prehistoric times and the worship of Gaia. In the last quarter of the 8th century BC there is a steady increase in artifacts found at the settlement site in Delphi, which was a new, post-Mycenaean settlement of the late 9th century. Pottery and bronze work as well as tripod dedications continue in a steady stream, in comparison to Olympia. Neither the range of objects nor the presence of prestigious dedications proves that Delphi was a focus of attention for a wide range of worshippers, but the large quantity of high value goods, found in no other mainland sanctuary, certainly encourages that view. Apollo spoke through his oracle: the sibyl or priestess of the oracle at Delphi was known as the Pythia; she had to be an older woman of blameless life chosen from among the peasants of the area. She sat on a tripod seat over an opening in the earth. When Apollo slew Python, its body fell into this ssure, according to legend, and fumes arose from its decomposing body. Intoxicated by the vapors, the sibyl would fall into a trance, allowing Apollo to possess her spirit. In this state she prophesied. It has been postulated that a gas high in ethylene, known to produce violent trances, came out of this opening, though this theory remains debatable.[19][20] While in a trance the Pythia "raved" probably a form of ecstatic speech and her ravings were "translated" by the priests of the temple into elegant hexameters. People consulted the Delphic oracle on everything from important matters of public policy to personal affairs. The oracle could not be consulted during the winter months, for this was traditionally the time when Apollo would live among the Hyperboreans. Dionysus would inhabit the temple during his absence.[21] H.W. Parke writes that the foundation of Delphi and its oracle took place before recorded history and its origins are obscure, but dating to the worship of the primordial Earth-goddess and mother of the Titans, Gaia.[22] The Oracle exerted considerable inuence throughout the Greek world, and she was consulted before all major undertakings: wars, the founding of colonies, and so forth. She also was respected by the semi-Hellenic countries around the Greek world, such as Lydia, Caria, and even Egypt. The oracle was also known to the early Romans. Rome's seventh and last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, after witnessing a snake near his palace, sent a delegation including two of his sons to consult the oracle.[
Temple of Apollo
The ruins of the Temple of Delphi visible today date from the 4th century BC are of a peripteral Doric building. It was erected on the remains of an earlier temple, dated to the 6th century BC, which itself was erected on the site of a 7th century BC construction attributed to the architects Trophonios and Agamedes.[26] The 6th century BC temple was named the "Temple of Alcmeonidae" in tribute to the Athenian family who funded its reconstruction following a re, which had destroyed the original structure. The new building was a Doric hexastyle temple of 6 by 15 columns. This temple was destroyed in 373 BC by an[clarication needed] The pediment sculptures are a tribute to Praxias and Androsthenes of Athens. Of a similar proportion to the second temple, it retained the 6 by 15 column pattern around the stylobate.[26] Inside was the adyton, the centre of the Delphic oracle and seat of Pythia. The monument was partly restored during 1938(?)1300.
The temple survived until 390 AD, when the Christian emperor Theodosius I silenced the oracle by destroying the temple and most of the statues and works of art in the name of Christianity.[27] The site was completely destroyed by Christians in an attempt to remove all traces of paganism.[
Tholos
The Tholos at the sanctuary of Athena Pronaia is a circular building that was constructed between 380 and 360 BC. It consisted of 20 Doric columns arranged with an exterior diameter of 14.76 meters, with 10 Corinthian columns in the interior. The Tholos is located approximately a half a mile (800 m) from the main ruins at Delphi. Three of the Doric columns have been restored, making it the most popular site at Delphi for tourists to take photographs. Vitruvius (vii, introduction) notes Theodorus the Phocian as the architect of the Round Building which is at Delphi.
Athena
is the goddess of wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, just warfare, mathematics, strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill. She is the protector of the city.
The Acropolis
Most of the major temples were rebuilt under the leadership of Pericles during the Golden Age of Athens (460430 BC). Phidias, a great Athenian sculptor, and Ictinus and Callicrates, two famous architects, were responsible for the reconstruction. During the 5th century BC, the Acropolis gained its nal shape. After winning at Eurymedon in 468 BC, Cimon and Themistocles ordered the reconstruction of southern and northern walls, and Pericles entrusted the building of the Parthenon to Ictinus and Callicrates n 437 BC, Mnesicles started building the Propylaea, monumental gates with columns of Pentelic marble, partly built upon the old propylaea of Pisistratus. These colonnades were almost nished in 432 BC and had two wings, the northern one serving as picture gallery. At the same time, south of the propylaea, building of the small Ionic Temple of Athena Nike commenced. After an interruption caused by the Peloponnesian War, the temple was nished in the time of Nicias' peace, between 421 BC and 415 BC. During the same period as the building of the Erechtheum, a combination of sacred precincts including the temples of Athena Polias, Poseidon, Erechtheus, Cecrops, Herse, Pandrosos and Aglauros, with its so-called the Kore Porch (or Caryatids' balcony), was begun.
Parthenon
The Parthenon (Greek: ) is a temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their virgin patron. Its construction began in 447BC when the Athenian Empire was at the height of its power. It was completed in 438BC, although decorations of the Parthenon continued until 432BC. It is the most important surviving building of Classical Greece, generally considered the culmination of the development of the Doric order. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of Greek art. The Parthenon is regarded as an enduring symbol of Ancient Greece and of Athenian democracy and one of the world's greatest cultural monuments. The Greek Ministry of Culture is currently carrying out a program of selective restoration and reconstruction to ensure the stability of the partially ruined structure.[3] The Parthenon itself replaced an older temple of Athena, which historians call the Pre-Parthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian invasion of 480BC. The temple is archaeoastronomically aligned to the Pleiades.[4] Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury. For a time, it served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the Athenian Empire.
Old Temple of Athena

was an Archaic temple located on the Acropolis of Athens. Until its destruction by the Persians in 480 BC, it was the shrine of Athena Polias, the patron deity of the city of Athens. It was located at the centre of the Acropolis plateau, probably on the remains of a Mycenaean palace. Apart from its in-situ foundations, numerous architectural members in the Doric order belonging to its different construction phases have been found. The complex is sometimes described by the name "Drpfeld foundations", after the archaeologist who rst studied it.
Propylaeum
The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea was built under the general direction of the Athenian leader Pericles, but Phidias was given the responsibility for planning the rebuilding the Acropolis as a whole at the conclusion of the Persian Wars. According to Plutarch, the Propylaea was designed by the architect Mnesicles, but we know nothing more about him.[1] Construction began in 437 BCE and was terminated in 432, when the building was still unnished. The Propylaea was constructed of white Pentelic marble and gray Eleusinian marble or limestone, which was used only for accents. Structural iron was also used, though William Bell Dinsmoor[2] analyzed the structure and concluded that the iron weakened the building. The central building contains the gate wall, about two-thirds of the way through it. There are ve gates in the wall, one for the central passageway, which was not paved and lay along the natural level of the ground, and two on either side at the level of the building's eastern porch, ve steps up from the level of the western porch. The central passageway was the culmination of the Sacred Way, which led to the Acropolis from Eleusis.
Erechtheion
The temple as seen today was built between 421 and 405 BC. Its architect may have been Mnesicles, and it derived its name from a shrine dedicated to the legendary Greek hero Erichthonius. The sculptor and mason of the structure was Phidias, who was employed by Pericles to build both the Erechtheum and the Parthenon.
The Porch of the Caryatids

On the south side, there is another large porch with columns, and on the south, the famous "Porch of the Maidens", with six draped female gures (caryatids) as supporting columns, each sculpted in a manner different from the rest and engineered in such a way that their slenderest part, the neck, is capable of supporting the weight of the porch roof while remaining graceful and feminine
Lecture 7: Athens
Development of Greek Temples
Athens and development of the City-State Expansion of Greek Empire The Inuence of Greece
Wednesday, May 15, 2013
Lecture 6: Greek Temples
Renements
Entasis Stylobate Corner Detail Golden Section in Plan and Elevation
The Orders of Greek Columns and Temples
Doric - Developed in Western Greece Ionic - Developed in Eastern Greece Corinthian - Developed 100 BC at the end of Greek Empire
Doric Order
Ionic Order
1 - entablature 2 - column 3 - cornice 4 - frieze 5 - architrave or epistyle, 6 - capital (abacus and volutes) 7 - shaft 8 - base 9 - stylobate 10 - krepis.
Corinthian Order
Corinthian Order
The columns lean slightly inward to appear straight.
The stylobate or base has a curvature to make the appearance of a at surface.

Entasis: a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column,

introduced to correct the visual illusion of concavity produced by a straight shaft.
Stylobate: is the oor of the temple. Corner Detail: is the a common problem even today.
Lecture 7: Athens
Delphi
The Theater at Delphi
Athens
The Acropolis
Map of Greece
700 BC
Map of Mediterranean
700 BC
The Kings Megaron

1400 ~ 1300 BC
Early Greek Temple

Argos, Greece 8th BC
Early Greek Temple

750 BC
Lecture 7: Athens
Delphi is the center of the Greek world. The Delphi means from the womb. Delphi is dedicated to Apollo.
Map of Greece
700 BC
Plan of Delphi
Delphi, Greece 700 - 600 BC
Site of Delphi
Site of Delphi
Site of Delphi
Site of Delphi
Site of Delphi
Temple of Apollo
Delphi, Greece 7th C BC
Stadium at Delphi
Theater at Delphi
Theater at Delphi
Tholos at Delphi - Theodorus the Phocian

Delphi, Greece 380 - 360 C BC




Lecture 7: Athens
Athens was names after the Goddess Athena. The Acropolis comes from the words edge (akron) and city (polis)
The Acropolis
The Parthenon The Erechtheion
The Porch of the Caryatids
The Acropolis
Athens, Greece 550 - 400 BC
Site Map of the Acropolis

Athens, Greece 550 - BC
Site Map of the Acropolis

The Parthenon: Iktinos & Kallikrates

The Propylaeum: Mnesicles

Athens, Greece 432 BC

The Parthenon - Plan: Iktinos & Kallikrates



The Parthenon: Iktinos & Kallikrates Golden Section




The Parthenon: Iktinos & Kallikrates, Sculpture by Phideaus


The Parthenon: Iktinos & Kallikrates Sculpture by Phideaus

The Parthenon: Iktinos & Kallikrates Sculpture by Phideaus

The Propylaeum: Mnesicles - Ceiling Details




The Erechtheion - Plan: Mnesicles

The Erechtheion: Mnesicles









The Erechtheion - Mnesicles Caryatids Sculpture by Phiedeus

The Erechtheion - Mnesicles Caryatids Sculpture by Phiedeus

The Elgin Marbles - Frieze from the Parthenon

The Elgin Marbles - Frieze from the Parthenon Sculpture: Phideaus


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Delphi is perhaps best known for the oracle at the sanctuary that was dedicated to Apollo during the

Old Temple of Athena

The Porch of the Caryatids

Development of Greek Temples

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Lecture 6: Greek Temples

Entasis Stylobate Corner Detail Golden Section in Plan and Elevation

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Lecture 6: Greek Temples

The Orders of Greek Columns and Temples

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Lecture 6: Greek Temples

The columns lean slightly inward to appear straight.

The stylobate or base has a curvature to make the appearance of a at surface.

Lecture 6: Greek Temples

Entasis: a slight convex curve in the shaft of a column,

The Theater at Delphi

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

The Kings Megaron

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Early Greek Temple

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Early Greek Temple

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Lecture 6: Greek Temples

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Tholos at Delphi - Theodorus the Phocian

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Tholos at Delphi - Theodorus the Phocian

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Tholos at Delphi - Theodorus the Phocian

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Tholos at Delphi - Theodorus the Phocian

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Tholos at Delphi - Theodorus the Phocian

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

The Parthenon The Erechtheion

The Porch of the Caryatids

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Wednesday, May 15, 2013

Site Map of the Acropolis