Chapter

INTEGRALS
7.1 Overview 7.1.1

d F (x) = f (x). Then, we write f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C. These integrals are dx called indefinite integrals or general integrals, C is called a constant of integration. All these integrals differ by a constant.
Let If two functions differ by a constant, they have the same derivative. Geometrically, the statement

7.1.2 7.1.3

f ( x ) dx = F (x) + C = y (say) represents a

family of curves. The different values of C correspond to different members of this family and these members can be obtained by shifting any one of the curves parallel to itself. Further, the tangents to the curves at the points of intersection of a line x = a with the curves are parallel. 7.1.4 (i) Some properties of indefinite integrals The process of differentiation and integration are inverse of each other,

d f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) and dx arbitrary constant.

i.e., (ii)

f ' ( x ) dx = f ( x ) + C ,

where C is any

Two indefinite integrals with the same derivative lead to the same family of curves and so they are equivalent. So if f and g are two functions such that

d d f ( x ) dx = g ( x) dx , then dx dx
(iii)

f ( x ) dx

and

g ( x ) dx are equivalent.

The integral of the sum of two functions equals the sum of the integrals of the functions i.e.,

( f ( x ) + g ( x ) ) dx = f ( x ) dx + g ( x ) dx .

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MATHEMATICS

(iv)

A constant factor may be written either before or after the integral sign, i.e.,

a f ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx , where a is a constant.
(v) Properties (iii) and (iv) can be generalised to a finite number of functions f1, f2, ..., fn and the real numbers, k1, k2, ..., kn giving
f ( x ) + k2 f 2 ( x ) + ...+, kn f n ( x ) ) dx = k1 f1 ( x ) dx + k2 f 2 ( x ) dx + ... + kn f n ( x ) dx

(k

1 1

7.1.5

Methods of integration

There are some methods or techniques for finding the integral where we can not directly select the antiderivative of function f by reducing them into standard forms. Some of these methods are based on 1. Integration by substitution 2. Integration using partial fractions 3. Integration by parts. 7.1.6 Definite integral

The definite integral is denoted by

f ( x ) dx , where a is the lower limit of the integral

a

and b is the upper limit of the integral. The definite integral is evaluated in the following two ways: (i) (ii) 7.1.7 The definite integral as the limit of the sum

f ( x ) dx = F(b) F(a), if F is an antiderivative of f (x).

a

The definite integral as the limit of the sum

The definite integral

f ( x ) dx is the area bounded by the curve y = f (x), the ordia

nates x = a, x = b and the x-axis and given by

f ( x ) dx = (b a)
a

1 f (a) + f ( a + h ) + ... f ( a + ( n 1) h ) lim n n

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145

or
f (a ) + f ( a + h ) + ... + f ( a + ( n 1) h ) , f ( x ) dx = lim h
a b

h 0

where h = 7.1.8 (i)

ba 0 as n . n

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Area function : The function A (x) denotes the area function and is given by A (x) =

f ( x ) dx .
a

(ii)

First Fundamental Theorem of integral Calculus Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval [a, b] and let A (x) be the area function . Then A (x) = f (x) for all x [a, b] .

(iii)

Second Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus Let f be continuous function defined on the closed interval [a, b] and F be an antiderivative of f.

f ( x ) dx = [ F ( x )]
a

b a

= F(b) F(a).

7.1.9

Some properties of Definite Integrals P0 : P1 : P2 :

f ( x ) dx =

f ( t ) dt
a
a b

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx , in particular,
c b

f ( x ) dx = 0
a

f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
a a c

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MATHEMATICS

P3 : P4 : P5 : P6 :

f ( x ) dx =

f ( a + b x ) dx
a

0
2a

f ( x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx =

f ( a x ) dx
0

f ( x ) dx +

f ( 2a x ) dx
0

2a

f ( x ) dx
0 a

a = 2 f ( x ) dx,if f (2a x) = f ( x) , 0 0, if f (2a x) = f ( x).

a

P7 : (i)

f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx , if f is an even function i.e., f (x) = f (x)

0

(ii) 7.2

f ( x ) dx = 0, if f is an odd function i.e., f (x) = f (x)

Solved Examples

Short Answer (S.A.)

2a b 2 + 3c 3 x 2 w.r.t. x Example 1 Integrate x x

Solution

2a b 2 + 3c 3 x 2 dx x x
1 2

= 2a ( x ) 2 dx bx 2 dx + 3c x 3 dx = 4a x + b + 9 cx + C . x 5
5 3

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147

Example 2 Evaluate

3ax dx b c2 x2
2

Solution Let v = b2 + c2x2 , then dv = 2c2 xdx Therefore,

b2 + c2 x2 dx

3ax

3a dv 2c 2 v 3a log b 2 2c 2 c2 x2 C.

Example 3 Verify the following using the concept of integration as an antiderivative.

x 3 dx x 1 x x2 2 x3 log x 1 3
C

d x2 x Solution dx 2

x3 log x 1 3

=1

2x 2

3x 2 1 3 x 1

=1x+x
2

1 x

x3 = . x 1 1

Thus

x 2 x3 x3 + log x + 1 + C = dx x 2 3 x +1
1 x dx , x 1. 1 x

Example 4 Evaluate

Solution Let I =

1+ x dx = 1 x

1 1 x
2

dx +

x dx 1 x2

= sin 1 x + I1 ,

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MATHEMATICS

where I1 =

x dx 1 x2

Put 1 x2 = t2 2x dx = 2t dt. Therefore

I1 = dt = t + C = 1 x 2

Hence

I = sin1x 1 x 2

C.

Example 5 Evaluate

( x )( x ) , >
x =

dx

Solution Put x = t2. Then and dx = 2tdt. Now

t2

t2

= t2

I =

2t dt t2 ( t2 )

2 dt

( t )
2

dt k t2
2

, where k 2

1 t 1 = 2sin k + C = 2sin

x + C.

Example 6 Evaluate Solution I = = =

tan

x sec 4 x dx

tan

x sec 4 x dx

8 2 2 tan x ( sec x ) sec x dx

8 2 2 tan x ( tan x + 1) sec x dx

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149

tan

10

x sec 2 x dx + tan 8 x sec 2 x dx

tan11 x tan 9 x + +C. 11 9

Example 7 Find

x3 x4 + 3x2 + 2 dx

Solution Put x2 = t. Then 2x dx = dt. Now

x3 dx 1 t dt = 2 I= 4 2 x + 3x + 2 2 t + 3t + 2
t A B = + t + 3t + 2 t + 1 t + 2
2

Consider

Comparing coefficient, we get A = 1, B = 2. Then I=

1 dt dt 2 2 t+2 t +1

1 2log t + 2 log t +1 2
x2 + 2 x2 + 1 +C

= log

Example 8 Find

2sin 2 x + 5cos2 x

dx

Solution Dividing numerator and denominator by cos2x, we have I=

sec 2 x dx 2tan 2 x 5

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MATHEMATICS

Put tanx = t so that sec2x dx = dt. Then I=

2t 2 + 5 = 2

dt

dt 5 t + 2
2 2

2t 1 2 tan 1 5 +C 2 5
1 2 tan x tan 1 + C. 10 5
2

Example 9 Evaluate
1

7 x 5 dx as a limit of sums.

Solution Here a = 1 , b = 2, and h = Now, we have

2 +1 , i.e, nh = 3 and f (x) = 7x 5. n

( 7 x 5) dx = lim h f ( 1) + f (1 + h) + f ( 1 + 2h ) + ... + f ( 1 + ( n 1) h )
h0

Note that f (1) = 7 5 = 12 f (1 + h) = 7 + 7h 5 = 12 + 7h f (1 + (n 1) h) = 7 (n 1) h 12. Therefore,

1

( 12) + (7h 12) + (14h 12) + ... + (7 ( n 1 ) h 12) . ( 7x 5) dx = lim h

h0

h 7h = lim 1 + 2 + ... + ( n 1) 12n h0

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151

( n 1) n 7 h 7h .12n = lim ( nh )( nh h ) 12nh = lim h0 h0 2 2

7 3 3 0 12 2
2

3 =

79 9 36 = . 2 2

Example 10 Evaluate Solution We have

tan 7 x cot 7 x + tan 7 x dx 0

I=

tan 7 x cot 7 x + tan 7 x dx 0

...(1)

tan 7 x 2 dx = 7 7 0 cot x + tan x 2 2

2
2

by (P4)

cot
0

cot 7 ( x ) dx
7

x dx + tan 7 x

...(2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

tan 7 x + cot 7 x 2I = dx tan 7 x + cot 7 x 0
2
2

= dx which gives I
0

. 4

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MATHEMATICS

Example 11 Find

10 x x + 10 x

dx

Solution We have

I=

10 x x + 10 x

dx

...(1)

10 (10 x) 10 x
x 10 x + x

10 10 x

dx

by (P3)

I=
2

dx

(2)

Adding (1) and (2), we get

8

2I
2

1dx

82 6

Hence

I=3
4 0

Example 12 Find Solution We have

4 0

1+ sin 2 x dx

I=

4 0

1+ sin 2 x dx =

2 ( sin x + cos x ) dx 0

( sin x + cos x ) dx

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153

( cos x + sin x )04

I = 1. Example 13 Find
x 2 tan 1 x dx .

2 1 Solution I = x tan x dx

= tan 1 x x 2 dx

1 x3 . 1 + x 2 3 dx

x3 x 1 1 = 3 tan x 3 x 1 + x 2 dx
x3 x2 1 1 tan x + log 1 + x 2 + C . = 3 6 6

Example 14 Find

10 4 x + 4 x 2 dx

Solution We have

I=

10 4 x 4 x 2 dx

2x 1

dx

Put t = 2x 1, then dt = 2dx. Therefore,

I=

1 2 t 2 + ( 3) dt 2
1 t 2 t2 9 2 9 log t 4 t2 9 C

1 ( 2 x 1) 4

( 2 x 1)

+9 +

9 log ( 2 x 1) + 4

( 2 x 1) 2 + 9

+ C.

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MATHEMATICS

Long Answer (L.A.)

x 2 dx . Example 15 Evaluate 4 2 x + x 2

Solution Let x2 = t. Then

x2 t t A B = 2 = = + 4 2 ( t + 2) ( t 1) t + 2 t 1 x + x 2 t +t 2

So

t = A (t 1) + B (t + 2)

Comparing coefficients, we get A =

2 1 , B= . 3 3

So Therefore,

x2 2 1 1 1 = + 4 2 2 3 x + x 2 x + 2 3 x 2 1

x2 2 x 4 + x 2 2 dx = 3

x 2 + 2 dx + 3 x 2 1

dx

2 1 x 1 x 1 tan 1 + log +C = 3 x +1 2 2 6
x3 x dx x4 9

Example16 Evaluate Solution We have

I=

x3 x dx = x4 9

x3 dx x4 9

x dx = I1+ I2 . x4 9

INTEGRALS

155

Now Put

I1 =

x3 x 9
4

t = x4 9 so that 4x3 dx = dt. Therefore

I1 =

1 dt 1 = log t 4 t 4
x dx x4 9 .

C1 =

1 log x 4 9 + C1 4

Again, Put

I2 =

x2 = u so that 2x dx = du. Then

1 du I2 = 2 u 2 3

1 2 6

log

u 3 u 3

C2

=
Thus

1 x2 3 log 2 + C2 . 12 x +3

I = I1 + I2

1 1 x2 3 log x 4 9 + log 2 + C. 4 12 x +3

Example 17 Show that Solution We have

sin 2 x 1 log ( 2 + 1) = sin x + cos x 2 0

2

I=

sin 2 x dx sin x + cos x 0

2

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MATHEMATICS

sin 2 x 2 dx = + cos 0 sin x x 2 2

2
2

(by P4)

I=

cos 2 x dx sin x + cos x 0

2

Thus, we get

2I =

dx 0 cos x 4
2

1 2 1 log sec + tan x x sec dx = = x 4 4 4 0 2 20

1 + tan log sec + tan log sec 4 4 4 4 2

1 log ( 2 + 1) log ( 2 1) 2

1 log 2

2 +1 2 1

( 2 + 1)2 1 2 log log ( 2 + 1) = = 2 2 1

Hence
1

I=

1 2

log ( 2 + 1) .

Example 18

Find

x ( tan
0

x ) dx
2

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157

Solution

I=

x ( tan
0

x ) dx .
2

Integrating by parts, we have I=

1 2 tan 1 x x2 2 1 1 ( ) tan x 0 2 x .2 1 + x 2 dx 2 0
1

2 x2 .tan 1 x dx = 2 32 1 + x 0

2 = I1 , where I1 = 32
x2 + 1 1 tan1x dx 2 x 1 + 0
1
1

x2 1 1+ x 2 tan xdx 0

Now

I1 =
1

1 = tan x dx 0

1 tan 1 x dx 2 + x 1 0

= I2
1

1 1 ( ( tan 1 x )2 )0 2

= I2
1

2 32

Here

I2 =

1 tan x dx = ( x tan 1 x )0 1 0

x dx 1 + x2 0

1 log 1 + x 2 4 2
1 2 log 2 4 2 32

1 0

1 log 2 . 4 2

Thus

I1 =

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MATHEMATICS

Therefore,

2 I = 32 4

1 log 2 2

2 2 1 + log 2 = 32 16 4 2

2 4 + log 2 . 16

Example 19 Evaluate

f ( x) dx , where f (x) = |x + 1| + |x| + |x 1|.

2 x, if as f ( x ) = x + 2, if 3x , if
0 1 2

Solution We can redefine f

1 < x 0 0 < x 1 1< x 2

Therefore,

f ( x ) dx = ( 2 x ) dx + ( x + 2 ) dx + 3 x dx
1 0 1

(by P2)
2

x2 3x 2 x2 + 2 x + 2 x = + 2 1 2 0 2 1
1 1 4 1 = 0 2 + + 2 + 3 2 2 2 2

5 5 9 19 + + = . 2 2 2 2

Objective Type Questions Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the Examples from 20 to 30. Example 20

e ( cos x sin x ) dx is equal to

x

(A) e x cos x + C (C) e x cos x + C

(B) e x sin x + C (D) e x sin x + C

INTEGRALS

159

x x ' Solution (A) is the correct answer since e f ( x ) + f ( x ) dx = e f ( x ) + C . Here f (x) = cosx, f (x) = sin x.

Example 21

sin

dx is equal to x cos 2 x
(B) (tanx + cotx)2 + C (D) (tanx cotx)2 + C

(A) tanx + cotx + C (C) tanx cotx + C Solution (C) is the correct answer, since

dx I= 2 = sin x cos 2 x

( sin 2 x + cos2 x ) dx
sin 2 x cos 2 x

2 2 = sec x dx + cosec x dx = tanx cotx + C

Example 22 If

3ex 5 e x 4 e x + 5 e x dx = ax + b log |4ex + 5ex| + C, then

(A) a =

1 7 , b= 8 8
1 7 , b= 8 8

1 7 (B) a = , b = 8 8
1 7 (D) a = , b = 8 8

(C) a =

Solution (C) is the correct answer, since differentiating both sides, we have
3ex 5 e x ( 4 e x 5 e x ) , = a + b 4 ex + 5 e x 4 ex + 5 e x

giving 3ex 5ex = a (4ex + 5ex) + b (4ex 5ex). Comparing coefficients on both sides, we get 3 = 4a + 4b and 5 = 5a 5b. This verifies a =

1 7 , b= . 8 8

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MATHEMATICS

b+c

Example 23

a+c

f ( x ) dx is equal to

(A)

a
b

f ( x c ) dx

(B)

f ( x + c ) dx
a
bc

(C)

f ( x ) dx
a

(D)

a c

f ( x ) dx

Solution (B) is the correct answer, since by putting x = t + c, we get I=

f ( c + t ) dt = f ( x + c ) dx .
a a

Example 24 If f and g are continuous functions in [0, 1] satisfying f (x) = f (a x) and g (x) + g (a x) = a, then

f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx
0

is equal to

(A)

a 2

(B)

a 2
a

f ( x ) dx
0

(C)

f ( x ) dx

(D) a f ( x ) dx
0 a

Solution B is the correct answer. Since I =

f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx
0

f ( a x ) g ( a x ) dx =

f ( x ) ( a g ( x ) ) dx
0

= a f ( x ) dx f ( x ) . g ( x ) dx = a f ( x ) dx I
0
0

INTEGRALS

161

or

a f ( x ) dx . 2 0

Example 25 If x = (A) 3

dt 1 + 9t 2

and

d2y = ay, then a is equal to dx 2

(B) 6

(C) 9

(D) 1

Solution (C) is the correct answer, since x =

dt 1 + 9t 2

dx 1 = dy 1 + 9 y2

which gives

18 y dy d2y = = 9y. 2 . 2 2 1 + 9 y dx dx
x3 + x +1 x 2 + 2 x +1 dx is equal to 1
1

Example 26

(A) log 2

(B) 2 log 2
1

(C)

1 log 2 2

(D) 4 log 2

x3 + x +1 dx Solution (B) is the correct answer, since I = 2 x + 2 x +1 1

x3 x +1 + 2 dx = 0 + 2 = 2 x + 2 x + 1 1 x + 2 x + 1 1
1 1

( x +1)
0

x +1

dx

[odd function + even function]

=2

( x +1)
0

x +1

dx = 2
0

1 dx x +1

= 2 log x + 1 0 = 2 log 2.

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MATHEMATICS

Example 27

If

et dt = a, then 1+ t 0

(1 + t )
0

et

dt is equal to

(A) a 1 +

e 2

(B) a + 1

e 2
1

(C) a 1

e 2

(D) a + 1 +

e 2

et dt Solution (B) is the correct answer, since I = 1+ t 0 e 1 t dt = a (given) e + = 2 1 + t 0 0 (1 + t )

1 1 t

Therefore,

(1 + t )
0
2

et

=a

e + 1. 2

Example 28

x cos x dx is equal to
(B)

(A)

(C)
2

(D)
2

Solution (A) is the correct answer, since I =

x cos x dx = 2

x cos x dx
0

3 1 2 2 2 = 2 x cos x dx + x cos x dx + x cos x dx = 1 3 0 2 2

8 .

Fill in the blanks in each of the Examples 29 to 32. Example 29

sin 6 x cos8 x dx = _______.

INTEGRALS

163

Solution
a

tan 7 x +C 7

Example 30

f ( x ) dx = 0 if f is an _______ function.

Solution Odd.
2a

Example 31

f ( x ) dx = 2 f ( x ) dx , if f (2a x) = _______.
0

Solution f (x).
sin n x dx = _______. sin n x + cos n x 0
2

Example 32

Solution

. 4

7.3 EXERCISE Short Answer (S.A.) Verify the following : 1.

2 x + 3 dx = x log |(2x + 3) | + C
2

2x 1

2.

2x + 3 dx = log |x2 + 3x| + C 2 + 3x

Evaluate the following:

3.

( x 2 + 2 ) dx
x +1

4.

e6 log x e5log x e4log x e3log x dx

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MATHEMATICS

5.

(1 + cos x ) dx x + sin x
2

6.

1 + cos x

sin x + cos x 1 + sin 2 x dx

dx

7.

tan

x sec 4 x dx

8.

9.

1 + sin xdx x dx x +1
1

10.

(Hint : Put

x = z)

11.

a+x ax

x2 1+ x
3 4

12.

dx

(Hint : Put x = z4)

13.

1 + x2 dx x4

14.

dx 16 9 x
3x 1 x2 + 9
2

15.

dt 3t 2t 2

16.

dx

17.

5 2 x + x 2 dx

18.

x x4 1 dx

19.

x2 1 x 4 dx put x2 = t

20.

2ax x dx

21.

sin 1 x

(1 x 2 ) 2

dx

22.

( cos5 x + cos 4 x ) dx
1 2cos3 x

23.

sin 6 x + cos 6 x sin 2 x cos2 x dx

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165

24.

x a x
3 3

dx

25.

cos x cos 2 x dx 1 cos x

26.

x
2

dx x4 1

(Hint : Put x2 = sec )

Evaluate the following as limit of sums:

27.

( x 2 + 3) dx
0

28.

e
0

dx

Evaluate the following:

dx x e + e x 0
2
1

29.

30.

1+ m
0

tan x dx 2 tan 2 x

31.

( x 1) (2 x)
1

dx

32.

xdx 1+ x 2
1 2

33.

x sin x cos
0

xdx

34.

(1+ x
0

dx
2

) 1 x 2

(Hint: let x = sin) Long Answer (L.A.)

x 2 dx x 4 x 2 12 x 2 dx a 2 )( x 2 b 2 )

35.

36.

( x2

37.

1 + sin x
0

38.

( x 1)( x + 2 )( x 3) dx

2x 1

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MATHEMATICS

39.

tan e

1+ x + x 2 dx 2 1+ x

40.

sin

x dx a+x

(Hint: Put x = a tan2)

2

41.

1 + cos x
5 (1 cos x) 2

42.

3 x

cos3 x dx

43.

2 0

tan x dx (Hint: Put tanx = t2)

44.

(a 2 cos2 x + b2 sin 2 x)2

(Hint: Divide Numerator and Denominator by cos4x)

dx

45.

x log (1+ 2 x) dx
0 4

46.

x log sin x dx
0

47.

log (sin x + cos x)dx

4

Objective Type Questions Choose the correct option from given four options in each of the Exercises from 48 to 63. 48.

cos2 x cos 2 is equal to dx cos x cos

(B) 2(sinx xcos) + C (D) 2(sinx 2x cos) + C

(A) 2(sinx + xcos) + C (C) 2(sinx + 2xcos) + C

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167

49.

dx is equal to sin x a sin x b

(A) sin (b a) log

sin( x b) +C sin( x a) sin( x b) +C sin( x a)

(B) cosec (b a) log

sin( x a) +C sin( x b) sin( x a) +C sin( x b)

(C) cosec (b a) log

(D) sin (b a) log

50.

tan

x dx is equal to

(A) (x + 1) tan 1 x x + C (C)

x x tan 1 x + C
2

(B) x tan 1 x x + C (D)

x ( x + 1) tan 1 x + C

51.

x 1 x dx is equal to e 1 + x2

ex +C (A) 1 + x2
ex +C

ex +C (B) 1 + x2
ex +C

(C)

(1 + x 2 )2
x9
2

(D)

(1 + x 2 )2

52.

( 4x

+ 1)

dx is equal to

1 1 (A) 4+ 2 + C 5x x

1 1 (B) 4 + 2 + C 5 x 1 1 2 + 4 + C 10 x
5

(C)

1 (1 + 4 ) 5 + C 10 x

(D)

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MATHEMATICS

53.

If

( x + 2) ( x

dx

+ 1)

= a log |1 + x2| + b tan1x +

1 log |x + 2| + C, then 5
1 2 ,b= 10 5

(A) a =

1 2 ,b= 10 5

(B) a =

(C) a =

1 2 ,b= 10 5

(D) a =

1 2 ,b= 10 5

54.

x3 x + 1 is equal to

(A) x +

x 2 x3 + log 1 x + C 2 3 x 2 x3 log 1 + x + C 2 3

(B) x +

x 2 x3 log 1 x + C 2 3 x 2 x3 + log 1 + x + C 2 3

(C) x

(D) x

55.

1 + cos x dx is equal to
(A) log 1 + cos x + C (C) x tan
x3 dx 1 x
2

x + sin x

(B) log x + sin x + C (D) x .tan

3

x +C 2
a (1 x 2 ) 2 b 1 x2

x +C 2

56.

If

C, then

(A) a =

1 , 3 1 , 3

b=1

(B) a =

1 , 3 1 , 3

b=1

(C) a =

b = 1

(D) a =

b = 1

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169

57.

1 + cos2x

dx

is equal to

(A) 1
2

(B) 2

(C) 3

(D) 4

58.

1 sin 2 xdx is equal to

(A) 2 2
2

(B) 2

2 +1)

(C) 2

(D) 2 ( 2 1)

59.

cos x e
0

sin x

dx is equal to _______.

60.

( x + 4)

x+3

e x dx = ________.

Fill in the blanks in each of the following Exercise 60 to 63. If

61.

1 + 4x
0

dx =

, then a = ________. 8

62.

3 + 4cos2 x dx
The value of

sin x

= ________.

63.

sin3x cos2x dx is _______.