THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION

369

CHAPTER NI NE 9. THE THREE M OM ENT EQUATI ON

Most of the time we are concerned with the classical analysis of statically determinate structures. In this chapter we shall consider the analysis of statically indeterminate (externally) beams due to applied loads and due to settlement of supports. It must be remembered that supports for beams may be walls or columns. As we know that for the analysis of statically indeterminate systems, compatibility of deformations is also essential requirements in addition to considerations of equilibrium and statics. By compatibility it is understood that deformations produced by applied loads should be equal to those produced by redundants. It has been already mentioned that reactions occur at supports in various directions if (i) (ii) There is some action (applied load) in that direction. There is restraint offered by support in that directions

Action and reactions are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. In the structural analysis it is sometimes customery to think that rotations are generally associated with moments and deflections or translations are associated with loads. It must also be kept in mind that we never analyze actual structural systems or sub-systems, it is only the idealized ones which are analyzed. Representing beams and columns by just a straight line located on their centroidal axis is also a sort of idealization on the structural geometry. Reactions and loads are, therefore, also idealized and are shown by a sort of line loads acting on a point. The three-moment equation is a good classical analysis tool in which support moments produced by the loads as well as by the differential settlements can be easily calculated by using second-moment area theorem which states that The deviation of a point A on the elastic curve w.r.t any other point B on the elastic curve is 1 multiplied by the moment of area of B.M.D s between those two points. The moments of equal to EI B.M.D s are taken about a line passing through the point of loaded beam where deviation is being measured. The method is essentially based on continuity (equality) of slopes on the either side of a support by reducing an indeterminate system to its determinate equivalents as follows by using supperposition.

An indeterminate beam under applied loads and redundant moments is equated to corresponding detemrinate system carrying these two effects separately. Let-us derive the three-moment equation. Consider a generalized two-span beam element under the action of applied loads and redundant support moments acting on BDS.

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THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

A/

C/

ha

A1

hc

b
Tangent at B

C Fig (a)

C1

I1 L1

I2 L1

BMD due to applied loads on simple spans a1

A1

A2

Fig (b)

a2

Mb

Ma Generalized redundant moment diagram

A4 A3

A5 A6

Mc Fig ( c)

L1/3 2/3 L1 2/3 L2

L2/3

Fig(a) is an indeterminate beam subjected to applied load (udl in this case) which has shown settlement such that support B is at a lower elevation than support at A and C and difference of elevation w.r.t intermediate support B is ha and hc. The angle B on either side of support B must be equal. Fig(b) is B.M.D. due to applied load on simple spans where A 1 is Area of B.M.D. on span L 1 and A 2 is area of B.M.D. on span L 2. a1 and a2 are the locations of centroids of B.M.D s on L 1 and L 2 from left and right supports respectively. So invoking continuity of slopes and knowing that for small angels = tan. AA 1 CC1 = L1 L2

THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION

371

Evaluate AA 1 by second Moment Area Method. We know that AA 1 = AA / A 1A / = ha deviation of point A / on the elastic curve from the tangent drawn at point B on the elastic curve. 1 L1 2 A 1a1 + A 3 + A 4 L 1 EI 1 3 3

= ha

expressing A 3 and A 4 in terms of moments AA 1 = ha = ha AA 1 L1 1 L1 1 2 1 A 1a1+ MaL 1 + L 1 MbL 1 EI 1 3 2 3 2 1 MaL 12 MbL 12 A 1a1 + + EI 1 6 3 divide by L 1

ha 1 A 1a1 MaL 1 MbL 1 + + L 1 EI 1 L 1 6 3 CC1 on similar lines. We have from geometry L2

(1)

Now evaluate CC1

= C1C/ CC/ = (deviation of point C/ from tangent at B) hc = 1 2 L2 A 2a2 + A 5 L 2 + A 6 hc EI 2 3 3

expressing A 5 and A 6 in terms of Moments CC1 = 1 2 1 L2 1 A 2a2 + L 2 MbL 2 + MCL 2 hc EI 2 3 2 3 2 1 L 22 L 22 A 2a2 + Mb + MC hc divide by L 2 EI 2 3 6 1 A 2a2 Mb L 2 MC L 2 hc + + EI 2 L 2 3 6 L2 (2)

= CC1 L2

Equating (1) and (2), we have ha 1 L 1 EI 1

A 1a1 + Ma L 1 + Mb L 1 = 1 A 2a2 + Mb L 2 + Mc L 2 hc 6 3 EI 2 L 2 3 6 L2 L1

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THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Multiply by 6E and simplify, we have after re-arrangement Ma L 1 6 A 1a1 6 A 2a2 6 Eha 6 Ehc L 1 L 2 L 2 I 1 + 2Mb I 1 + I 2 + Mc I 2 = I 1L 1 I 2L 2 + L 1 + L 2

The above equation is called three-moment equation. 9.1. Analysis of Continuous Beams by thr ee-M oment Equation. We apply three moment equation to two spans at a time which gives us one equation. With the successive applications, the required member of equations are obtained and are solved simultaneously. EXAM PL E: Analyze the continuous beam shown below by three-Moment equation. Take E = 20 106 KN/m2 and I c = 40 10-6 m4.
12 KN A B 9.6 KN/m C 32 KN 3m D Do Lo

2m

6m 2Ic

8m 4Ic

6m 2Ic

Io = Lo Fig (a)

9.6 x 8 8 A1 = 0

= 76.8

32 x 6 4

= 48 BMD 3m Fig (b)

A2 4m 409.6

A3

144

SOL UTI ON: When a fixed support at either end is encountered, an imaginary hinged span of length L o and Interia I o = is added to conform to acted support conditons and to make the method applicable in similar situations. The same has already been done in Fig(a). Fig (b) is the BMD s on simple spans, their Areas and its locations. Apply three-moment equation to spans AB and BC at a time. We have Ma 6 8 6 409.6 4 6 8 2Ic + 2Mb 2Ic + 4Ic + Mc 4Ic = 6 0 4Ic 8

Simplify and multiplying by Ic both sides of equation, we get. 3Ma + 10 Mb + 2 Mc = 307.2 put Ma = 24 KN-m 10 Mb + 2 Mc = 235.2 divide by 10 Mb + 0.2 Mc = 23.52 (1)

THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION

373

Now apply three-moment equation to spans BC and CD 8 8 6 6 409.6 4 6 144 3 6 Mb + 2 Mc 4Ic 4Ic + 3Ic + MD 3Ic = 4Ic 8 3Ic 6 Simplify and multiply by Ic, we have, 2 Mb + 8 Mc + 2 MD = 307.2144 = 451.3 divide by 2 Mb + 4 Mc + MD = 225.625 (2) Now apply three-moment equation to spans CD and DDO 6 6 Lo 6 144 3 Lo Mc + 2 MD 3Ic 3Ic + + Mdo = 3Ic 6 Simplify and multiply by Ic both sides of equation. 2 Mc + 4 MD = 144 divide by 2 Mc + 2 MD = 72 (3) We have obtained three equations from which three-Unknowns Mb, Mc and MD can be calculated. Subtract equation (2) from (1) Mb + 0.2 Mc = 23.52 Mb + 4 Mc + MD = 225.625 3.8 Mc MD = 202.105 Multiply equation (4) by (2) and add in equation (3) 7.6 Mc 2MD = 404.21 Mc + 2 MD = 72 6.6 MC = 332.21 So Mc = 50.3 KN-m put Mc in equation (1), we get Mb = 13.46 KN-m put Mc in (3), we get MD = 10.85 KN-m. Finally Mb = 13.46 KN-m Mc = 50.3 KN-m MD = 10.85 KN-m Checks: The above calculated values of moments are correct if they satisfy the continuity of slope requirements. Slopes at any intermediate support point can be calculated from the two adjacent spans by using conjugate beam method. While applying checks, it is assumed that reader is well conversant with the conjugate beam method. Before we could apply checks, it is necessary to plot reactant moment diagram (support-moments) to get their contribution in slope calculation. Here is the statement of conjugate beam theorem number one again. M The shear force at any point on the conjugate beam loaded with diagram is the slope at the EI corresponding point in the actual beam carrying applied loads. In applying the conjugate -beam method, we must use the original sign convention for shear force as applied in strength of Materials subject. (i.e., left up, right-down, positive)

(4)

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THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

2m

6m

8m

6m

A4 A O A5 24 BMD divided into convenient shapes. 13.45 B

A6 C

A8 D O 10.85

A7

A9

Fig ( c)
50.3

Fig(c) is the reactant moment diagram The areas of positive BMD s act as loads in downward direction to which reactions are upwards. The areas of negative BMD s act as loads in upward direction to which support reactions are downwards. The direction of reaction is accounted for in the signs appropriately. 8(50.3 13.45) A4 = 13.45 6 = 80.7 A7 = = 146.2 2 6(24 13.45) A5 = = 31.65 A8 = 10.85 6 = 65.1 2 6(50.3 10.85) A6 = 13.45 8 = 107.6 A9 = = 118.35 2 Checks. SPAN AB S.F at A = a = 1 A4 2 1 80.7 2 A5 = 31.65 EI 2 3 2EIc 2 3 30.725 EIc (There is no check on this value as, it is not a continuous support)

a b

1 A4 1 1 80.7 31.65 + A5 = + 2EIc 2 3 2EIc 4 3 25.45 Clockwise. EIc

= SPAN BC b b =

1 A2 A6 1 1 409.6 107.3 1 A7 = 147.5 4EIc 2 2 3 4EIc 2 2 3 25.46 Clockwise EIc

THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION 1 A2 A6 2 1 409.6 107.3 2 + + A7 = + + 147.5 4EIc 2 2 3 4EIc 2 2 3 13.18 EIc

375

SPAN CD c c D D = 1 A3 A8 2 1 144 65.1 2 A9 = 118.33 3EIc 2 2 3 3EIc 2 2 3 13.16 EIc

1 A3 A8 1 1 144 65.1 118.33 + + A9 = + + 3EIc 2 2 3 3EIc 2 2 3 (Fixed end)

= 0

All slope values have been satisfied. This means calculated support moment values are correct. Now beam is statically determinate we can construct SFD and BMD very easily. We have seen that numerical values of E and I are required in this case only if one is interested in absolute values of . However, these values are required while attempting a support settlement case. Determine reactions and plot SFD and BMD.

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THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

12 KN A 2m 6m B 9.6 KN/m 8m C

32 KN 3m 6m D

13.76

32.031 KN

69.203

5.806

33.79 1.76 O

26.194 KN

o 12 3.52m 43.009 5.806

SFD

BMD
13.44 -24 50.308 10.856

EXAM PL E-2:

Analyze the continuous beam shown below by three moment equation if support at B sinks by 12 mm. Take E = 20 106 KN/m2; Ic = 40 10-6 m4.
A B C D Do 12mm 6m 2Ic B
/

8m 4Ic

6m 3Ic

Lo Io =

2.0 A O A1 A2 C

A3

0.8

O A4 A5 -1.6

Fig (b)
Reactant moment diagram A1 to A5 are areas of adjusted BMD.

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377

SOL UTI ON: As the extreme right support is fixed, an imaginary Hinged span of length Lo and Ic = has already been added to make the method applicable and to conform to the support characteristic at D. Now it is a sort of continuous support. Only analysis due to differential settlement at B is required. Had there been some applied loads also, those could have been considered at the same time also. Now EI = 20 106 40 106 = 800 KN-m2. we also know that Ma = 0 and MDO = 0 being extreme hinge supports. Spans AB and BC When we consider these spans and compare them with the derivation, we find that situation is similar so both ha and hc terms are positive and equal to 12 mm using three-moment equation. Ma 6 6 8 8 6E 12 10-3 6E 12 103 + 2Mb + + Mc = + 6 8 2Ic 2Ic 4Ic 4Ic

put Ma = 0, simplify and multiply by Ic 2Mb (3+ 2) + Mc (2) = EI C 12 10-3 + 0.75 EI C 12 10-3 put EI = 800 10 Mb + 2 Mc = 9.6 + 7.2 = 16.8 Mb + 0.2 Mc = 1.68 Spans BC and CD Comparing these two spans with the derivation, we notice that ha term is equal to 12mm and hc term is zero. Ma 8 8 6 6 6E( 12 10-3) + 2Mc + + Md = + 0 8 4Ic 4Ic 3Ic 3Ic divide by 10 (1)

Simplify and multiply by Ic 2 Mb + 8 Mc + 2 Md = 7.2 Mb + 4 Mc + Md = 3.6 Spans CD and DDO There is no load and settlement on these two spans so right handside of equation is zero Mc 6 6 Lo Lo 3Ic + 2Md 3Ic + + Mdo = 0 divide by 2 (2)

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THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

We know that Mdo = 0;

Lo = 0

Simplify and multiply by Ic 2 Mc + 4 Md = 0 Mc + 2 Md = 0 divide by 2 (3)

Above three linear simultaneous equations which are solved. Subtract (2) from (1) Mb + 0.2 Mc Mb + 4 Mc + Md 3.8 Mc Md = 1.68 = 3.6 = 5.26

(4)

Now multiply equation (4) by 2 and add to equation (3) 7.6 Mc 2 Md Mc + 2 Md 6.6 Mc Mc = 1.6 KN-m Md = Mc = + 0.8 2 = 10.56 = 0 = 10.56

Mb = 2 KN-m Plot end moment diagram. Add and subtract equal areas on spans BC and CD and apply conjugate beam method. 1 62= 6 2 1 A2 = 82= 8 2 1 A3 = 6 0.8 = 2.4 2 1 A4 = 8 1.6 = 6.4 2 1 A5 = 6 1.6 = 4.8 2 Compute slopes at supports. A1 = a = Slope due to settlement (configuration) + due to end moments 12 103 1 A1 12 103 1 6 = + = + = 3.25 103 rad. 2EIc 3 6 6 1600 3 Span AB

THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION 12 103 1 2 12 106 1 2 + A1 = + 6 2EIc 3 6 6 1600 3

379

b =

= -5 104 rad. Span BC b = 12 103 1 2 1 12 103 1 2 8 1 6.4 + A2 A4 = + 8 4EIc 3 3 8 3 4 800 3

b = 5 104 rad. c = 12 103 1 1 2 + A2 + A4 8 4EIc 3 3

c = 1 103 rad. Span CD c = 0 + 1 1 2 1 1 2.4 2 4.8 A3 A5 = 3EIc 3 3 3 3 800 3

c = 1 103 rad. 1 2 1 1 2 2.4 + 1 4.8 A3 + A5 = 0 + 3EIc 3 3 3 3 800 3

d = 0 +

d = 0 (Fixed end) Checks on slopes have been satisfied so computed moment values are correct. Now beam is determinate. SFD and BMD can be plotted. Resolve same problem, for a differential sinking of 12 mm at support C. we get the following equations. Mb + 0.2 Mc Mb + 4 Mc + Md Mc + 2 Md Solution gives Mc = + 3.49 Md = 4.145 Mb = 1.418 apply continuity checks and plot SFD and BMD. Unsolved Examples: Solve the following loaded beams by three-moment equations. = 0.72 = 8.4 = 4.8 (1) (2) (3)

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THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

70 KN 3m A 8m EI = Constt. B 12m C

Final equations: Ma + 0.5 Mb Ma + 5 Mb + 1.5 Mc Mb + 2 Mc End Moment Values: Mc = 16.41 Mb = 32.82 Ma = 73.91

= 90.312 = 213.12 = 0

(1) (2) (3)

60 KN 6m 24 KN/m A B 6m 3Ic 12m 10Ic C 6m 2Ic 1.5 m D 16 KN/m 4m Lo E 72 KN 24 KN

Final Equations: 2 Ma + Mb 2 Ma + 6.4 Mb + 1.2 Mc 1.2 Mb + 8.4 Mc End moment values: Ma = 0.361 KN-m Mb = 215.28 Kn-m Mc = 147.25 Kn-m
A B

= 216 = 1555.2 = 1495.2

(1) (2) (3)

15 mm

E = 200 x 106 KN/m2 Ic = 400 x 10 m

-6 4

3Ic 6m

10Ic 12m

2Ic 6m

Final Equations: 2 Ma + Mb 2 Ma + 6.4 Mb + 1.2 Mc

= 600 = 1800

(1) (2)

THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION = 600

381

1.2 Mb + 8.4 Mc End moment values: Ma = 537.69 KN-m Mb = 475.38 Mc = 139.34 KN-m
15 KN A

(3)

3 KN/m B C

20 KN

5m 2I

8m I

8m I

3m 2I

End moment values: Ma = 75 KN-m Mb = 21.75 Mc = 60 KN-m

12 KN 2m A B 9.6 KN/m C 32 KN 3m D

6m 2I

8m 4Ic

6m 3Ic

Final equations: 10 Mb + 2 Mc 2 Mb + 8 Mc End moment values: Ma = 24 KN-m Mb = 12.88 Mc = 53.18 Md = 0

12 KN 2m A

= 235.2 = 451.2

(1) (2)

9.6 KN/m B C

32 KN 3m D

6m 2I

8m 4Ic

6m 3Ic

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THEORY OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Final equations: 10 Mb + 2 Mc 2 Mb + 8 Mc + 2 MD 2 Mc + 4 MD End moment values: Ma = 24 KN-m Mb = 13.455 Mc = 50.33 Md = 10.835

A

= 235.2 = 451.2 = 144

(1) (2) (3)

3m

4.5 mm

2m

6m 2Ic

8m 4Ic

6m 3Ic

Final equations: 10 Mb + 2 Mc 2 Mb + 8 Mc + 2 Md 2 Mc + 2 MD End moment values: Ma = 0 Mb = 0.7714 Mc = 0.707 Md = 0.707

= 6.3 = 2.7 = 0

(1) (2) (3)

64 KN A 3 3m B 9m EI = Constt. C

Final equations: 2 Ma + Mb = 144 2 Ma + 10 Mb + 3 Mc = 288 Mb + 2 Mc = 0 End moment values:

(1) (2) (3)

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383

Mb = -19.2 Mc = 9.6 Ma = 62.4

A B C 3m D

3 mm 4.5 mm E = 200 x 106 KN/m2 Ic = 400 x 10 m

-6 4

6m 2Ic

8m 4Ic

6m 3Ic

Final equations: Mb + 0.2 Mc Mb + 4 Mc + MD Mc + 2 MD End moment values: Ma = 0 Mb = 5.45 Mc = 0.27 MD = 5.86

= 5.4 = 1.5 = 12

(1) (2) (3)